in class nit assignment

8/8/2019 In Class NIT Assignment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/in-class-nit-assignment 1/16



HUB

In HUB any data packet coming from one port is sent to all other ports. It is then up tothe receiving computer to decide if the packet is for it. The biggest problem with hubs issince every packet is sent out to every computer on the network, there is a lot of wastedtransmission.

Hubs are typically used on small networks where the amount of data going across thenetwork is never very high.

Bridge

A bridge goes one step up on a hub in that it looks at the destination of the packet beforesending. If the destination address is not on the other side of the bridge it will nottransmit the data. Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model

A bridge only has one incoming and one outgoing port.

Bridges are typically used to separate parts of a network that do not need tocommunicate regularly, but still need to be connected.



A switch steps up on a bridge in that it has multiple ports.When a packet comes through a switch it is read todetermine which computer to send the data to.

Layer 2 Switch is hardware based, which means it uses themedia access control address (MAC address) from the host'snetwork interface cards (NICs) to decide where to forwardframes, layer 2 switch is behaves as a multiport bridge.

Layer 3 Switch is a high-performance device for network

routing. Layer 3 switches actually differ very little fromrouters. A Layer 3 switch can support the same routingprotocols as network routers do. Both inspect incomingpackets and make dynamic routing decisions based on thesource and destination addresses inside. Both types of boxesshare a similar appearance.



In computer networking, High Speed Ethernetis a collective term for a number of Ethernetstandards that carry traffic at the nominal rate

of 100 Mbit/s, against the original Ethernetspeed of 10 Mbit/s.

100BASE-TX is by far the most commonstandard and is supported by the vast majorityof Ethernet hardware currently produced.



Fiber Channel (FC) is the technologystandard for datacenter SANenvironments, and Fiber Channel over

Ethernet (F

CoE) is an example ofcontinued innovation that will enhanceinvestments in FC-based architecturesand business solutions. FCoE expandsFiber Channel into the Ethernetenvironment, combining two leading

technologies -F

C and Ethernet - toprovide more options to end users forSAN connectivity and networking.



A cellular network is a radio network distributedover land areas called cells, each served by at leastone fixed-location transceiver known as a cellsite orbase station.

When joined together these cells provide radiocoverage over a wide geographic area. Thisenables a large number of portable transceivers(e.g.,mobile phones, pagers, etc.) to communicatewith each other and with fixed transceivers and

telephones anywhere in the network, via basestations, even if some of the transceivers aremoving through more than one cell duringtransmission.



In a cellular radio system, aland area to be supplied withradio service is divided intoregular shaped cells, whichcan be hexagonal, square orother irregular shapes. Each

of these cells is assignedmultiple frequencies ( f 1 - f 6)which havecorresponding radio basestations. The group offrequencies can be reused in

other cells, provided that thesame frequencies are notreused in adjacentneighboring cells as thatwould cause co-channelinterference.



Planned applications

Local access requirements

Remote access requirements

End-user equipment

Connectivity outside the organization



LEO systems fly about 1,000 kilometers abovethe Earth (between 400 miles and 1,600 miles)and, unlike GEOs, travel across the sky. A

typical LEO satellite takes less than two hoursto orbit the Earth, which means that a singlesatellite is "in view" of ground equipment for aonly a few minutes



MEO systems operate at about 10,000kilometers (between 1,500 and 6,500 miles)above the Earth, which is lower than the GEO

orbit and higher than most LEO orbits

in class nit assignment

Documents