REPORT OF THE

EXPERT CONSULTATION ONVITICULTURE (GRAPE PRODUCTION)

IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

2-4 May 2000Bangkok, Thailand

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSREGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

BANGKOK, THAILAND, AUGUST 2000

RAP PUBLICATION: 2000/13

REPORT OF THE

EXPERT CONSULTATION ONVITICULTURE (GRAPE PRODUCTION)

IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

2-4 May 2000Bangkok, Thailand

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSREGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

BANGKOK, THAILAND, AUGUST 2000

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in thispublication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part ofthe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning thelegal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information productfor educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without anyprior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fullyacknowledged. All rights reserved. Reproduction of material in this informationproduct for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without writtenpermission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should beaddressed to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, RegionalOffice for Asia and the Pacific, Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok10200, Thailand.

FOR COPIES WRITE TO: Meetings and Publications Officer, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Maliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit Road, Banglamphu, Bangkok 10200 THAILAND

Tel.: (662) 2817844Fax: (662) 2800445

© FAO August 2000

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. OPENING OF THE MEETING 1

III. OBJECTIVES 3

IV. COUNTRY REPORTS 4

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13

ANNEXESAnnex 1 List of Participants 20Annex 2 Programme 24

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EXPERT CONSULTATIONON VITICULTURE (GRAPE PRODUCTION)

IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

I. INTRODUCTION

The Expert Consultation on Viticulture (Grape Production) in Asia and the Pacificwas held at the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) in Bangkok,Thailand, from 2-4 May 2000. It was organized and sponsored by FAO. Experts fromAustralia, China, India, Rep. of Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Namparticipated in the Expert Consultation, together with representatives of FAO. The list ofparticipants is given in Annex 1.

Introductory remarks were presented by the Senior Plant Production andProtection Officer, FAO/RAP. The Welcome Address was delivered by the AssistantDirector-General and FAO Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok,Thailand. The Deputy Regional Representative, FAO Regional Office for Asia and thePacific, was also present during the Opening Session.

II. OPENING OF THE MEETING

Mr. M.K. Papademetriou, Senior Plant Production and Protection Officer, FAORegional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand, mentioned that the grape isone of the finest fruits and the most strength-giving food. It contains many of the mostvaluable elements necessary for life. In addition, it is known to have commendablemedicinal qualities/properties, and has been used in naturotherapy for centuries.Remarkable success has been achieved in grape production and yield levels in certaincountries of the Region, while in others the progress is very limited. The opportunities forfurther development of the grape industry appear to be good. However, at the same timethe problems to be addressed are many and serious. There is a need and scope forenhancing the development of the grape industry for economic, food and nutrition as wellas other reasons.

Dr. R.B. Singh, Assistant Director-General and FAO Regional Representative forAsia and the Pacific, welcomed the participants on behalf of the Director-General ofFAO, the staff of the Regional Office and on his own behalf. He stated that he was happyto see the positive response received from scientists working on grape in the Asia-Pacificregion. Considering the importance of the crop for several countries of the region and theneed for closer inter-country cooperation, FAO decided to hold this Expert Consultationon Grape Production.

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Grape is one of the most important fruit crops of the world. It is also one of themost ancient crops known to people. Hyams (1954) traces its antiquity to 7000 BC andstates that it was associated with people as a cultivated plant long before cereals.According to De Candolle (1886), the cultivation of grape in Egypt goes back to 4,000BC.

Grape cultivation is believed to have originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea,from where it seems to have spread westward to Europe and Eastward to Iran andAfghanistan. The crop has a wide adaptability, and grapes are now grown in everycontinent, under temperate, sub-tropical and tropical climatic conditions and undervariable agro-ecological settings, from mountains to plains to sea coasts. However, theideal climate for grapes is in the Mediterranean region. In its natural habitat, the grapegrows and produces during the hot and dry period, and undergoes dormancy during thecold period.

The long history of grape cultivation is linked with its multiple uses as food,source of nutrition, health and medicinal value and high economic significance. In Indian,Chinese and other societies, the role of grapes in health care and cure of diseases has beenemphasized since ancient times. In this context, he urged the participants to read the book“The Grape Cure” by Johanne Brandt, popular for the last 73 years. As regards theeconomic dimensions, the Indian States of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnatakahave found grapes to be the most cash producing and job providing commodity. InAustralia, grape wine export annually earns over 1,000 million dollars.

Countries with sizeable extent of grape cultivation in the region, are China,Australia, India, Republic of Korea, Japan, Pakistan, New Zealand, Thailand, Viet Namand Myanmar. The total area under cultivation in these countries is estimated to bearound 370,000 hectares, with a total production of about 5,000,000 metric tonnes andaverage yield of about 14 tonnes per hectare. There are wide variations in averagenational yields and from variety to variety, ranging from 5 to 50 tonnes per hectare. India,with the national average yield of 30 tonnes per hectare, is the world leader in the averageyield.

The worldwide distribution of grapes is coupled with the high genetic plasticity ofthis crop to enable its adaptation to temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions.However, this diversity has not been effectively utilized. The countries must have theirgrape germplasms duly evaluated and share the information and desired stocks.Paradoxically, the genetic base of commercial grape varieties is rather narrow, causingvulnerability to diseases and pests, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Beingamenable to propagation both through seed and vegetative means, there are wider optionsfor its genetic maneuverings. In vitro propagation of grapes is highly commercialized insome of the countries and can be used for production of transgenics and other genetictransformants. With the above opportunities in mind, countries should give high priorityto the development of new promising cultivars suitable for specific end uses and adaptedto specific agro-ecological settings.

Grape production in the tropics and sub-tropics is exposed to complex biotic andabiotic stresses. Among diseases, anthracnose, downy mildew and powdery mildew aremot serious. Important pests include mealy bugs, thrips and jassids. Both genetic andintegrated pest management approaches should be promoted particularly to reduce the

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excessive use of pesticides. Often pesticide residues are obstructing grape promotion inmany countries. Biological agents, such as the use of Australian lady bird beetle tomanage mealy bugs, should receive high research and development priorities. As regardabiotic stresses, drought, problem soils such as salinity, nutrient deficiencies, hightemperature and untimely rains are major limiting factors. Selection and use ofresistant/tolerant rootstocks will prove most promising.

Although the countries have developed useful production technologies such aspruning pattern and schedule for single or double fruiting, fertilization, water managementetc, there is a need for greater understanding and manipulation of bud bursting, fruitingand ripening period and the overall reproduction phases. This will help in alleviating theadverse effects of rains, drought and market gluts and shortages. Physiological,biochemical and nutritional studies should be intensified to understand the intricacies.

Considering the various production regimes and end uses of grape, it will benecessary to look at the grape industry in a matrix form. Each ‘box’ of the matrix shouldbe analyzed critically and the problems and their solutions should be disentangled toprovide greater location specific impact. The consultation is urged to undertake a SWOT(Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis of the various regimes (boxes).Compilation of such information will be very helpful in identifying technologies andmodes of their sharing among the partners and in deciding future priorities. The actionpoints thus suggested will also give clear indication to FAO for internalizing therecommendations in its workplans.

Besides technologies, issues relating to policies, trade, marketing, pricing, andprocessing and product diversification should also be discussed. Development of grapeindustry in the region thus calls for interplay of grape growers, industry and researchsystems in each grape producing country. Further, efficient inter-country cooperationmechanisms should be in place to share information, technologies and products to evolvea vibrant Asian grape industry.

III. OBJECTIVES

Mr. M.K. Papademetriou briefly presented the need and rationale for organizingthe Consultation. He presented the objectives and the details of the programme (Annex2), which were duly adopted. The objectives of the Consultation, in brief, were asfollows:

a) to review the status of grape production in Asia and the Pacific, discuss theproblems faced as well as strategies required to overcome existingproblems;

b) to elaborate on the potential and opportunities for grape development;

c) to discuss ways and means of strengthening collaboration on graperesearch and development.

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IV. COUNTRY REPORTS

Australia

Grape production is carried out in all States of Australia with most of theproduction in the temperate zone, which includes the States of South Australia, Victoriaand New South Wales. Wine grapes is by far the biggest industry which accounted for 85percent (1,076,207 tonnes) of total grape production in 1998-99, compared to 9.5 percent(119,438 tonnes) for raisins and 5.5 percent (69,891 tonnes) for table grapes. The averageyield of wine grapes is 6 to 25 t/ ha, raisins 25 t/ha (fresh weight) and table grapes 15 t/harespectively.

The viticulture industries in Australia are technically advanced and utilize themost modern production practices. Grape growers are highly skilled and generally have adisposition towards adopting new techniques. An extensive array of informationresources and training opportunities are available to Australian grape growers. Educationprogrammes are extensive and range from university training of viticulturists andoenologists, skills training of vineyard workers by the network of TAFE colleges acrossAustralia and to the study of viticulture at secondary school level.

The research and development effort in viticulture and oenology is substantial andhighly developed. Research is funded jointly by government and industry, with theindustry contribution generated through a levy paid by grape growers and processors.Each of the grape industries has a research and development corporation, which developsa list of research priorities and allocates funds to appropriate strategic research projects.The major research providers are the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, the AustralianDepartment of Primary Industry, State Agriculture Departments and several Universitiesacross Australia.

Over the last five years there has been a massive increase in wine grape plantingand production, in response to significant growth in wine exports. In 1998-99 Australiaexported 215.5 million liters of wine valued at AUS$1,067 million. The major marketswere Europe, North America and New Zealand, while Asia has become an emergingmarket and will be a focus of future wine export strategies.

Australian table grape exports reached a record high in 1998-99 of 31,071 tonnesworth AUS$69.1 million. All table grape exports originate in production districts insouthern Australia and are sent to markets throughout Asia. The table grape industry hasexpanded significantly over the last five years, mostly in districts across northernAustralia. The key issues and problems for the table grape industry in the subtropics aredormancy and budburst manipulation, new varieties suited to the growing conditions andwhich satisfy market preferences, vine nutrition, floral initiation and bud fruitfulness,managing vegetative growth, integrated pest management and quality assurance. Importsof Californian table grapes have been approved and are expected to arrive during theperiod July to December 2000. Approval is expected in the near future for imports oftable grapes from Chile. To be internationally competitive table grape growers innorthern Australia need to improve vineyard efficiency and wine productivity.

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Partnerships and collaborative research between Australia and countries in Asiahave the potential to (a) assist the development of emerging Asian wine-grape and wineindustries, (b) enhance development of table grape production in subtropical areas ofAustralia and (c) improve the skills of grape growers in Asia through access to the highlydeveloped education programmes and extension information resources in Australia.

China

In the past 20 years, China achieved much success in viticulture development.Grape production in the People’s Republic of China currently ranks fifth in fruitproduction, following apple, citrus, pear and banana. The land area under grapes andproduction was estimated to be 178x103 ha and 2358.2 x103 t in 1998, respectively whichare 6.1 times and 18.7 times as much as those in 1979. The area under cultivation ofgrapes increased sharply in the last few years while the area under the other four mainfruit crops began to decrease.

Grapes can be found to be grown in the whole country except in the Hainanprovince and the two autonomous regions of Guangxi and Xizang (Tibet). The main areasfor growing grapes in China are, however, located in the north. The five leading provincesor autonomous regions of Xingjiang, Hebei, Shangdong, Liaoning and Henan producedmore than 70 percent of total grape production in the country in 1998. Most of thisproduction was for table grapes (about 80 percent of the total grape production), and onlyabout 10 percent of grape production was for wine making while the other 10 percent wasfor processing into raisins.

The principal table grape varieties cultivated in the country are Niunai (Cow'sNipples’), Kyoho, Muscat Hamburg, Thompson seedless, Longyan (Dragon Eyes),Jingxiu, Zana, Rizamat, Fenghuang 51, Red Globe, Jingzhaojing, Jingyu, Italia andFujimori. Popular wine-making varieties are Chardonnay, Italian Riesling, Ugni Blanc,Chenin Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Sauvignon blanc, Semillon, White Riesling, andRkatsiteli for white wine and Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, French blue, Muscat Hamburg,Pinot noir, Syrah, Carignan and Saperavi for red wine.

Most of the planting materials used in the country are cuttings. With plantingdensity from about 1,000 to 5,000 vines per ha, young plants are set out in early spring inmost areas in the north of China where it is very cold in winter while they may be plantedin late autumn in the Valley of the Yangtze River. Grape vines need to be ‘heeled’ inwinter in most of the northern regions of China where the most popular training systemsare the multi-arm fan system with no trunk used for vertical trellis and the Dragon systemwith a strong permanent cordon. In the south of China or in the region where grape vinesdo not need to be heeled in winter, the vertical trellis system is most frequently used.Multi-arm fan system with a strong trunk, the bilateral cordon system, the standard T barsystem and the umbrella system are the most extensively used training systems.

In general, a high dosage of manure is applied after harvest or in late autumn inmost vineyards. In addition, three or four applications of chemical fertilizers are usuallygiven after bud break, at time of flowering, during rapid growth of young fruit, and duringthe maturation of grape berries. Supplementary irrigation is necessary to grow grapes inmost regions.

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Fifty-four grape diseases and 43 insects that infest the crop are found in China.Only about 10 diseases and few insects can, however, endanger grape production incommercial vineyards. The main grape diseases in China are anthracnose, downy mildew,white rot, bitter rot, powdery mildew, grey mold, dead arm, brown spot, axle blotch, rustand crown gall. The commercially important grape insects are comstock mealy bug, scale,grape leafhopper, grape horn worn, Boston ivy tiger-moth, grape leaf beetle, grape erinosemite, grape clear wing-moth, and grape borer.

The grapevines come into bearing usually in the second or third year after plantingand mature vines are controlled to produce 20 to 30 t/ha in irrigated vineyards in order toobtain a high grape quality. The quality of grapes produced in the last few years hasimproved as compared with that in the eighties. Most fruits produced in China werehowever, sold in the domestic markets. Only 650 tonnes of grapes and 1100 tonnes ofraisins were exported in 1997. But much more grapes were imported into China. In 1997,4800 tonnes of grapes were imported; this means 7.4 times more than that exported. Thisimport was essentially from USA and most of the grapes imported were Red globe types.

After continuously rapid development during the past twenty years, China hasachieved great successes in grape production. However, China still has a great potential indeveloping viticulture and the wine industry. The area under the cultivation of grapes andtheir production will continue to increase in the next few years. A further expansion ingrape production may be expected when the problems such as grape quality and winequality are improved. Long-term planning for grape development in the whole country,new varieties, new regions for vineyards, rapid development in grape production and wineproduction, support of the government, research institutions and involvement of foreigncompanies with modern equipment, investments and advanced technology are many moreissues to be rapidly resolved.

India

Grapes are grown over an area of 34,000 ha with an annual production of1,000,000 tonnes. It is grown in a variety of climates and soils, with more than 80 percentof the area falling within the tropical climatic belt. India has the distinction of achievingthe highest productivity in grapes in the world. In spite of the fact that very high returnscan be obtained through grape cultivation, the area under grapes is limited to only 34,000ha. The relatively short period available for ripening in the north, soil and water salinityand drought in the hot tropics, unprecedented rains and heavy crop losses due to diseasesare the main impediments to the expansion of the growing area. The economicconsiderations limiting the growth of the grape industry are high initial investments forestablishing vineyards, annual recurring cost of its maintenance and the market glutduring the peak season.

Thompson Seedless and its clones, namely, Tas-A-Ganesh and Sonaka are thepredominant cultivars followed by Bangalore Blue (Syn. Isabella) and Anab-e-Shahi.Vines are raised on their own roots, propagated by rooting of the hardwood cuttings. Oflate the ‘Dogridge’ rootstock is employed to combat the problem of soil and watersalinity.

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Vines are trained mostly to a bower (Pergola) system or the flat roof gable systemusing the extended Y trellis. Vines are pruned twice in the tropics, generally for oneharvest. In certain varieties, double pruning and double cropping is a common practice.In some areas and varieties like Bangalore Blue and Gulabi, five harvests are obtainedevery two years.

Heavy application of mineral fertilizers and organic manure is a commonproduction practice. Nutrient requirements are fixed, based on the petiole nutrientcontents after 45 days from spur pruning. Irrigation is a must, and mostly the drip systemis employed. The quantity of irrigation water is decided based on pan evaporation using0.8 as the crop factor and the physiological stage of the vines.

Grape suffers from huge crop losses on account of downy mildew, powderymildew and anthracnose. Diseases are managed by adjusting the pruning time and usingvarious fungicides. Important pests are mealy bugs, thrips, flea beetle and jassids. Use ofinsecticides is the most popular way of pest control. The Australian lady bird beetle isused as a predator to control mealy bugs. Cluster and berry thinning, and girdling arepracticed and growth regulators are used to improve the quality of berries.

Grapes are harvested almost around the year, but the major harvest is duringMarch-April leading to frequent market gluts, since more than 80 percent of theproduction is consumed fresh and cold storage facilities are inadequate. A meagre 2.5percent of the total production is exported as fresh grapes, 12 percent is dried for raisinswhile two percent is crushed for juice and one percent for wine production.

Cultivation of suitable varieties for the diversification of the grape industry,especially processing into wine and juice and developing technologies to be cost andquality competitive, are essential for the sustenance of the grape industry in India.

Japan

Most of the Japanese archipelago that has a maritime climate is located between25 and 45 degrees north latitude, at the northeastern end of the monsoon area of Asia.The longest span of the Japanese archipelago is about 3,000 km. Tokyo, the nation’scapital, which is located in the central part of Japan, has 15.3 oC annual averagetemperature and 1,460 mm average rainfall a year.

Grape production has been undertaken in all four main islands in Japan from northto south. The major producing regions are Yamagata, Yamanashi and Nagano prefecturesin the northern and central parts, and Okayama and Fukuoka prefectures in the southernpart of Japan. In 1997, the total grape production was 250,900 metric tonnes, and thevineyard area was 22,800 ha. Most vineyards in Japan produce table grapes. In 1997, tablegrapes made up 87.4 percent of the total production, while the remaining 11.0 percent, 1.4percent, and 0.2 percent went to the production of wine, juice, and canned fruit,respectively.

After the import of foreign cultivars in the late 19th century, grape growers tried tobreed new good-quality table grapes that were suitable for Japan’s humid conditions. Newcultivars such as ‘Kyoho’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’, and ‘Neo Muscat’ were derived fromcrosses between Vitis vinifera and V. labrusca in the middle of the 20th century. ‘Kyoho’,

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a tetraploid, which is one of the main cultivars in Japan, produces large-sized berriesexceeding 15g with strong sweetness (18-20 o Brix) and good flavor. Another majorcultivar is ‘Delaware’, which is one of the labrusca cultivars introduced from the USA inthe late 19th century. This was the first cultivar to achieve successful production ofseedless berries by the GA (gibberellic acid) treatment. Nowadays, the Persimmon andGrape Research Centre, National Institute of Fruit Tree Science has bred new cultivars fortable grapes such as ‘Aki-queen’ and ‘Honey-Black', with large-sized and high-qualityberries. Wine making in Japan has a history dating back 100 years. At present, only about10 percent of the crop is fermented into wine due to the predominant use of table grapes.Cultivars suited to both dessert and wine, such as ‘Koshu’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’, and‘Delaware,’ are popular among growers in Japan. As the consumption of wine increases,so does the demand for good-quality wine. Therefore, the use of superior European winecultivars such as ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ is currently on the rise.

In Japan, the average area of a vineyard belonging to an individual farmer isestimated to be below 0.5 ha. Very intensive field management requiring 3,500 to 4,500hrs per ha is necessary because good-quality grapes are sold at prices higher than 1,000yen (about US$9) per kg. The appearance and quality of fruit bunches largely affects themarket price. Growers make big efforts to attain large and regularly sized berries, optimalcluster size and compactness, and good coloration by means of time-consuming clusterand berry thinning or bagging.

Most vineyards are furnished with horizontal trellises to prevent typhoon anddisease damage during the summer season as well as to facilitate better cane growthcontrol and intensive field management, including cluster thinning and GA treatment.Consumers prefer seedless grapes, which are easier to eat. Success in producing seedless‘Delaware’ grapes with GA application remarkably increased the consumption of thisgrape.

Another feature of grape production in Japan is the use of a protected cultivationsystem. About 40 percent of the total acreage of vineyards is protected with plastic filmsor glass. There are several types of protection cultures: glasshouses, plastic houses, andpartial covering devices. The use of a protected cultivation system has resulted in aprolonged period of table grape supply ranging from early April to early August. On theother hand, fruit harvesting in an open culture begins in late July for early cultivars andends in December for late cultivars. Commercial double cropping in a year has beencarried out in Okayama and Nagano prefectures.

Most grape cultivars are susceptible to many diseases. Some chemicals aresprayed 12-14 times a year to control diseases. It has become very important, however, todecrease the use of chemicals to preserve the environment. One of the major breedingobjectives is to incorporate disease resistance into commercial cultivars. Inoculationtechniques have been evaluated in Japan in the control of downy mildew (Plasmoparaviticola), anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina), ripe rot (Glomerella cingulata), and grey mold(Botrytis cinerea).

The emphasis of research carried out on grapes over the past decade has been onchemical control of shoot growth, berry set and maturation, protected culture, virusinfection, and on genetics and breeding.

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There are several problems in grape production in Japan. Reducing the number oflabour hours required mainly for cluster trimming and berry thinning, which are importantprocedures that affect the appearance and quality of table grapes is a major productionconstraint.

Myanmar

Grape cultivation in Myanmar commenced with the introduction of some varietiesfor experimental planting at Sebauk State Farm in 1959. In Myanmar, grapes are grown inthe dry area of the country, and cultivation techniques have been developed according tolocal climatic conditions. There are three training systems that are practiced, namely, theArbor, Kniffin and Y-type systems, out of which the Arbor is the most suitable systembecause of manual cultivation techniques that are practiced in Myanmar. The total areaunder grapes is about 747.31 ha and production is about 8,310.09 tonnes with an averageyield of 11.12 t/ha. The production is still low when compared with other grapeproducing countries mainly due to lack of proper knowledge of modern techniques,weather conditions and the varieties currently used. The major constraint, among otherthings to boost production is the high investment costs for establishment of vineyardsbecause grape farmers prefer the Arbor system, which requires higher investment. Asresearch is essential for development of the grape industry, policies are being laid down toupgrade research activities. Further research studies and training, including study tours,are urgently required to upgrade the skill of the technicians working in the state farms. Ifall the requirements are fulfilled, the production of grapes in Myanmar could be increasedsubstantially.

There is potential for development of grape production by area extension and yieldimprovement. Grape can be extended in the Divisions of Central Myanmar such asMandalay, Magway and Sagaing Divisions.

Moreover, there would be a substantial increase in production of grapes if thegrowers are educated in the training and pruning techniques and given the high yieldingquality grape varieties. There are some constraints for yield increase and area extension ofgrape in Myanmar. Lack of technical knowledge such as on training and pruning of vinesare some of the major factors that contribute to low yield. The fungus diseases aredifficult to control because the outbreaks of these are dependent upon weather conditions.Therefore, variations of yield losses due to diseases are observed every year. Lack of highyielding varieties of good quality is also a factor for low yield. Grape production is also acapital-intensive venture. The basic principles of pruning and training at the optimumstages of the annual growth cycle and the timely application of agro-chemicals andfertilizers as well as the practice of berry thinning and artificial induction of seedlessnessare technologies most farmers need to know. A variety improvement programme throughintroduction, selection and breeding should also be undertaken to backstop the productioneffort.

Republic of Korea

The table grape production has a long history in Korea. It’s cultivation startedduring the Koryo Dynasty in the 14th century, but grape processing is very recent and its

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research improvements are somewhat inadequate to meet modern needs. In the past, winemaking was carried out by companies that used grapes from their own farms and fromtheir contract farmers. Now, the companies are almost exclusively using imported grapejuice. Some farmers use berries from shattered clusters that contain enough sugars forgrape juice making since these are difficult to sell as table grapes due to their lowmarketability.

Korea has three main grape cultivars. The predominant cultivar is ‘CampbellEarly’. It occupies 66.3 percent of the total area planted under grapes. The next is‘Kyoho’, which occupies 14.4 percent, and the third variety is ‘Sheridan’, which is grownon 11.8 percent of the grape production area. There are other cultivars selected throughhybridization with European varieties (Vitis vinifera types). However, these cultivars needto be heeled in soil during winter. This heeling method requires a great deal of labour andsometimes these vines are easily attacked by soil borne diseases.

Much precipitation occurs in summer and it is extremely cold in winter. It’s hardfor grape phylloxera beetle to multiply under these conditions. Grape growers usuallyestablish vines without using rootstocks, but some phylloxera-infested areas wereidentified in 1998. To address this problem, many farmers try to use nursery plants graftedwith resistant rootstocks. The Agricultural Extension Service is mass-producing virus-freenursery plants. Farmers use much pesticides and insecticides to protect vines fromdiseases. Simple plastic houses reduce chemical usage, berry cracking and berryshattering. Many physiological disorders occur yearly due to low temperatures and highrainfall.

For ‘Campbell Early’ grapes, many farmers generally use the Wakeman systemfor vine training. They are changing this system to an improved one, which has one or twoarms and alternate canes trained in opposite directions. The height of trunk under thissystem is around 1.5m, which helps to reduce labour costs. Farmers use the arbor systemfor ‘Kyoho’ grapes which produces large berries averaging around 12g. These arbors andcrop rows are narrow (1.8m-3.6m), and vines in alternate rows are removed in 4-5 yearsafter planting. When grapevines are pruned, different numbers of buds are neededaccording to diameters and vigor of canes. But it is very difficult to prune vines withdifferent vigor. Recently, many rice paddy fields have been diversified into vineyards inKorea. These rice lands have poor drainage, which creates some soil problems.

Excessive fertilization makes shoots longer than normal and causes berryshattering, which is one of the important disorders to be solved. Cover crops like rye andclover are used to reduce excessive nitrogen, prevent soil erosion and control weeds.Proper irrigation is recommended for optimum growth and to prevent berry crackingcaused by sudden change of soil moisture. To reduce immature berries from over-cropping and cold damage, controlled bearing for optimum yields and timely harvesting isrecommended.

Different methods of disposal and new storage techniques have been developedfor extending the consumption of grapes. Long-term storage of grapes until the end ofJanuary extends consumption of grapes. The risk of price drop due to increasingcultivation areas and importation led the Korean government to restrain from furtherincreasing grape growing areas in the country. Farmers are also searching for otheralternatives such as making grape juice and wine. It is necessary to develop new

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production techniques to reduce crop losses from diseases and physiological disorders.Researchers and farmers in Korea are exerting efforts to improve the quality of grapes inthe country.

Thailand

In Thailand, grapes are mainly cultivated in the Central Plain areas such asRatchaburi, Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom provinces, which are near Bangkok. TheWhite Malaga and Cardinal varieties are grown commercially for table grape and winemaking. The grape crop is grown in the areas that are water logged, using raised bedsemploying the ‘ditch and dyke’ system. The beds alternate with the ditches that providefor irrigation as well as for drainage. Arbor system of training is preferred to a trellis andthe canes are spread out evenly to cover the area of the arbor. When the vine is 10 to 12months old, the mature canes are pruned in order to force out the buds. One can expectthe first crop in only 14 to 16 months after planting. The harvesting can be timed at willbecause planting and pruning can be done at anytime of the year. Two to three crops canbe harvested from an individual vine in a year. In practice, however, most growers prunetheir vines twice a year and get two crops, one in the rainy season (May to October) andthe other crop in the dry season (November to April). The latter crop is superior in qualitydue to higher sugar content and better appearance. However, the disadvantage of thisintensive cropping system is that the vines are short-lived (only 7-10 years) and thevineyard management is also quite intensive.

There are serious problems of diseases and insects. The diseases that affect grapesare downy mildew, powdery mildew, anthracnose, dead arm and bitter rot; the mostserious insects are thrips, mites, beetles and armyworm. The grape industry has nowexpanded to the North, Northeastern and Western regions. In the Northeast, the growersproduce both table grapes and wine grapes. There are wineries in Loei and NakhonRatchasima provinces. In the North, the growers grow table grapes in Chiang Mai andNan provinces and wine grapes in Phichit province. At present, there are about 2,717 haproducing 31,677 tonnes/year and the average yield is about 15 t/ha. The grapes are usedboth for table and wine production. The percentages of table and wine grapes are about87.4 and 12.6 percent, respectively.

The grape industry in Thailand is faced with certain production constraints ofwhich the hot and humid climate with high rainfall, which is characteristic of a tropicalregion, is the main production constraint. Despite these drawbacks, the quality of fruitproduced in the dry season is of high quality, although not of the same standard as grapesproduced in the sub-tropical zone. Grapes produced locally are mainly for domesticconsumption whilst a portion of the production may find its way to regional markets. Theunique feature of the grape industry in Thailand is the ability to produce up to three cropsa year.

Viet Nam

In Viet Nam, grape production is mainly concentrated in the former Thuan Haiprovince (currently segmented into Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan provinces). Theproduction area of Ninh Thuan province occupies about 90 percent of the total area under

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grapes in the country. In addition, grapes have also become the subject forexperimentation in North Viet Nam.

In the middle of 1980's there were four table grape varieties popularly grown informer Thuan Hai province. In the 1990's, only the Cardinal variety was growncommercially. It has high productivity potential but lacks excellent berry quality. It alsohas weak pest resistance because it has not been re-selected and improved for a long time.For many years farmers have had to produce planting-material of grapes for themselvesby using cuttings. Today, there are 3 organizations tasked to produce planting material ofgrapes for farmers. All three of them are researching on rootstocks in order to get betterplanting material.

In Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan vine-growing regions, the most suitable plantingtime is at the end of the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season. Plant densitypopularly used is about 2,000 plants per hectare. Farmers have only used the overhead-trellis system for training vines. Under this system, vine branches are trained according toa cobweb pattern. Grape growers have a habit of pruning branches for the first harvestafter planting in about 8-10 months. Pruning can be carried out all year round. It isnecessary to tie branches to each trellis and remove axillary buds at the right time to assuresatisfactory flowering and to create good conditions for growth and development of mainbranches.

An average vineyard under each household is very small. Hence, controllingweeds is mainly done manually. Turning over the soil is often done after the last harvestat which time manuring and fertilizer application is carried out before the next pruning.Farmers have often used the flooding method of irrigation for their grape plots. It isusually irrigated every 10-15 days, but in sandy soils it is carried out more frequently,about 5-7 days each time.

Vines are attacked and infected by several pests and diseases. Of the pests, spidermites (red spider mites, yellow spider mites), armyworm, mealy bugs and thripspredominate while common diseases that attack the crop are downy mildew, bunch rot,powdery mildew and rust.

The crop in Ninh Thuan can be harvested at any time of the year with as much as 3harvests per year. The life-span duration of the Cardinal variety in Viet Nam is short,usually about 10 years. Mean grape productivity is about 30 t/ha a year. Grapeproductivity is high and stable in Winter-Spring and Spring-Summer seasons but low andunstable in Autumn-Winter.

Up to now, most grapes produced in Viet Nam have been consumed as tablegrapes. Small quantities of grapes with very poor quality are processed into local juiceand wine. There are 2 kinds of table grapes imported and popularly sold at local marketsin Viet Nam, including a kind having very big berries, red color, fewer seeds and anotherwith big berries, green-yellow color and seedless.

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The potential for grape production development in Viet Nam, especially in NinhThuan and Binh Thuan provinces, is very promising because the demand for grapes bymany consumers is high. Thus, the presence of large markets for grapes, the favourableclimatic and soil conditions in Ninh Thuan and Binh Thuan as well as the character offarmers, augurs well for the future of the grape industry.

At the present time, cultivation techniques for vines are not being properly studied.Farmers have had to use their own ingenuity in their vineyards in order to gain experiencefor themselves. As a result, the crops are unstable, use of fertilizers is excessive and theseproblems have had an adverse effect on production. In addition, in 1998 and 1999 NinhThan was affected by natural disasters that caused serious damage to the viticultureindustry. Storms and floods damaged and weakened the crop and it will take a long time forthe crop to recover.

The Vietnamese Government has issued a series of general policies fordevelopment of fruit crops, including grapes, all over the country. The Agriculture andRural Development Ministry has made some investment for research and extensionactivities on grapes. Since Ninh Thuan province was re-established in 1992, the provincialauthorities have begun to show their concern towards the development of viticulture byinvesting in research. However, these investments are too small in comparison to thegrape-growers' needs, especially on adoption of modern techniques.

The research on grapes in Viet Nam has mainly been implemented by the CottonResearch Centre (which has a Food and Fruit Crops Department serving localagriculture). The researchers in this organization are focused on solving the urgentproblems such as selecting new grape varieties as a top priority. As a result, a new vinevariety, code-named NH-01-48, was collected and recognised as a superior variety andallowed to be multiplied on a large scale by the Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentMinistry in 1999. Farmers have also begun to use this variety for production.

The new research strategy is also attempting to define production components thatcontribute to yield and population dynamics of some major pests and diseases on vines;determine effectiveness of some kinds of pesticides and fungicides for grapes; study andproduce biological control methods in order to control armyworm in grapes and other crops.

Finally, the strategy also plans to define some main technical measures being popularlyused in production; and develop a map of grape producing areas, study and producesuccessfully some kinds of vine products, popularly known as “Duong nho” and "LH1".

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Grape is one of the most important fruit crops of the world and it contains many ofthe most valuable elements necessary for life. The crop has a wide adaptability, andgrapes can be grown under temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic conditions andvaried agro-ecological settings. The food, nutrition, medicinal and economic values ofthe crop could be of significant importance for the population of the Region. Therefore,

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the Consultation recommended that every effort should be made to realize the fullagricultural potential of the crop.

2. Remarkable success has been achieved in grape production and productivity levelsin certain countries of the Region (such as India and Australia), while in certain countriesthe progress is very limited. The opportunities for further development of the grapeindustry appear to be very good. However, at the same time the problems to be addressedare many and serious. There is, therefore, a need for the various countries to considertaking appropriate action to address the existing problems to the extent possible.

3. The number of grape cultivars throughout the world is very large but in manycountries in the tropical zone only a relatively small number of cultivars are present andhave been evaluated for suitability to local climatic conditions. The introduction of manycultivars (table, wine and raisin) for field evaluation under local conditions wasconsidered an important objective for the advancement of grape industries throughout theregion, in producing fresh and processed grape products of a quality which meets therequirements of specific markets. The opportunity exists for the field evaluation to occurthrough a collaborative effort involving interested countries, to address common problemswhilst also addressing the individual needs of each country's industry. Some countries inthe region have many grape cultivars and could become a germplasm resource for othercountries. Also developing linkages with cultivar-rich countries outside the region wouldprovide an additional supply of cultivars for evaluation of their suitability to localgrowing conditions.

4. Several countries in the region have grape breeding programmes notably Japan,Rep. of Korea, Viet Nam, China and Australia. Currently each breeding programme isoperating in isolation to achieve objectives specific to the industry in that country. Thereexists the opportunity for communication and information sharing between grapevineplant breeders in the region as well as exchange of genetic material to enhance both theindividual breeding programmes and quality of cultivars grown by the industry.However, the need to recognise breeder protection rights over their genetic material mustbe recognised and may make access to new grape cultivars too expensive for somecountries. In both breeding and the evaluation of existing cultivars the attributes soughtare high bud fruitfulness under tropical conditions, disease resistance, and productivitydespite increased vine vigor (e.g. Marroo Seedless).

5. All grape producing countries in the region have one or more soil derivedproblems, notably phylloxera, nematodes, salinity, drought and adverse soil chemistry,which impinge upon successful grape production. Some countries in the region haveexperience in the ability of rootstocks to tolerate adverse soil conditions and the positiveimpact of rootstocks on fruit quality and vine fruit yield. These countries also have alarge number of rootstocks whereas most countries in the region have only a few. Theintroduction of many rootstocks into countries throughout the region and their evaluationfor suitability under local conditions to fulfil industry requirements was considered animportant objective. Initially this could be achieved through collaboration between thosecountries with the diversity of grapevine rootstocks and those countries with productionproblems that potentially can be overcome through the use of appropriate rootstocks.

6. Grapevine plant material used in countries throughout the region was either ofunknown health status or known to be infected with specific micro-organisms (viruses,

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mycoplasmas, bacteria) which are detrimental to vine performance. A supply ofgrapevine plant material free of debilitating organisms is critical for the development of asuccessful grape industry. Techniques for determining the virus status (Elisa, PCR) andcontrolling debilitating organisms (hot water treatment) are available in several countriesthroughout the region. It is feasible for these techniques to be transferred to othercountries in the region for further dissemination by local staff. In addition, grapevinematerial of a higher health status available in some countries could be introduced to thosecountries in the region requiring improved plant material.

7. Several production issues were highlighted as constraints to grape production inthe region. These were understanding and managing vine nutrition in the tropics, efficientirrigation management, manipulation of budburst, optimising crop load, maximising budfruitfulness, managing flowering, fruit set and berry growth and effective practices forgrape production under protected (temporary and permanent) systems.

7.1 The need to determine the nutrient requirements of vines under tropicalconditions and petiole interpretation standards for the accurate monitoringof vine nutrients status was identified as important for effective andefficient vine nutrition management. This has implications for fruitquality, cost of production and environmental preservation.

7.2 Water resources in many countries are limited and water quality is oftendeclining (salinity), hence the need to increase water use efficiency.Firstly, it is necessary to quantify the amount of water required under eachlocal growing condition for optimum yield and fruit quality. Subsequently,an efficient irrigation programme will have to be developed and the grapegrower trained in the use of irrigation scheduling. Some countries areexperienced in irrigation scheduling and sharing of their knowledge couldexpedite achieving greater water use efficiency and sustained grapeproduction.

7.3 The factors affecting budbreak under tropical conditions are not wellunderstood yet poor budbreak has a huge impact on vine productivity andhence profitability of the grape grower. This is a major problem affectingall countries in the region with grape production in hot environments. Acollaborative effort to understand the physiology involved andsubsequently the development of management practices to optimisebudbreak would have a considerable impact upon industry viability.

7.4 Under tropical conditions efforts to increase vine yield often lead to otherproblems of fruit quality (water berry, low sugar concentration). Toincrease yield but still achieve desired fruit quality and harvest time it isnecessary to determine maximum crop load in relation to leaf area index(LAI). Many of the table grape industries throughout the region have anarrow market window, outside of which competition from other fruits oradverse weather conditions affects price and fruit quality.

7.5 Knowledge of the factors contributing to floral initiation in the tropics ispoor and in many countries there is a lack of vineyard managementpractices that enhance floral initiation. To increase vine yield it is

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important for grape growers to be able to successfully manipulate floralinitiation.

7.6 Several problems were identified with flowering, berry set and berrygrowth, all of which impinged upon fruit quality and yield. It wasconsidered important to develop labour saving practices (chemicaltreatments and other techniques) for cluster elongation, flower thinning andberry sizing. Some countries have progressed in developing chemicaltreatments (GA, BA, and CPPU) and a large amount of work has also beenundertaken in the temperate zones. However, it was noted much higherrates of GA are usually required under hot and humid conditions commonin the region, compared to levels used in temperate climates.

7.7 Several countries have developed protected culture of table grape, bothpermanent and temporary coverings, to improve fruit quality, reducepesticide applications and prevent rain damage to fruit. Yet the productiontechniques need further refinement to overcome several problemsassociated with protected culture. This in turn will improve the viability ofgrape production and enable the grower to meet the additional cost of theprotective cover.

For each of the previously mentioned vineyard management problems limitinggrape production, research is being conducted in one or more of the countries in theregion. The forum concluded that there were opportunities for collaboration betweencountries to maximise the outcomes from individual efforts and that this would enhancedevelopment of the grape industries in the region.

8. The high use of chemical pesticides, current spray practices and the sprayequipment used has led to chemical residues on the fruit and a reluctance of consumers topurchase grapes, as well as poor control of pests and diseases and increased pressure onthe environment. Many advancements in grape production will result from improvedgrower knowledge of the weather conditions conducive for disease and pest outbreaks, thecritical times to apply sprays for effective control, and selection of the appropriatechemical for each disease/pest. Training of grape growers in the safe handling ofchemical pesticides is required to reduce the risk of contamination, both to theenvironment and vineyard workers. Improving the knowledge of grape growers in thecritical factors in preparing spray solutions (water quality, solution pH) will increase theefficacy of pesticides applied in controlling the target disease or pest. The reluctance ofgrape growers in several countries to adhere to the chemical registration and safe use ofchemicals was considered to be a major contributing factor to high residues on fruit in themarket. The forum recognised a change in grower attitude was necessary and that thiscould be facilitated both through grower training and greater implementation bygovernments of residue testing of fruit. Several countries in the region have strengths intraining of growers in pesticide application. The forum concluded that improvements inpesticide use were vital for the success of the grape industries in the region.

9. Several examples in the region of successful biological control of pests werenoted. The forum agreed it was important to identify locally occurring parasites andpredators for the biological control of pests. Further, the greater adoption of integratedpest management (IPM) by growers was seen as important for minimising chemical use

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and residues on fruit, which in turn will reduce the cost of production and increaseconsumption. To achieve this will require a change in attitude of growers. Diseaseforecasting models currently being used in several countries should be furthered refinedfor accuracy under local conditions and made available to countries in the region.However, for maximum grower adoption such models must be simple to use andaffordable. The forum recognised that developing and encouraging organic grapeproduction would be important for future viability of regional grape industries.

10. The quality of table grapes in several countries is adversely affected by the lack ofcool storage infrastructure, lack of a continuous cool chain from vineyard to consumerand inadequate sulphur dioxide technology. If these issues are not addressed, the long-term viability of regional grape industries will be at risk. Imported table grapes ofsuperior quality have already eroded the market share of the local industry in somecountries in the region. The forum recognised the need to establish cool storageinfrastructure close to vineyards as well as cooling facilities throughout the supply chainto provide optimum post-harvest temperature for grapes. It was noted that in somecountries most problems with sulphur dioxide (SO2) damage was caused by breaks in thecool chain. Training of growers and packers in the correct use of SO2 releasing pads andcool handling of grapes could minimise the loss in fruit quality. It was noted thatdevelopments in SO2 technology and packaging have been made in other countries, andconcluded that to evaluate and modify these technologies for local conditions would bethe most cost effective strategy for countries in the region.

11. The health benefits of moderate wine consumption were noted. However, thisbenefit is not widely known within the populations of many countries and could bepromoted to enhance wine consumption. Well-developed wine industries are present insome countries but are absent or relatively small in others. For successful wine industriesto develop in these countries the winemaking skills of winemakers must be improved.The opportunity exists for countries aiming to develop a wine industry to utilize theexperience and training programmes in winemaking available in other countries withwell-developed wine industries. In some countries, a change in government policy isneeded in order to promote the health benefits of wine over other alcoholic beverages forthe development of the wine grape industry.

12. Juice production was not common in the region and is the smallest of theviticulture industries. The quality of grape juice is often variable and inferior whichresults in reduced consumption and consumer acceptance of the product. Modernequipment and training to improve juice-making skills of operators was considered vitalfor the production of nutritious, good quality grape juice. There is also the opportunityfor other value-added grape products to be developed.

13. Export trade in grape products (wine, table grapes, raisins) by countries in theregion was relatively small, with many countries requiring imports to satisfy localdemand. However, exports are an important means of increasing the wealth of a countryand consequently should be encouraged and assisted wherever possible. A majorimpediment to growth in exports of table grapes was the lack of market intelligence andlocal contacts, as well as understanding of local business and cultural practices. Theforum considered that those countries whose objective is to increase grape exports shoulddevelop the necessary market intelligence.

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14. It was noted that locally produced wine, table grapes and raisins sold in thedomestic market now face strong competition from high quality imported products.Hence, for the long-term viability and survival of grape industries in the region it isnecessary for grape growers and winemakers, to produce a product that is both cost andquality competitive. This will require the development of cost effective productionpractices and technologies adapted to regional conditions. Over-supply of table grapes,particularly in short supply seasons, seriously reduces price and grower income.Development of production practices to spread the supply season was consideredimportant for sustaining the income of grape growers and industry viability.

15. The forum recognised that there was considerable potential for the developmentand long-term viability of the viticulture industries in most countries throughout theregion. To achieve this goal it is important to identify in each country the districts withthe climate and soils suitable for successful grape growing. It was noted that theseoptimum growing conditions will vary for grape type (wine, table, raisin). Onceidentified it is necessary to encourage grape growers to establish vineyards in thepreferred districts, where production costs are least and high fruit quality can be achieved.The identification of locally suited multipurpose varieties which can be used for table,wine and raisin production is desirable, as this would improve the economic stability ofgrape growers and hence industry viability.

16. The development and expansion of wine grape industries in most countries of theregion is highly promising because of the anticipated large increase in local wineconsumption. Currently wine imports are required to satisfy this increasing demand. Inseveral countries consumers prefer imported wines as locally produced wine is moreexpensive and of inferior quality. The forum strongly advised that in countries withdeveloping wine industries, cost effective production practices should be developed andtraining undertaken to improve the skills of winemakers. This will enable industries toachieve the potential for growth and increase the value of the local economy.Collaboration between countries in the region was encouraged instead of individualefforts.

17. The limited experience and viticulture knowledge of scientists and advisorsworking in the grape industries was recognised as a constraint to growth of the industry inseveral countries. Training of scientists and production viticulturists is vital if growth anddevelopment of the grape industries is to be achieved. Several countries in the regionhave well-developed grape industries and viticulture education programmes. Staff andgrower exchanges for training in viticulture was considered an effective way of improvingthe knowledge of grape specialists and ultimately promote development of the industry.

18. It was proposed that the information presented at the Consultation be collated andpublished in the form of proceedings, which can subsequently be distributed to the grape-growing countries of the region.

19. It was noted that despite the efforts of most countries to upgrade aspects of grapeproduction, there are still many constraints hindering further development. Most of theproblems appear to be common to all countries. The Consultation thereforerecommended that assistance should be sought for the formulation, funding andimplementation of a Regional Project to address the existing problems.

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20. The possibility of setting up a Network for Research and Development of theGrape Industry in Asia was discussed during the meeting. It was felt that such a Networkmay facilitate pooling and sharing of resources for the development of viticulture. TheConsultation endorsed this approach for Regional Cooperation and recommended theestablishment of such a Network. It is expected that if a Regional Project on Viticulture isimplemented it will eventually lead to the establishment of a Regional Network.

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Annex 1

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

AUSTRALIA

Mr. David R. OagDepartment of Primary IndustriesQueensland Horticulture InstituteP.O. Box 501Stanthorpe 4380, QueenslandTel: (61-7) 4681-1255Fax: (61-7) 4681-1769E-mail: oagd@dpi.qld.gov.au

CHINA

Dr. Li Shao-HuaProfessorDepartment of Fruit ScienceCollege of HorticultureAcademic Affairs OfficeChina Agricultural University100094 BeijingTel: (86-10) 62892798 (Office), 82902160 (Home)Fax: (86-10) 62892798E-mail: taocau@mail.cau.edu.cn

shhli@mail.cau.edu.cn

INDIA

Dr. S.D. ShikhamanyDirectorNational Research Centre for GrapesP.B. No. 3, Manjri Farm PostSolapur Road, Pune 412307Tel: (91-20) 814246 (Office), 5887529 (Home)Fax: (91-20) 814246E-mail: nrcgrape@mah.nic.in

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JAPAN

Dr. Kunihisa MorinagaPlant PhysiologistPersimmon and Grape Research CentreNational Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS)Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesAkitsu, Hiroshima 729-2494Tel: (81-846) 45-1260Fax: (81-846) 45-5370E-mail: forest@akt.affrc.go.jp

KOREA, REP. OF

Dr. Gi-Cheol SongAgricultural ResearcherFruit Cultivation DivisionNational Horticultural Research InstituteRural Development Administration475 Imok-dong, Jangan-guSuwon 440-310Tel: (82-331) 2403614 (Office), 2514580 (Home)Fax: (82-331) 2403556E-mail: songgc@nhri.go.kr

songgch@yahoo.com

MYANMAR

U Hla SanFarm Manager, Sepauk Grape Farm,c/o General Manager (Extension),Myanmar Agriculture ServiceKanbe, Yankin P.O., YangonTel: (95-1) 666097Fax: (95-1) 667991

THAILAND

Professor Suranant SubhadrabandhuDepartment of HorticultureFaculty of AgricultureKasetsart UniversityPhaholyothin Road, ChatuchakBangkok 10900Tel: (66-2) 5790308, 5614891 (Office), (66-2) 5801177 (Home)Fax: (66-2) 5791951E-mail: agrsns@ku.ac.th

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THAILAND

Dr. Surasak NilnondAssociate ProfessorDepartment of HorticultureFaculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart UniversityChatuchak, Bangkok 10900Tel: (66-2) 5790308 (Office), 5614891 (Home), (01) 8415736 (Mobile)Fax: (66-2-112) 5791951

VIET NAM

Dr. Vu Xuan LongHead, Agronomy Department,Cotton Research CentreNha Ho Village, Nink Son District,Ninh Thuan ProvinceTel: (84-68) 853105Fax: (84-68) 853108E-mail: dvthanh@vol.vnn.vn

FAO

Dr. R.B. SinghAssistant Director-General and FAO Regional Representative for Asia and the Pacific,FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,Maliwan Mansion,39 Phra Atit Road,Bangkok 10200ThailandTel: (66-2) 2817844Fax: (66-2) 2800445E-mail: FAO-THA@fao.org

Mr. Dong QingsongDeputy Regional RepresentativeFAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific,Maliwan Mansion,39 Phra Atit Road,Bangkok 10200ThailandTel: (66-2) 2817844Fax: (66-2) 2800445E-mail: FAO-THA@fao.org

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Mr. M.K. PapademetriouSenior Plant Production and Protection OfficerFAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificMaliwan Mansion,39 Phra Atit Road,Bangkok 10200ThailandTel: (66-2) 2817844Fax: (66-2) 2800445E-mail: minas.papademetriou@fao.org

Mrs. Valai VisuthiSecretaryFAO Regional Office for Asia and the PacificMaliwan Mansion, 39 Phra Atit RoadBangkok 10200, Thailand

OBSERVERS

Ms. Supawan KianmateeSubject Matter Specialist,Plant Protection Service Division,Department of Agricultural Extension,Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives,2143/1 Phaholyothin Road, Chatuchak,Bangkok 10900, ThailandTel: (66-2) 5799522, 5793727Fax: (66-2) 5799522, 5793727E-mail: fradoae@access.inet.co.th

Dr. Suwit ChaikiattiyosHorticulturist,Sisaket Horticulture Research Centre,Horticulture Research Institute,Muang District, Sisaket 33000,ThailandTel: (66-045) 612402-3Fax: (66-045) 611156

Mr. Choochart NoppavongHorticulturistSisaket Horticulture Research Centre,Horticulture Research Institute,Muang District, Sisaket 33000,ThailandTel: (66-045) 612402-3Fax: (66-045) 611156

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Annex 2

PROGRAMME

Tuesday, 2 May 2000

0830-0900 Registration0900-1030 Remarks on the Meeting by Mr. M.K. Papademetriou, FAO/RAP

Introduction of the ParticipantsElection of Chairman and RapporteurWelcome Address by Dr. R.B. Singh, ADG/RR, RAPGroup Photograph

1030-1100 Coffee Break

1100-1130 Grape Production in Australiaby Mr. David R. Oag

1130-1200 Grape Production in Chinaby Prof. Li Shao-Hua

1215-1400 Lunch BreakHosted by Dr. R.B. Singh, ADG/RR, RAP

1400-1430 Grape Production in Indiaby Dr. S.D. Shikhamany

1430-1500 Grape Production in Japanby Dr. Kunihisa Morinaga

1500-1530 Grape Production in the Republic of Koreaby Dr. Gi-Cheol Song

1530-1600 Coffee Break

1600-1630 Grape Production in Myanmarby U Hla San

1630-1700 Grape Production in Thailandby Dr. Surasak Nilnond

1700-1730 Grape Production in Viet Namby Dr. Vu Xuan Long

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Wednesday, 3 May 2000

0830-1000 Discussion on the Potential and Opportunities for GrapeProduction Development in Asia and the Pacific

1000-1030 Coffee Break

1030-1200 Discussion on the Constraints of Grape Production Developmentin Asia and the Pacific

1215-1400 Lunch Break

1400-1530 General Discussion

1530-1600 Coffee Break

1600-1800 Plenary Session

Thursday, 4 May 2000

0900-1030 Workshop’s Conclusions and Recommendations(Presentation and Discussion)

1030-1100 Coffee Break

1100-1230 Continue with the Workshop’s Conclusions and RecommendationsAdoption of Recommendations

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