BMT AbstractsInternational Maritime TechnologyVolume 70 Number 5 May 2015

Abstract Numbers 2015051001 – 2015051250

ISSN 2051-7793

BMT ABSTRACTS

Volume 70, Number 5, May 2015 Abstracts 2015051001-2015051250

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Abstracts 2015051001-2015051250 Volume 70 – No 5 – May 2015

CONTENTS

Page No.

1. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

1.1 Ship/structure description 367 1.2 Design 368 1.3 Shipbuilding technology/constructional techniques 379

2. OPERATION

2.1 Power sources and fuels 382 2.2 Equipment and installations 385 2.3 Maintenance, repair and conversion 386 2.4 Cargoes and cargo handling 386 2.5 Ports and waterways 387 2.6 Coastal/offshore engineering and marine renewable energy 390 2.7 Safety at sea 399 2.8 Environmental protection 404 2.9 General operation 405

3. FLUID MECHANICS

3.1 General hydrodynamics, hydraulics and oceanography 413 3.2 Resistance and propulsive performance 413 3.3 Motion, seakeeping and manoeuvring 420 3.4 Fluid structure interaction 431 3.5 Aerodynamics and wind engineering 443

4. STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

4.1 Structural response 444 4.2 Properties of materials 455 4.3 Corrosion and fouling 459

5. NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY 460 6. MISCELLANEOUS 461

AUTHOR INDEX A-1 SHIP AND STRUCTURE INDEX S-1 KEYWORD INDEX K-1

1.1 SHIP/STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION

2015051001

Blue whale series surfaces. The Naval Architect, February 2015, p 44 [3 p, 2 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html No author given English

Launched in September 2014 and delivered in early January CHIPOL CHANJIANG is the first in a series of four heavy lift multi-purpose carriers, also known as the Blue Whale Series. The 36,000dwt vessel was built by Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Company for Chinese operator Chipol. The vessels design features include triple-decks with movable pontoons, very large box-shape cargo holds (53 m x 23 m), three self-geared heavy cranes with a maximum lifting capacity up to 520 tonnes and low fuel consumption. A general arrangement drawing is included in this article.

Heavy lift vessels Multipurpose cargo ships Vessel descriptions

2015051002

HIGHLAND PRINCESS. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, Supplement, p 36 [3 p, 5 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

This article describes the platform supply vessel (PSV) HIGHLAND PRINCESS, built at the Rosetti Marino shipyard in Ravenna, Italy for Gulf Offshore North Sea Ltd., Aberdeen, UK. The PSV has a length of 75m, a breadth of 16m and deadweight of over 3,000t. The ship’s propulsion is made up of 2 variable pitch propellers, each with a diameter of approximately 3m and set at the end of shafts driven by 2 General Electric diesel engines producing a total power of 5,580 kW (approximately.. 7600 hp). Peak speed is over 14.5 knots, with a cruising range of about 3,500 miles and excellent manoeuvrability is guaranteed by 4 thrusters.

Offshore service vessels Vessel descriptions

2015051003

A.H. VARAZZE. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, p 28 [3 p, 7 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

The new multifunctional anchor handling vessel A.H. VARAZZE was delivered in December 2014 by the Rosetti Marino Shipyard in Ravenna, Italy to the Genoese Group Finarge. The Rolls Royce design UT 212 CD vessel has a length overall of 79.90m, breadth of 19.20m, draft of 6.30m and a 2,880 dwt.

Anchor handling vessels Tugs Vessel descriptions

2015051004

WEDELLSBORG. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, Supplement, p 40 [2 p, 3 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian

This article gives a brief description of the ro-ro cargo vessel WEDELLSBORG. The 11,469dwt vessel was built by Cantieri Visentini, Italy for Danish owner Nordana. WEDELLSBORG has a length overall of 179.46m, breadth of 26.21m and a moulded depth of 17.60m.

Cargo ships Ro/ro ships Vessel descriptions

2015051005

Royal Caribbean’s quantum leap. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1123, February 2015, p 44 [2 p, 3 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Tinsley, D. English

QUANTUM OF THE SEAS is the first of three cruise ships ordered from Meyer Werft, Germany by Royal Caribbean International. The 168,888gt vessel has a length overall of 347.8m, moulded breadth of 41.4m, draught of 8.8m and a passenger capacity of 4,905. QUANTUM OF THE SEAS gives form to the much-vaunted Project Sunshine, hosting advances in

ABSTRACTS 367

energy-saving technology including an under-hull air bubbling system and new generation Azipod electric propulsors, as well as unprecedented activity and entertainment features.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015051006

REGAL PRINCESS. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, Supplement, p 46 [2 p, 1 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

The 142,229gt cruise ship REGAL PRINCESS was built by Fincantieri, Italy for Princess Cruises. The vessel has a length overall of 330m, beam of 38.4m, draft of 8.5m and can carry 3560 passengers.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015051007

COST DIADEMA. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, p 36 [5 p, 7 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

The 132,500gt cruise ship COSTA DIADEMA is described. The vessel was built at Fincantieri’s Marghera shipyard in Venice for Costa Cruises. COSTA DIADEMA has a length of 306m and a breadth of 37.2m. The vessel is capable of accommodating 4,947 passengers and 1,253 crew.

Cruise ships Vessel descriptions

2015051008

Four fuel-saving MRs to enter NPP’s fleet this year. Tanker Operator, v 14 n 3, January/February 2015, p 25 [2 p, 1 fig] http://www.tankeroperator.com/AllMagazine.aspx No author given English

During the first half of this year, Copenhagen-based dry bulk and tanker owner NORDEN will take delivery of four newbuilding MR Eco product tankers from STX Offshore & Shipbuilding. As a result of several improvements to the design and equipment installed on board, the vessels are expected to be 11-12% more fuel efficient than the most operationally economic tankers in NORDEN’s fleet. The vessels – NORD SUPERIOR, NORD SUPREME, NORD SUSTAINABLE and NORD SWIFT - will each have a carrying capacity of around 50,000 tonnes. This means that the new vessels in a fully laden state and sailing at a speed of 13 knots will consume approximately 19 tonnes of bunker oil per day – a saving of more than two tonnes.

Products tankers Vessel descriptions

1.2 DESIGN

2015051009

The use analysis of regression for preliminary determine the parameters of the design – exploitation of motor yachts. Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, n 39 2014, p 38 [5 p, 6 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/635 Bortnowska, M. English

The economic crisis initiated in 2007, has caused disturbance and a fairly a sharp drop the yachting industry in the country. Many foreign companies couldn’t bear the crisis and were forced to close or were absorbed by other companies in the sector. Since 2010, there has been at first slow and currently dynamic growth of boat production for various purposes also on the Polish market for Polish customers. The upward trend of the sector will need adequately trained engineers (specialists) - designers, constructors, technologists, etc. Deficiencies in literature regarding (approaches) design guidelines on recreational boats, prompted the author to develop

368 ABSTRACTS

one of the methods to determine the basic dimensional parameters and design of motor yachts at the initial stage. Based on the gathered database of built yachts regression developed allows the initial design stage to determine the basic dimensions, namely: LOA, B, H, T and the design parameters, i.e. D, SP, CB yacht. This allows to start the next project stage, which is the creation of the first concept yacht along with its shape, bodylines and to estimate construction costs.

Motor yachts Regression analysis Ship design

2015051010

Design optimisation of a bulk carrier for river/sea ore transport. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 12, p 119 [10 p, 29 ref, 8 tab, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Merino da Silva, D., Ventura, M. English

This work presents a feasibility study of a river-sea bulk carrier for the transport of iron-ore from a new river terminal to a sea port on the Portuguese west coast. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum characteristics of the ship and service speeds. First the transport problem is described and the main design options are discussed. Next, the main components of the ship synthesis model, the voyage model and the optimisation procedure are presented. Finally the results are discussed and some conclusions are drawn.

Bulk carriers Oceangoing river vessels Optimisation Ship design

2015051011

Influence of ship design on ship recycling. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 28, p 269 [8 p, 38 ref, 1 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Jain, K.P., Pruyn, J.F.J., Hopman, J.J. English

Ship recycling marks the end of the life cycle of a ship. The underlying principle of recycling activity is to support sustainable development of the environment by recycling every year, on an average, as much as 3.6 million tonnes of steel scrap globally. Despite the importance of the ship recycling industry to major recycling countries, it has always been plagued with health, safety and environmental concerns. Such concerns, to some extent, arise due to inappropriate ship design. This paper explains that a detailed study of the ship recycling process can give feedback to the design stage of the life cycle of a ship. A link between the first and last stage of the life cycle of a ship would allow not only the effective disposal of hazardous materials and reduction of recycling costs but also the improvement of ship designs pertaining to the needs and requirements of the end user i.e. ship recycling yards.

Recycling Ship design

2015051012

Surrogate-assisted robust design optimisation considering interval-type uncertainty. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 30, p 287 [7 p, 12 ref, 4 tab, 6 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Liu, Y., Collette, M.D. English

This paper presents an efficient surrogate assisted max-min optimisation scheme applied in solving a marine structure design problem considering interval-type of uncertainty. Preliminary stage marine structure designs decisions tend to have a large impact on the acquisition cost and future ownership cost. However, in the preliminary design of innovative vessels, much information about the

ABSTRACTS 369

structure remains unknown to the designers. This paper adopted a max-min searching approach to deal with this epistemic type uncertainty in structural design. It is demonstrated that the proposed method is successful in addressing the interval-type uncertainty design problem with limited computational expense.

Optimisation Ship design

2015051013

Structural optimisation for ice-strengthened vessels. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 31, p 295 [8 p, 13 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Pedersen, R.A., Molnes, D.A., Et al English

The Arctic is estimated to contain 22% of the world’s undiscovered petroleum. A majority of these resources are located offshore on the West and Eastern Siberian Basin. Consequently, the vessels operating in these partially ice-covered waters must comply with the ice-induced loads. The common method to do so is to reach compliance with a pre-selected ice class that corresponds to the target operational area. Furthermore, the ice compliance is typically treated as an additional design constraint, which is added to the design process after the open water design is obtained. Consequently, the integrated consideration of structural compliance to ice classification in an early design stage potentially allows for a reduction in structural weight and production cost. Therefore, this paper presents an integrated approach to identify the compliance to a target ice class by means of optimisation. Furthermore, the utilisation of an optimisation-based procedure will allow for the identification of the structural weight and production cost sensitivity to various ice classes. Three case vessels are subjected to the presented optimisation procedure to visualise the findings, one Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) tanker, one oil tanker and one general cargo vessel.

Design criteria Ice strengthening Ice transiting vessels Optimisation

2015051014

Scalarising of optimisation criteria proposal for multi-objective optimisation of ship hull structure by evolutionary algorithm. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 32, p 303 [6 p, 14 ref, 4 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Sekulski, Z. English

Assuming that the multi-objective optimisation methods can be primarily classified with respect to the sources of inspiration of the methods, they can be divided into two following categories: (1) classical methods, and (2) methods inspired by natural systems, evolutionary methods in the peculiarity. Evolutionary methods can be divided, considering the way the optimisation criteria are accounted for, into two groups: (2.1) scalarising methods employing a substitute scalar objective function, and (2.2) methods employing the Pareto domination relation. In the case of the scalarising methods the formulation of the objective function is a key factor for efficiency of the computational algorithm. This paper presents a scalarisation technique reformulate the original multi-objective problem of ship structural optimisation into a parametric single-objective optimisation problem applicable to application in evolutionary optimisation algorithms.

Hulls Optimisation Ship design

2015051015

Multi-criteria optimisation applied to tankers preliminary design. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 33, p 309 [6 p, 10 ref, 2 tab, 5 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Vasconcellos, J.M., Harduim, M., Araujo, P. English

The U/VLCCs are the largest ships in the world fleet of tankers with capacity above 200,000 dwt. As the fuel consumption of such vessels is directly proportional to the total weight, decreasing the

370 ABSTRACTS

lightweight of the ship allows more oil to be carried with the same fuel consumption. Steel weight reduction is one of the naval architecture challenges. Accomplishing the static stability and also good performance in ship motion are goals to be achieved. This paper highlights the main aspects proposed for tanker preliminary design focusing on a model in multi criteria decision-making. Mode Frontier software was used to integrate the mathematical model and to obtain the best solution. The preliminary ship design objective is to find the curve known as Pareto frontier, on which are located the best results. An application is done to indicate the approach used and to illustrate the methodology.

Optimisation Ship design Tankers

2015051016

Assuring quality ship hull form representation for downstream applications. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 34, p 317 [8 p, 11 ref, 15 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Edessa, D.M., Kleinsorge, L., Bronsart, R. English

In this paper an automatic ship hull form data repairing and domain preparation algorithm for direct mesh generation and CFD computations is presented. The developed tool reads surface patches in IGES file format and automatically detects and repairs commonly found geometrical and topological errors. Based on the repaired hull form, automatic domain preparation strategies are implemented for mesh generators such as Numeca HEXPRESS and SnappyHexMesh. Data range region identification method is used to divide ship hull forms into different regions and to export the repaired and consistent geometry in the coloured Standard Tessellated Language file format. The repair algorithms are tested against several test cases (ship hull form representations) to evaluate the tool robustness. The results achieved reveal that the developed tool

substantially decreases the time, and therefore cost, required for CAD data repairing and domain preparation.

Computer-aided ship design Hull form

2015051017

An approach for integrating quality management methods with CAD-systems in ship detail design. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 35, p 325 [6 p, 7 ref, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Hmeshah, K., Bronsart, R. English

For the detailed modelling of ship structural components CAD-systems are applied to build a ship product data model. To ensure the correctness of the design data numerous quality criteria have to be observed. Neglecting those criteria deteriorates the production productivity. Nowadays, the final inspection of the design data is almost manual. In this paper quality criteria being addressed are those applied for an optimised ship structure production process like requirements with respect to the weldability in ship structure assembly processes. To support the efficient correction of deficient structural designs an approach is presented which allows the correction of faulty structures under visual guidance towards the identified problems applying the same CAD system as used for the product model data generation. The so-called error-feedback allows the engineers to detect and fix the automatically detected errors in the design data. This will result in significant time savings in the production phase.

Computer-aided ship design

ABSTRACTS 371

2015051018

Assessment of still water bending moments for damaged hull girders. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 36, p 331 [10 p, 20 ref, 4 tab, 18 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Rodrigues, J.A., Teixeira, A.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

A parametric variation of a box-shaped damage configuration - position and directional extension - is applied to a shuttle tanker and its effect on the still water bending moment longitudinal distribution is investigated. For each damage case, an in-house quasi-static progressive flooding simulation tool is used to obtain the final average attitude of the ship and its corresponding still water bending moment. A probabilistic model suggested by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization (MEPC-IMO), concerning the damage configuration, is considered and the obtained bending moments are analysed and compared with the International Association of Classification Societies’ Common Structural Rules (IACS-CSR) limits.

Bending moments Computer-aided ship design Hull damage Hull girders Still water

2015051019

Geometric modelling of ships for real-time 3D ship simulators. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 37, p 341 [10 p, 20 ref, 1 tab, 14 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Varela, J.M., Guedes Soares, C. English

The paper presents the sequence of procedures and the main techniques used currently to build a digital geometric model of a ship that fulfils the high demanding requirements for realism and performance of modern 3D ship simulators. The work presented shows that some particular characteristics of a ship,

often define how to apply these techniques. It also highlights the importance of a well-defined workflow, and discusses the impact that it may have on the modelling time and quality of the final product. The description of the procedures and subsequent discussion are supported by a real example of 3D modelling of a free fall lifeboat and a tugboat currently used in a ship manoeuvring simulator.

Computer-aided design Ship simulators

2015051020

Design modification of a damaged free-fall lifeboat for FPSO through the free-fall test. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 658 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Hwang, J-K., Roh, M-I., Cha, J-H. English

Many of the risks associated with conventional lifeboat systems have been substantially reduced by the free-fall lifeboat system. These problems are minimized with the free-fall lifeboat because it is not lowered into the sea. The free-fall lifeboat falls freely into the sea, generating kinetic energy as it does so. The kinetic energy, which is developed, propels the lifeboat away from the distressed vessel during and immediately after water entry. The lifeboat moves away from the danger even if the engine does not operate. This paper presents a method for design modification of a damaged free-fall lifeboat (FFLB) through the result of skid-launching free-fall test in the four falling phase, that is, sliding phase, rotation phase, free-fall phase, and water entry phase. In case of water entry phase, the damage of the free-fall lifeboat has been remedied structurally, not only reduced top deck impact area and impact pressure but also increased the modular factor of the roof deck in order to modified structure of the deck shape. Thus, it can be seen that the proposed method can be applied to improve the existing design of the FFLB.

Design Impact loads Lifeboats Modification Water entry

372 ABSTRACTS

2015051021

The assessment for erosion risk of marine propellers using CFD analysis. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 823 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Huang, F., Kim, H., Yang, C. English

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the erosion risk due to propeller cavitation. In many cases, cavitation induces noise, vibration and there is a possibility of erosion problems. Especially rapid change of pressure, induced by collapsing of cavitation, causes the erosion problem. Thus, the prediction of cavitation in marine propellers is essential to estimating the performance of the vessel. The simulation is carried out for the erosion case of a capesize bulk carrier. The design propeller for the subject vessel has damage due to erosive cavitation in full scale. To protect it from erosion problem, an edge modified plan was applied. When both propellers are compared in cavitation observation and erosion tests, the modified propeller does not have erosive cavitation, while the design propeller does. The result of simulation is also compared to experimental data and shows good agreement in this study. Finally, the erosion assessment is carried out based on the erosion index and it gives good criteria for assessment for erosion risk.

Cavitation erosion Computational fluid dynamics Design Propeller cavitation

2015051022

Main dimension optimisation for scheme design of round-bilge craft. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 917 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Mao, L., Zhen, Y., Et al English

The Round-bilge craft is a transition state between displacement ships and planing boats, it has an wide Froude number scale from 0.3 to 1.0, thus the round-bilge linear are mostly used with low speed passenger

ships, fishing boats, surveying ships, and various kinds of official boats, high speed military vessels as patrol boats and minesweepers. A series of experiments have been carried out starting in the 1970’s due to the round-bilge crafts’ wide range of speed. The results of those experiments have been sorted into regression maps. These maps can be used as a fast estimating method for ship resistance performance during the scheme designing stage after the ship’s dimensions are determined. The estimate results have a certain degree of accuracy under given conditions as the dimensions of the ship are seldom changed. For a long time regression maps were mostly used as an estimation of the resistance performance of the ship, and were seldom used as reference of the optimisation scheme of the hull line and the dimensions of the ship. More time, and an unreasonable choice for the main dimensions may often lead to very poor resistance performance. The principal ship dimensions have great influence on resistance performance and operating costs during the scheme design stage. This paper focuses on the round-bilge craft which are widely used for official business and transportation. Firstly, by multiple regression of the residual resistance of the round-bilge craft, a fast method is set up to predict the resistance of the round-bilge craft based on Froude theory. For the scheme design stage with given displacement and speed, the main dimensions including the length, breadth and draft of the craft were optimised by taking the resistance as the target, the hull coefficients, light ship weight, and sea keeping capability as the constraint conditions.

Bilges Dimensions Optimisation Roundness

2015051023

Energy efficient design of bilge keels. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 88, p 851 [6 p, 2 ref, 6 tab, 9 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ciortan, C., Sun, J. English

Nowadays, ship design sees a departure from the established philosophy of hull optimisation for design draft and design speed, and is done with the operational profile of the ship in mind. Throughout

ABSTRACTS 373

the life of the vessel, this can lead to important economies of fuel, even if, in some cases, a small penalty can be taken for design condition. The same can be applied to propeller and appendages. Traditionally, bilge keels are built as straight segments placed along streamlines obtained at design condition. Only a few yards build them as 3D curves, completely aligned with the flow. However, the ship seldom - if ever - sails in design condition, and more often than not, with trim. Thus, the alignment of the bilge keels becomes flawed, and their contribution to the resistance of the hull increases. With this in mind, it becomes obvious that benefits can be drawn from performing the alignment of the bilge keels according to the operational profile. Moreover, the wake is influenced by the presence of the bilge keels. This influence is generally not taken into account; nevertheless, an integrated approach may lead to an improved design of the propeller. In this paper, an ongoing work regarding the optimisation of bilge keels is presented. The optimisation is addressed from several angles: alignment according to operational profile, building philosophy (segments - continuous), influence on the wake. All studies are performed numerically, using Star-CCM+. Comparison with model tests is available as regards the alignment of the bilge keels and resistance of the naked hull.

Alignment Bilge keels Design Energy conservation Optimisation

2015051024

An evaluation of the semi-coupled scheme for the analysis of floating production systems. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23006 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911340 Girón, A.R.C., Corrêa, F.N., Jacob, B.P. English

Analysis techniques and numerical formulations are available in a variety for mooring and riser designers. They are applied in the different stages of the design processes of floating production systems (FPS) by taking advantage of both the accuracy of results and the computational costs. In early design stages, the low computational cost is more valued with the aim

of obtaining fast results and taking decisions. So in these stages it is common to use uncoupled analysis. On the other hand, in more advanced design stages, the accuracy of results is more valued, for which the use of coupled analysis is adequate. However, it can lead to excessive computing times. To overcome such high computational costs, new formulations have been proposed with the aim of obtaining results similar to a coupled analysis, but with low computational costs. One of these formulations is referred as the semi-coupled scheme (S-C). Its main characteristic is that it combines the advantages of uncoupled and coupled analysis techniques. In this way, analyses can be performed with very fast execution times and results are superior to those obtained by the classical uncoupled analysis. This work presents an evaluation of the S-C scheme. The evaluation is made by comparing their results with the results of coupled analyses. Both type of analysis were applied in a representative deep water platform. The results show that the S-C scheme have the potentially to provide results with appropriate precision with very low computational times. In this way, the S-C scheme represents an attractive procedure to be applied in early and intermediate stages of the design process of FPS.

Design Floating production systems

2015051025

Universal crane model for the ship design system E4. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23499 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911375 Vorhölter, H., Christiansen, J., Hatecke, H. English

For the ship design system E4 a universal crane model was developed. With the help of this model the design of crane vessels and cranes can be harmonised better and lifting operations can be analysed more precisely. The model is able to handle any type of cranes which are used in the shipping and offshore industry and provides the input for every simulations method within E4 which needs to consider crane operations. Special focus was given on keeping a common user interface both for the designer of a crane vessel and the planning engineer for lifting

374 ABSTRACTS

operations independently of the type and functionalities of the crane. Such a universal crane model has not been implemented in any other ship design software until now. In this paper the motivation for the development of the model is described together with the requirements for a universal crane model. The principle of the model explained and its functionality is demonstrated in several examples.

Floating cranes Ship design

2015051026

From oil platforms to high-tech cleanrooms: reliability applications in facility design. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23033 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911971 Xu, T. English

This paper summarizes experience in reliability based facility design from the first deep-water mini Tension Leg Platform (TLP) to the largest High-Tech cleanroom in the world. It discusses two different reliability based design approaches: 1) a traditional approach based on the cause-effect theory, which is developed by small specimens, controlled conditions, and sample data; and 2) an alternative approach based on not only the cause-effect theory, but also the correlation theory developed by real structures, real conditions, and large if not all field measurement data.

Platform design Reliability

2015051027

Applications of vector evaluated genetic algorithms (VEGA) in ultimate limit state based ship structural design. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23379 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911976 Hughes, O., Ma, M., Paik, J.K. English

Ship structural design often deals with multiple objectives such as weight, safety, and cost. These objectives usually conflict with each other, and optimizing a particular solution with respect to a single objective can result in unacceptable results with respect to the other objectives. A reasonable solution to a multi-objective problem is to investigate a set of solutions, each of which satisfies the objectives at an acceptable level without being dominated by any other solution. Genetic algorithms have been demonstrated to be particularly effective to determine excellent solutions to these problems. In this paper a multi-objective GA, called Vector Evaluated Genetic Algorithm (VEGA) is formulated and used to optimise a large and complex thin-wall structure (a complete cargo hold of a 200,000 ton oil tanker) on the basis of weight, safety and cost. The structure weight and cost and all of the stresses are calculated using a realistic finite element model. The structure adequacy is then evaluated using the ALPS/ULSAP computer program (Paik and Thayamballi, 2003) which can efficiently evaluate all six ultimate limit states for stiffened panels and grillages. This example was chosen because the initial design is severely inadequate. The results show that the proposed method can perform ultimate strength based structural optimisation with multi-objectives, namely minimization of the structural weight and cost and maximization of structural safety, and also that the method is very robust.

Genetic algorithms Optimisation Ship design Ultimate strength

ABSTRACTS 375

2015051028

Scenario based risk management for Arctic shipping and operations. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23112 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912255 Ehler, S., Kujala, P., Et al English

Arctic oil and gas explorations and Arctic shipping must ensure the safety and protection of this sensitive environment in spite of the challenging operational conditions. However, current regulations and assessment methods do not predict the associated risk level reliably. In other words, ships transiting ice-covered waters are not designed according to physical measures, such as accurate limit states under ice loading, but according to economic and empirical design measures. Similarly, offshore installations should be designed according to the accurate limit states, but the actual ice loads are uncertain so this is not possible at present. Risk-based design methodologies using first principal methods offer a way to advance safe operations and transport of natural resources within and out of the Arctic Sea. This paper introduces a holistic treatment of the design relevant features and their identification to improve safe Arctic operations and transport. The focus is on design relevant Arctic aspects related to extreme and accidental ice events. The approach includes estimating ice loads, including extreme load events, assessing structural consequences of the loading events, assessing associated potential environmental consequences, and establishing a risk based design framework for managing risks.

Arctic regions Design criteria Ice transiting vessels Offshore platforms Risk management

2015051029

Retrofitting vessels for optimised fuel consumption. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-8, p 205 [17 p, 8 ref, 9 tab, 13 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Guimaraes, H.B., Brenner, M. English

This paper demonstrates how simulation-driven design using the CAE platform CAESES/FRIENDSHIP-Framework, coupled to the viscous flow CFD solver SHIPFLOW, can be used to efficiently develop optimised solutions for the retrofitting of ships in operation. Focusing on hydrodynamic performance, an approach is presented how to undertake projects at the early stage of understanding refitting options and their associated return-on-investment. Systematic variation as well as formal optimisation is used in the process, coupling automated generation of geometry variants to simulation. A contemporary twin-screw RoPax vessel was chosen as a possible candidate for improvement. The forebody and aftbody of the vessel were studied separately. Firstly, a change of the bulbous bow shape was considered. Secondly, modifications of the struts and, in addition, the introduction of pre-swirl stators in the propulsion train were investigated. Benchmark studies for the hull form at large were conducted to clarify the best possible results.

Computational fluid dynamics Computer-aided engineering Fuel consumption Optimisation Retrofitting

376 ABSTRACTS

2015051030

Numerical study on propulsion and seakeeping performance of a fishing boat improving in bow and stern. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IV-1, p 263 [10 p, 14 ref, 13 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Mutsuda, H., Got, T., Et al English

Fishing boats need to be improved in order to reduce fuel oil for energy saving and global warming. In this study, a numerical technique coupled Eulerian scheme with Lagrangian particles has been developed to improve the hull form of a fishing boat and a stern end part. A hull form including a localized detail part can be easily constructed by Lagrangian particle. Water resistance and motions can be computed by the proposed model. The present model was applied to examine optimisation of improvement technique for a fishing boat. Improvement techniques in a bulbous bow, a stern hull form and a stern end part are considerably useful for reducing not only wave resistance but also motions in waves.

Fishing vessels Hull form Propulsive performance Seakeeping

2015051031

Surface modification techniques for multi-objective optimisation in sail yacht hull forms. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IV-2, p 273 [10 p, 9 re14 tab, 10 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Kükner, A., Sarıoğlu, B.S. English

This paper aims to present surface modification approaches to generate variations of basis hull form for multi-objective optimisation in sailing yacht design. The surface representation procedures and the steps of the applied methods are described. These techniques range from local modifications to global modifications. Some of these techniques are widely in use and others are suggested to overcome

disadvantages of these using techniques or to present a new approach. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed, and more applicable methods to be used in yacht design are suggested.

Hull form Modification Optimisation Sailing yachts

2015051032

Geometric structures used for the automatic generation of hull surface. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IV-3, p 283 [11 p, 9 ref, 22 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Galli, A.M., Odetti, F. English

B´ezier, B-splines and Nurbs curves and surfaces are fundamental tools of Computer Aided Geometrical Design packages which are used to generate the hull surface. This paper points out some little known aspects of the basics of this theory and revisits construction algorithms from an elementary point of view. It is shown that geometric considerations can enhance the understanding and flexibility of these tools.

Computer-aided ship design Hull form

2015051033

Structural analysis on the cruiser class sailing yacht of Korean style. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-3, p 649 [11 p, 6 ref, 4 tab, 12 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Bae, D.M., Kim, T.H., Cao, B. English

Structural design and analysis of the scantling was carried out in the initial stage of yacht design. In previous papers, a Korean sailing yacht was studied, which was developed by the project-development of a cruise class sailing boat based on a traditional one.

ABSTRACTS 377

The scantling of structural members and loads are defined on the basis of the rules suggested by Australia standard, ABS and ISO. Also, according to the guide of previous rules, the finite element analysis by PATRAN, NASTRAN code was performed for the developed trial sailing boat. For the estimation on the result of analysis, it was verified for the validity and stability to structural strength of the ship.

Finite element method Sailing yachts Scantlings Ship design Structural analysis

2015051034

Investigation of design loads on container ships and strength analysis applications. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-5, p 671 [22 p, 9 ref, 3 tab, 22 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Taskin, M., Yuncuoglu, E.U., Ozdamar, A. English

In ships which have large deck openings, structural effects related to torsional moments are of great importance. The main parameter of the formation of torsional moment is to take the waves from the bows of the ship and non-symmetrical loadings. The shear stress which is caused by the torsional moment can reach to remarkable values due to the deck openings. In this paper, calculation and comparison of the shear stress due to torsional moment on the cross section of a container ship with large deck openings has been examined using analytical and numerical methods. Türk Loydu Rules have been used for dimensioning the container ship and calculating the applied uniform torsional moment. Uniform Torsion (St. Venant’s Torsion) Theory was used for the analytical calculations. Finite element method was used for the numerical calculations. 3D model was built using SolidWorks 2012 software, and HyperWorks software was used for the FE analysis.

Containerships Design loads Finite element method Shear stress Torsion

2015051035

A new procedure for the accidental limit state design of tanker collisions. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-6, p 693 [15 p, 32 ref, 6 tab, 7 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Ince, S.T., Youssef, S.A., Et al English

The aim of this study is to propose a new procedure for the accidental limit state (ALS) design of tankers in relation to collision accidents. A number of parameters are involved in examining collision accidents. The uncertainties of such parameters are characterised in a probabilistic manner to identify the probability density distribution types and the mean and standard deviations. A relevant set of accident scenarios are then selected by a sampling technique associated with the probabilistic characteristics of the parameters involved. Actions and action effects involving nonlinear structural consequences are computed by nonlinear finite element methods. Design criteria are suggested in terms of penetration of the struck ship. Applied examples of a ship-ship collision accident involving a Suezmax-class double hull tanker are shown to demonstrate the proposed procedure and important insights and conclusions are addressed.

Collision resistance Design criteria Ship collisions Tankers

378 ABSTRACTS

1.3 SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY/CONSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES

2015051036

Approach to quality assurance of repetitive projects in shipbuilding industry. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 26, p 255 [6 p, 4 ref, 2 tab, 5 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Buksa, T., Pavletic, D. English

The paper presents a quality assurance approach applied in shipbuilding projects. Conventional quality management system applied in repetitive projects can provide a certain quality improvement environment, but extent and duration of such improvements depends on numerous factors within the process itself as well as on environmental factors. Further quality improvements can be achieved by a differentiation-based approach to quality assurance, and by taking targeted actions in the points of the process, in which errors are likely to occur. The research done with the differentiation-based approach provides a basis for development of quality assurance model applicable in the repetitive projects such as those in the shipbuilding industry. The approach to quality assurance, presented in the paper, is needed on the organization level in order to fully utilize the potential of quality assurance methods in any subordinate process.

Quality assurance Shipbuilding

2015051037

A continuous simulation technology for ship hull manufacturing processes based on PPRM. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 38, p 353 [7 p, 8 ref, 1 tab,10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Guangxu, H., Mei, M. English

There are several processes for ship hull

manufacturing, and the defects such as distortion, residual stresses, and microstructure transformation arisen from each process will affect the ship quality. Manufacturing simulation is an important approach to predict the process, but they were studied for single process without considering the relationship between former and later processes in succession. It is not practical. To solve the problem, a simulation technology was given based on Post Processing Re-Modelling (PPRM) which uses the post processing data of former process simulation to re-model the subsequent process. With the technology, the defects such as distortion and residual stresses arisen from previous process can be included in the later simulation, which achieves a consequent simulation. In the paper, the method was applied for simulating successive welding processes of hull sub structure with several stiffeners, and the continuous deforming results were expressed. At last, the application prospects of PPRM on ship hull manufacturing are discussed.

Hull construction Manufacturing Simulation

2015051038

Development of a product oriented by work breakdown structure and application of hull block construction method for inland barges. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 39, p 361 [12 p, 9 ref, 7 tab, 21 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Lameira, P.I.D., Braga, E.M., Moraes, H.B. English

The paper starts by presenting a brief history of the North Brazilian shipbuilding status and their building processes. These first information supports the proper understanding of the development of the study itself, which prepares a Product oriented by work breakdown structure for the vessel considered based mainly in the use of material and, using the concepts of group technology and PPCPI (Programming, Planning and Control of Production and Inventories), elaborates a methodology for the barge construction in accordance with of the shipyard capacity and structure model, which was designed based on the key regional shipyards in order to establish some bounds for the construction, as lifting capacities, equipment and material flow. Finally, it presents a

ABSTRACTS 379

synthesized approach on the reuse of leftover plates, studied in this paper, showing the importance of planning for construction of a shipyard and the evaluation of the proposed method in relation to traditional.

Barges Hull construction Inland waterways vessels Shipbuilding

2015051039

Optimisation design of planning and production control in a shipyard - case study: The Amazon region MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 40, p73 [11 p, 14 ref, 1 tab, 10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Lameira, P.I.D., Loureiro, E.S.P. English

The shipbuilding industry is inserted in a highly competitive and sophisticated worldwide economic and industrial environment, being considered of strategic matter for the development of others productive sectors. The notorious relevance of shipbuilding in the global context has led shipyards to improve their production processes, seeking to reduce construction costs as well as manufacturing and assembly time, to meet the increasingly competitive market that demands greater productivity. It is known that almost in its entirety, vessels built in the Amazon region are for inland navigation like vessels to transport cargo and passengers, which are in majority barges and pushers. Then, this work aims at exposing the current scenario of Amazon shipbuilding, exploring its bottlenecks and potentials, and prepare a design optimisation in shipbuilding technology with the proposal of a shipyard model layout to build inland waterways vessels and their process flows. Applying the concepts of group technology and zone construction methods.

Optimisation Production management Production planning Shipbuilding

2015051040

Detection and context-driven reaction to production process anomalies in shipyards. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 41, p 385 [11 p72 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ventura, M., Soares, L., Et al English

The development of a support system designed to sense anomalies in the production process of a shipyard and to provide a reaction by issuing messages and alerts is described. The objective is to avoid delays or at least to minimize the impact of undesirable unplanned events on the production process. The reaction is aware of the physical location of people, equipment and manufactured parts. The system is also able to distribute context aware production related information. For this purpose, the manufacturing process of the steel workshop of a small-size shipyard is analysed. The application localization and sensor requirements needed to establish the context are specified together with the adopted technologies. The personnel roles and their information requirements are identified. The generic architecture of the software is described. The functionalities of the workstations to be installed in the workshop are specified as well as some aspects of their user interface.

Manufacturing Production Shipbuilding

2015051041

Production technology, assembling and commissioning of stabilizing pontoons for heavy lift vessel. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 103 [10 p, 7 ref, 2 tab, 9 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Stanivuk, T., Zore, I., Balić, M. Croatian

Heavy lift vessels (two sister ships) represent highly sophisticated offshore vessels. Among many

380 ABSTRACTS

outstanding characteristics, lifting capacity is most important (2x1500 tone), along with the main deck and twin deck hatches, DP2, etc. Demanding building standards together with dimensional accuracy are conditioned precisely with the cranes structure. For the purpose of lifting cargo within the standard heeling system there is a need for additional stabilization system of the ship in the form of stabilizing pontoons. “Project within the project” as they can be described are two box structures (55 t and 77 t) with their own ballast and heeling system. This paper deals with production technology, assembling and fitting of geometry together with commissioning on board. It is necessary to emphasize that the “floating crane”, and that is the essential purpose of this vessel, without stabilizing pontoons loses her main aim and that is rising and transport of heavy cargo.

Assembling Heavy lift vessels Pontoons Stability

2015051042

Fabrication and assembly technology for cable laying vessel. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 131 [11 p, 2 ref, 2 tab, 8 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Čehić, D., Grijak, A., Et al Croatian

This paper covers assembly technology for a multipurpose cable laying vessel, with respect to the interaction of major equipment and ship hull. Technology development covers post contract activities on technology adjustments with yard capabilities, guidelines for detail construction for hull and outfitting at the design stage, through class approved documentation and also functional design documentation.

Assembling Cable ships Fabrication

2015051043

Design of technological parameters for electromagnetic force assisted line heating based on numerical simulation. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 72 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Wu, J., Wang, J., Et al English

A new technology, utilizing electromagnetic force to promote deformation of ship hull plate during line heating process, is called electromagnetic force assisted line heating (EFALH), which can improve efficiency and accuracy of plate deformation. Some key issues are solved in the numerical simulation of EFALH to study this technology and design processing parameters. These issues include implementing multi-physics coupling, establishing three-dimensional finite element model, and analysing thermal boundary conditions. Optimisation analysis of relation between the auxiliary effect of electromagnetic force and the temperature of steel plate is introduced, and main technological parameters for EFALH are designed, providing guidance for the experiment.

Electromagnetic interference Line heating Mathematical models

2015051044

Predictive method for the angular distortion of line heating process with high frequency induction heating. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 80 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Jin, H-K., Jeon, D-J., Et al English

Manual flame heating has been used in conventional line heating to form curved plates. High frequency induction heating could be a good alternative process for the automation of the line heating process because of its easiness to control the heat flux. The purpose of this study is to establish the predictive method of the angular distortion caused by the line heating process with high frequency induction heating. The efficiency

ABSTRACTS 381

of high frequency induction heating system was determined by comparing the temperature measurement results and FEA. The proper range of inductor speed was suggested to prevent the degradation of plates with various thicknesses by FEA. The validity of the proper range of the critical heating conditions was verified by mechanical test and microstructure observation for the heated plates. Based on these results, extensive line heating tests were carried out to evaluate the effect of size, internal restraint and strength of plates on the angular distortion. The predictive equation for the angular distortion was established with a function of heat intensity, bending rigidity, size, variations along the heating line and strength of plates.

Distortion Line heating

2015051045

Review of laser and hybrid laser-arc welding. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 278 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Akselsen, O.M., Ren, X., Aas, S.K. English

The state of the art in laser and laser-arc hybrid welding of thick steel components is reviewed, particularly with respect to possible applications in the oil and gas industry. The most relevant information comes from the shipbuilding industry, where the CO2 laser-GMAW process was taken in use about 15-20 years ago. The different aspects of these welding techniques are briefly discussed, including different laser-arc hybrid techniques and mechanical properties of welds. A brief review of numerical welding simulation techniques is performed with main focus on the use of the WeldsimS software, which allows predictions of heat flow, microstructure and residual stresses after welding.

Arc welding Laser welding Steel

2.1 POWER SOURCES AND FUELS

2015051046

Electric propulsion embraces high speed, low-loss and hybrid concepts. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1123, February 2015, p 9 [3 p, 4 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Thomson, W. English

This article examines some of the latest systems and design trends as diesel electric propulsion system begin to find a wider market.

Diesel electric propulsion

2015051047

Transient torsional vibration analysis of marine propulsion plants. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 505 [8 p, 14 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Magazinovic, G. English

The classical approach to the torsional vibration analysis of the marine propulsion plants deals exclusively with steady-state vibration analysed in a frequency domain only. However, some phenomena cannot be properly addressed without carrying out the more demanding, transient torsional vibration analysis, performed in the time domain. Examples of such events include passing through a barred speed range, clutching heavy components, and propeller−ice interactions during a voyage on icy seas. In this paper, a mathematical model of transient torsional vibration analysis is presented. The system response is based on the modified standard computer code for torsional vibration analysis, and the time integration of the system response is performed by utilizing a fifth order and sixth-order Runge-Kutta-Verner

382 ABSTRACTS

algorithm. Example analyses of passing through a barred speed range are also provided and the measurement results compared.

Ship power plants Torsional vibration Transient response Vibration analysis

2015051048

Challenges and opportunities for LNG as a ship fuel source and an application to bunkering network optimisation. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 79, p 767 [10 p, 32 ref, 1 tab, 4 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Aymelek, M., Boulougouris, E.K., Et al English

This paper aims to establish a system approach framework to contribute to a better holistic comprehending of the utilisation of the LNG as a marine fuel source for deep sea container ships operating on the main liner shipping routes. The paper briefly touches on outlines of price and emission opportunities, as well as operational and safety challenges, and system adaptation stages of the LNG bunkering for container shipping. An LNG fuelled global marine container transport network model is demonstrated in order to meet requirements of bunkering operations, fleet utilisation and marine container transportation demand. Outcomes of this research assist to the further developments of the LNG bunkering based liner service operational strategies of the container ship operators.

Bunkering Containerships Fuels Liquefied natural gas

2015051049

How good is LNG as a marine fuel regarding greenhouse gas emissions? - Review of recent studies from Europe and the U.S. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 80, p 777 [9 p, 15 ref, 8 tab, 1 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Hartmann, S., Kofod, M., Mundt, T. English

Recently two studies were published analysing the Well-to-Wake (WtW) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction by substituting conventional marine fuel by LNG (for the Netherlands by TNO; for the U.S. by ICCT). This paper summarizes these two studies, adds important aspects and finally evaluates the benefit of LNG considering these aspects. The added aspects are the recently postulated increased fugitive methane loss in the natural gas supply chain, the improved natural gas engine technology and the impact of new IMO sulphur emission legislation regarding the choice of an appropriate reference case. It is reasoned that if these additional aspects are included in the analyses, it is still likely that LNG has to be seen as a marine fuel with the potential to reduce WtW GHG emissions. This is true also while taking into account the possible higher fugitive methane losses in the gas supply system.

Emissions Fuels Liquefied natural gas

2015051050

Machinery selection to comply with future sulphur emission regulations. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 81, p 787 [9 p, 7 ref,6 5 tab, 7 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Patricksson, Ø., Balland, O. English

With the future strengthening of the SOX air emission regulations for ships, there are currently three compliant alternatives: Run on low sulphur fuel oils; install exhaust treatment technology (scrubber); or, run on alternative fuels such as LNG. When building

ABSTRACTS 383

a ship, these alternatives need to be carefully evaluated, and with a highly uncertain future, making the right decision is a challenge. The cheapest investment may be the most expensive option in the long run. In this paper, the authors use a two stage stochastic optimisation model to compare the different machinery alternatives. The model captures the uncertainty in the most important parameter: future fuel prices. To evaluate the model and the input parameters, a case considering the machinery selection for a tanker operating between Europe and the US is presented. The sensitivity analysis suggests that the scenario probabilities and the share of global versus ECAs sailing are important aspects of the problem.

Emissions Power plant selection

2015051051

Future trends of electrical propulsion and implications to ship design. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 82, p 797 [7 p, 2 ref, 10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Pestana, H. English

Over the last 10 years the electrical propulsion fleet grew three times faster than the world fleet. This paper provides an overlook of the main drivers supporting this impressive growth and explores supporting drivers for future growth. The paper also explores two emerging technologies in electrical propulsion and distribution and how these influence ship design: DC distribution and energy storage.

Electric propulsion Ship design Trends

2015051052

Complete modeling for systems of a marine diesel engine. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 93-104 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1285-y Nahim, H.M., Younes, R., Et al English

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations. The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks: cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation (FDI) as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimise the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine’s output of changing values for faults parameters such as: faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors (and many others).

Diesel engines Engine simulation

384 ABSTRACTS

2015051053

An investigation of hydrogen blend fuels applicability on ships. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-1, p 137 [11 p, 23 ref, 4 tab, 2 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Zincir, B., Deniz, C. English

Various emission abatement technologies are in use to reduce shipping emissions which contribute a considerable amount to total global emissions. Hydrogen blend fuel usage as an alternative emission abatement method is suggested. Specifications of hydrogen are mentioned, and use of hydrogen as a blended fuel is examined. Hydrogen production methods are compared, and suitability for shipboard use is determined. The applicability of the selected method is discussed, and application procedures of the system are defined by using a sample main engine.

Blended fuel oils Emissions Hydrogen

2015051054

Performances and emissions of a small size diesel powered generator fueled with vegetable oil and its water-in emulsions. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-4, p 169 [12 p, 22 ref, 2 tab, 7 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Saccoccia, V., Prati, M.V., Et al English

Diesel engines burn oil products which can be partially or totally replaced by alternative fuels, such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils have physical characteristics close to those of diesel oil and as they are of plant origin, they have the potential to significantly reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Nowadays fuelling a compression ignition engine with vegetable oil is a feasible solution, with a relevant number of working plants, mainly for medium size electric generators; but not for small size diesel generators. Few marine

propulsion examples are also reported. In this paper, rapeseed oil and some water-in emulsions, in different percentage 5, 10 and 15% v/v, have been fuelled in a small size diesel engine used as power generator in a co-generation system. Tests were conducted in a naturally aspirated Scania DC09 direct injection four-stroke 250kW, 5-cylinders, 9.3 dm3 displacement diesel engine from low load to 120kW as load conditions. Emulsions were produced on site by a device that adds steam to vegetable oil, so continuously feeds the engine with emulsified oil at about 60°C; tests were also carried out with sample emulsions made offline with an ultrasonic device. Gaseous (CO, HC, NO/NOx, CO2) and particulate emissions have been characterized in steady state conditions. CO, HC and particulate emissions are strongly reduced by fuelling vegetable oil emulsions compared to commercial diesel fuel. NOx emissions are not significantly affected, rather a small increase is observed in some conditions; authors believe that an engine optimised for reducing NOx with diesel oil requires a different injection tuning, not feasible during the experiments.

Alternative fuels Diesel engines Emissions Vegetable oils Water fuel emulsions

2.2 EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS

2015051055

Evaluating ballast water treatments. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1123, February 2015, p 14 [2 p, 1 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Knight, S. English

This article looks at why the main water treatment systems of ultraviolet and electrochlorination treatments are confronting shipowners with some difficult choices.

Ballast water Water treatment

ABSTRACTS 385

2015051056

The challenges of ballast water treatment. The Motor Ship, v 96 n 1123, February 2015, p 16 [2 p,1 fig] http://www.motorship.com/ Marshall, A. English

This article discusses the challenges facing ship owners and operators as they plan for implementation of the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention.

Ballast water Water treatment

2.3 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND CONVERSION

2015051057

Current performance and future practices in FPSO hull condition assessments. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 332 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Tammer, M., Kaminski, M.L., Et al English

The aim of this paper is to show the benefits of enhancing classic risk based inspection (without fatigue monitoring data) with an advisory hull monitoring system to monitor and justify lifetime consumption to provide more thorough grounds for operational, inspection, repair and maintenance decisions whilst demonstrating regulatory compliance.

Condition monitoring FPSOs Hull inspection Maintenance

2.4 CARGOES AND CARGO HANDLING

2015051058

Safety aspect of handling and carriage of solid bulk cargoes by sea. Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, n 39 2014, p 63 [4 p, 9 ref, 2 tab, 1 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/640 Drzewieniecka, B. English

The increasing need for carrying solid bulk cargoes by marine transport have increased interest in the subject of safe carriage of these cargoes by sea. One of these cargoes is ore concentrates. During transport by the sea, the cargo tends to liquidate and shift toward the sides which may increase the inclination when rolling and leads to loss of stability of the ship. The results of research on moisture content and flow moisture point of copper ore concentrate are presented. Furthermore, the transportable moisture limit for this concentrate is determined. The research is of practical importance, because of the liquefaction phenomenon of concentrates that are transported by sea. This phenomenon is the cause of many accidents and even may lead to vessel capsize.

Bulk cargo Cargo liquefaction Cargo shifting Moisture content Safety

2015051059

Energetic performance analyses of natural gas liquefaction processes. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-10, p 235 [13 p, 28 ref, 5 tab, 6 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Karakurt, A.S., Gunes, U., Et al English

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is the fastest growing energy carrier in the world because of its low environmental impact, flexibility in the market and reserves capacity. In this study, the principal aim is to investigate the theoretical performance of a natural gas liquefaction process which was modelled and analysed with Engineering Equation Solver based on

386 ABSTRACTS

the energetic performance coefficient. The results showed that maximum irreversibles occurred in the propane cycle and evaporator section.

Liquefaction Liquefied natural gas

2015051060

Ship to ship transfer of crude oil and oil products: risk assessment applying fuzzy TOPSIS. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper X-1, p 711 [12 p, 36 ref93 tab, 4 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Stavrou, D., Ventikos, N.P. English

The Ship to Ship (STS) transfer of oil and oil products plays an important role in the transfer of cargo on a worldwide scale; the operation refers to the transfer of cargo between seagoing ships positioned alongside each other. The significant development of STS operations is due to different reasons involving both operational and trading factors. Due to the complexity of the operation and the environmental impact of a potential accident, detailed risk assessment is of crucial importance. Common approaches of risk assessment using traditional deterministic techniques suffer from “noise” caused by insufficient data; over the last years sophisticated techniques of risk assessment have been applied to deal with this problem. This study proposes an alternative approach for risk assessment in STS transfer operations using the Fuzzy Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). Furthermore, the evaluation of different risk scenarios from a team of experts with relevant experience to STS transfer operations is applied to testify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Fuzzy sets Oil transfer Risk analysis Ship to ship

2.5 PORTS AND WATERWAYS

2015051061

Performance evaluation using data envelopment analysis: The case of Portuguese general cargo terminals. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 4, p 37 [8 p, 30 ref, 4 tab, 10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Grilo, J.F.C., Dias, J.C.Q. English

This paper aims to assess the performance of the main Portuguese terminals that handle general cargo. The method adopted for the performance evaluation is the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) that compares the terminals between each other by benchmarking and determines the existent inefficiencies of the system. It was chosen to optimise the resources (infrastructures, equipment etc.) in relation to the fixed yearly values of cargo throughput of each terminal. The variables were selected with the aid of the Compensatory Method of Single Standardization, which determines the variables to be used by an efficiency index. The results demonstrate that the terminals have different performance levels and different patterns of efficiency. Furthermore the most efficient terminals are identified for this type of cargo, on the Portuguese ports, and issues are identified which can improve the overall efficiency.

General cargo Port performance

2015051062

A System Dynamics model for evaluating container terminal management policies. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 5, p 45 [10 p, 33 ref, 2 tab, 12 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Santos, A.M.P., Mendes, J.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

A System Dynamics model is proposed to study management policies for a maritime container terminal constrained by urban and environmental

ABSTRACTS 387

pressures, which is a commonly observed case. The model allows the testing of policies related to port pricing and capacity expansion. An example application of the generic model to an existing container terminal is made. Specifically, the model is populated with data for the Alcântara Container Terminal in the Port of Lisbon. Model results show that capacity expansion seems to produce the best results in terms of increasing port throughput. Model results also show that following a policy of decreasing port price without proper capacity expansion may have a negative impact, especially in terms of revenue and profitability. Other possible detrimental consequences of such policy include crowding and a general decrease in service quality.

Container terminals Port management

2015051063

Methodology and tools to design container terminals. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 6, p 55 [12 p, 20 ref, 9 tab, 17 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Santos, T.A., Marques, M., Guedes Soares, C. English

This paper presents a methodology for determining the characteristics of container terminals, allowing a better understanding of the suitability of existing methods for their basic design. This methodology starts from a traffic forecast and uses different approaches, including a statistical database and computational methods, to derive the terminal characteristics. The results of the different approaches are then compared aiming at their demonstration. This methodology is applied to a case study which is a deep water terminal in Lisbon that has been suggested recently. The possible economic reasons for such a terminal, including a forecast of container traffic demand in a 20 year horizon, are presented. Based on these, a basic design of the required facilities is presented, including yard areas, quay

lengths and quay and yard equipment. This case study, while being an example of application of the methods proposed, can however produce results that, despite the academic nature of the study, can help the public discussion of this project.

Container terminals Design Port planning and development

2015051064

Competition dynamics between the Hamburg-Le Havre and the Mediterranean port ranges. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 9, p 87 [10 p, 21 ref, 3 tab, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Santos, A.M.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

The dynamics of port competition between the Hamburg-Le Havre and the Mediterranean port ranges is addressed with a systems approach. Causal relationships between variables are derived from published relevant literature and represented by means of causal loop diagrams. Given their appropriateness, a set of systems archetypes is used to explain the observed system’s behaviour. Afterwards, the obtained causal loop diagram is translated into a set of ordinary differential equations from which a simulation model is constructed. The obtained model’s structure and simulation results show that the insertion of pure regional trans-shipment hubs is not a fundamental or long-term solution to increase port range competitiveness. Instead, the proposed model supports the notion that long term improvement of market share can only be obtained through a port regionalization process, directly entwined with the development of hinterland accessibility and an increase in gateway traffic.

Competition Port performance

388 ABSTRACTS

2015051065

Technical feasibility study of iron ore export using Douro river. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 10, p 99 [10 p, 23 ref, 7 tab, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Lima, D.B.V., Santos, T.A., Guedes Soares, C. English

One technical solution for the export of iron ore from Moncorvo mines, near the Douro River, in Northern Portugal, has been analysed relying on the fluvial transportation using Douro River and maritime transportation to the port of Aveiro. The technical feasibility of the fluvial-maritime transport mode has been studied, first through the dimensioning of the fleet necessary for the transport of 8 million tons of iron ore per year using basic queuing theory principles. Douro river transport fleet and dry bulk terminal dimensioning have been carried out separately. Then a coupled simulation model including the dry bulk terminals and Douro river transport fleet has been developed to verify the initial dimensioning taking advantage of variables manipulation, animation of entities and stochastic input parameters for the operation and arrival times. Fleet and terminal dimensioning is then updated and conclusions of the study are drawn regarding the technical feasibility of using river Douro to export the required volume of iron ore.

Inland waterways transportation Iron ore

2015051066

Optimal management of human resources in transhipment container ports. Maritime Policy & Management, v 42 n 2, 2015, pp 127-144 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03088839.2013.870355#abstract Di Francesco, M., Fancello, G., Et al English

Human resources allocation plays a key role in transhipment maritime container terminals to achieve high levels of productivity and provide high quality services to shipping companies. The deep interest of container terminals in this issue can be supported by optimisation methods. In this work, an optimisation model is proposed to determine the optimal daily

allocation of crane operators and trailer drivers. Different requirements are taken into account for permanent staff, external workers and personnel shortfall. Since workforce undermanning is a crucial factor for both shipping companies and container terminals, the authors aim to show that personnel shortfalls and operation delays can be significantly reduced if the model encompasses a longer-than-1-day planning horizon in a rolling horizon fashion.

Container terminals Manpower Optimisation Port performance

2015051067

Port placement theory in consideration of geographical characteristics and disaster risk in case of ocean space utilization. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization, Paper No. OMAE2014-24345 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911961 Takahashi, K., Kasugai, Y., Fukuda, I. English

In ocean space utilization, the factors which have to be taken into consideration in order to form an international basic container route are geographical factors which are the position on a global scale, the economic scale of port hinterland, the ocean climatic condition for setting the route etc. as well as factors from the viewpoint of transport such as the volume of container cargo and both size of container ships and container terminals. It is important to consider these geographical factors not only in order to study the port placement from the global point of view but also to devise the port policy. Although there are many studies on factors from the viewpoint of transport, there is almost no study on these geographical factors. The authors made a new simulation model and analysed these geographical factors of the international container ports in all parts of the world. As a result of the analysis, the authors concluded that there were three port placement patterns. The first type is ‘the Continent Base Port Type’, which is located in the continent and has a large economic hinterland. Typical ports of this type are Antwerp, LA, LB and Shanghai. The second type is ‘the Ocean Base Port Type’, which is located in the ocean space where geographical predominance is high. This type

ABSTRACTS 389

forms route hubs. Typical ports of this type are Singapore, Malta and Kaohsiung. The third type is ‘the Tight Hinterland Port Type’, which is located on an island and has a tight economic hinterland where the economic activities density is very high. This type has characteristics that the distance between the ports is short and there are a lot of ports, which is unique and special in the world. Japan’s ports are classified in the third type. Furthermore, Japan has many large-scale earthquakes and has to consider earthquake measures to reduce disaster risks. The authors suggest the most suitable port placement theory in consideration of these characteristics for ocean space utilization.

Geography Port planning and development Risk analysis

2.6 COASTAL/OFFSHORE ENGINEERING AND MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY

2015051068

Numerical study of the wave-wave interaction by viscous flow simulations with OpenFOAM®. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 257 [10 p, 13 ref, 1 tab, 6 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Lupieri, G., Puzzer, T., Contento, G. English

In this work the wave-wave interaction problem is tackled, mainly focused on the nonlinear aspects related to the energy exchange between Fourier components of steep breaking or non-breaking waves, specifically in the presence of focusing. The problem has been studied in the past by the authors in the frame of inviscid flow fully nonlinear simulations. Even though the comparison with experimental results showed extremely good results, the limitations

of that work are here overcome. The computations are carried out with OpenFOAM®, adopting a VOF technique at the free surface.

Breaking waves Computational fluid dynamics Interactions Waves

2015051069

The past, present and future of the ocean engineering activities. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 1, p 3 [7 p, 12 ref, 3 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Maeda, H. English

Ocean engineering activities are categorized into four fields, those are, the ocean field of resources, the ocean field of space utilization, the ocean field of crossing power, and the ocean field of experience, according to Boeckmann (1924). The past, present and future of those ocean engineering activities are surveyed and reviewed from the stand point of technology innovation, especially on floating platforms which include ships. In the past, there were two important industries such as fishery and ocean transportation such as shipping. In the present, ocean industries are very active in all four categorized ocean fields. Near future ocean activities may include ocean minerals, ocean renewable energy, countermeasures for global warming etc. They are almost realized, then, they depend on so called realization engineering or satisfying engineering. Far future ocean activities may include VLFS (Very Large Floating Structure), Mega-Float, floating ocean airport, floating ocean city etc. which depend on fantastic or romantic or illusion engineering. Ultra far future ocean activities may include “New Noah’s Ark” or “Floating Ocean Great Wall” so called “Giga-Float” which depend on dream engineering. Ultra-Ultra far future, 500 million years later from now on, before the extinction of human being and biosphere on the Earth, the human being needs to evacuate from the Earth to a space colony, using floating ocean platform and space

390 ABSTRACTS

elevator. Then human being shall live forever. The human being always needs floating platform with contingency plan to continue to keep their selfish gene stable.

Futures research History Ocean engineering

2015051070

Decommissioning forecast in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, 2013–2033. Marine Structures, v 41, April 2015, pp 96-126 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833914001014 Kaiser, M.J. English

One hundred and ten fixed, tensioned, and moored structures have been installed in the Gulf of Mexico in water depth greater than 400 ft, and through 2012, 15 structures have been decommissioned. Decommissioning is the final stage of an assets life cycle, where all wells are plugged and abandoned, the structure and associated production facilities are removed, and the seafloor cleared of all debris created by the operations. The purpose of this paper is to describe a decommissioning forecast for deepwater structures in the Gulf of Mexico. Three approaches (“simple models”) based on lease status, gross revenue, and production forecasting are applied to infer a short, medium, and long-term decommissioning forecast. Model assumptions are outlined along with a discussion of the limitations and uncertainty of analysis. About two dozen deepwater fixed platforms are expected to be removed over the next decade, but only 5 floaters are expected to be decommissioned through 2032.

Deepwater Forecasting Offshore structures Platform removal

2015051071

An overview of offshore renewable energy resources. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 547 [8 p, 14 ref, 4 tab, 5 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Hadžic, N., Tomic, M., Et al English

Global reduction of fossil fuel reserves, as well as ascending awareness of human impact on overall climate change has significantly contributed to the development of renewable energy technologies. Inventive and emerging offshore renewable energy devices offer an opportunity to exploit huge and relatively unused energy potentials that can be exploited from sources such as wind, waves, tidal and ocean currents, thermal energy and salinity gradients. Current growing trends in global energy needs can be successfully and environmental friendly appeased by such kind of technologies. This paper represents an overview of offshore renewable energy potentials, different technologies, current status and applications as well as cost trends and major social impacts.

Energy sources Offshore Wave energy Wind power generation

2015051072

Possible solutions for climate change impact on fatigue assessment of floating structures. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 373 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Zou, T., Jiang, X., Kaminski, M.L. English

The objective of this study is to find a possible solution for estimating the effect of climate change on sea states with focus on the fatigue assessment of floating structures. In this paper, two key issues are discussed. One is involved with data mining. It is recommended to make a seasonal and a directional analysis for both wind sea and swell in order to improve the accuracy of predictions. With a database

ABSTRACTS 391

covering more than 34 years, seasonal wave height, period and direction of either wind sea or swell are all identified in this research. Another point is the methodology in evaluating the impact of climate change. Two widely-applied methods from literature are compared and a new wave-power methodology is proposed. The conclusion indicates that the best solution for a particular sea area is highly dependent on the geographic characteristics, seasons, variable (wind sea or swell) and the dominant direction of waves.

Climate Fatigue life Floating structures Sea state

2015051073

Advantages of using a time-domain approach for dynamic positioning (DP) pipelay studies. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23040 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911342 Armaoğlu, E., Monti, P. English

Normally, the DP capability of a vessel is calculated through the use of static force equilibrium programs in which the dynamic effects are either not taken into account or taken into account by empirical load amplification factors. However, competitive and safe S-laying of large diameter pipelines in deep waters lead to large and long pipe lay vessels for which DP requirements are demanding. The power/propulsion requirement of the vessel needs to be considered from an early stage especially when accounting for the pipe laying equipment demands. This imposes a need for detailed dynamic analysis of the lay vessel. This analysis needs to include the slow drift oscillations counteracted by DP and the analysis in entirety needs to ensure the pipe string integrity is maintained. To this purpose Saipem developed in-house a time-domain simulator (FIPLA – Fully Integrated Pipe LAying) that employs all environmental forces (i.e. wind, wave, current) as well as the pipe tension on the vessel. It is used to assess the DP performances and laying capabilities of pipe lay vessels in harsh dynamic environments as well as critical areas for operations. The software can also be used to assess the performance of the vessel in case of failure of

thrusters, power generators or bus bars, study DP Control System improvements, and assess the interaction between vessel, tensioner and pipe in deep and shallow waters. This paper focuses on the advantages of using dynamic simulations as an enhancement to the static DP capability charts, to produce detailed information for the DP Operator (DPO) in terms of setting of the DP parameters and to analyse critical laying events. This information can be used together with the weather forecast and can help getting the best performance out of the DP system in harsh environments, reducing downtime, improving operability and ensuring a safe operation.

Dynamic positioning Pipe laying Simulators Time domain

2015051074

A concise methodology for the design of statically-equivalent deep-offshore mooring systems. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23054 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911343 Udoh, I.E. English

Model testing of deepwater offshore structures often requires the use of statically-equivalent deepwater mooring systems. The need for such equivalent systems arises due to the spatial limitations of wave basins in accommodating the dimensions of the direct-scaled mooring system. With the equivalent mooring system in place and connected to the model floater, the static global restoring forces and global stiffness of the prototype floating structure can be matched (to within some tolerance) by those of the model for specified offsets in the required degrees of freedom. A match in relevant static properties of the system provides the basis for comparisons of dynamic responses of the model and prototype floaters. Although some commercial programs are capable of designing equivalent mooring systems, the physics applied in these programs are protected by intellectual property, and their methodologies are generally inflexible. This paper illustrates a concise approach to the design of statically-equivalent deepwater mooring systems. With this approach, either manual or advanced optimisation techniques can be applied as

392 ABSTRACTS

needed based on the complexity of the equivalent system to be designed. A simple iterative scheme is applied in solving the elastic catenary equations for the optimal static configuration of each mooring line. Discussions cover the approach as applied in developing a fit-for-purpose tool called STAMOORSYS, its validation, and its application to the design of an equivalent mooring system for a spar platform in deepwater.

Deepwater Design Mooring systems

2015051075

Monohull dynamics during heavy lift. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23068 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911344 Khac, K.V., Zhang, Y., Et al English

The dynamics of offshore heavy lift remains complex due to the interaction between the monohull construction vessel and the lifting object under the challenging environmental loads. This system becomes even more difficult to judge by common sense as the lifting weight offshore is usually above the motion reference point (the centre of flotation of vessel), which makes the coupled system more unstable than the vessel without the lifting weight. This study proposes an analytical formula using the double pendulum, based on the Euler-Lagrangian equations, to explore the insight of the heavy lift dynamics. The effect of initial lifting condition is investigated to explain different possible outcomes for lifting similar weights. A range of vessel stiffness (GM), lifting heights and weights are considered in the parametric study for a better understanding of the coupled dynamic behaviour. While such analytical model is convenient for the understanding of the system mechanism, it is difficult to capture the effect from the wave loading. Therefore numerical models are used for this purpose. A comparison between the analytical model and the numerical model, performed in the frequency domain, evaluates the quality of ship motion response analysis performed by the numerical model. Results of these works will be useful in development of offshore crane curves for heavy lift offshore. Apart from the theoretical formulation,

several real time ship instrumentation records including the ship motion and the crane hook load have been collected and investigated in this paper. The offshore instrumentation records provide a valuable benchmark to calibrate the numerical model or to accumulate “experience” for future projects. Challenges in such process are depicted and possible solutions are discussed. To make the comparison a fair “apple to apple”, the major difficulty arises from the “unknown” environment itself, where wave is not always measured and operation relies heavily on weather forecast and “experience”. There are also limitations in offshore measurement itself. Possibility of using the ship motion as the indicator is explored for decision making (to lift or not to lift). The paper develops a practical approach for obtaining reasonable numerical results in the engineering office and investigates scientifically sound interpretation of the ship motion time history onboard towards a safe offshore heavy lift.

Dynamic analysis Heavy lift operations Monohulls

2015051076

Logic sequence prevents launching devices downhole out of sequence. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23167 [5 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911349 Lepeleire, R. de, Rogozinski, N., Et al English

Within the oil and gas industry, significant costs are often incurred by the operating company during the well-construction phase of drilling operations. Specifically, the operators cost to drill a well can cost tens or hundreds of millions of USD. One specific area where significant changes in drilling operations have occurred is in the offshore environment, specifically operations from mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs). With the ever-increasing demand for oil and gas, operators globally have increased drilling budgets in an effort to meet forecasted demand. However, the increased budgets are often eroded or offset by increasing drilling costs. Therefore, operators are continually in search of new technology, processes, or procedures to help improve drilling operations and overall operational

ABSTRACTS 393

efficiencies. One Latin America operator identified a common operation as a possible area where operational cost could be easily reduced through the implementation of systems that allow the manipulation of valve manifolds remotely. Additionally, operating such valve manifolds remotely enhanced operational safety for personnel was an equally important consideration. This paper details the evaluation of existing equipment and procedures and a process used to develop a new remote-control system using a machine logic control (MLC) that has been designed, built, tested, and deployed successfully on MODUs operating in Latin America.

Machinery Mobile platforms Manifolds Offshore drilling Valves

2015051077

Wave absorption improvements inside the moonpool of a monocolumn platform with an internal dock. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23278 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911356 Oliveira, A.C. de, Malta, E.B., Vilameá, E.M. English

Monocolumn platforms are usually considered an alternative concept for drilling and offshore production unit designs. This concept could provide high stability, small motions and also storage capacity. More recently, it was considered for a logistic hub platform design. The use of this concept with an opening for boat docking seems to provide a feasible solution for the people transfer in harsh environments, especially in areas like pre-salt Brazilian offshore fields, which are also very far from the coast. Although the helicopter technology has been improved in recent years to attend transport requirements from shore to the platforms, the use of a hub platform at sea still shows some economical and operational advantages, related to the conventional operations. Although the sheltered area provided by the interior of the monocolumn platform seems to solve the transfer problem in harsh environments, the hydrodynamic behaviour of the moonpool became a

problem to be solved during the feasibility studies of the concept, since the moonpool water column elevations tends to be resonant in special cases. To deal with this problem, some attempts were done to absorb the wave energy inside the moonpool and eliminate its resonance, achieving the desired level of absorption. This work shows the attempts and the results obtained, which has proven the feasibility of the concept.

Energy absorption Moonpools Offshore platforms

2015051078

Lifting operations for subsea installations using small construction vessels and active heave compensation systems: a simulation approach. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23297 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911358 Halse, K.H., Æsø, V., Et al English

Sub-sea installation operations require a high level of accuracy and control in order to avoid misalignment and possible collisions between modules on the sea bed. To reduce costs, smaller and lighter construction vessels are now performing these operations. The most critical parts of the operation are lift-off from the deck, passing through the splash zone, and landing sensitive equipment on the sea bed. The hazards are: high dynamic loads, resonance effects, and slack line snap. Therefore, in this study, modelling and simulation are applied to optimise design parameters and develop operational procedures for each operation to reduce risk of failure. Further, the same models can be used in operator simulator training. Modelling and simulation of interactive multi body systems is a rather complex task, involving the vessel as a moving platform, lifting equipment such as cranes and winches, guiding devices, lifting cables and payload behaviour in air, all while partly to fully submerged. It is a multi-physics problem involving hydrodynamics, mechanics, hydraulics, electronics, and control systems. This paper describes an approach to link the different models to simulate the operations including interactions between the sub-systems. The paper focuses on the modelling

394 ABSTRACTS

approach used to connect the various dynamic systems into the complete operating system. The work is in its initial phase, and some of the sub-systems models are not complete. The models are described in this paper and will be included in future work. Some initial operational examples are included, to show how the models work together.

Installing Lifting tasks Ocean engineering

2015051079

Study of tandem offloading system for a new concept spar FPSO. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23343 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911359 Gao, W., Qi, X., Wang, J. English

A new concept Spar FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) is proposed for South China Sea deepwater oil field development integrating the advantages of the deep-draft Spar concept whose excellent stability and global performance enables dry-tree drilling and production, and the conventional ship-shaped FPSO for oil storage and offloading. This paper presents a study of the tandem offloading system for the new concept Spar FPSO. The paper first gives an overview of various offloading configurations and their characteristics for deepwater development; then a tandem offloading system similar to conventional ship-shaped FPSO is recommended for further investigation considering operational experience, safety and economic benefits. As the offloading operations are generally weather-limited, offloading environmental conditions for the study are selected based on API, ABS and South China Sea offshore operation practices. For a case study, hydrodynamic performance of the Spar FPSO in tandem offloading configuration with a shuttle tanker in 1500m water depth was investigated numerically and experimentally. Numerical simulations were conducted by means of fully coupled nonlinear time-domain analysis. The distance between the shuttle tanker and the Spar FPSO is

optimised based on the relative motions of the two floaters and the hawser tension requirement of the shuttle tanker. Experimental results from model test are presented and compared with analytical time-domain simulation results. It is shown that the results of numerical simulations are consistent with the model test. The tandem offloading system demonstrates robust performance and cost-effectiveness for the proposed Spar FPSO concept.

FPSOs Offshore platforms Transferring

2015051080

Consideration of epistemic uncertainty in extreme wave height estimation. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23364 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911361 Wada, R., Waseda, T. English

Extreme value estimation of significant wave height is essential for designing robust and economically efficient ocean structures. But in most cases, the duration of observational wave data is not efficient to make a precise estimation of the extreme value for the desired period. When focusing on hurricane dominated oceans, the situation gets worse. The uncertainty of the extreme value estimation is the main topic of this paper. Likelihood-Weighted Method is used. This method that can quantify the uncertainty of extreme value estimation in terms of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. The extreme values of hurricane-dominated regions such as Japan and Gulf of Mexico are considered. Though observational data is available for more than 30 years in Gulf of Mexico, the epistemic uncertainty for 100-year return period value is notably large. Extreme value estimation from 10-year duration of observational data, which is a typical case in Japan, gave a Coefficient of Variance of 43%. This may have impact on the design rules of ocean structures. Also, the consideration of epistemic uncertainty gives rational explanation for the past extreme events, which were considered as abnormal. Expected

ABSTRACTS 395

Extreme Value distribution (EEV), which is the posterior predictive distribution, defined better extreme values considering the epistemic uncertainty.

Estimating Extreme values Uncertainty Wave height

2015051081

North Sea mooring systems: how reliable are they? OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23395 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911364 Brindley, W., Comley, A.P. English

In recent years a number of high profile mooring failures have emphasised the high risk nature of this element of a floating structure. Semi-submersible Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs) operating in the harsh North Sea environment have experienced approximately 3 mooring failures every 2 years, based on an average population of 34 units. In recognition of the high mooring failure rates, the HSE has introduced recommendations for more stringent mooring strength requirements for units operating on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) [17]. Although strength requirements are useful to assess the suitability of a mooring design, they do not provide an insight into the question: what is the reliability of the mooring system? This paper aims to answer this question by evaluating failure statistics over the most recent decade of available data. Mooring failure rates are compared between the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), the UKCS, and with industry code targets to understand how overall reliability is related to the strength capacity of a mooring system. The failure statistics suggest that a typical MODU operating in the UKCS would experience a mooring line failure in heavy weather approximately every 20 operating years. This failure rate appears to be several orders of magnitude greater than industry targets used to calibrate mooring codes. Despite the increased strength requirements for the NCS, failure rates do not appear to be lower than the UKCS. This suggests

that reliability does not correlate well with mooring system strength. As a result, designing to meet the more rigorous HSE requirements, which would require extensive upgrades to existing units, may not significantly increase mooring system reliability. This conclusion needs to be supported with further investigation of failure statistics in both the UKCS and NCS. In general, work remains to find practical ways to further understand past failures and so improve overall reliability.

Failure Mooring systems North Sea

2015051082

Long pile upending lifting study for fixed platform on offshore oil and gas field. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23422 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911366 Zhou, Y., Wang, F. English

Fixed platforms have been widely employed in the offshore oil and gas reservoirs development. Pile foundation reliability is critical for these platforms where drilling, production and other functions are integrated. The lifting operation for the long pile, being a key step in the jacket installation, has been considered for further developments. With deep water developments, the sizes and weights of long piles are reasonably bigger. The corresponding process and equipment employed are subsequently altered, which brings challenges to developing a cost-effective, easy-operable approach for lifting operation. In this paper, the technology for the offshore long pile upending lifting operation including pile feature, installation methodology, lifting rigging and analysis model, covering water depths ranging from shallow to near deep water zone (60–300 m water depth) has been suggested. In addition, the applicability of the adoptable novel approaches has been discussed considering the practical project experience.

Fixed platforms Lifting tasks Piles

396 ABSTRACTS

2015051083

Underwater sound and vibrations due to oil and gas activities. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization, Paper No. OMAE2014-23433 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911951 Beek, P. van, Binnerts, B., Et al English

In the oil & gas industry there is a trend towards more subsea activities. To improve gas recovery from existing and new fields at greater depths, the produced gas will be compressed, processed and transported via subsea templates and underwater networks (pipelines, flexible risers, etc.). Besides the huge consequences for the subsea installation itself (reliability, maintenance, etc.), it also has consequences for underwater wildlife through the underwater source vibrations leading to sound radiation. Regulations aimed at managing the impact of underwater sound on marine life have been put in place by different nations. Many offshore operations require an assessment of the potential impact of underwater noise on the environment, which requires knowledge of the sound transmitted by the subsea components. Until now very little is known about the underwater source mechanisms, the acoustic strength of these underwater networks, the coupling of the emitted source sound to the surrounding medium and the impact of the sound on the underwater wildlife. The dynamic behaviour of networks for compressing and transporting gas, and the translation into emitted noise into air are rather well understood. However, due to the presence of the water the dynamic behaviour from such subsea installation is very different than in air. To predict the dynamic behaviour, the presence of the water cannot be neglected and has to be taken into account. This paper presents a simplified model for a subsea high speed turbo-compressor coupled to the KrakenC normal mode propagation model. With this combined model the noise at remote locations can be predicted and compared with the ambient noise and other anthropogenic noise sources such as for instance shipping, dredging and wind farm operation noise.

Offshore industries Underwater acoustics Vibration

2015051084

The state of dry-tree semi-submersible platforms for deepwater Gulf of Mexico. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23236 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911972 Lee, M-Y., Zeng, J., Poll, P. English

The use of semi-submersible platforms has become increasingly popular due to its ability to carry large topsides and the possibility for quayside integration. With recent exploration successes in ultra-deepwater fields of the Gulf of Mexico, major oil and engineering companies are keen to look for a safe, reliable and cost-effective dry-tree option to maximize the value of deepwater field developments. Dry-tree semi-submersible (DTS) emerges as such an option to overcome the water depth and size limits imposed by TLP and Spar, respectively, and enables the platform to carry a large well array and payloads in ultra-deep water. This paper presents the offshore industry’s multi-year efforts to mature two promising semi-submersible platform concepts that can accommodate long-stroke dry-tree risers and have large drilling and production capabilities. Results of technology development and qualification will be highlighted with details on hull performance and hull/riser interfaces. Key structural, mooring and riser analyses and scaled model test results including the long-stroke riser tensioning system will be presented. Remaining challenges that need to be overcome to advance the DTS concepts from “technology acceptance” to “project readiness” are also discussed.

Deepwater Offshore platforms Semisubmersibles State of the art

ABSTRACTS 397

2015051085

Simulations of mountings on offshore platforms in Arctic regions. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23018 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912250 Michel, J., Garke, S., Kaeding, P. English

In the arctic offshore industry auxiliary systems are required for adequate living and working conditions. These systems comprise pipes and service modules on LNG ships as well as work and accommodation modules on offshore platforms. The object of this paper is an overview about the approach to simulate the different mounting systems on offshore/ship-structures in arctic regions: Which assumptions are made in the simulations? Which forces act on the systems? How are the results accomplished - by parameter studies, sub-model-technique? Where are the challenges located in the simulation? How can the runtime of the simulations be reduced? In the case of pipe mountings, two different phases - installation and operation mode - as well as the cooling down of the insulating material between the two phases are considered. The result of this research topic is an automatic and parametric FE-Analysis of the structural limit state in these modes. The analysis of the twistlock system has been presented the last two years at OMAE. These systems are used to mount living and working modules on offshore platforms. The existing and new results are discussed and evaluated. The accommodation modules are located in a containment - the so-called housing - attached to the deck. The required connection between this housing and the deck is analysed. This analysis comprises welded and bolted connections. According to the stress results of the simulations the adequate connection is selected. These analyses are performed with the sub-model-technique in ANSYS.

Arctic regions Mountings Offshore platforms Simulation

2015051086

Numerical CFD-model of contact interactions between hummock and ice fields for estimation of ice loads on Sakahlin offshore GBS platform. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23034 [5 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912252 Sabodash, O.A., Bekker, A.T. English

A two-fluid Eulerian-Eulerian model accounting for the contact interactions between obstruction and hummock, stopped before a structure, and ice floes has been developed. In this work the ice cover is considered to behave as a continuous stream of drifting ice surrounded by the water phase. The technique accounts for the «ice-to-ice» interactions. Consequently, a multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is formulated and used for the numerical modelling of the process. The input ice data were obtained from the full-scale observations of the ice conditions in the Piltun-Astokhskoe deposit area during 1989-2002. Some preliminary results and discussions are presented.

Computational fluid dynamics Hummocked ice Ice fields Ice loads Interactions

2015051087

Application of de-icing techniques for Arctic offshore production facilities. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23041 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912253 Zaki, R., Barabadi, A. English

With increasing energy demand, the oil and gas industry is pushing towards new unexplored remote Arctic areas. More than 25% of undiscovered petroleum reserves are expected to be in the Arctic region. Moreover, it is estimated that approximately

398 ABSTRACTS

84% of the undiscovered oil and gas occurs offshore. There are numerous challenges and environmental factors that must be overcome before one can conduct oil and gas exploration, and engage production activities in Arctic regions. Superstructure icing from sea spray and atmospheric icing affect operation and maintenance of offshore production facilities in various ways including repair time, failure rate of mechanical and electrical components, power losses, life cycle cost, and safety hazard and can cause downtime in the facilities. These problems are motivating designers, manufacturers and safety researchers to find better practical solutions for ice protection technologies. Many active and passive anti-icing and de-icing techniques have been used in different industries such as electric power. However, Arctic offshore operational conditions provide new challenges for application of these methods and they have limitation of usage due to harsh and sensitive environment and wilderness, lack of infrastructure as well as distance to the market. Hence, such conditions must be considered during design and operation phase for anti-icing and de-icing techniques. This paper discusses how operational conditions of Arctic region can affect the application of available anti-icing and de-icing techniques. Moreover, it discusses different types of ice accretion and their hazard for the Arctic offshore production facilities.

Arctic regions Ice accretion Offshore platforms

2015051088

Peculiarities of multi-legged platform operation in ice condition. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23203 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912261 Karulin, E., Karulina, M. English

Use of multi-legged structures in ice conditions involves some peculiarities that should be taken into account both while designing the platform and while planning technological operations nearby. In 2010–2013 a range of theoretical and experimental studies were performed at the Krylov State Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia. The work aimed to investigate the main peculiarities of multi-legged structure

interaction with ice, such as 1) mutual influence on ice action on each leg; 2) jamming of the inner space between legs and blocking the space between the front legs with ice floes, and 3) arisen yaw moments about the platform vertical axis due to unsymmetrical ice action on the legs. Three series of model tests with various multi-legged structures models were carried out in the ice basin. The paper presents the main results which show the effect of key parameters on the interaction processes and on the ice action. During the tests the following parameters were varying: distance between the legs, ice drift speed and direction, broken ice concentration and the ice pieces size. Also, the paper gives results of numerical simulations of some tested scenarios in broken ice conditions. The numerical model is based on discrete element method, and it enables to extend a range of the investigations.

Ice conditions Model tests Numerical models Offshore platforms

2.7 SAFETY AT SEA

2015051089

Assessment of ship collision estimation methods using AIS data. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 20, p 195 [10 p, 19 ref, 6 tab, 14 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Silveira, P., Teixeira, A.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

The paper reviews different models that have been proposed for estimating ship collision candidates. The method based on the collision diameter proposed by Fujii and Pedersen is first used to assess the number of collision candidates, using AIS data received from ships off the coast of Portugal during one month. A new method is proposed to determine the number of collision candidates based on the available AIS messages. In this method pairs of ships are modelled as rectangles, using length and breadth information available in AIS messages. These rectangles are projected onto a line perpendicular to their relative velocity, (using course, heading and speed information from AIS) and the pair is considered a collision candidate if there is overlapping in the

ABSTRACTS 399

projections. A parametric study is performed to assess the contribution of important parameters of this method on the collision candidates estimates. The objective is to investigate the capability of the method for better predictions of collision candidates based directly on AIS data.

Collision risk Ship collisions Ship identification Ship tracking

2015051090

Workflow Intuitive Formal Approach. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 21, p 205 [7 p, 17 ref, 1 tab, 2 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Wu, B., Yan, X.P., Et al English

This paper aims to establish a workflow model among a group of executors represents different departments who are in charge of ship emergency response. Workflow modelling has been proved to be a key method in structured post-accident process control for maritime transportation. Unlike the traditional workflow models which focus on the permanent process, emergency response workflow requires a model with distinguishing characters such as flexibility, intuitiveness and correctness verification. In prior studies, Workflow Intuitive Formal Approach (WIFA) has been proposed and proved to be a practical tool for emergency response workflow modelling. But when employed in the case of a typical ship accident response, the cooperation between different executors requires a message-passing when the successor of the task is crucial for the precondition sets. However, the executors usually do not share timely information for the accident, and the message-passing is subject to uncertainty of task synchronization. In this regard, an emergency response workflow model based on WIFA and information sharing is proposed in this paper,

definitions, state values and state transition rules are presented. A fire accident is introduced as a case study for verification of the proposed model. For future research, the graphical tool should be carried out to execute the ship emergency response workflow.

Crisis management Emergency response systems

2015051091

Application of the TRACEr taxonomy for the codification of grounding and collision accidents. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 22, p 215 [12 p, 18 ref, 5 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Graziano, A., Teixeira, A.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

This paper starts by describing a Human Error Identification (HEI) tool called Technique for the Retrospective and predictive Analysis of Cognitive Errors (TRACEr), a taxonomy that focuses mainly on the analysis of the cognitive domain of the end users, and applies it to ship accident investigation. Accident reports involving thirty vessels published by the UK’s Maritime Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) and the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) are coded and analysed using TRACEr taxonomy. A total of one hundred and fifty nine errors performed by the operators are coded. The results of the codification process are analysed with the objective of identifying a typical scenario for grounding and collision accidents in terms of task errors, technical equipment involved and cognitive domains.

Accident investigations Groundings Human error Marine accidents Ship collisions

400 ABSTRACTS

2015051092

Statistical analysis of ship accidents that occurred in the period 1990–2012 and assessment of safety level of ship types. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 23, p 227 [7 p, 9 ref, 6 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Papanikolaou, A., Bitha, K., Eliopoulou, E. English

The paper deals with a systematic analysis of ship accidents in recent years and evaluates the current level of safety for the majority of ship subtypes present in the world fleet, namely, tankers, bulk carriers, containerships passenger and cruise ships, passenger Ro-Ro Cargo vessels, Ro-Ro Cargo ships, general cargo vessels, reefer ships, car carriers, fishing vessels, LNG and LPG carriers. The particular investigation is an update of similar research work conducted a decade ago by DNV (2006).

Marine accidents Safety Ships Statistical analysis

2015051093

Systems structure and simulation design of emergency response to maritime accidents. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 24, p 235 [7 p, 17 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Sun, B.C., Zhang, Y., Et al English

In this paper, the emergency scenarios and corresponding rescuing measures are investigated first. Then a response system to marine accidents near port is summarized. In accordance with the structural features of container ships and stability constraints, a simulation design of emergency response process under ship wrecks is performed. Factors that

influence the emergency rescuing plan are concluded from the results of experiment. Finally, future work is briefly discussed.

Emergency response systems Marine accidents

2015051094

Statistics for marine accidents in adverse weather conditions. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 25, p 243 [9 p, 8 ref, 4 tab, 17 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ventikos, N.P. , Koimtzoglou, A., Et al English

This paper deals with the statistical analysis of marine accidents in various heavy weather situations in relation to the sufficiency of the onboard installed power. The first step towards the analysis is the compilation of a database containing accidents in heavy weather conditions for different types of ships. The geographical scope is worldwide and the period of time investigated spans the years 1990 up to 2013. The relevance of each accident in the database was established after thorough examination of accident reports and information in various available sources. A timeline analysis of the number of accidents showed a statistically significant increasing trend in the examined time period for the accidents of interest. Furthermore, the statistical analysis produced a number of ships of interest for each ship type in order to better define the characteristics of the ships in greater risk. Finally, accident rates in relation to the Fleet at Risk were calculated and found to be in the order of magnitude of 10−4 to 10−3.

Heavy weather Marine accidents Statistical analysis

ABSTRACTS 401

2015051095

Fires on ships. International Conference on Fire at Sea, 26-27 March 2014; London, UK. Organised by RINA, London, UK. http://www.rina.org.uk/publications.html Pillai, J.P. English

The paper takes us back to basics regarding fires on ships and firefighting. The following are briefly discussed: fire safety objectives; functional requirements; causes of fires; classes of fire; selection criteria for fire suppressants; and some of the major fires at sea are mentioned. Some pragmatic comments on mitigation are discussed.

Fire safety Shipboard fires

2015051096

Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method. Maritime Policy & Management, v 42 n 2, 2015, pp 163-185 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03088839.2013.856524#abstract Uğurlu, O., Köseb, E., Et al English

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, the authors were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economic loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economic loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the

interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.

Data Groundings Marine accidents Ship collisions Tankers

2015051097

Common patterns in aggregated accident analysis charts from human fatigue-related groundings and collisions at sea. Maritime Policy & Management, v 42 n 2, 2015, pp 186-206 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03088839.2014.926032#abstract Akhtara, M.J., Utneb, I.B. English

Research has shown that there are potentially disastrous outcomes of human fatigue at sea. The conditions in which the seafarers have to operate are becoming more and more demanding. The study in this article attempts to aggregate accident charts derived from in-depth studies of human fatigue-related accidents to determine common patterns of interlinked fatigue factors. The accidents are analysed by means of the Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (CREAM), which in the article has been modified for maritime accidents. The main fatigue factors identified are ‘shift work’, ‘irregular working hours’, ‘inadequate task allocation’, and ‘excessive demands’. The study reveals several differences between ship collision and grounding accidents and their corresponding fatigue factors. Human fatigue-related collision accidents are characterized by wrong/badly timed decisions, misconceptions, and poor communication between the vessels. Right before the collision the crew is often panicking and mistakes are easily made. In human fatigue-related groundings, the conditions are often monotonous and the navigating officer has either overlooked the upcoming seabed or simply fallen asleep. Safety climate issues are also identified as important contributors to human fatigue.

Fatigue (biology) Groundings Human error Marine accidents Ship collisions

402 ABSTRACTS

2015051098

Safety of LNG transportation in Arctic conditions when using systems of various types. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23439 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911369 Shaposhnikov, V.M., Besterov, A.B., Et al English

When analysing the safety of LNG transportation in Arctic conditions using cargo containment systems of various types, both fatigue issues adjusted for ice effects (this is especially topically for membrane containment systems) and consequences of emergency situations are studied. To evaluate the fatigue of membrane cargo containment systems, a special finite element analysis was performed where the ice effects on the hull were considered together with vibration caused by screws and engines for the purpose of determining maximum possible excitations occurring during ice navigation. Static, dynamic and life tests, that permitted to estimate experimentally the fatigue margin of membrane containment system elements’ attachment to the vessel hull, were also conducted. The study results conclude that the fatigue of CCS NO96 membrane cargo containment system is quite sufficient for resisting vibration loads, which occur during 40-year service life of large Arctic LNG carriers in severe ice conditions. Another important aspect of LNG transportation safety in Arctic conditions consists in accidental load problems. The following types of emergency situations were considered: collision of vessels (LNG carrier ramming by another vessel); landing on rock (bottom collision with rock in sea conditions); hull side impact against an iceberg fragment during turning. Consequences of vessels’ collision and impacts against an iceberg were evaluated with the use of software LS-DYNA. It was ascertained based on the performed analysis that the feasibility of LNG carriers with membrane containment systems is minimal; the feasibility of LNG carriers with SPB containment systems is slightly higher, and the feasibility of LNG carriers with MOSS containment systems is essentially higher than that of LNG carriers with membrane containment systems. It could be explained physically by the fact that MOSS cargo containers approach the outer shell plating near the centerline plane (for the

bottom) and in the compartment middle (for the side and bottom) only; when moving off from the centerline plane and the compartment middle the distance between cargo containers and the outer shell plating essentially grows.

Arctic environment LNG transportation Safety

2015051099

Promoting safety and managing risks in Arctic marine transportation: a best practices approach and the Polar Code. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23271 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912263 Parsons, J., Progoulaki, M . English

Currently there are no mandatory, internationally accepted rules written specifically to govern ship operations in Arctic waters. The Arctic is recognized by the IMO Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters as a significant area for international shipping that requires special attention to crew training and operational procedures. A legally binding Polar Code which should identify and unify the commonalities of what it takes, and what is currently enforced by flag states, to safely operate in all Arctic nation waters, is viewed by many as a sensible way forward. This paper presents a synopsis of the results of a funded research project that aimed to identify best practices currently in place by Arctic ship operators. It also aimed to identify possible new ways in which shipping operations in the Arctic could maximize benefits and reduce risks to all stakeholders. A review of the scientific literature clearly highlighted the chasms of knowledge regarding the impacts of marine related activity in Arctic waters. With respect to a methodological approach, a website search was conducted to look for shipping companies informing that they were involved in Arctic operations. The website search of Arctic shipping companies helped with the creation of a questionnaire aimed at identifying “best practices” currently in place with Arctic shipping operators. The questionnaire was administered electronically. Subsequently, a number

ABSTRACTS 403

of companies, identified from the website search and representing a pan-Arctic sample of operators, were contacted by email to inquire if they were interested in taking part in the online questionnaire.

Arctic regions Ice transiting vessels Risk analysis Safety

2015051100

Transportation risk analysis framework for Arctic waters. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23421 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912267 Khan, F., Yang, M., Et al English

Arctic waters have historically been relatively inaccessible for marine transport. Lately, climate change has made more of this region ice-free in the summer season. This has reduced the difficulty of marine transport in Arctic waters. Further, exploration and development of natural resources is increasing in Arctic regions, as is destinational shipping. The unique risk factors of this region, such as extremely low temperature, ice conditions and drifting icebergs, continue to pose threats to transportation. Potential impacts associated with marine transportation accidents warrant contingency plans that recognize that preventative measures may fail. To plan effectively, a transportation accident risk assessment model for Arctic waters is helpful. There is limited work on the development of such models. A new cause-consequences based risk assessment model is proposed here. The model estimates the probability of a transportation accident and also the related consequences during navigation in Arctic waters. To illustrate the application of the methodology, it is applied to a case of an oil-tanker collision on the Northern Sea Route.

Arctic marine transportation Arctic waters Risk analysis

2.8 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2015051101

Is a radical shift in shipping on the horizon? The Naval Architect, February 2015, p 20 [4 p, 2 fig, 7 ref] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Mander, S., Borws-Larkin, A. English

Exploring the shifting sands in the maritime industry this article argues that meeting the 2oC limit for climate change requires all industry sectors to reduce emissions.

Emissions Shipping

2015051102

Assessing the environmental impacts of a ship’s hull from a life cycle perspective. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 85, p 819 [9 p, 53 re45 tab, 17 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Chatzinikolaou, S.D., Ventikos, N.P. English

This paper presents an environmental impact assessment of important air emissions produced by the hull subsystem of an oil tanker over a typical life cycle of twenty five years. This assessment makes use of a novel framework for ship life cycle analysis which considers the ship as a system that may be detailed into major subsystems and further into system elements for which: (a) inputs, (b) processes, and (c) outputs, are identified and elaborated. Four important ship life cycle stages are taken into account in this framework; namely the shipbuilding stage, ship operation, major maintenance activities and finally ship dismantling. Emissions inventories for all identified processes are first developed and subsequently the impacts to the environment and human health are estimated by applying standardized and widely accepted impact assessment techniques.

Emissions Environmental effects Life (durability) Ships

404 ABSTRACTS

2015051103

A model for the life cycle analysis of ships: Environmental impact during construction, operation and recycling. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 86, p 829 [9 p, 35 ref, 2 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Mountaneas, A., Georgopoulou, C., Et al English

This paper presents a comprehensive model for life cycle analysis of ships from their construction to operation and final recycling. The model describes the major ship-related material energy flows at a process level and records all the relevant pollutants at the ship lifetime horizon. Then, the pollutants are linked to a wide list of environmental phenomena, including climate change, ozone depletion, human health and marine environment degradation. Our methodology is based on the framework of the ISO standardised Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique. Its applicability is illustrated via three typical cases for a tanker, a containership and a bulk carrier vessel.

Environmental effects Life (durability) Ships

2.9 GENERAL OPERATION

2015051104

Energy saving technologies for fishing vessels. Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, n 39 2014, p 11 [5 p, 11 ref, 2 tab] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/631 Behrendt, C. English

The paper presents an analysis of energy saving technologies for fishing vessels which ensure that fuel consumption by their power systems is reduced as well as the emission of exhaust gases. During the analysis the specificity of operational activities for fishing vessels and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements have been taken

into consideration. Energy saving technological, operational and logistic activities are discussed. Forecast savings regarding fuel consumption upon application of technological innovations at fishing vessels are presented.

Energy conservation Fishing vessels Fuel consumption Propulsive efficiency

2015051105

A methodology for estimating the ship fuel consumption at sea waves. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 239 [6 p, 7 ref, 2 tab, 4 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Prpić-Oršić, J., Faltinsen, O.M., Markovčić, T. English

In this paper a methodology for estimating the attainable ship speed and related fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in moderate and severe sea is proposed. The in-and-out-of-water-effect and ventilation of a propeller in severe seas is accounted for by a quasi-steady averaging of experimental data for different propeller submergences. The added resistance results for regular waves are used in simulating results in irregular waves. The speed loss is calculated by taking into account the engine and propeller performance in actual seas as well as the mass inertia of the ship. The numerical model used for main propulsion engine modelling is based on a zero-dimensional model of an internal combustion engine. The attainable ship speed is obtained as time series for head and following sea. Correlation of speed loss, fuel consumption and CO2 emission with sea states allows predictions of propulsive performance in actual weather conditions.

Emissions Fuel consumption Ship speed

ABSTRACTS 405

2015051106

A generic maritime transportation network model. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 7, p 69 [9 p, 22 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Carreira, A., Mendes, J.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

A network model, supported by a scalable and scope neutral model of the network agents, is introduced to model maritime transportation. This modelling approach can cope with the diversity of the entities involved in the transportation business and with the wide ranges in the scale and scope of the analysis domain and it supports the analysis of the competitiveness of container port terminals. Graph algebra can then be used to analyse port terminal competitiveness, which relates with the network robustness. A simple example model illustrates this procedure, exploiting full centrality and full intermediary scenarios.

Marine transportation Models Networks

2015051107

Assessment of motorways of the sea through a method based on analysis of decision groups. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 8, p 79 [8 p, 22 ref, 4 tab, 1 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Martínez-López, A., Pena-Agras, D., Munín-Doce, A. English

Despite the European Union have favoured maritime traffic for years, through exceptions in the application of competition rules, in recent years these exceptions have disappeared progressively. Therefore, shipping companies have to adapt their service to the real needs of the shippers, identifying the controllable characteristics in their operational framework in order to act on them. Hence, this paper focuses on the introduction of a new hybrid model in multimodal transport, which allows the opportunity assessment for a shipping company, but through the decision

criteria of the service user: the shipper. The results allow the identification of the main controllable and uncontrollable variables, constraints and objective functions for the shipping company, which condition the success of the multimodal chains from the shipper’s perspective. This work develops a particular case to show this hybrid model: shipping companies considering, as a business strategy, to establish a motorway of the sea in Spain.

Intermodal transportation

2015051108

Analysis of river/sea transportation of ore bulk using simulation process. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 11, p 109 [10 p, 26 ref, 6 tab, 5 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Merino da Silva, D., Ventura, M. English

This work presents a study of the transport of iron-ore by river-sea bulk carrier(s) from a terminal in river Douro to a sea terminal in Aveiro, in the Portuguese west coast. The objective of this study is to make a detailed analysis of this transport problem, in order to obtain the optimum characteristics and specifications of the involved terminals, infrastructures and vessel fleet. The terminals design approach is made by means of simulation. A model was developed, including ships and terminals, which specifies and relates the main parameters that influence the transportation, in order to emulate the real process as close as possible. For the simulations, several scenarios of terminal configurations and cargo equipment were created. All these scenarios were compared by the analysis of performance measures such as annual cargo throughput, port time, waiting times, berth times, rate of equipment utilization in the terminals. Finally some conclusions are drawn from the obtained results about the relative merit of the proposed scenarios.

Inland waterways transportation Iron ore Marine transportation Oceangoing river vessels

406 ABSTRACTS

2015051109

The optimisation of ship weather-routing algorithm based on the composite influence of multi-dynamic elements (II): Optimised routings. Applied Ocean Research, v 50, March 2015, pp 130-140 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118714001254 Fang, M.-C., Lin, Y.-H. English

The ship routing problem can be known as a multi-objective problem. Since the operation strategy is influenced by ocean environments, e.g. wind, waves or ocean currents, it is therefore weather routed. In this study, the three-dimensional modified isochrone (3DMI) method utilizing the recursive forward technique and floating grid system for the ship tracks is applied to globally search for the optimum route. The proposed method considers two types of routing strategies, i.e. ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival) routing and FUEL (FUEL-saving) routing, with different constraints, such as land boundaries, significant wave heights, engine revolution speeds and roll responses. As a result, it is verified that the robustness of the proposed method appears to be a practical tool by adjusting the safety threshold for the trade-off of ship efficiency and economics.

Efficiency Fuel saving Weather routing

2015051110

Numerical evaluation of operability envelope for ultra large container ship in extreme seas and influence of manoeuvring on wave loads. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 513 [8 p, 17ref, 7 tab, 4 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Mudronja, L., Corak, M., Et al English

This paper presents two interconnected parts of ship navigation in extreme seas. The first part discusses possibilities and advices for ship manoeuvring for seafarers. The second part is concerned with the influence of ship manoeuvring on wave loads. The principle for making advices is made on operability criteria platform. The Influence of manoeuvring on

wave loads is defined through the amount of wave bending moment amidship. A practical example is made for a 9200 TEU container ship. Numerical evaluation is carried out via a 3D panel method. 2-P Pierson–Moskowitz wave spectrum is used for short term spectral analysis. Rough weather is described according to the IACS recommendation Note No.34. Closed form expressions are used for quick estimation of wave induced bending moments. Results are presented in operability polar plots, operability diagram and speed diagram. In conclusion, suggestions for a better approach in manoeuvring calculations are provided and the connection of ship operability and amount of wave loads is mentioned with guidelines for the future research.

Containerships Extreme waves Manoeuvring Polar plots Wave loads

2015051111

Annual emission estimation comparison of two methods for a ship. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 83, p 807 [5 p, 28 ref, 9 tab] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Bilgili, L., Celebi, U.B. English

Ships can carry many kinds of goods with great capacities. They manage almost 90% of the world trade due to their capability to carry great amounts of goods. On the other hand, depending on the capacity, ship needs powerful engines and much more fuel than any other transportation way. Besides, fuel used by ships is one of the most unrefined by-products of oil. Thus, the air emissions of ships contents dangerous and harmful particles and compounds. These air emissions are especially dangerous for the people live in or near a port city that is close to the main shipping routes. The emissions include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Particulate Matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and oxides of sulphur (SOx). When a ship cruises between ports and berths at ports, it produces great amounts of these emissions. It is a very important issue to estimate the emissions to determine the emissions reduction methods. Based upon these kinds of calculations, worldwide total

ABSTRACTS 407

emissions could be estimated. This paper focuses on one ship that works all over the world. The total air emissions have been estimated by the method offered by Trozzi, (2010). Both transit and docking modes are considered. The two estimation methods are compared: Fuel consumption approach and engine power approach. The differences between two methods are investigated.

Emissions Engine operation Estimating Fuel consumption

2015051112

Establishment of an emission estimation approach for bulk carriers related to block coefficient (CB). MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 84, p 813 [5 p, 30 ref, 7 tab, 2 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Bilgili, L., Celebi, U.B. English

Ship emissions to air, water and land have increased dramatically throughout the last decades and it has been estimated that the amount of the emission will increase depending upon the demand for bigger ships and thus, powerful engines. In this study, ship emissions and their impacts on human health and environment is investigated in detail. Based on the real-time fuel consumption data, annual emissions are calculated for three bulk carriers. Then, an emission estimation approach is developed related to a main parameter (Block Coefficient-CB). By using regression analysis, some equations are obtained in order to estimate the emission during the pre-design stage of a ship.

Bulk carriers Emissions Environmental effects Estimating Health

2015051113

Influence of ship routes on fuel consumption and CO2 emission. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 89, p 857 [8 p, 38 ref, 5 tab, 6 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Prpić-Oršić, J., Vettor, R., Et al English

The influence of various parameters, such as ship heading angle and weather conditions on ship fuel consumption and CO2 emission is presented. A reliable methodology for estimating the attainable speed in different sea states is described. Correlation of speed loss with sea states allows predictions of propulsive performance in actual seas. If the computation is used for weather routing purposes, values for various ship speed and heading for each realistic sea-state is provided. To illustrate the presented concept, the ship speed and CO2 emissions in various routes of the Atlantic Ocean are calculated using representative environmental design data for the track of the routes where the ship will sail. The analysis has been done for various ship heading angles. The voluntary speed loss is taken into account. The influence of the ship speed loss on various parameters such as fuel consumption and emissions is presented.

Emissions Fuel consumption Ship routing Ship speed

2015051114

Multi-objective evolutionary algorithm in ship route optimisation. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 90, p 865 [9 p, 26 ref, 1 tab, 7 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Vettor, R., Guedes Soares, C. English

An optimisation algorithm to be used on an on board decision support system for the route selection is described. The optimisation genetic algorithm adopted in this work, the upgraded Strength Pareto

408 ABSTRACTS

Evolutionary Algorithm, as well as the setting of the domain and the objective functions are presented. The genetic algorithm allows the identification of the best routes in the Pareto frontier meaning. A discussion about the further improvements of the system and the most suitable objective criteria is also provided. Finally a test case will allow assessing the performance of the tool.

Decision support systems Optimisation Ship routing

2015051115

Numerical analysis of failed forecasts of waves under low pressures from viewpoint of ship operation. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization, Paper No. OMAE2014-23876 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911958 Sasa, K., Chen, C., Et al English

Today, weather routing becomes more important under the current situation of international maritime transportation. However, the authors reveal that the current systems are not necessarily sufficiently reliable. It is also worthwhile to consider the background of the difficulty in numerically forecasting winds and waves. Here, two failed cases of wave forecasts are verified using WRF and SWAN, two numerical meso-meteorology models. In both failed cases, low pressures developed from the southern sea area of Japan with a northeast direction. First, wind direction can be reproduced correctly, even if the resolution of the simulation is changed. Second, if the resolution is insufficient, wind speed will be underestimated as smaller than the observed values. At the same time, wave height tends to be underestimated as compared to observed values, too. This is the feasibility study for improving the forecasting of wave growth pattern due to developing low pressures from the viewpoint of safe ship operation.

Numerical analysis Ship operation Wave forecasting Weather routing

2015051116

Theoretical investigation on ice resistance prediction methods for ships in level ice. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23304 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912264 Myland, D., Ehlers, S. English

The assessment of the ship performance in ice covered waters has become more and more important in view of the increased interest in Arctic field logistics and transportation. The performance of ice-going or ice breaking ships is usually defined by their ability to proceed in uniform level ice, where good performance means low ice resistance, high propulsion efficiency and continuous ice breaking. In order to assess the ice breaking performance in an early design stage, model tests may be executed or several theoretical methods may be applied to predict the ice resistance may be applied. Due to the physical nature of model tests, all processes, i.e. forces contributing to ice resistance are considered. Thus, the execution of model tests is still the most reliable method to determine the ice resistance. But with regard to the high costs of model tests there is continued demand to gain knowledge on the reliability of theoretical prediction methods. The applicability of the method of choice depends on the underlying assumptions of the method itself and thus the method’s capability to predict and consider physical phenomena of interest. In this paper model tests are used to evaluate the influence of hull shape parameters and ice conditions on the breaking process, i.e. the ice resistance and the ship performance. Based on the knowledge gained a systematic comparison of existing, representative ice resistance prediction methods are carried out. The methods considered are state-of-the-art techniques which the original publications introduced with sufficient information to allow for their use in this comparison. It focuses on the suitability of the existing methods as engineering tools for the prediction of different components, as well as the total ice resistance itself. The incorporation of the ice resistance contributions in the different prediction

ABSTRACTS 409

methods is presented and differences are identified. On this basis an assessment of the assumptions and simplifications of these different numerical methods is outlined.

Ice resistance Ice transiting vessels Icebreaking Ship performance

2015051117

A numerical model to initiate the icebreaking pattern in level ice. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23409 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912266 Erceg, S., Ehlers, S., Et al English

Ships navigating in ice-covered waters experience local and global ice loads due to ice-hull interaction. The design of a ship with good ice performance requires adequate assessment of these forces. Recently, an increased activity in developing numerical models of ice-hull interaction in level ice has been observed, owed to the increased computational capabilities. However, certain semi-empirical icebreaking patterns inevitably influencing the interaction process have been implemented in the majority of interaction models used for the assessment of ice performance of ships. Therefore, an attempt using a quasi-static numerical approach to model the initiation of icebreaking pattern in level ice has been made and is presented in this paper. The term initiation herein denotes the creation of circumferential cracks, disregarding thus the succeeding radial cracks. The concept used in the model features a set of radially oriented ice beams at the interaction zone. The model accounts for the bow geometry and the properties of the encountered ice. The icebreaking pattern for a case study ship is simulated using the developed model. Lastly, this paper discusses the sensitivity of the model with respect to the bow shape.

Ice transiting vessels Icebreaking Numerical models

2015051118

Challenges for using LNG fuelled ships for Arctic routes. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23914 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912283 Gaspar, H.M., Ehlers, S., Et al English

The utilization of the Northern Sea Route by commercial ships is an official fact. Since 2009 the number of international cargo vessels using the passage has been increasing, and a continuous raise in these numbers is expected if the route establishes itself as reliable. The route saves vessels approximately two weeks’ time in summer over a route via the Suez channel, but the increase brings concerns, regarding environmental impact, safety, and operability on the route. This paper investigates the current challenges of using LNG fuelled ships for arctic transport routes. A panorama of the recent conditions and predictions for the arctic environment regarding ice concentration and seasonal route availability is presented. The current development of LNG as a commercial fuel is discussed based on this arctic panorama, approaching key topics such as infrastructure, economic viability, propulsion requirements, and environmental impact. Special attention is given to the performance of LNG propulsion systems under arctic conditions, focusing on powering and air emissions. The paper concludes by proposing the implementation of a lifecycle model to predict economic and environmental performance indicators when simulating a fleet of LNG fuelled ships operating under many possible future ice conditions scenarios.

Arctic marine transportation Ice transiting vessels Liquefied natural gas Ship performance

410 ABSTRACTS

2015051119

Analysing ship energy efficiency improvements for reducing CO2 emissions on a container ship. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-2, p 149 [10 p, 19 ref, 4 tab] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Talay, A.A., Deniz, C. English

In this study, the impact of CO2 emission control measures for container vessels on the reduction of the amount of CO2 emissions is investigated. In the first step, the energy efficiency measures for container vessels are analysed for new designs and operations, based on EEDI. A suitable data table is created for container vessels, which includes the CO2 reduction methods, reduction rates and payback time of the implementation based on available public data. In the second step, the effects of speed to fuel consumption and CO2 reduction for container vessels are analysed. Speed reduction for container vessels is an option to lower fuel consumption and decrease CO2 emissions at relatively low cost and little effort. In evaluation of the speed effects on fuel consumption and reduction of CO2 emissions, Engine Room Simulator (ERS) is used. ERS is a simulation of a 4200 TEU container vessel, equipped with SULZER 12 RTA 84 type main engine. Fuel consumption values are evaluated in different speeds and loads of the vessel. Proper emission forecasting on CO2 emission reduction methods with energy efficiency potentials for container shipping has also been analysed.

Containerships Efficiency Emissions Fuel conservation Speed reduction

2015051120

Applications of life cycle assessment in shipping. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper X-2, p 723 [10 p, 12 ref, 3 tab, 4 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Chatzinikolaou, S.D., Ventikos, N.P. English

The work presented in this paper has made use of important elements of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, with the aim to develop a systematic and comprehensive framework for conducting environmental life cycle evaluations for ocean going ships. The LCA method has been extensively used in several industrial sectors for measuring the environmental impacts of products and services, but for the particular case of shipping has a short application record so far the main reason being the complexity of the ship system. The paper also presents numerical results of an LCA study which has been conducted to assess the impact of ship air emissions from a life cycle perspective.

Emissions Environmental effects Life (durability)

2015051121

A guide proposal for the accessibility of marine public transportation systems. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper X-5, p 753 [9 p, 17 ref, 2 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Ercoli, S., Ergül, E., Neşer, G. English

Life expectancy is increasing all over the world. Because disabilities are strongly connected to ageing, today the marine industry should consider more the issues of accessibility for all users. Special solutions were proposed for people with disabilities in the recent past, but today this approach no longer seems correct. Instead of defining a standard user, it seems that considering the variety of users is an urgent need in design. In the field of marine public transportation systems, accessibility issues include not only the vessels, but also what is around it, such as piers and

ABSTRACTS 411

berthing facilities. Often the hardest obstacles to accessibility are at the interfaces of the elements of the transport system. The presented research is aimed at studying the accessibility of the different passenger vessels which are in public service in İzmir Bay. In the first part of the paper, the methods of data collection are be presented – in particular, the use of statistical instruments as tools to outline critical points, expectations and problems of marine public transportation systems from the usability point of view. The second part of the paper covers the tools of designers, such as writing a scenario and defining requirements. A participatory approach, in which users are involved in evaluating and testing the solutions during the design phase, is discussed. The expected result of the research is the proposal of a guide for passenger boat builders and service operators to be used as an input set before constructing new vessels or before refitting existing ones.

Passenger vessels Vessel access

2015051122

An economic model for estimating maritime transportation costs based on route length, speed and fullness ratio. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper X-7, p 771 [9 p, 12 ref, 2 tab, 4 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Turan, E., Şahin, B. English

Maritime transportation is the most widespread mode for shipping of cargoes in the world. Transportation cost is a vital prominent factor for the decision of mode choice. Expanding trade volume leads to find effective ways of transportation in order to ensure proper cost, safety, environmental protection, good service and on time deliveries. Therefore, determination of transportation costs is a decisive subject for cargo shipping. In this study, an approach for economic analysis of a unimodal transportation cost calculation is presented and parameters affecting

the transportation costs such as route length, speed and fullness ratio have been considered during calculations. For 5000 DWT cargo vessel, unit transportation costs and specific transportation costs have been found out with the developed economic model and the alteration of these costs have been shown with graphs comparatively by means of route length, speed and fullness ratio.

Economic analysis Transportation costs

2015051123

Optimal fleet composition for marine transport of compressed natural gas from stranded fields. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper I-2, p 29 [14 p, 6 ref, 3 tab, 6 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Trincas, G. English

In this paper, a decision-based scheme is developed to improve the competitiveness and efficiency of compressed natural gas (CNG) shipping. A database of CNG ships of different size and speed is built off-line at conceptual design level, which provides technical and economic information sufficient to optimise the fleet composition. This goal is reached by generating a number of feasible fleets from the logistics viewpoint and ranking them by giving priority to CNG shipping tariff. To this end, a built-in code is implemented which integrates the logistics strategy with the menu of CNG ships to solve the decision-making model. A case study shows that usage of the proposed scheme facilitates correct decisions aimed at reducing the overall capital investment and improves the reliability and economic efficiency of the CNG shipping system.

Compressed natural gas Decision making Fleet planning Gas transportation

412 ABSTRACTS

3.1 GENERAL HYDRODYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS AND OCEANOGRAPHY

2015051124

The ocean observing system for Santos Basin: Project Blue. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization, Paper No. OMAE2014-23231 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911945 Freitas Assad, L.P. de, Rocha Fragoso, M. da, Et al English

The Santos Basin region is located in the southeast part of Brazilian offshore region and contains the most important presalt oil reservoirs. The oceanographic knowledge of this region is very important for the future challenges related with oil exploration and production. The Ocean Observing System for Santos Basin also known as Blue Project started in August 2012 and its main goal is the development of a pioneer ocean observing system for Santos Basin region (Brazil) based on ocean modelling applications and real time systematic ocean data collection. The data collection program makes use of satellite remote sensing and in situ sensors such as surface drifters, floaters and gliders. The proposed methodology is based in three main research work branches: ocean and atmosphere modelling, real time ocean data collection and disclosure of all the generated information. This work describes the applied methodology and the preliminary results achieved by the Project.

Ocean models Oceanographic data

3.2 RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE PERFORMANCE

2015051125

Meeting the standards. The Naval Architect, February 2015, p 27 [3 p, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.rina.org.uk/tna.html Kwon, Y.J. English

The International Standards Organisation’s (ISO) 15016-2002 standard on sea trails was the result of the work of ISO members and came to fruition after nine years of discussions. However, the development of the standard is at a crisis point and is in danger of disappearing into the shadows due to methods which may not be fully verified for the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). This article presents some simple methods to determine, the added resistance, speed loss and power increase at sea using Kwon’s method for added resistance due to wave reflection (including diffraction) which was recommended by ISO 15016-2002.

Added resistance in waves Sea trials Speed loss Standards

2015051126

Computation of steady viscous flows around ship with free surface by overset grids techniques in OpenFOAM. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 832 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Shen, Z., Wan, D. English

This paper presents the implementation of overset grid capability into the open source toolbox, OpenFOAM, and a validation case for steady viscous flows of a benchmark ship DTMB 5512 by the overset grid technique with URANS methods. The procedure of the overset implementation is discussed in this paper, including the basic procedure and parallelization. Examples of how to use the overset library developed to modify OpenFOAM solvers with overset capability are introduced. In order to validate the overset code in OpenFOAM, static computations of the DTMB 5512 are carried out. Two Froude

ABSTRACTS 413

numbers (Fr=0.28 and 0.41) are considered. The computational results including resistance, free surface and wave profile on the hull surface are compared with experimental data. Good agreements are achieved and the results indicate the overset ability of the code. It also confirms that the code can be used for primary ship hydrodynamic problems.

Computational fluid dynamics Free surfaces Viscous flow

2015051127

CFD simulations to evaluate the ships resistance: development of a systematic method with use of low number of cells. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 277 [13 p, 7 ref, 5 tab, 16 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Agrusta, A., Bruzzone, D., Et al English

The use of viscous CFD simulations to evaluate the resistance of ships is well established. These methods, however, often require a high number of calculation cells with consequent substantial hardware requirements. The objective of this paper is to standardize the operating modes to perform viscous simulations with a rational approach basing on a lower number of cells, for carrying out more rapidly the calculations, without super-computers. This operating mode will be supported by the study of different hulls, displacement and planing, to evaluate a system of localized mesh-sizing of the computational grid that could be standardized for each type of examined hull and to define a protocol to get a good simulation in the shortest time possible.

Computational fluid dynamics Resistance

2015051128

Hydrodynamic characteristics of the dual-mode contra propellers. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 291 [10p, 8 ref, 5 tab, 8 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Togunjac, A-B.R., Vishnevsky, L.I., Morenshildt, K.V. English

The paper describes the results of a model hydrodynamic investigation of a dual-mode contra propeller mounted after screw propeller in a cavitation tunnel. The influence of blade form on contra propeller hydrodynamic efficiency is shown for two modes (energy saving and reactive modes). The marginal loss in hydrodynamic efficiency of the dual-mode contra propeller is shown using a contra propeller designed in energy saving mode and worked on reactive mode and on the other hand - optimum small diameter screw propeller working in energy saving mode. The paper gives an example of the use of a dual-mode contra propeller as a redundant propulsor on a fishing vessel (large trawler).

Contrarotating propellers Propeller efficiency

2015051129

OpenFOAM in marine hydrodynamics. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 369 [8 p, 10 ref, 10 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Vukčević, V., Jasak, H. English

The subject of this paper is the application of OpenFOAM software in marine hydrodynamics. A mathematical model for two phase flows using the Volume of Fluid method is briefly presented. The Finite volume method is used for equation discretization. The simulation results of steady state resistance in calm seas are compared with experimental data for two hull forms. Seakeeping simulations are also presented. Since OpenFOAM

414 ABSTRACTS

supports mesh motion, it can be used for forced oscillation simulations. As an example, results of harmonic sway motion with forward speed are presented. Finally, the seakeeping simulation of ship advancing in head waves with constant forward speed is presented.

Computational fluid dynamics Resistance Seakeeping Ship hydrodynamics

2015051130

An analysis method for optimisation of ship’s comprehensive hydrodynamic performance. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 956 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Yang, Z., Zou, Z. English

In this paper, a new analysis method for optimisation of ship’s comprehensive hydrodynamic performance in complicated operating conditions is proposed. The function of ship’s comprehensive hydrodynamic performance is expressed as a weighted sum of the normalized functions of resistance and propulsion, manoeuvrability and seakeeping performances. The best comprehensive performance is obtained while the objective function is maximum with all the constraints satisfied. By adjusting the weight value, any combinations of the functions for resistance and propulsion, manoeuvrability and seakeeping performances can be achieved. By applying a single-factor sensitivity analysis, the optimised results can be used to find the sensitive variables to help determining the ship geometry and kinematics parameters. This method can help to evaluate the design scheme and improve the ship design efficiency.

Optimisation Ship hydrodynamics Ship performance

2015051131

A method for the analysis and design of flapping-foil thrusters for augmenting ship propulsion in waves. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 87, p 841 [10 p, 19 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Belibassakis, K.A., Filippas, E.S. English

Flapping wings located beneath or sideways the ship’s hull are investigated as unsteady thrusters, augmenting the overall propulsion in waves. The main arrangement consists of horizontal wing(s) in vertical oscillatory motion induced by ship heave and pitch, while pitching about the wing pivot axis is actively controlled. This work examines the possibility of energy extraction in irregular wave conditions using active pitch control. The authors consider operation of the foil in head waves characterized by a spectrum, corresponding to specific sea states, taking into account the coupling between the hull and the flapping foil dynamics. Numerical results concerning thrust coefficient are presented, indicating that significant thrust can be obtained under general operating conditions. The present work can be exploited to derive guidelines concerning the design and optimum control of such systems extracting energy from sea waves for augmenting marine propulsion in rough seas, with simultaneous reduction of ship responses.

Flaps (control surfaces) Propulsion devices Thrusters Wings

2015051132

Numerical methods investigation on added resistance of high speed ship in waves. Journal of Ship Mechanics, n 10, 2014, pp 1175-1183 http://www.cssrc.com/ Duan, W-y., Wang, R-f., Et al Chinese

The added resistance in waves is an important part of ocean factor fwin EEDI formula presented by IMO. There has been little research on added resistance in waves research for high speed ships. In this paper, the hydrodynamic forces and ship motion response in waves are predicted by using 2.5D theory. On the

ABSTRACTS 415

basis of ship motions, the added resistance is predicted by using several methods and compared with available model test data. Based on comparisons, one numerical method to predict wave added resistance on high speed ships is recommended.

Added resistance in waves High speed vessels Numerical models Potential flow Seakeeping

2015051133

Numerical simulation of added resistance in head waves: A RANSE and BEM approach. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 91, p 877 [8 p, 17 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ageno, E., Bruzzone, D., Villa, D. English

Nowadays with the increase of the importance of the green aspect, related to fuel consumption, also engine emissions are an important issue to consider in ship design. From the hydrodynamic point of view, in addition to the well-known ship resistance optimisation, ship performance in waves should be taken into account not only in terms of safety and comfort due to motions, but also in terms of added resistance in waves. The aim of this paper is to compare the evaluation of added resistance deriving from the prediction of motions obtained from a three dimensional boundary element method based on Rankine sources with the corresponding added resistance results coming from a viscous method. In particular it is desired to overview on the ability of a RANSE solver on this particular field. The methods are applied considering only regular head waves for the test case, MOERI Container Ship (KCS).

Added resistance in waves Boundary element method Computational fluid dynamics

2015051134

Experimental investigation of the wake flow of a bulk-carrier model using a five-hole Pitot arrangement. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 92, p 885 [7 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Liarokapis, D.E., Zarifis, A.G., Et al English

The Laboratory for Ship and Marine Hydrodynamic of the National Technical University of Athens, has recently built an integrated system using a five-hole Pitot tube to record the wake flow around ship models in the towing tank. A large-displacement bulk-carrier ship model was used to extensively investigate the velocity vectors at three sections; the area of the propeller, a distance ahead where there is a significant change of the hull shape and under the transom stern. The model was tested at service speed which corresponds to Fr number of 0.17. Differential pressure sensors were fitted to record the pressure changes during the movement of the model. With the proper calibration, these values were translated to flow speed and angle. The geometry of the probe, the calibration procedure, the positioning of the probe and the implementation of the system for underwater measurements will be presented in detail. Finally, the velocity vectors were compared with the analytical results.

Bulk carriers Flow distribution Model tests Wakes

2015051135

Methods for estimating the power of typical boats from Amazon. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 93, p 893 [9 p, 9 ref, 9 tab, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Moraes, H.B., Moraes, R.M., Wilson, P.A. English

The Amazon region has had only a few studies in the field of naval architecture. This paper will explore the

416 ABSTRACTS

design of specific craft suitable for this environmentally sensitive region. The design will require verification and validation of the computational methods used to assess the hydrodynamics of the typical vessels commonly used in the Amazon region. This research presents estimation methods for power boats, where one seeks to compare several statistical methods, based on systematic series and Shipflow program with the results obtained from experiments performed in the towing tank. For the validation of the power estimate it is necessary to compare the results generated by these methodologies with the results obtained in tests with scaled models in a towing tank. An identification process was used to determine three typical types of regional powered vessels on the Amazon. The effective power was then analysed for these vessels. After selecting the type of hull, ship models were constructed for testing in the towing tank. Comparisons are then made between theory and scaled models.

Model tests Power prediction Resistance Wooden hulls

2015051136

The effect of free-surface simulations on the resistance and propulsion characteristics of a ship. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 94, p 903 [8 p, 9 ref, 11 tab, 7 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Tzabiras, G.D. English

This work is an attempt to investigate how different methods that calculate the steady free-surface about a ship influence basic resistance and self-propulsion parameters. The main purpose is to examine whether a potential flow-code may produce a reliable free-surface geometry which is introduced as a fixed boundary in order to perform fast and effective RANS computations underneath. In this regard, two approaches are studied, i.e. a non-linear panel method and a full viscous solution to determine this boundary. In the second case, the propeller action is also taken into account. In-house codes have been applied in any case. The RANS code solves the transport equations in a partly orthogonal curvilinear mesh according to the finite volume method, while

the SST turbulence model in conjunction with wall functions is employed. The propeller performance follows the actuator disk approximation. Numerical experiments have been carried out to evaluate the methods and results are compared to experimental data for the NAWIGATOR XXI hull at model scale. In addition, the full-scale ship is examined and conclusions are drawn in order to assess the validity of the adopted methodologies.

Computational fluid dynamics Free surfaces Propeller efficiency Resistance Self propulsion

2015051137

A benchmark program for comparing hydrodynamic coefficients obtained from simulations and captive tests. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 96, p 919 [7 p, 15 ref, 10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ferrari, V., Quadvlieg, F.H.H.A. English

The purpose of this paper is to present a benchmark program for comparing hydrodynamic coefficients calculated by manoeuvring prediction software with measurements taken from model tests. For every ship that is to be tested an input file must be provided, containing the main particulars and information on the propulsion and steering system, together with an offset file describing her geometry. The experimental data as well should be set-up in an input file. The benchmark automatically creates input files for the chosen manoeuvring software, runs the software and manages the output files. It reads from these outputs, collects the model test measurements and plots the results. Some test-cases are presented in the paper, showing the potentialities and flexibility of the benchmark. To this purpose a manoeuvring prediction program is used as example and its theory briefly explained. Its simulations are then compared with the benchmark of experimental data.

Bench marks Computational fluid dynamics Hydrodynamic coefficients Manoeuvring Model tests

ABSTRACTS 417

2015051138

ShallowFlow: a program to model ship hydrodynamics in shallow water. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23291 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911357 Gourlay, T.P. English

This paper presents details of ShallowFlow, a computer program to model the hydrodynamic flow around ships in calm shallow water. The program is based on slender-body shallow-water theory. Outputs from the program include far-field hydrodynamic pressure and flow velocities; free surface drawdown; sinkage and trim. Varying transverse bathymetry including open water, dredged channels, and canals of arbitrary cross-section may be modelled. The method is best suited to displacement ships, including cargo ships, ferries, cruise ships, warships and superyachts.

Computer programs Shallow water Ship hydrodynamics

2015051139

Preliminary study about the wave influence on the ship hydrodynamics. Marine Systems & Ocean Technology, v 9 n 2, December 2014, p 95 [9 p, 12 ref, 2 tab, 7 fig] http://www.sobena.org.br/msot/downloads/MS&OT_V9N2.pdf Armudi, A., Marques, W.C., Et al English

In this work a two-dimensional numerical model is used to describe ship hydrodynamics (using three degrees of freedom) and understand the behaviour under variation of: thrust produced by the engine and effects of external forces, focusing in wave influence. This work is based on the development of the numerical model to investigate ship hydrodynamics using three degrees of freedom through the Lagrangian Mechanics. The thrust is represented in exponential form increasing or decreasing over 30 hours of numerical simulation; the wave properties are obtained from a numerical model SWAN for the

coastal region adjacent to the Patos Lagoon. The vessel velocity is a function of the thrust and for both simulations some variations are observed for the two components during the first hour of simulation. During this period of simulation, the variation of the initial velocity favours the more effective action of inertial forces. After 1 hour of simulation, the thrust and the ship velocity reaches a period of stabilization. During this period, the influence of the external forces associated with the wave and drag effects are observed, in this way the effects of pressure gradients become important causing increasing (reducing) of the ship velocity according with the increasing (reduction) of the wave velocity. For the situation with the thrust decreasing, the variations on the x and y components are not observed. For the situation with increasing thrust the variations on the x and y components reflect on lateral deviations of the ship trajectory.

Numerical models Ship hydrodynamics

2015051140

Development of a remotely controlled testing platform with low-drag air-ventilated hull. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 25-29 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1287-9 Matveev, K.I., Perry, N.I., Et al English

This paper addresses the development and testing of a remotely controlled boat platform with an innovative air-ventilated hull. The application of air cavities on the underside of ship hulls is a promising means for reducing hydrodynamic drag and pollutant emissions and increasing marine transportation efficiency. Despite this concept’s potential, design optimisation and high-performance operation of novel air-cavity ships remain a challenging problem. Hull construction and sensor instrumentation of the model-scale air-cavity boat is described in the paper. The modular structure of the hull allows for easy modifications, and an electric propulsion unit enables self-propelled operation. The boat is controlled remotely via a radio transmission system. Results of initial tests are reported, including thrust, speed, and airflow rate in several loading conditions. The constructed platform can be used for optimising air-cavity systems and testing other innovative hull

418 ABSTRACTS

designs. This system can be also developed into a high-performance unmanned boat.

Air Cavities Drag reduction Model tests Ventilation

2015051141

Experimental investigation of the effect of bow profiles on resistance of an underwater vehicle in free surface motion. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 53-60 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1283-0 Javadi, M., Manshadi, M.D., Et al English

In this paper, towing tank experiments are conducted to study the behavior of flow on a model of the underwater vehicle with various shapes of bows, i.e. tango and standard bows in free surface motion tests. The total resistances for different Froude numbers are considered experimentally. The towing tank is equipped with a trolley that can operate in through 0.05–6 m/s speed with ±0.02 m/s accuracy. Furthermore, the study is done on hydrodynamic coefficients i.e. total, residual and friction resistance coefficients, and the results are compared. Finally, the study on flow of wave fields around bows is done and wave filed around two bows are compared. The Froude number interval is between 0.099 and 0.349. Blockage fraction for the model is fixed to 0.005 3. The results showed that the residual resistance of the standard bow in 0.19 to 0.3 Froude number is more than the tango bow in surface motion which causes more total resistance for the submarine. Finally, details of wave generated by the bow are depicted and the effects of flow pattern on resistance drag are discussed.

Bow form Free surfaces Resistance Underwater vehicles

2015051142

Potential of Michell’s integral for ship wave resistance. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Ocean Space Utilization, Paper No. OMAE2014-24449 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911964 Tsubogo, T. English

Michell’s integral (Michell 1898) for the wave making resistance of a thin ship has not been used widely in practice, since its accuracy is questioned especially for a Froude number range about 0.2 to 0.35 for conventional ships. The author examines calculations by Michell’s integral for some ship forms, e.g. a parabolic strut, Wigley hull and so on. As a result, one reason for the disagreement with experiments is revealed. It must be the gradient of hull form in the depth direction. Then a thin ship theory including the hull gradient effect in the depth direction is presented, which slightly improves in low Froude numbers but needs more computing time than Michell’s integral so as to solve a boundary integral equation.

Integral equations Thin ship theory Wave resistance

2015051143

An approach to identify the fuel penalty due to fouling based on onboard data monitoring. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper III-6, p 189 [7 p, 10 ref, 2 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Bertram, V. English

During ship operation, the performance of hull and propeller often decreases because of fouling. A theoretical model for the hydrodynamic performance assessment of a ship’s hull and propeller is presented. The model is based on onboard data acquisition and on-shore post-processing correcting for draft, trim, sea state, wind, shallow water, sea temperature and salinity. The basic algorithms for the corrections are

ABSTRACTS 419

described. Errors in input data (data capturing) and errors in model approximation (data processing) are discussed.

Data acquisition Fouling Fuel consumption Ship performance monitoring

3.3 MOTION, SEAKEEPING AND MANOEUVRING

2015051144

Bank effect and operation of inland waterways vessels. Scientific Journals Maritime University of Szczecin, n 37 2014, p 50 [6 p, 11 ref, 1 tab, 9 fig] http://repository.am.szczecin.pl/handle/123456789/620 Kobyliński, L. English

Inland waterways vessels operate in waters of restricted depth and restricted width with cross-section of the waterway of different profile. These conditions affect hydrodynamic forces acting on the vessel and in consequence they affect their operation. There are several hydrodynamic effects present in inland waterways. Restricted depth and cross section of the canal or river affects resistance of the vessel and hydrodynamic characteristics of the propeller and in consequence propulsive efficiency. Another effect is caused by modification of pressure distribution around vessel body resulting in change of draft, so called squat. Finally in narrow fairway lateral forces on the vessel are created and in case of non-symmetrical position of the vessel, those forces are also non-symmetric and causing that the vessel is pushed to one side. This affects safe handling of the vessel and requires understanding and skill of operator. This problem is discussed in the paper.

Inland waterways vessels Manoeuvrability Wall effects

2015051145

Experimental and phenomenological investigation of dynamic positioning in managed ice. Cold Regions Science and Technology, v 111, March 2015, pp 67-79 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165232X14002237 Kjerstad, Ø.K., Metrikin, I., Et al English

This paper investigates the dynamic positioning of offshore vessels in managed ice conditions using a model-scale dataset from the large ice tank of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin. Experimental data obtained from the European research and development project DYPIC (DYnamic Positioning in ICe) are analysed to determine the governing signal characteristics of ice loads acting on a drillship model in various managed ice conditions. The results indicate that the mean load level is strongly dependent on the oblique angle but independent of the relative velocity between the vessel and the ice (when it is below 0.51 m/s in full-scale). Furthermore, it is found that the managed ice cover characteristics (namely, the ice concentration, ice thickness, and floe size distribution) impact both the mean load level and the signal variation, leading to significant and rapid transients in the global load signal. These findings are investigated from a phenomenological perspective, and it is argued that ice floe contact networks and accumulated ice mass are responsible for the observed signal dynamics. Finally, both load signal and phenomenological analyses are used to discuss the implications of managed ice on conventional dynamic positioning control systems. It is shown that several core elements of the system are affected and require attention. Improved design considerations are proposed, but further work is required to implement and test the new concepts.

Control systems Dynamic positioning Ice conditions Ice loads Model tests

420 ABSTRACTS

2015051146

Numerical simulation of hydrodynamic forces by time-domain hybrid method. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 839 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Sun, W., Ren, H., Et al English

The time-domain hybrid method which combined of Rankine source method and transient Green function method is used to solve sea-keeping problem in this paper. In order to validate the time-domain hybrid method and the quality of free surface and control surface simulation, numerical tests have been carried out for hemisphere. The results from present method have been compared with analytical values which show excellent accuracy.

Green function Seakeeping Time domain

2015051147

Towing loads in shallow water operations. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 267 [10 p, 6 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Nabergoj, R., Putorti, E., Et al English

Searching for higher safety of a tug-barge convoy (TBC) in towing necessitates risk reduction of towline failure. This requires determination of the static and dynamic forces on the towline at maximum attainable speed of the convoy. A mathematical design model of the complete towing system has been built where the rope pull of the tug and overall tension on the towline determine the tow equilibrium, e.g. the maximum attainable speed. The model computes both static and dynamic forces induced by tug and barge motions as well as the catenary’s depth and scope in given weather conditions to help the

TBC personnel to operate the convoy with an acceptable safety margin. The implemented code was applied to an AGIP convoy operated around the Kashagan oil field in the North-Eastern Caspian Sea, where it is mandatory to also evaluate the effects of extreme shallow water conditions on the risk of towline failure and actual maximum towing speed.

Shallow water Towing Tug barge systems

2015051148

Dynamics of a ship in towage. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 301 [12 p, 13ref, 2 tab, 13 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Ćatipović, I., Degiuli, N., Et al Croatian

Towing as a specific type of sea transport is often used for installation of objects intended for drilling and exploitation of underwater gas and oil wells. For the purpose of this research, a ship towed in head seas is considered. One end of the towing line is attached to ship's bow and another end has prescribed straight line motion. All considerations are done in the vertical plane so the ship is modelled as a rigid body with three degrees of freedom. Hydrodynamic loadings due to waves are taken into account along with added mass and damping. A simplified approach is used for the assessment of the forces acting on the towed ship due to the towing line. This approach takes into account axial and geometric stiffness of the towing line, disregarding damping and inertial forces. Due to the nonlinear properties of the problem, calculations are performed in the time domain. The obtained numerical results are compared with published experimental results.

Hydrodynamic loads Motion Towing Towing forces

ABSTRACTS 421

2015051149

Rankine time-domain method with application to side-by-side gap flow modelling. Applied Ocean Research, v 50, March 2015, pp 69-90 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118714001163 Watai, R.A., Dinoi, P., Et al English

The performance of a time domain Rankine panel method applied to the seakeeping problem of two ships in side-by-side configuration is investigated in this article. Benchmark data for the numerical results are provided by fundamental seakeeping tests carried out in the towing tank of the CEHINAV-Technical University of Madrid. The multi-body system was composed by a barge and a prismatic geosim, which were subjected to regular head waves in two different gap distances. The motions of the geosim model were restricted to surge, heave and pitch, whereas the barge model was kept fixed. This set-up was adopted so as to guarantee that the gap width remained constant during the tests, providing a favourable situation for the numerical modelling of the system. Comparison between measurements and numerical results illustrates the limitation of potential flow solvers concerning the modelling of this hydrodynamic problem. Numerical wave resonance in the gap led to wave elevations and body motions much larger than those observed during the tests. In addition, the time domain method also presented convergence problems for a range of frequencies associated to the gap resonance phenomenon. In order to overcome these problems, an external damping factor was introduced in the time domain simulations, bringing a significant improvement to the numerical convergence of the method. Moreover, despite the simplicity of the damping model adopted, the results showed that this technique was indeed able to improve the computational predictions, leading to a closer agreement between the experiments and the numerical results.

Interactions Multibody systems Seakeeping Time domain

2015051150

Stern skeg effects on course stability of a ship with azimuthing propellers. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 948 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Tanaka, S., Fukushima, T., Et al English

The podded propulsion and steering system has many advantages. The ship with podded propeller has often the pram stern configuration cut up the aft body. Therefore high lateral stabilizing area especially in stern is often required for course stability of ship. In this study, captive model tests and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the effects of stern skeg on hydrodynamic force characteristics of a ship with twin azimuthing podded propellers in pusher mode during manoeuvring motions.

Course stability Electric drives Pods Skegs

2015051151

Numerical prediction and free-running model validation of ship manoeuvring in waves. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, v 10 n 1, February 2015, pp 76-82 http://www.ship-research.com/EN/abstract/abstract1248.shtml Zhu, D., Ma, N., Et al Chinese

A coupled 4-DOF model considering the 3-DOF plane manoeuvring of sway, surge, yaw and roll is established in this paper based on the unified theory. The various forces on the ship are divided into hull, propeller, and rudder force according to MMG model. Then, ship manoeuvring in waves is predicted by adding the wave force into the coupling model, where the wave force is interpolated with both the ship instant speed and the wave encounter angle, which are obtained through 3D panel method. The presented numerical model is validated through free-running model tests, and ship manoeuvring in different wave conditions is predicted with the mean second wave force proved to be the main cause ship drifting in turning. The manoeuvrability of ships in waves due to different wave height is also discussed. The results show that greater wave height could lead to more

422 ABSTRACTS

severe ship drifting in both transverse and longitudinal directions. In addition, the first overshoot angle is larger and the lagging time is longer in the zigzag test.

Free running models Manoeuvring Model tests Time domain

2015051152

Numerical simulation of ship motion coupled with tank sloshing for FPSO. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, v 10 n 1, February 2015, pp 88-96 http://www.ship-research.com/EN/abstract/abstract1264.shtml Cao, G., Li, X., Et al Chinese

The effects of tank sloshing on ship motion are usually ignored or simply linearized. However, when the tank filling level is low, the nonlinearity caused by the coupling of tank sloshing and ship motion can be significant. In this paper, a time domain equation has been solved to analyse the ship motion coupled with tank sloshing, which considers the viscous effects of tank sloshing, and the results are further compared with experimental data and those obtained from the frequency domain equation. Firstly, hydrodynamic coefficients and wave loads are obtained with the Hydrostar program which is based on the potential theory in the frequency domain. Secondly, the radiation force is integrated into the time domain by using the impulse response function (IRF) approach. Finally, the ship motion coupled with tank sloshing is calculated. On the one hand, the tank sloshing is simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program, where the obtained force and moment are then treated as an external force on the ship motion so that the exact ship motion response can be obtained. On the other hand, the simulated results of ship motion are used to solve the tank sloshing. Results show that the presented time domain method is more accurate than its frequency domain counterpart in solving the coupling effects of ship motion and tank sloshing, and the corresponding response amplitude operators (RAOs) of ship motion are in good agreement with experiment results.

Computational fluid dynamics Coupled motion FPSOs Ship motions Sloshing

2015051153

Initial experimental tests of a research-oriented self-running ship model. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 95, p 913 [6 p, 16 ref, 1 tab, 8 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ferrari, V., Perera, L.P., Et al English

Initial experimental results of a guided scaled self-running model of a chemical tanker have been carried out in open air, on a small lake. A concise description of the model, of its instrumentation and of its control and data acquisition systems is presented, followed by a description of the attempted manoeuvres: the turning manoeuvre and a substitute for the zigzag. The presented plots of trajectories and time histories of some kinematic parameters demonstrate correct functioning of all hardware elements and of the model itself. At the same time, the results have revealed extreme sensitivity of the model to wind and it was demonstrated that an unfavourable scale effect exists for the wind action. Conclusions are drawn and possibilities to overcome this problem are outlined.

Experimentation Free running models Manoeuvres

2015051154

A numerical study on bank-effect related hydrodynamics. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 97, p 927 [6 p, 9 ref, 4 tab, 15 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ma, S.J., Zou, Z.J., Huang, L.P. English

A CFD method is applied to simulate the viscous free-surface flow around a ship sailing straight along a bank. Systematic simulations are carried out for different ship-bank distance, water depth and bank sloping angle to study the influences of these factors on the bank-effect related hydrodynamics. The

ABSTRACTS 423

segment sway forces along the ship length and the flow field profiles are presented and analysed for a better understanding of the hydrodynamic mechanism.

Computational fluid dynamics Swaying Viscous flow Wall effects

2015051155

Preliminary analysis of ship manoeuvrability criteria in wind. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 98, p 933 [11 p, 26 ref, 8 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Sutulo, S., Guedes Soares, C. English

The problem of standardizing ship manoeuvring qualities under wind action is discussed in detail. The most general formulation is analysed and further reduced to the problem of equilibrium in steady motion for which an analytic solution was obtained in the case of a linearized ship mathematical model. Unlike in other similar solutions, relationships between the parameters of the relative wind and the ship course/heading and the absolute wind speed were explicitly established. Numerical results obtained for a generic mathematical model illustrate qualitative dependence of the degree of ship controllability in wind on its degree of directional stability and configuration of the windage area.

Manoeuvrability Standardization Wind

2015051156

Study on stability of SPAR platform in deep sea under combination resonance excitation. Journal of Ship Mechanics, n 10, 2014, pp 1195-1203 http://www.cssrc.com/ Li, C-d., Sang, S., Et al Chinese

The stability problem of a SPAR platform in deepwater under the environmental conditions is considered in this paper. For the case of not considering mooring tension effect and meeting the

combination resonance conditions, the paper discusses the part of bifurcation phenomenon when wave amplitude reaches to a certain extent, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that the heave and pitch motion will become unstable and the pitch response amplitude will become larger when combination resonance occurs. The critical wave amplitude of bifurcation phenomenon will become larger when the deviation between heave natural frequency and double pitch natural frequency augments. The wave frequency within a certain range of change has less effect on the a5 curve. But the combination resonance will not be induced if the deviation between wave frequency and heave natural frequency goes beyond a certain range.

Platform motions Resonance Stability

2015051157

Research on the transverse stability of a trimaran with different side hull form. Journal of Ship Mechanics, n 11, 2014, pp 1306-1311 http://www.cssrc.com/ He, S-l., Tang, J-f., Xu, W-g. Chinese

In order to investigate the influence of different side hull forms on the hydrodynamics of a trimaran, especially transverse stability, four trimaran hull forms were designed with the same centre hull form but different side hull forms. Transverse metacentric height of the four trimarans was calculated. Resistance and transverse lift moment were analysed at different speeds by CFD. Model tests of the trimarans were also carried out in towing tank for verification of the CFD drag results. Comparison between transverse metacentric height and transverse lift moment shows that the small side hull has a large influence over the transverse stability of the trimaran, especially at high speed.

Hull form Ship sides Stability Trimarans

424 ABSTRACTS

2015051158

Computation of drift forces for dynamic positioning within the very early design stage of offshore wind farm installation vessels. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23074 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911345 Augener, P.H., Krüger, S. English

For the transportation and installation as well as the maintenance of wind turbine generators very specialized vessels are needed. The capability of dynamic positioning even in very harsh weather conditions is one of the major design tasks for these vessels. For this reason it is important to know the external loads on the ships during station keeping already in the very early design stage. This paper focuses on the computation of wave drift forces in regular and irregular waves as well as in natural seaway. For validation the results of the introduced calculation procedure are compared to measured drift force data from seakeeping tests of an offshore wind farm transport and installation vessel.

Drift forces Dynamic positioning Installing Offshore service vessels

2015051159

The effect on hydrodynamic performance of multi-point moored FPSO in swell condition of West Africa. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23144 [7 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911347 Gang, C., Hongtao, Y., Et al English

The paper respectively studies the effect on hydrodynamic performances of FPSO under only swell and only wind-sea based on 3D potential theory

and non-linear time domain coupled analysis method. The analysis results indicated that swell and wind-sea act as the same role in low frequency response. Swell is key factor in wave frequency response. Incident angle of swell evidently effects on mooring line tension. So it is necessary to consider swell and wind-sea at the same time in studying the hydrodynamic performances of FPSO in West Africa. The study offers an important reference on FPSO hydrodynamic performances analysis in West Africa.

Dynamic response FPSOs Moored vessels Swells (waves)

2015051160

An advanced thrust allocation algorithm for DP applications, taking into account interaction effects and physical limitations. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23161 [13 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911348 Arditti, F., Cozijn, J.LO., Daalen, F.G. van English

The Dynamic Positioning (DP) system is responsible for the stationkeeping and manoeuvrability of a vessel in offshore operations. The forces required by the DP system are distributed among the available thrusters of the vessel by a thrust allocation algorithm, which should be both accurate - i.e. the sum of the effective forces is close to the required forces - and efficient - i.e. the total consumed power is minimal. Ideally, the thrust allocation algorithm accounts for the forbidden zones, a practical solution to avoid significant hydrodynamic interaction effects such as thruster-hull interaction, thruster-current interaction and thruster-thruster interaction. Moreover, the thrust allocation algorithm should also take into account the physical limitations of each thruster such as the maximum thrust (saturation), the maximum rate of turn (azimuth) and the maximum rate of change of RPM. In order to include these complex requirements in the thrust allocation algorithm the hydrodynamic interaction effects are modelled as efficiency functions, which are incorporated in the (power) object function and in the (required forces) constraints. With the purpose of solving the complete problem, including the physical limitations and the

ABSTRACTS 425

hydrodynamic interaction effects, several advanced optimisation methods were investigated. The selected optimisation algorithms were the Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) method and the Steepest Descent (SD) method. In this paper a DP drill ship is considered, with 6 azimuthing thrusters. Results were obtained for environmental conditions of increasing strength, from benign sea states to higher sea states with large required forces, eventually leading to thruster saturation. As a final test case, the required forces are such that the thrust allocation algorithm forces the thrusters to cross large forbidden zones with significant thruster-hull interaction. The results show that the enhanced thrust allocation algorithm can deal with both hydrodynamic interaction effects and physical limitations in a time-efficient and robust manner. Altogether, these improvements are expected to lead to higher accuracy and efficiency for DP operations.

Dynamic positioning Interactions Thrust

2015051161

Experimental study on hydrodynamic behaviours of hybrid floating body with cylinders. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23179 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911351 Jeong, Y-J., Park, M-S., Et al English

In this study, in order to evaluate hydrodynamic behaviours of the hybrid floating body with cylinders, experimental studies were carried out. At first, two small-scale models of pontoon and hybrid with scale factor 1:75 were fabricated and tested under the wave loadings. Based on the measured data, hydrodynamic motions of the pitch, surge, drift force, and free decay motions were evaluated and compared with each other. As the result of small-scale test, it was found that the pitch motion is more sensitive to the wave period than the surge and drift motions. Whereas the pitch motion increased by increasing of the wave period, the surge and drift motion presented a small variance according to the increasing of the wave

period for the both models of pontoon and hybrid. Also, it was found that the hybrid floating body significantly influenced on the hydrodynamic motions under the wave loadings. The pitch motion reduced significantly for the all wave period cases. The surge and drift motion reduced over the wave period of 0.982sec. Damping properties of hybrid model indicated more favourable in terms of logarithmic decrement and damping ratio because of the shape effects. Therefore, it was expected that the hybrid model of this study contribute to improve serviceability and safety of floating body as decreasing hydrodynamic motions.

Cylindrical bodies Floating bodies Model tests Motion

2015051162

A comparison among alternatives to assess FPSO roll damping via model testing. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23277 [13 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911355 Oliveira, A.C. de, Fernandes, A.C., Soares, A.R.W. English

The prediction of the nonlinear rolling motions of a FPSO with extended bilge keels stills a challenging problem. Despite recent advantages in CFD computations, the use of model testing is considered the standard strategy for roll damping assessments. There are different ways to assess the roll damping via model testing and the three most common are the use of decay tests, tests in regular and irregular waves. The comparison among those different kinds of tests may present incoherent results, sometimes, introducing the question of which methodology is the most appropriated in those scenarios, with impact in model test specifications. Decay tests are the easiest and the most economical way for roll assessments, but they are usually considered inaccurate compared to the other test types. Recent researches, however, have shown that a statistic approach which utilizes several decay data from the same model and loading condition improves the damping predictions. This

426 ABSTRACTS

paper provides comparisons of damping predictions from different test types based in extensive model test campaigns. It also addresses the issues and the lessons learned during the campaigns to obtain the FPSO damping database.

Damping FPSOs Model tests Rolling

2015051163

Non-linear coupled analysis for a moored FPSO in deepwater of the Gulf of Mexico. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23380 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911362 Lopez, J.T., Tao, L. English

An accurate prediction of the global response of a floating production and storage offloading (FPSO) system under harsh environmental conditions is of great importance in order to achieve the reliability and safety operation of the whole system. FPSOs may be subjected to significant resonant oscillations in the horizontal plane due to low frequency (LF) wave effects and wind excitation forces. These characteristics may contribute to the increase in surge due to the low level of viscous hull damping. Additionally, it has been observed that when the water depth increases, the coupled effects (damping, inertia and restoring force) contributions from mooring lines and risers increases. This paper investigates the LF response behaviour of a deepwater FPSO unit in the Gulf of Mexico by carrying out a coupled analysis based on a nonlinear time domain analysis. A 3D model based on boundary integrated element method is used to investigate the hydrodynamic behaviour of the floater as well as a 3D finite element model for each of the slender elements representing the mooring lines and risers. The LF motions of a FPSO with a typical arrangement of catenary mooring lines and steel catenary risers is studied for surge, sway and yaw mainly. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the FPSO are studied through both Newman’s approach

and the full Quadratic transfer function. The coupling effect of the floater and mooring/riser systems is examined by comparing the tensions in mooring lines/risers and the global responses of the system in six degree of freedom. The nonlinearity of the hydrodynamics of wave-vessel interaction and the dynamic contribution of mooring lines and risers are investigated with storm and hurricane events for a particular location in deep water Gulf of Mexico.

Coupled motion FPSOs Moored vessels

2015051164

Analysis of hydrodynamic resonant effects in side-by-side configuration. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23389 [13 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911363 Dinoi, P., Watai, R.A., Et al English

Seakeeping behaviour of a multibody system in side-by-side configuration in head sea condition is discussed in this paper. The system, which can be assimilated to a FLNG and LNG carrier during an offloading operation, is composed of a barge and a prismatic geosim with two gap values. Seakeeping tests in regular waves have been performed in the model basin of CEHINAV-Technical University of Madrid (UPM). The movements for the geosim were restricted to the surge, heave and pitch motions (on the vertical plane), whereas the barge was kept fixed. In this way the gap remained constant during the tests. Numerical modelling has been undertaken using WAMIT and an in-house time-domain Rankine Panel Method (TDRPM). Response amplitude operators in terms of movements and wave amplitude in the gap obtained from seakeeping test and numerical models are documented in the paper, illustrating the limitation of the numerical codes regarding the modelling of this hydrodynamic problem. Numerical results indicate a resonant behaviour of the waves in the gap for a range of frequencies, with amplitudes much higher than those observed during the tests. Due to the small distances considered in the

ABSTRACTS 427

experiments, these resonant waves are related to longitudinal wave modes in the gap. In order to overcome this problem, a procedure for introducing an external damping factor that attenuates the wave amplitude along the gap in the time-domain RPM is evaluated based on the experimental data.

Multibody systems Numerical models Resonant frequency Seakeeping

2015051165

Experimental determination of roll damping coefficient for FPSO. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23400 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911365 Seelis, O.A., Tao, L. English

The roll damping coefficient is a crucial parameter for several design and operational aspects of FPSOs. The accurate prediction of the coefficient is not a trivial task and generally performed experimentally. A polynomial linearization of the decay test data has been widely applied in the offshore industry. However, research has indicated that for FPSOs with rectangular cross section and attached bilge keels, this methodology may lead to inaccurate damping coefficients. This paper presents a study on the experimental determination of roll damping coefficients for FPSOs, obtained by free decay tests. For this purpose model tests were executed in a towing tank. The model is based on the design of a purposely build FPSO, as typically applied in the central North Sea sector. The cross section of the FPSO is boxed shaped with a characteristic knuckle shaped bilge. The tests are conducted using three different bilge keel arrangements. The parametric change in bilge keel size results in the variation of the flow characteristics around the bilge knuckle. The damping coefficients are then established from the decay test data using a polynomial approach, a bi-linear approach and a hyperbolic approach. A comparison between the damping evolutions obtained with the different methodologies is performed for each bilge keel configuration. Further, a numerical model of the FPSO is created using DNVs Sesam software. With the established damping coefficients,

damping matrices are manually defined as an input to Sesam and roll transfer functions are numerically established. The computational determined transfer functions are then compared against the RAOs obtained from the model tests in regular waves to determine the most appropriate methodology. The damping coefficient for the bare hull is well established by all three proposed methodologies. However, with the attached bilge keels the bi-linear and the hyperbolic methodologies produce damping coefficients reflecting the experimental results more accurately than the polynomial approach, indicating that the recently developed hyperbolic method is a valid alternative, and in certain cases, is more suitable to determine the roll damping coefficient. The experimental measurements could serve as a benchmark for further research and contribute to the practical application of FPSO roll damping determination.

FPSOs Damping factor Model tests Rolling

2015051166

Seakeeping analysis of an offshore wind farm installation vessel during the jack-up process. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23450 [9 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911370 Augener, P.H., Hatecke, H. English

Offshore wind farms are not planned in sheltered and shallow waters any longer. Especially in the North Sea there exist many approved offshore wind farm projects at water depth between 30 and 50 meters. In particular the installation process of these projects is strongly influenced by weather conditions and the seakeeping capabilities of the installation vessels. For reliable planning of the entire project, not only the weather statistics, but also the vessel’s seakeeping capabilities need to be known accurately. For this purpose different kinds of seakeeping analyses can be conducted. In this paper a seakeeping analysis is presented, where the focus is upon the jack-up process. For the numerical computation the seakeeping code E4ROLLS is applied. The results of this seakeeping analysis are operational limitations

428 ABSTRACTS

for the jack-up process, caused by two different criteria derived from jack-up classification requirements.

Installing Offshore service vessels Seakeeping Wind turbines

2015051167

A fast seakeeping simulation method for heavy-lift operations based on multi-body system dynamics. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23456 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911371 Hatecke, H., Krüger, S., Et al English

This paper presents a fast numerical method to analyse heavy-lift operations of ships in short crested waves. For this purpose, a sea-keeping simulation method for the coupled motions of a heavy-lift vessel and a freely suspended load is developed. The method considers the motions of the ship in six degrees-of-freedom and the suspended load as a point mass. The coupling of the multi-rigid-body system of the ship and the suspended load is considered by solving the equation of roll motion together with the Euler-Lagrange equations of the load. This approach allows the simulation of several hours of real time motion in short crested waves within only a few seconds. Consequently, the method is particularly suitable when very long or numerous sea-keeping simulations or statistical results are required. Moreover, the method is applied to evaluate the sea-keeping capabilities of a heavy-lift vessel during a lifting operation conducted offshore in 2013.

Heavy lift vessels Multibody systems Numerical analysis Seakeeping

2015051168

Response surface models for analysing planing hull motions in a vertical plane. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23489 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911373 Sayeed, T.M., Lyew, L.M., Peng, H. English

A non-linear mathematical model, Planing Hull Motion Program (PHMP) has been developed based on strip theory to predict the heave and pitch motions of planing hull at high speed in head seas. PHMP has been validated against published model test data. For various combinations of design parameters, PHMP can predict the heave and pitch motions and bow and centre of gravity accelerations with reasonable accuracy at planing and semi-planing speeds. This paper illustrates an application of modern statistical design of experiment (DOE) methodology to develop simple surrogate models to assess planing hull motions in a vertical plane (surge, heave and pitch) in calm water and in head seas. Responses for running attitude (sinkage and trim) in calm water, and for heave and pitch motions and bow and centre of gravity accelerations in head seas were obtained from PHMP based on a multifactor uniform design scheme. Regression surrogate models were developed for both calm water and in head seas for each of the relevant responses. Results showed that the simple one line regression models provided adequate fit to the generated responses and provided valuable insights into the behaviour of planing hull motions in a vertical plane. The simple surrogate models can be a quick and useful tool for the designers during the preliminary design stages.

Planing hulls Response surface methodology Ship motions

ABSTRACTS 429

2015051169

Reducing roll motion by passive free surface tanks. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23299 [12 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911973 Nielsen, C.S., Nielsenk U.D. English

Roll stabilisation of motorised vessels plays an important part in reducing passenger discomfort and increasing safety and cargo capacity. Passive free surface tanks are considered a low-cost stabilising method, which is efficient at all speeds without increasing hull resistance. In this study, a mathematical model for evaluating the performance of a passive free surface tank is established. This is done by coupling a roll model to a fluid flow model. As a numerical example, the seakeeping abilities of a container vessel are evaluated. The necessary methods for performing the simulation are presented and the design of a free surface tank is explained. The effects of the passive free surface tank are evaluated and a significant damping effect is observed, particularly in cases with resonant roll.

Antirolling tanks Mathematical models Roll stabilizers

2015051170

Theory and experiments of a free-running fishing vessel in stern sea. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23358 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911974 Thys, M., Faltinsen, O.M. English

The hydrodynamic aspects of a modern fishing vessel during manoeuvring in a seaway were studied theoretically and experimentally. The focus was on small frequencies of encounter, corresponding to

following and stern quartering seas, where fishing vessels are susceptible to capsize. The numerical model was based on de Kat and Paulling. The model combined a 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) blended seakeeping model with a 4 DOF non-linear manoeuvring model. The 3D non-linear Froude-Krylov and restoring loads were computed by pressure integration up to the incident free surface. The added mass, damping and wave diffraction loads were obtained by generalizing the STF (Salvesen et al.) strip theory to partly include 3D flow effects by means of WAMIT. The simulated wave-induced surge forces over-estimated the experimentally measured forces by up to 50%. Excessive wave-induced surge forces led to predictions of broaching and surf riding, which did not occur in the experiments. Use of experimentally determined wave-induced surge forces gave good agreement between simulations and experiments.

Fishing vessels Manoeuvring Numerical models

2015051171

Development of a time domain boundary element method for the seakeeping behaviour of a cruise ship under combined strong wind and extreme irregular beam seas. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4549-3. Volume 7: Professor Emeritus J. Randolph Paulling Honouring Symposium on Ocean Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23376 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911975 Gkikas, G.D., Waltree, F. van English

A computational method for the seakeeping behaviour of a cruise ship at zero speed and under severe wind and oblique wave loads is presented. The proposed methodology is a time-domain panel method where the transient Green functions used for the estimation and implementation of the free surface effects on the vessel’s motions are estimated assuming constant low lateral speed, instead of the common practice zero speed influence functions. For the evaluation of the overall hydrodynamic forces, the so called “blended approach” is followed in the sense that the induced hydrodynamic pressures due to the scattering and radiation phenomena are calculated over the linearized position of the body, ignoring any

430 ABSTRACTS

displacements with respect to its mean position, while the hydrostatic and non-linear Froude-Krylov forces are considered at the actual body location and taking into account the free surface elevation at each time step. For the validation of the proposed methodology, heave and roll motions, the drift velocity as well as lateral accelerations of the vessel were investigated for two cases of severe beam seas combined with a constant strong wind load and the results were compared against experimental model tests. The model tests were performed to investigate the vessel’s behaviour under extreme weather conditions. The low lateral speed Green functions were estimated for a speed similar to the one that the vessel was expected to drift, an estimation based on the model tests, as well as for the case where the input speed corresponded to the half of the expected speed. Good agreement was presented for both cases, showing that accurate and computationally efficient numerical simulations of the vessel’s motions under severe wind and wave excitations can be obtained by using low lateral speed transient Green functions.

Boundary element method Cruise ships Seakeeping Wave loads Wind loads

3.4 FLUID STRUCTURE INTERACTION

2015051172

Experimental investigation of the interaction of multidirectional irregular waves with a large cylinder. Ocean Engineering, v 93, 1 January 2015, pp 64-73 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801814003898 Ji, X., Liu, S., Et al English

Experimental investigations of the interaction of multidirectional irregular waves with a large, vertical bottom-mounted cylinder have been carried out. In the experiments, the ratio of the significant wave height to the water depth has values of 0.08, 0.12, and 0.16, and the relative size of the cylinder with respect to the wavelength varies from 0.44 to 1.26. Recently, many researchers have studied wave loading on large structures. However, there is a lack of high-quality experimental data that can be used for verification. In this paper, experimental measurements of the wave run-up at different locations and wave load on a large cylinder are presented. The results show that the

directional spreading parameter has a significant effect on the interaction of multidirectional irregular waves with cylinder. These results may provide a reference for the design of engineering structures and be regarded as basic data for numerical verification.

Cylindrical bodies Fluid structure interaction Irregular waves Wave forces Wave runup

2015051173

Numerical simulation of shallow water sloshing characteristics in a rectangular tank. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 150 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Xue, M-A., Zheng, J., Et al English

Sloshing flows can create significant global and local loads on the tank wall due to the impact of traveling hydraulic jump which is usually generated and observed in shallow water sloshing. This study therefore presents a numerical investigation of the shallow water sloshing characteristics in a rectangular tank. An in-house two-phase flows model is employed to simulate liquid sloshing phenomena with small fluid depth by changing the forcing frequency. The present numerical results are validated and in good agreements with the available experimental data from Bouscasse et al. (2013). The dominant response frequencies identified from the amplitude spectrum are presented for the different forcing frequency. The shallow water sloshing profile of the response amplitude operator is also obtained in a wide range of frequencies. The resonant frequency is shifted to a higher value than predicted by linear theory, which is like the response of hardening spring.

Rectangular shapes Shallow water Sloshing Tanks

ABSTRACTS 431

2015051174

An extended study on effects of liquid motion in a fully-filled tank on moment on vessel. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 201 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Cao, Y., Zhang, F. English

It was demonstrated, in a study presented at ISOPE 2013 (Cao, et al 2013), that treating the liquid in a fully-filled tank as a rigid body when calculating the moment on the tank by the liquid can result in significant error. CFD simulations were performed to study the effects of the liquid movement for 2-D tanks with square and circular cross sections. Based on the results of the study, a simple method was proposed for including the effect of the liquid movement in a fully filled tank in the calculation of the motions of the ship (or vessel) in regular wave. This paper extends the previous study to tanks with rectangular cross sections. The present study confirms the findings in the previous study for the tanks with square or circular cross sections. In addition, the effect of the length-height ratio of the rectangular cross section is investigated. A preliminary investigation indicates that it is possible to extend the simple method to the prediction of the ship motions in random seas using the frequency-domain approach.

Computational fluid dynamics Liquid cargo Ship motions Tanks

2015051175

Preliminary chart of drill ship operability considering moonpool sloshing effects. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 224 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Suemy, P., Michima, A., Kawabe, H. English

The safety and feasibility of a drill ship operation can be synthesized in a chart of safety zones, which can ease taking fast decisions given a sea state. The authors propose a preliminary chart, based on a collection of parameters, including RAO, structure

loads, and internal characteristics such as DPS and moon pool specifications. The calculations were made for a Series 60 model modified to attend the geometric characteristics of real drill ships. The influence of moonpool's sloshing effects and hole's shape and location are analysed through potential flow model with free surface damping, and varying the incident wave's encounter angle.

Drillships Moonpools Ship operation Sloshing

2015051176

Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) on circular cylinder with offset angle. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 322 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Hans, H., Miao, J., Triantafyllou, M. English

This paper presents the analysis of vortex-induced forces (VIF) and vibrations (VIV) on undulating circular cylinder with offset angle. Five geometries with various offset angles (0o, 15.27o, 17.6o, 30o and sinusoidally varying between 15.27o and 17.6o) are simulated with the Immersed Boundary code and Implicit Large Eddy Simulation as its sub-grid model. The results indicate that offset angles resulted in a slight reduction of VIV as compared to circular cylinder. The largest reduction of VIV is observed for offset angle of 30o. Distortion of the braids, but not the vortex tubes, in the Karman street wake is observed.

Cylindrical bodies Vortex induced vibration

432 ABSTRACTS

2015051177

Numerical simulation of vortex-induced motion of a circular cylinder with low mass-damping. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 327 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Qin, X., Wan, D. English

In this paper, an in-house RANS solver, naoe-FOAM-SJTU, developed using OpenFOAM is applied to numerically simulate the VIM of a 2-D circular cylinder with low mass-damping. The response and vortex modes of an elastically mounted rigid circular cylinder constrained to oscillate transversely to a free stream are numerically investigated. Computations are carried out for reduced velocities from 1.5 to 13, corresponding to a range of 1500 to 13000 in Reynolds number. The mass ratio is 2.4 and the mass-damping is 0.013. These parameters are set to be identical with those of the benchmarking experiment conducted by Khalak and Williamson (1996). The beating phenomenon in initial branch is supported by two peaks in FFT analysis. One difference in the response of cylinder between present study and experiment results from the system’s tendency to keep its earlier state. The intermittent change of vortex modes at U*= 2.9375, which corresponds to maximum amplitude of vibration, indicates the upper branch should be described as intermittent switching between initial and lower branch. The computational results of response of cylinder and the vortex mode in the wake are in good agreement with the experimental results except for the absence of upper branch.

Computational fluid dynamics Cylindrical bodies Motion Vortices

2015051178

Rotational galloping of square and bundle cylinders in cross-flow at low Reynolds numbers. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 333 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Shiraz, M.Z., Etienne, S., Et al English

The occurrence of rotational or torsional galloping for a square cylinder and a generic bundle is assessed through two-dimensional flow and fluid-structure interaction simulations. A finite element formulation specifically designed for fluid-structure interactions simulations has been used. Stiffness, damping and added moment of inertia coefficients are obtained from simulations results. A quasi-steady criterion aimed at predicting rotational galloping is also evaluated based on cross-flow simulations around fixed cylinders for various angles of attack. Added moment of inertia and torsional fluid damping coefficients are calculated based on the results of forced rotational oscillation simulations. Finally, the free angular response of rigid cylinders mounted on torsional springs in cross-flow is obtained from fully coupled fluid-structure simulations. Results show that fixed and forced rotations of the cylinders are able to predict quite well the static deflection angles and instability ranges respectively.

Cylindrical bodies Finite element method Fluid structure interaction

2015051179

Numerical simulation of vortex-induced vibration of circle cylinders based on Reynolds number similarity. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 341 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Zhou, Y., Huang, W. English

A method based on Reynolds number similarity, of the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of circle cylinders is proposed to achieve VIV similarity between prototype and tested model. Because the mode of vortex shedding highly depends on Reynolds number,

ABSTRACTS 433

the VIV response of a circle cylinder is closely related to Reynolds number and reduced velocity. However, the scaled model test of circle cylinder’s VIV is nowadays designed based on Froude number similarity but Reynolds number not similar under the same fluid for both model and prototype. Therefore, the VIV response of tested model is not similar to that of the prototype because they have different vortex shedding modes. It means that the test results cannot be used to predict the VIV response of the prototype according to the scaling law based on Froude number similarity. In this paper, the relationship between prototype and model based on Reynolds number similarity has been deduced. The prototype and three scaled models with different similarity schemes have been simulated using CFD to validate the method. The results show that the similarity between prototype and model is satisfied by the Reynolds number similarity and both Froude number and Reynolds number similarity. But the similarity between prototype and model is not satisfied by Froude number similarity.

Cylindrical bodies Reynolds number Vortex induced vibration

2015051180

Numerical simulation of wake induced by flow passing by cylinders at high Reynolds number using discrete vortex method. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 346 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Sun, L., Liu, C.F., Zong, Z. English

The deepwater riser may experience vortex-induced vibration (VIV) as exerted by the flows in the sea. The fluid excitation of a flexible pipe results in modal vibrations. To solve the fluid-structure interaction problem of vortex-induced vibration of bluff bodies at high Reynolds number in a range of natural frequencies and damping ratios, the strip theory approach will be taken into this study, and the discrete vortex method is used to calculate the vortex-

induced vibration of each strip, while the finite volume method is employed for evaluating the structure dynamics of a 3D deepwater riser.

Cylindrical bodies Finite volume method Reynolds number Risers Vortex induced vibration

2015051181

Comparisons of experimental and numerical results for global hydroelastic response of container ship within the WILS III JIP. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 764 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Tiphine, E., Bigot, F., Et al English

The hydroelastic ship structural response might be an important part of the overall response. The difficulties related to the correct modelling of this type of structural response, either numerically or experimentally, are very important and it is fair to say that the problem is not fully mastered today. There are currently several research projects worldwide aiming at solving this problem, most of them combining numerical modelling, small scale model tests and full scale measurements. One of these projects is the WILS III project, in which model tests of an ultra large container ship flexible model are conducted in different operating conditions. The focus is made on the measurement of the bow flare impact loads that drive the whipping response, and on the improved modelling and measurement of the ship torsional behaviour. To this purpose, a new elastic backbone has been fitted on the model, and an innovative procedure for torsion measurement has been proposed. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the new measurement method. Torsion induced strains in the model backbone are influenced by the entire distribution of torsional moment, so that usual strain conversion procedures fail. The new method uses a base of distortion modes to take all strain gauges into account at once and overcome the

434 ABSTRACTS

difficulty. In the second part of the paper, comparisons of a hydroelastic numerical model with the model tests are presented. The numerical model is the combination of a full 3D FEM structural model and a 3D hydrodynamic model based on Boundary Integral Equation (BIE) technique. In addition, a 2D slamming model is added in time domain. Special emphasis is given to the oblique wave cases which are much more complex to model.

Containerships Hydroelasticity Slamming Springing Whipping

2015051182

Numerical prediction of hull girder vibration due to ship springing. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 792 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Kim, J-D., Koo, W., Et al English

Since modern ships become larger and their longitudinal strength may be of concern, severe vibration of the ship caused by the resonance with natural frequencies, so-called springing has to be considered and its effect on the hull strength should be applied to the design of such a large ship. In this study, the hull girder vibration due to ship springing is estimated by solving the hydroelastic problem using the strip theory based numerical tool. The ship is assumed to be an elastic beam (Timoshenko beam) and its hydrodynamic force is calculated by the quadratic-strip theory. To solve the equation of elastic body motion, the hydrodynamic coefficients are calculated using the Lewis form method for fast calculation and simplicity of the program. Using the developed program, various types of ships are examined and their vertical bending moments are compared to evaluate the springing responses.

Containerships Hull vibration Springing Strip method

2015051183

Springing loads and fatigue assessment on large container ships. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 798 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Lee, Y., White, N., Et al English

The methods for the determination of the springing response for inclusion in the fatigue assessment are presented. Fluid structure interaction models are used to investigate nonlinear wave actions and wave induced global loads acting on large container ships. Time domain simulation techniques in critical wave frequencies are employed to investigate effects of springing on design bending moments of a large container ship based on the Lloyd’s Register 2014 Rule requirements for container ships that mandate springing fatigue analysis for large container ships. This study shows that the fatigue life is significantly reduced due to the inclusion of springing effects on a large container ship.

Containerships Fatigue life Fluid structure interaction Hydroelasticity Springing

2015051184

Towards a pragmatic method for prediction of whipping: wedge impact simulations using OpenFOAM. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 806 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Southall, N.R., Lee, Y., Et al English

This paper presents an approach for the prediction of impact loads using the open-source computational fluid dynamics code OpenFOAM. Computational results displaying the time history of impact pressures and forces for drop tests of two dimensional wedges for 20 degree and 30 degree dead rise angles and varying tilt angles are compared against experimental results from WILS JIP-III. An incompressible volume of fluid computational scheme is used to capture the

ABSTRACTS 435

free surface effects. The key numerical idealisation factors of the method employed are identified and the steps taken to overcome those are described. Preliminary results using a compressible flow solver are also presented and initial investigations into the sensitivity of the results to mesh density and domain size are described.

Computational fluid dynamics Impact loads Slamming Wedges Whipping

2015051185

Experimental study on the bow-flare slamming of a 10,000 TEU containership. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 816 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Hong, S.Y., Kim, K-H., Et al English

Bow-flare slamming has been paid attention by ship classification societies because it causes local damage or severe whipping vibrations which affect the ultimate strength and fatigue life of a ship. WILS JIPIII (Wave Induced Loads on Ships Joint Industry Project-III) has been launched and conducted by KRISO, Korea, which aims to measure the slamming impact loads, vertical bending moment, and torsional moment in regular and irregular waves. A 10,000 TEU containership with six segments was used with the scale ratio of 1:60. The segments were connected by a U-shape steel backbone where a number of strain gauges were installed to measure structural responses. A number of force and pressure sensors were distributed on the bow flare section in order to measure the temporal and spatial distribution of slamming load during tests. Based on the measured data, characteristics of the bow-flare slamming loads are presented and discussed.

Bows Containerships Impact loads Slamming

2015051186

Wet damping estimation of the scaled segmented hull model using the random decrement technique. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 824 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Kim, Y., Park, S-G. English

Damping is one of the most uncertain factors in structural dynamic problems, and plays a very important role in resonance phenomena such as springing. This paper presents the wet damping estimation of a segmented hull model using a random decrement technique together with continuous wavelet transform. The 16 sea states were grouped together based on the speed of the ship to determine the possible influence of the ship speed on the damping ratio. The measured time histories of the vertical bending moment for each tested sea state were processed using the random decrement technique to derive the free decay signal, from which the damping ratios were estimated. In addition, the autocorrelation functions of the filtered signal were calculated and a comparison was made with the free decay signal obtained from the random decrement technique. The wet damping ratios for each sea state group, as well as precise wet natural frequencies, were estimated using a continuous wavelet transform. The wet natural frequencies derived from the measured signal did not show any significant discrepancy compared to those obtained using the wet hammering test, whereas a significant discrepancy was observed with the damping ratio. The discrepancy of the damping ratio between in calm and moving water might be due to the viscous effects caused by the dramatically different flow patterns and relative velocity between the vibrating structure and surrounding fluid particles.

Damping Hulls Hydroelasticity Springing Whipping

436 ABSTRACTS

2015051187

Simulation of wave impact loads in OpenFOAM. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 377 [8 p, 9 ref, 4 tab, 7 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Gatin, I., Vukčević, V., Jasak, H. English

This paper presents numerical simulation of wave loads on static offshore structures. The Naval Hydro Pack in OpenFOAM is used. Two phase free surface flow model is used with Volume of Fluid and Level Set method for interface capturing. Governing equations are discretized using the Finite Volume Method. Wave modelling with relaxation zones is described. Simulation of 3D dam break with fixed square column is carried out. Results are compared with corresponding experimental data. Next, a method for freak wave initialization using wave focusing is given. Wave components are obtained using standard wave energy spectra. Simulation of freak wave is shown.

Computational fluid dynamics Freak waves Wave loads on structures

2015051188

Nonlinear simulations of wave-induced motions of a freely floating body using WCSPH method. Applied Ocean Research, v 50, March 2015, pp 1-12 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118714001175 Ren, B., He, M., Et al English

Nonlinear interactions between waves and floating bodies are investigated using the weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (WCSPH) method. An improved algorithm based on the dynamic boundary particles (DBPs) is proposed to treat the moving boundary of the floating body. The force exerted on the floating body boundary particle by the particles surrounding it is evaluated using the volume integration of the stress tensors obtained from the momentum equation in its compact support. The

improved WCSPH model is validated by the experimental results. The numerical test cases of the vertical oscillation of a rectangular box, the damped rolling oscillation of a floating box and the wave forces on a fixed rectangular box are then carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model. Finally the evolution in time of the dynamic response of the freely floating body under nonlinear waves are discussed and compared with experimental results.

Floating bodies Fluid structure interaction Nonlinearity Wave forces

2015051189

Linearised water wave problems involving submerged horizontal plates. Applied Ocean Research, v 50, March 2015, pp 91-109 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118714000716 Porter, R. English

In this paper a number of related linearised water wave problems all involving thin submerged horizontal plates are considered. An integral transform approach is adopted and used to formulate integral equations in terms of unknown functions related to the jump in pressure across the plate. A Galerkin method is applied to the solution of these integral equations leading to elegant expressions for quantities of interest and a rapidly convergent numerical scheme. The focus of the paper is to demonstrate the application of this method in a number of settings including both two-dimensional problems applied to infinitely-long plates of constant width and three-dimensional problems involving circular discs. In the process new results ae presented including, for example, for wave-free forced oscillations of plates.

Integral equations Thin plates Underwater Wave diffraction Wave radiation

ABSTRACTS 437

2015051190

Wave resonances in a narrow gap between two barges using fully nonlinear numerical simulation. Applied Ocean Research, v 50, March 2015, pp 119-129 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141118715000048 Feng, X., Bai, W. English

The traditional potential flow theory to describe fully nonlinear waves is reformulated by separating the contributions from incident and scattered waves, in order to improve the computational efficiency. The nonlinear incoming wave is specified explicitly and the modified nonlinear free surface boundary conditions for the scattered wave are expressed in the full Lagrangian description. At each time step only the scattered wave is solved using a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme by a higher-order boundary element method. The accuracy of the newly developed model is illustrated by comparisons with existing experimental and numerical data in the case of wave diffraction around an array of circular cylinders. Wave resonances in the gap between two side-by-side barges in beam seas, as in Molin et al., are simulated with the barges subjected to regular waves. To clearly understand the gap resonant responses, long time simulations are performed to achieve final steady states, and the resonant mode shapes of the gap surface are presented. The gap free surface RAOs (Response Amplitude Operators) in the case of mild waves are found to agree well with linear calculations. The nonlinear effects on the resonant response due to the free surface conditions are then investigated. The first resonant frequency is found to shift but the peak value is not changed much with increasing incoming wave steepness, which is known as stiff/soft spring behaviour of a nonlinear system. Through the investigation of barges with different drafts, the stiff and soft spring behaviours are identified.

Gaps Multibody systems Numerical models Resonance Wave diffraction

2015051191

Shallow water effects on high order statistics and probability distributions of wave run-ups along FPSO broadside. Marine Structures, v 41, April 2015, pp 1-19 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833914000999 Xiao, L., Yang, J., Et al English

Ship hydrodynamics in shallow water becomes especially complicated since the nonlinearities in both the incident waves and the wave–hull interactions will be affected by the water depth. For a ship-shaped Floating Production, Storage and Offloading unit (FPSO) operating in shallow water, the broadside often suffers from the wave run-up and green water incidents in non-collinear harsh ocean environments. By applying the methods of ordinary moments and L-moments and the empirical Weibull distribution on the data measured in a series of model experiments, the high order statistics and the exceedance probability distribution of the run-ups along the FPSO broadside are evaluated and the effects of the shallow water depth and the incident environments are analysed in this paper. It is seen that both the incident waves and the wave run-ups are non-Gaussian in shallow water and that the wave run-up characteristics are significantly influenced by the water depth and the incident environments, while the contribution due to the vessel vertical motions is negligible for the FPSO used in this study. The exceedance probabilities of the wave run-ups show that the broadside will be more likely to suffer from serious wave run-up and green water incidents in shallower water, in a higher incident wave and a non-collinear environment, especially so at locations around the FPSO midship within a range of 3/8Lpp ∼ 5/8Lpp. The dependency of the shape and scale parameters of the wave run-up probability distributions on the locations and the environment is quantified by model tests. The present study leads to the conclusion that the wave run-up characteristics and the shallow water effects should be considered carefully in determining the wave loads and the freeboard of a large FPSO in non-collinear environment conditions.

FPSOs Probability distribution functions Shallow water Wave runup

438 ABSTRACTS

2015051192

Numerical simulations of a moving multibody using a two-phase solver. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 666 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Ye, J., Li, T., Et al English

A Radial Basis Function (RBF) cut-cell approach is developed to study the dynamic behaviour of a multibody excited by impulsive waves using a highly efficient LES (large eddy simulation) two-phase solver. The latter uses a novel VOF finite volume method incorporating a dynamic subgrid-scale model. This includes a multibody mass-force model to capture the interactions between the body motions and fluid flows. An understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of the interactive effects between moving bodies provides information to better design offshore multibody structures.

Dynamic response Mathematical models Multibody systems

2015051193

Numerical simulations to compute rate of water ingress into open holds due to green waters. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 739 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Joga, R.K., Saripilli, J.R., Et al English

The nonlinear ship-wave interaction phenomenon occurring when the relative free surface motions exceed the free board of a vessel is studied using RANSE based Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This work illustrates a methodology developed using an unsteady RANSE based CFD tools to simulate complex green water flows and determine rate of water ingress into open holds of container ship. The methodology involves modelling appendages, open holds and generation of irregular waves. Simulations are performed on an open top container vessel operating in long crested irregular seas for one case as specified in the model test procedures given by IMO. Numerical computations

of motion responses and rate of water ingress are compared with experiments.

Cargo holds Computational fluid dynamics Deck wetness Water entry

2015051194

Nonlinear dynamic response and strength evaluation of a containership in extreme waves based on hydroelastoplasticity method. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 652 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Liu, W., Suzuki, K., Et al English

Extreme waves have caused a great number of ship accidents and casualties in the ocean. The nonlinear dynamic response of a ship beam is studied in extreme waves based on a hydroelastoplasticity method. On the one hand, traditional ultimate strength evaluation is mainly carried out in quasi-static assumption and no dynamic wave effect is considered. On the other hand, dynamic response of ship induced by wave is studied on the basis of hydroelasticity theory so that no nonlinear ship structural response can be obtained in large waves. In this paper, a 2D hydroelastoplasticity method which takes into account the coupling between time-domain wave and nonlinear ship beam is proposed. This method contains hydroelasticity and simplified progressive collapse method to combine wave load and structural nonlinearity. Currently, a ship beam considering plasticity is used to simulate nonlinear ship structure. A number of computational results of ship beam in some extreme waves including VBM and deformational curvature at midship are obtained by the hydroelastoplasticity method, and the influence of wave speed and focus wave steepness on response and strength of ship beam is studied too. In addition, they are compared with results of hydroelasticity, and some difference and conclusion are also obtained.

Containerships Dynamic response Extreme waves Hydroelasticity Plastic properties

ABSTRACTS 439

2015051195

Review of theoretical investigation of slamming of global wave loads on ship structures. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, v 10 n 1, February 2015, pp 7-18 http://www.ship-research.com/EN/abstract/abstract1246.shtml Wang, X., Yang, P., Et al Chinese

The global wave loads slammed on ship structures is a strong nonlinear problem of fluid structure interaction. It usually results in major vibration of the hull girder according to the 2-node resonant frequency in waves, which is called whipping. Two kinds of structural problems are caused by whipping: the ultimate strength problem and the fatigue damage problem, both of which are unavoidable in the design of ship structures. In this paper, theoretical investigation of the problem presented above is reviewed systemically, and both advantages and disadvantages of two- and three-dimensional theories in the prediction of the slamming force are presented. The review shows that certain basic assumptions and mathematical models in the two-dimensional theory may pose restrictions on the wide application of the two-dimensional theory in hypertrophy vessels, multi-body vessels, and ocean platforms, though it has been used for more than half century. However, the three-dimensional theory bypasses those restrictions and can be used more widely in naval architectures and ocean engineering. The three-dimensional hydro-elasticity theory includes some nonlinear effects such as the flare influence and can be used to predict the slamming with a higher accuracy. This is one of the most important developing directions of the theoretical investigation for the slamming of global wave loads on ship structures.

Hydroelasticity Ship structures Slamming Whipping

2015051196

The numerical study on the flow characteristics in two-dimensional moonpool in waves. Journal of Korean Navigation and Port Research, v 38 n 5, October 2014, p 443 [8 p, 18 ref, 1 tab, 15 fig] http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=GHMHD9_2014_v38n5_443 Lee, S-M., Im, N-K. English

The objective of this study is to examine the nonlinear fluid characteristics near and inside a moonpool in various sea conditions. The authors estimate the flow of the free surface in a moonpool taking into account the viscosity effect and the hydrodynamic forces that affects a moonpool and hull through CFD calculations. The comparison of horizontal forces per wave length shows that the hydrodynamic force is greater for the long wave length than short wave length, and the greatest hydrodynamic force acts on the moonpool when the wave length is equal to the ship's length. The horizontal force decreases as the wave amplitude decreases, and the hydrodynamic force acting on the moonpool in λ=LBP is 10 times that in λ=LBP/3. The free surface demonstrates the piston mode, in which it oscillates up and down while remaining essentially flat, and the rise of the free surface level increases as the wave length increases. It can be assumed that the hydrodynamic force acting on the moonpool increases owing to the effect of a strong vortex for λ=LBP and owing to the rise of the free surface level for λ=LBPx2.

Computational fluid dynamics Free surfaces Hydrodynamic forces Moonpools

2015051197

Exact pressure integrations on submerged bodies in waves using a quadtree adaptive mesh algorithm. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, v 76 n 10, 10 December 2014, pp 632-652 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fld.3948/abstract Rodrigues, J.M., Guedes Soares, C. English

The development of an adaptive free surface, mesh cutting, methodology, in order to analytically integrate pressures on varying wet parts of partially submerged surfaces in the presence of waves, is

440 ABSTRACTS

presented. Given a function of free-surface elevation, the algorithm checks for the intersection of the body with the free surface and, based on user-defined parameters, modifies the initial mesh, by subdividing the elements where necessary and eliminating others, via a quadtree approach. Redundant sub-divisions, generated in the quad-division process, are partially eliminated, but the quadrilateral nature of the elements is always kept. The free-surface function must be single-valued and its definition domain simply connected. Hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces are computed exactly on each panel by means of analytical formulations, which are derived and presented, based on the theory of linear gravity waves and from applying Green's theorem.

Fluid structure interaction Free surfaces Incompressible flow Submerged bodies

2015051198

Effect of status parameters for elastic wedge on dynamic performance of water-entry. Journal of Ship Mechanics, n 11, 2014, pp 1320-1330 http://www.cssrc.com/ Huang, Y-n., Huang, Y., Et al Chinese

In order to analyse the influence of various status parameters of ship slamming on dynamic performance of water-entry, a new CFD method is presented to numerically simulate the physical process of a 2D elastic wedge entering water. The surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh system were used to treat the moving free surface and solid boundary. By combining with the finite element theory of an elastic beam structure, the CFD method was developed to study the hydroelastic performance of an elastic structure during water-entry. In this method, based on the characteristics of Cartesian cut cell mesh and beam element, a particular data transfer method on elastic boundary is deduced and described. By comparing with the experimental data, the calculated results show the feasibility and validity of this present method to calculate the water entry problem of an elastic wedge. Finally, free falling water-entry models of an elastic wedge with various structural parameters (material properties, structural

thickness and mass, deadrise angle, initial height, and so on) were created, and then the effects of structural parameters on global rigid motion and local elastic response of free-falling elastic wedge were studied and discussed.

Dynamic response Water entry Wedges

2015051199

Non-linear wave runup along the side of ships causing green water problems: experiments and first CFD calculations. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23022 [8 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911341 Buchner, B., Berg, J. van den, Et al English

Large relative wave motions along the side of a ship can lead to green water on the deck. With a simplified test setup of a thin plate under an angle with the wave direction (to separate non-linear wave run up from motion effects), the non-linear wave reflection along the side of ships is studied in this paper. These pilot tests with regular and irregular waves gave new insight in the process of non-linear wave run up with plunging and spilling breakers close to the plate. The complex processes observed made clear that linear or second order models will not be able to predict this behaviour accurately. Previously it was concluded that CFD methods that allow wave breaking are necessary for a prediction of these important effects. In this paper a first pilot study is presented with an improved Volume of Fluid Method. It is concluded that the method is in principle able to present these relative wave motions, but that a finer gridding is necessary to study the detailed flows.

Computational fluid dynamics Deck wetness Wave propagation Wave runup

ABSTRACTS 441

2015051200

Transient hydrodynamic forces on a disconnectable turret buoy. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23174 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911350 Huang, Z.J., Walker, K.M., Et al English

For disconnectable turret-moored FPSOs, accurate prediction of turret buoy and FPSO motions during the buoy disconnection process is essential for safe operations. For deepwater high production rate systems, large size buoys are required to accommodate the large number of risers and heavy mooring legs. Analytical models of hydrodynamic forces on large size buoys must be verified before they are applied to motion predictions. To gain a better understanding of the transient hydrodynamic loads on the buoy and hydrodynamic interactions between the buoy and the hull during disconnection, a specially designed model test in a tow tank was conducted. In the model tests, both the buoy and the FPSO models were forced to oscillate by two independent actuators in calm water and in waves. Summary of test results, computed transient hydrodynamic forces from a simplified approach, a true time-domain transient hydrodynamic analysis based on instantaneous buoy positions, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results are presented in this paper.

Buoys Hydrodynamic forces Model tests Transient response

2015051201

Wave-in-deck impact load measurements on a fixed platform deck. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23180 [11 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911352 Scharnke, J., Vesbøstad, T., Et al English

New methods for estimation of extreme wave crest heights have resulted in an increase of the estimated 10,000 year crest height. At the Norwegian Continental Shelf this increase is typically 2 to 4 m, resulting in a crest height of 22 m to 24 m in the Central & Northern North Sea and the Haltenbanken area. As a result several fixed platforms designed prior to 2000 may experience negative air gap if being hit by the 10,000 year wave crest height. Numerical methods have been used for assessing wave-in-deck impact loads. The model tests discussed in this paper were conducted to be used as verification of the numerical codes. For the model tests two sea states along the 10,000 year contour line were considered. Several 3-hour (full scale time) realizations were calibrated in order to capture the natural variability of the most extreme crest heights. For wave deck impact problems, one is merely interested in the few very large wave crests out of a 3-hour simulation. A more efficient test scope would, therefore, be to generate only the largest wave groups of the realizations. For this reason the most extreme crest(s) per sea state were identified and most wave-in-deck tests were conducted by generating only the part of the time series containing the large crest(s). The wave calibration results were discussed in a previous paper. For the wave-in-deck model tests, an existing North Sea jacket was built at scale 1:60 and instrumented in order to measure the global loads on the platform deck independently from the loads on the jacket itself. In this paper the model test setup as well as the measured wave-in-deck impact loads are

442 ABSTRACTS

discussed and compared to a simplified load prediction model. The presented results show that the simplified loading model, with wave properties based on Stokes 5th order wave theory, underestimates the measured horizontal deck loads.

Impact loads Model tests Platform decks Wave loads on structures

2015051202

Water wave scattering by a nearly circular cylinder submerged beneath an ice-cover. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 69-75 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1289-7 Chakraborty, R., Mandal, B.N. English

Assuming linear theory, the two-dimensional problem of water wave scattering by a horizontal nearly circular cylinder submerged in infinitely deep water with an ice cover modeled as a thin-elastic plate floating on water, is investigated here. The cross-section of the nearly circular cylinder is taken as r=a (1+δC (θ)), where a is the radius of the corresponding circular cross-section of the cylinder, δ is a measure of small departure of the cross-section of the cylinder from its circularity and C (θ) is the shape function. Using a simplified perturbation technique the problem is reduced to two independent boundary value problems up to first order in δ. The first one corresponds to water wave scattering by a circular cylinder submerged in water with an ice-cover, while the second problem describes wave radiation by a submerged circular cylinder and involves first order correction to the reflection and transmission coefficients. The corrections are obtained in terms of integrals involving the shape function. Assuming a general Fourier expansion of the shape function, these corrections are evaluated approximately. It is well known that normally incident wave trains experience no reflection by a circular cylinder submerged in infinitely deep water with an ice cover. It is shown here that the reflection coefficient also vanishes up to first order for some particular choice of the shape function representing a nearly circular cylinder. For these cases, full transmission occurs, only change is

in its phase which is depicted graphically against the wave number in a number of figures and appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Cylindrical bodies Ice cover Scattering Water waves

3.5 AERODYNAMICS AND WIND ENGINEERING

2015051203

Numerical investigations on the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine: Downwind versus upwind configuration. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 61-68 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1295-9 Zhou, H., Wan, D. English

Although the upwind configuration is more popular in the field of wind energy, the downwind one is a promising type for offshore wind energy due to its special advantages. Different configurations have different aerodynamic performances and it is important to predict the performance of both downwind and upwind configurations accurately for designing and developing more reliable wind turbines. In this paper, a numerical investigation on wind turbine in downwind and upwind configurations is presented. The open source toolbox OpenFOAM coupled with arbitrary mesh interface (AMI) method is applied to tackle rotating problems of wind turbines. Two 3D numerical models of the wind turbine with downwind and upwind configurations under four typical working conditions of incoming wind velocities are set up for the study of different unsteady characteristics of the downwind and upwind configurations, respectively. Numerical results of wake vortex structure, time histories of thrust, pressure distribution on the blade and limiting streamlines which can be used to identify points of separation in a 3D flow are presented. It can be concluded that thrust reduction due to blade-tower interaction is small for upwind wind turbines but relatively large for downwind wind turbines and

ABSTRACTS 443

attention should be paid to the vibration at a certain frequency induced by the cyclic reduction for both configurations. The results and conclusions are helpful to analyse the different aerodynamic performance of wind turbines between downwind and upwind configurations, providing useful references for practical design of wind turbine.

Aerodynamics Wind turbines

4.1 STRUCTURAL RESPONSE

2015051204

Risk assessment for ship collisions against offshore structures. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 2, p 11 [11 p, 24 ref, 2 tab, 11 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Pedersen, P.T. English

Offshore installations served by in-field vessels and/or situated in the vicinity of ship traffic lanes are exposed to collision hazards such as risk of loss of life, economic loss, and environmental damage. Therefore, one of the many performance goals in the design phase of such structures is to ensure that the risk for major accidents and service disruptions is low enough to be acceptable to users, the public and those responsible for public safety. The collision risk hazards must also be re-evaluated at proper time intervals during the operational phase in order to update the risk estimate due to changes in ship traffic in the vicinity of the offshore structures and new developments within navigational equipment and procedures. The paper highlights some of the available analytical elements in collision frequency estimation and response calculations for different types of offshore installations and indicates how these tools can be applied to evaluate relevant risk control options.

Collision resistance Offshore structures Risk analysis Ship collisions

2015051205

Experimental analysis of a box girder with double span subject to pure bending moment. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 42, p 397 [6 p, 15 ref, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Gordo, J.M., Guedes Soares, C. English

The results of a four points bending test on a box girder are presented. The experiment is part of series of tests with similar configuration but different thickness and span between frames. The experiment includes initial loading cycles allowing for residual stresses relief. The moment curvature relationship is established for a large range of curvature. The ultimate bending moment of the box is evaluated and compared with the first yield moment and the plastic moment allowing the evaluation of the efficiency of the structure. The post buckling behaviour and collapse mode are characterized. Comparison of the experiment with a progressive collapse method is made taking into consideration the effect of residual stresses on the moment curvature relationship of the structure.

Bending moments Collapse Girders

2015051206

A study on the progressive collapse behaviour of a damaged hull girder. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 43, p 405 [11 p, 22 ref, 5 tab, 15 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Makouei, S.H., Teixeira, A.P., Guedes Soares, C. English

This study takes into account the influence of the rotation of the neutral axis on the residual hull girder strength of asymmetrically damaged ships under longitudinal bending to obtain a simple design formula to predict the residual strength of a damaged ship from its intact strength. For this purpose a simplified pure incremental method is developed to calculate the progressive collapse of the damaged

444 ABSTRACTS

cross section under combined bending using the analytical stress-strain curves for stiffened plate elements, hard corners and plate elements. Firstly, the results of the developed program are compared with experimental results of intact and damaged box girders available in the literature. Then, the progressive collapse analysis of an AFRAMAX tanker ship in different damage scenarios is performed. A set of simple design formulas are developed to obtain responses for different operating conditions and damage parameters.

Collapse Hull damage Hull girders Hull strength

2015051207

Ultimate strength assessment of a container ship accounting for the effect of neutral axis movement. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 44, p 417 [7 p, 15 ref, 2 tab, 16 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Tekgoz, M., Garbatov, Y., Guedes Soares, C. English

The objective of this work is to analyse the effect of the neutral axis movement, translation and rotation, of the mid-ship section on the ultimate load carrying capacity of a container ship subjected to asymmetrical bending moment for a non-damaged ship hull. The ultimate bending moment assessments are performed by the solution stipulated by the Common Structural Rules, finite element method and MARS2000 software. The achieved results are compared and discussed.

Bending moments Containerships Ultimate strength

2015051208

Influence of the shear force and distributed load on the longitudinal ultimate strength. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 45, p 425 [14 p, 23 ref, 5 tab, 16 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Zanic, V., Kitarovic, S. English

This paper considers assessment of the ultimate bending capacity, i.e. ultimate limit state evaluation in the concept design of the monotonous thin-walled structures predominantly subjected to vertical bending loads during their exploitation. Using a proposed progressive collapse analysis method based on Smith’s approach, various relevant effects of the shear force Q(x) and distributed load q(x) are incorporated into the ultimate bending moment assessment resulting in more sophisticated evaluation of the ultimate bending capacity and more accurate and reliable identification of the critical cross section. Influence of the (ultimate) shear capacity on the (ultimate) bending capacity is discussed, along with the various aspects of the considered problem. Accuracy of the considered approach is discussed and demonstrated on example of the thin-walled box-girder and detailed comparison of the results obtained by the proposed approach and nonlinear finite element method analyses is given.

Longitudinal strength Shear stress Ultimate strength

2015051209

Cryogenic crashworthiness of LNG fuel storage tanks. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 46, p 441 [8 p, 8 ref, 2 tab, 16 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Atli-Veltin, B., Vredeveldt, A.W. English

Shipping is gradually embracing natural gas as bunker fuel. The most viable way to store natural gas on board is in its liquid form. Gas needs to be cooled to cryogenic temperatures and in practice moderately

ABSTRACTS 445

pressurized. On board ships, solely double walled pressure tanks are used for this purpose. Loss of containment due to a collision is one of the hazards to be addressed, because of both the flammable nature of natural gas and the low temperatures which will cause brittle fracture of the ship’s structure when spilled. This paper reports how the crash energy absorbing capacity of cryogenic tanks has been investigated, computationally and experimentally. Results show that the tanks can absorb a significant amount of energy without bursting. This information is considered in the frame of a larger picture and the required distances by the guidelines between the ship hull and tank on the deck is open to discussions.

Energy absorption Impact strength LNG tanks

2015051210

Structural analysis under ice loads for ships operating in Arctic waters. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 47, p 449 [6 p, 13 ref, 5 tab, 10 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ehlers, S., Erceg, B., Et al English

Ships and offshore structures operating in ice-covered waters need to comply with the site-specific ice-induced loads. The common approach to obtain this load in a format suitable to design is to carry out full-scale experiments, either in the form of ship trials, ship rams or indentation tests. As a result, pressure area relationships or time histories of line-like loads can be obtained and utilised in offshore and ship structural design, respectively. Simulation models representing such measured loads to allow for reliable numerical assessments of structural components are however scarce. The latter is a result of the complex physics involved in the ice crushing and fracture processes that primarily determine the pressure-area relationships. Therefore, this paper seeks to identify a

representative spatial and temporal ice load sequence corresponding to different ice conditions to be used in design considerations. This will become possible if this identified load is applied to the structure in question instead of the commonly used rules-based patch load.

Ice loads Ice transiting vessels Structural analysis Structural response

2015051211

Structural assessment under sloshing impact for the IMO Type B independent LNG tank. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 180 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Kim, D-H., Jeong, H-N., Et al English

Sloshing assessment is very important to validate the safety of any type of LNG cargo containment systems. In order to clarify the safety against sloshing impact inside the independent type LNG tank, the direct method for the assessment of sloshing effect is proposed. The specialized sloshing experiment and a transient explicit structural analysis are mainly conducted. From the statistical results of sloshing model tests, the highest representative sloshing impact pressure is specified. A 3D FE model is used for global structural responses in LSDYNA. Boundary and dynamic load conditions are based on class rules. The results show low sloshing severity and appropriate safety under sloshing loads for the tank.

LNG tanks Sloshing Structural analysis Structural response

446 ABSTRACTS

2015051212

Whipping investigations based on large-scale measurements and experimental fatigue testing. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 3, p 774 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Kahl, A., Fricke, W., Et al English

Wave loads and slamming loads acting on the ship’s hull lead to superposition of low-frequency wave-induced stresses and high-frequency stresses from whipping as well as springing effects. The question to which amount the latter contributes to the total fatigue damage of structural details is still under discussion. Furthermore the question to which amount high-frequency effects are covered by the Rule-based design loads is not finally solved. Also, fatigue damage assessment typically relies on rainflow counting and Palmgren-Miner Rule for linear damage accumulation but it is not yet proven whether this approach works well for superimposed high- and low-frequency stresses. Loads recorded in full-scale measurements onboard of a containership are the basis of this investigation. Fatigue assessment of measured stress shows a significant damage increase due to high-frequency contribution. However, it has to be emphasized that this is not reflected by observed damages of the fleet in service. To get more insight into the fatigue damaging mechanism of combined low- and high-frequency loads, fatigue tests have been performed in cooperation between DNV GL and TUHH. Transverse stiffeners on a continuous plate have been selected for tests as a representative structural detail. The Palmgren-Miner rule will be verified by test series with measured unfiltered as well as with low-pass filtered loads sequences.

Fatigue tests Hull girders Longitudinal strength Wave loads on ships Whipping

2015051213

Experimental and numerical study on vibration of the full-revolving propulsion ship stern. China Ocean Engineering, v 29 n 1, March 2015, pp 33-48 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13344-015-0003-5 Liu, C-q., Che, C-d., Shen, X-h. English

In order to solve the severe vibration problems of an oceangoing ship with a full-revolving propulsion system, navigation tests, including forced vibration response test and modal test, were carried out in its stern. It is concluded from the comparison of the time-domain waveform and spectrum from different measurement points that three main factors lead to a high-level stern vibration. Firstly, the specific dynamic stiffness of a water tank is relatively small compared with its neighbor hold, which makes it act like a vibration isolator preventing vibrational energy transmitting to the main hold. Secondly, there exists high-density local modes in the working frequency range of the main engine and thus the local resonance occurs. Thirdly, the abnormal engagement of gears caused by the large deflection of the shaft bearing due to its low mounting rigidity leads to violent extra impulse excitations at high speeds. Then the modification against the dynamic defects is given by simply improving the specific stiffness of the water tanks. And the effect is validated by the FEM calculation. Some important experience is obtained with the problems being solved, which is useful in the design of ships with the same propulsion system. It is also believed that the dynamic consideration is as important as the static analysis for the ships, and that most of the vibration problems may be avoided with a proper acoustic design.

Sterns Vibration

2015051214

An efficient FE computation for predicting welding induced buckling in production of ship panel structure. Marine Structures, v 41, April 2015, pp 20-52 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833914001026 Wang, J., Ma, N., Murakawa, H. English

In a Thermal-Elastic-Plastic (TEP) FE analysis to investigate welding induced buckling of large thin plate welded structures such as ship panels, it will be

ABSTRACTS 447

extremely difficult to converge the computation and obtain the results when the material and geometrical non-linear behaviours are both considered. In this study, an efficient FE computation which is an elastic FE analysis based on inherent deformation method, is proposed to predict welding induced buckling with employing large deformation theory, and an application in ship panel production is carried out. The proposed FE computation is implemented with two steps: (1) The typical weld joint (fillet weld) existing in considered ship panel structure is conducted with sequential welding using actual welding condition, and welding angular distortion after completely cooling down is measured. A TEP FE analysis with solid elements model is carried out to predict the welding angular distortion, which is validated by comparing with experimental results. Then, inherent deformations in this examined fillet welded joint are evaluated as a loading for the subsequent elastic FE analysis. Also, the simultaneous welding to assemble this fillet welded joint is numerically considered and its inherent deformations are evaluated. (2) To predict the welding induced buckling in the production of ship panel structure, a shell element model of considered ship panel is then employed for elastic FE analysis, in which inherent deformation evaluated beforehand is applied and large deformation is considered. The computed results obviously show welding induced buckling in the considered ship panel structure after welding. With its instability and difficulty for straightening, welding induced buckling prefers to be avoided whenever it is possible.

Buckling Deformation Finite element method Ship structures Welding

2015051215

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions. Marine Structures, v 41, April 2015, pp 77-95 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0951833914001002 Matsuda, K., Gotoh, K. English

Fatigue crack propagation behaviour under superimposed stress histories containing different frequency components with several mean stress conditions was investigated. Numerical simulation of

fatigue crack propagation based on an advanced fracture mechanics approach using the RPG (Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation was improved to extract the effective part from the applied stress history for fatigue crack propagation. The parameter, which is based on the plastic hysteresis energy consumed in the vicinity of a crack tip, was applied and implemented into the numerical simulation code of fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack propagation tests under various superimposed stress conditions with several mean stress conditions were performed and compared with the fatigue crack propagation histories obtained from the improved numerical simulations. These comparisons show the validity of the proposed procedure for extracting the effective stress history from the superimposed stress histories with different frequency components and mean stresses. Additionally, practical fatigue strength evaluations based on the linear cumulative fatigue damage parameter were conducted to investigate the tendency of the fatigue damage value under these stress conditions.

Crack propagation Fatigue cracks Numerical models Stresses

2015051216

Influence of the heeling angle on ultimate bending capacity of damaged ship. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 455 [8 p, 12 ref, 6 tab, 6 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Primorac, B.B., Parunov, J., Žiha, K. English

When a ship is damaged, the operators need to decide on immediate repair actions by evaluating the effects of the damage on the safety of the ship using residual strength assessment procedures. Safety assessments are usually performed with respect to the ultimate vertical bending moment capacity assuming upright position of damaged ship. However, floating conditions of damaged ship could be changed dramatically resulting in change of the draught and trim and also inducing the important heeling angle. In case of the ship heeling the bending moment can be decomposed in two components, one perpendicular

448 ABSTRACTS

and other one aligned to the neutral axis of the intact ship. The problem is equivalent as considering upright damaged section loaded by combined vertical and horizontal bending moments. Such a problem is commonly approached by a nonlinear interaction equation between vertical and horizontal bending moments. The aims of this paper are firstly to review literature with such interaction equations published and then to apply one of them to an example of a damaged tanker loaded by combined bending moments caused by the heeling angle. The purpose is to evaluate importance of the heel on the structural safety of damaged ship.

Bending Heeling Hull damage Ultimate strength

2015051217

Hull girder ultimate strength of aging oil tankers. SORTA 2014, 21st Symposium on Theory and Practice of Shipbuilding; 2-4 October 2014; Baska, Croatia. Proceedings. Published by Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka & Viktor Lenac Shipyard, Rijeka, Croatia, ISBN 978-953-6326-90-7. P 463 [7 p, 18 ref, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.fsb.unizg.hr/brodogradnja/Zbornik_radova_Sorta_2014_final.pdf Jurišic, P., Parunov, J. English

Corrosion wastage and fatigue cracks are the most important causes of structural degradation of ageing ships. General corrosion uniformly reduces thickness of structural elements and structural strength may be evaluated based on such reduced scantlings. In this paper, effect of uniform corrosion on hull girder ultimate strength (HGUS) of three oil tankers is assessed based on thickness measurement reports after 10, 15 and 20 years. The effects of non-uniform corrosion and fatigue cracks are approximately simulated by reducing affected cross-sectional area to evaluate their impact on the ultimate strength. Ultimate longitudinal strength is calculated by progressive collapse analysis using program MARS while results are compared to the IMO requirements.

Ageing ships Corrosion Hull girders Tankers Ultimate strength

2015051218

Effects of gravity on the dynamic characteristics and fatigue life assessment of offshore structures. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 31 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Jia, J. English

The paper discusses the effects of gravity on the dynamic response and fatigue damage assessment of offshore structures. In the traditional fatigue life calculation, the gravity loads of structures are assumed to only contribute to the mean stress of the structures. However, due to the large deformation of the offshore structures subjected to environmental loads, the centres of the gravity for structures vary with time; the gravity loads then exert additional actions on the structures and change their stiffness known as P-Delta effects. In addition, the stress “stiffening/softening” effects induced from the gravity will also tune the structure’s stiffness, thus changing its natural frequencies and alter the responses. Since a slight variation of the stress amplitude may cause a significant change of the fatigue damage, the gravity effects can have significant influence on the calculation of the fatigue damage. This paper first presents the two gravity induced effects aforementioned. A modal analysis of a typical offshore structure with large degrees of freedom is followed to identify the dynamic characteristics influenced from the gravity effects. It is found that gravity load will induce a tendency to cause the coexistence of compressive and tensile forces in various structural members, causing the Eigen periods to increase, decrease or even cross each other. For the current offshore structure with a water depth of 156 m, compared to the stress “stiffening/softening” effects, the P-Delta effects are insignificant on tuning the structure’s stiffness and Eigen periods. Furthermore, based on a procedure to calculate wave induced nonlinear dynamic response (Jia, 2008), the fatigue damage is assessed. It is found that the ignorance of the gravity loads can underestimate the fatigue damage by up to 24%. Finally, through a series of investigations, it is found

ABSTRACTS 449

out that the gravity can have significant effects on both the response statistics and frequency content of the structural responses.

Fatigue life Gravity structures Offshore structures Structural response

2015051219

A review of failure modes in ultimate strength assessment for re-qualification and life extension of an oil field. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 339 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Nezamian, A., Nezamian, M. English

During the life-cycle of an offshore structure the ultimate capacity is an important attribute that affects the life expectancy, requalification and life extension of the facility, and can significantly influence the reliability levels and operational costs. This paper provides an overview of ultimate strength assessments and their role in understanding the structural system response and failure modes to extreme loads for requalification and life extension and demonstrating fitness for purpose of thirteen identified platforms. This paper also discusses the failure modes in ultimate strength of structures taking account of the nonlinear behaviour of members, joints and piling foundation.

Failure Offshore structures Structural response Ultimate strength

2015051220

Representative operational loading conditions for low cycle fatigue assessment of FPSO. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 352 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Megharbi, A., Polezhayeva, H., Et al English

For Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units fatigue cyclic loadings are mainly due to loading/offloading of cargo and wave induced loads. Combinations of hull draughts and tank filling patterns (loading conditions) are the main contributors to low cycle fatigue damage. In this paper, representative loading conditions used by different classification societies in their rules for assessing low cycle fatigue damage are compared. Loading manuals for FPSOs approved by Lloyd’s Register are reviewed. A record of two years draught during loading and offloading is analysed for two FPSOs operating in the North Sea. The representative loading conditions and percentage of operational service life in each loading condition are proposed for low cycle fatigue assessments.

Cyclic loads Fatigue life FPSOs Loading (cargo) Service life

2015051221

Evaluation on the effect of fabrication tolerances on the fatigue performance of critical connections between hull structure and topsides in drillship. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 647 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Chen, Z., Suzuki, K., Et al English

With the continuous development of offshore oil and gas resources in deepwater, fatigue has become a major concern for structure safety. It was recognized that the topside and hull interface structures in drillship are critical for the structure integrity. Consequently, a proper estimation of fatigue life for

450 ABSTRACTS

these interface structures is of uttermost importance. On the other hand, at the design and approval stage, the evaluation of fatigue performance is based on assumptions regarding fabrication quality. Most shipbuilding standards include limits on fabrication tolerances such as misalignment, weld profile defect, etc. However, there is little information available on the extent to which these standards area actually met in practice. There is also limited understanding among most designers, builders and owners regarding to the extent to which fabrication tolerances may influence fatigue performance of structures. In this paper, the available data on fabrication tolerances is reviewed and compared to assumptions used in various fatigue analysis standards and guidelines. The impacts of various tolerances on the fatigue life of topside-hull interface structure details are evaluated and the techniques to improve fatigue performances are recommended.

Drillships Fatigue life Interfaces Tolerances (mechanics)

2015051222

Numerical modelling of the boundary conditions on ship structural components under accidental loading conditions. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 679 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Pan, J., Zhang, M., Xu, M.C. English

It is very important to define the procedure and boundary condition setting in experimental programs to simulate the response of ship structures under accidental loading conditions, such as in collision scenarios, to obtain the reliable results. This paper aims to identify an appropriately experimental program for the unstiffened panels subjected to lateral impact. The influence of different configurations on the impact force and lateral displacement of the unstiffened panels are investigated in the FE analysis, including the boundary conditions, thickness of the plates and velocity of impact, which provide the basis idea for the further experimental program of the structural components analysed. The results of the

plates with the simply supported, clamped and box girder supporting are very close, which are slightly different to that with the steel block supporting with bolt constraint. It is vital that the experimental program have enough number bolts to reduce the influence of the local stress concentration.

Boundary conditions Loads Numerical models Structural response Unstiffened panels

2015051223

Ultimate strength research on river-sea-going ship with large hatch opening. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 685 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Pei, Z., Wu, W., Wu, H. English

River-sea-going ships are often designed to be wide and flat due to the limitation of channel depth. Long and wide hatch openings are usually required in order to improve loading/unloading efficiency. There are enormous challenges on the structural strength of such river-seagoing ships. In this paper, model test and nonlinear finite element analyses are combined together to research its progressive collapse behaviour under combined vertical bending and torsional moments. The test model is fundamental designed in accordance with distorted similarity theory in which plate thickness is considered as an independent dimension. Then, the similarity of slenderness ratio which is principal parameters affecting the ultimate strength of plating and stiffened plate subjected to compressive load is considered to determine the spacing and size of the stiffener. Finally, the ultimate strength of the actual ship is deduced through that of the test model and compared with that obtained by nonlinear finite element analysis.

Collapse Finite element method Model tests Oceangoing river vessels Ultimate strength

ABSTRACTS 451

2015051224

Application of a beam-column element formulation for ultimate strength analyses of thin-walled structures. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 868 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Lindemann, T., Backhaus, E., Kaeding, P. English

In this paper, the collapse behaviour of symmetric thin-walled beams is investigated. An appropriate beam-column element formulation is presented for progressive collapse analyses of beam structures under different kinds of loads. The element behaviour is validated by experimental results. Therefore, a hydraulic test rig for structural components was used. Details of the hydraulic test rig as well as the arrangement of different bending experiments are explained within this paper. Additionally nonlinear finite element analyses are performed for validation purpose.

Bending Collapse Finite element method Thin walls Ultimate strength

2015051225

The effect of initial imperfections and lateral loads on the hull girder ultimate strength of intact and damaged ships. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 896 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Toh, K., Maeda, M., Yoshikawa, T. English

In order to examine the effect of initial imperfections and lateral loads on the hull girder ultimate strength of intact and damaged ships, a series of nonlinear calculation is performed using FE analysis code, LSDYNA. In addition, the hull girder ultimate strength of intact and damaged ships is calculated utilizing the simplified calculation program, which is developed by authors and based on the Smith’s method, and the reduction rate of hull girder ultimate strength is also investigated. Furthermore, to

examine the accuracy of this simplified calculation program, the calculation results are compared with the results obtained from FE analysis.

Defects Hull girders Lateral loads Ultimate strength

2015051226

Experimental and numerical study on response of rectangular tubes subjected to transverse impact loadings. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 48, p 455 [8 p, 17 ref, 2 tab, 15 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Liu, B., Guedes Soares, C. English

Dynamic drop weight impact tests have been performed to examine the plastic response and failure of clamped rectangular tubes struck transversely by a cylindrical indenter with a hemispherical nose. The laboratory results are compared with numerical simulations. Two span lengths of the tube specimens are selected: 125 and 250 mm. The tubes are impacted at the mid-span and at one-quarter span from the support. The impact scenarios could represent abnormal actions on marine structures, especially for collision and grounding on ship double-hull structures. The experimental results are presented in terms of the force-displacement responses and the failure modes of the tube specimens, showing a good agreement with the simulations performed by the LS-DYNA finite element solver. The numerical results manage to describe the process of initiation and propagation of the material fracture in the tube specimens and provide detailed information to analyse the large inelastic deformation and failure of ship structural components subjected to impact loading.

Impact loads Impact tests Numerical models Rectangular shapes Tubes

452 ABSTRACTS

2015051227

Development of a model for global response of ship hull during ramming of heavy ice features. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4556-1. Volume 10: Polar and Arctic Science and Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23186 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1912260 Ringsberg, J.W., Broman, M., Nordqvist, P. English

Ice-induced global forces that affect a ship’s hull when colliding with heavy ice features are analysed. The objective was to increase the knowledge of what structural loads a ship encounters during Arctic operations and thereby contribute to safer shipping in the Arctic. In the study, a model was created that used recorded motions of a ship when it collided with a heavy ice feature in order to calculate the global forces that affect the ship hull. The motion data were collected by Det Norske Veritas during the Coldtech research project on board the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel KV Svalbard. To give an understanding and background to the problems that the model needs to handle, the paper includes a brief review of ice-ship interaction and hull monitoring. The model developed is limited to perpendicular collisions and the first impact sequence, since only then the impact location can be considered as known. The forces resulting from the model are compared with the design loads of ice class rules, since the same impact type is considered. The results are also compared with previous work done in the area. From the comparisons it can be seen that the forces calculated with the current model seem to be reasonable as they are in the same order of magnitude. However, more measurements are required in order to fully verify the model and the measured motions.

Hulls Ice forces Rammings

2015051228

Influence of geometric parameters on the structural strength of reinforced cylindrical shells under external hydrostatic pressure. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 50, p 475 [10 p, 14 ref, 12 tab, 17 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Grandez, E.V., Netto, T.A. English

Different combinations of structural geometrical parameters (stiffener spacing and thickness of shell plating) are associated with different pressures and failure modes of the hull of a submarine. Considering construction limitations (maximum and minimum thicknesses of the plating and dimensions of the stiffeners), the optimal combination will be that which results in a lighter structure, better operating performance of the submarine and lower material costs. Furthermore, geometric imperfections (local and global) and residual stresses affect the structural strength of the hull and interact differently with their modes of collapse. In order to study the influence of the geometric parameters and imperfections on the collapse of reinforced cylindrical shells under external pressure, parametric numerical models were developed in the ANSYS finite element program. The models considered nonlinear kinematics and material behaviour. The results were compared with the experimental results available in the literature. In addition, these results were compared to results obtained from semi-empirical formulas of pressure hull design codes. The collapse pressures obtained by varying the spacing between stiffeners and the thickness of the plate, with the most detrimental geometric imperfections, were adjusted to a failure surface using the least method squares. Finally, a case study was developed simulating the structural design of a pressure hull for a given maximum operating depth, in order to optimise the weight of the structure.

Cylindrical shells Hydrostatic pressure Structural strength

ABSTRACTS 453

2015051229

Ultimate strength of a stiffened plate with initial imperfections under complex loading. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 51, p 485 [9 p, 31 ref, 5 tab, 13 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Shi, X., Zhang, J., Et al English

The ultimate strength of a ship stiffened plate with initial imperfections under uniaxial compression and lateral pressure is studied by nonlinear finite element analysis. The results of the Smith’s experiments carried out for the structural ultimate strength and progressive collapse analyses are used to assess the accuracy of the nonlinear finite element analysis. A stiffened plate of a AFRAMAX double hull oil tanker designed according to the IACS’ Common Structural Rules is analysed using a one bay (1/2+1/2) finite element structural model able to simulate the influence of adjacent panels. The obtained ultimate strength results of the panel with initial imperfections under complex loading show the importance of the effect of initial imperfections and lateral pressure that clearly reduce the ultimate capacity of the stiffened plate. A comparison with the predictions of the Common Structural Rules indicates that the design formulation actually over-estimate the ultimate strength of the panel, as the initial imperfections are not explicitly defined and the real loading conditions of the structural element are simplified.

Defects Finite element method Stiffened plates Ultimate strength

2015051230

A study on strength analysis of normal merchant ship collided with level ice. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-1, p 629 [10 p, 6 ref, 3 tab, 12 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Bae, D.M., Cao, B., Kim, T.H. English

In order to evaluate the structural safety of vessels or

marine structures in polar regions, it is important to consider the ice load that is the interaction between ice and structures. For most scenarios of the ship-ice interaction, the collision between hull and ice has high probability. In some conditions, the ice load applied to the ship can be considered as a quasi-static load. This paper studies static ice loads and typical dynamic loads applied on the hull structure, which included five parts of the structures: side shell plate, longitudinal stiffeners, stringers, web frames and inner hull. This was based on a normal non-stiffened merchant tanker. Following the analysis results, the paper discusses the structural strength and polar application for the normal non-stiffened ship.

Hull strength Ice loads Structural strength

2015051231

Effect of element discretization on hull girder ultimate strength estimation accuracy by progressive collapse calculations. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-2, p 639 [10 p, 20 ref, 2 tab, 3 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Ölmez, H., Bayraktarkatal, E. English

This study investigates the effect of hull girder section element discretization on ultimate hull girder strength estimation using the progressive collapse analysis-based HULT code developed by the authors. In HULT, the load-end shortening curve relationships of structural members such as single plates, single stiffeners, plates stiffener combination beam-column elements, stiffened panel elements and hard corner elements of hull girders under vertical bending moment have been determined numerically, empirically and analytically. For these calculations "limit state design approach", "membrane stress approach", orthotropic panel approach" and the rules of IACS-CSR have been used. Hull girder ultimate strength results of HULT and IACS-CSR calculations with different element idealization scenarios are presented for five benchmark ship cross sections and are compared with each other and previously published results. Critical collapse moment values of midship cross sections are calculated and shown to agree well with the results of previous studies. The comparisons demonstrate the overall reliability of

454 ABSTRACTS

HULT's prediction of structural strength. Results also show that HULT’s accuracy is comparable to other ultimate strength methods. Some deficiencies identified are emphasized and recommendations are made to improve HULT’s accuracy and reliability for ship design and safety during.

Collapse Hull girders Ultimate strength

4.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

2015051232

Stochastic modelling of elastic large deflection analysis of steel plates subject to compressive load. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 9 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Mandal, R., Kawamura, Y. English

In this study the stochastic properties of the response of a steel plate under in-plane compressive load subject to random initial deformation has been characterized using Polynomial Chaos Expansions (PCE). Initially the random characteristics of maximum initial deformation of a steel plate have been evaluated using PCE. Subsequently an analytical procedure has been developed which can predict the stochastic characteristics of the strength of plate, based on the probabilistic model of the initial deformation. A significant feature of the present method is the avoidance of the generally time-consuming Monte Carlo Simulation. It has been found that the proposed methodology can predict the statistical characteristics of the plate response with sufficient accuracy, when compared to those obtained from Monte Carlo Simulations.

Compression Deflection Plates Steel Stochastic processes

2015051233

Energy absorption analysis of metallic corrugated core sandwich panels under air blast loading. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 24 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Zhang, P., Cheng, Y., Liu, J. In this paper, energy-absorbing characteristics of metallic corrugated core sandwich panels subjected to air blast loading are discussed. The dynamic responses investigated using a fully coupled simulation approach reveal that the face sheets undergo large stretching and bending deformation to dissipate the transmitted energy, while the core webs experience plastic bucking failure. The effect of key design parameters including core configuration and face sheet thickness on the energy absorption ability of panels under blast has been discussed. Results show that the core web thickness and cell size have an effect on its crushing properties and increase in relative density of core can improve the energy absorption ability of panels under low stand-off distance. Increasing the impulse level and the face sheet thickness can increase the plastic energy dissipation. Specific absorbed energies of the sandwich panels are compared to those of solid plates with same mass. The sandwich panels are superior to solid plates based on an areal density for stand-off distances above 50 mm.

Energy absorption Impact loads Sandwich panels

2015051234

Fundamental aspects of fatigue of steel in Arctic applications. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 247 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Alvaro, A., Akselsen, O.M., Et al English

Over the past decade there has been a continuously growing interest in exploration of oil and gas in Arctic regions. The harsh, cold climate imposes challenging tasks which concern the structural integrity of steels and their weldments. Specific

ABSTRACTS 455

knowledge of metals behaviour in such conditions is therefore mandatory in order to provide sufficient robustness. Within this framework, this paper focuses on the fatigue properties of steels with the intention of providing a comprehensive review of the open literature on the effect of low temperature on the different aspects of the fatigue life of steels and their weldments. The main objective is therefore to provide a reliable basis for suggestions of necessary testing of low temperature fatigue in steels.

Fatigue life Low temperature Mechanical properties Steel

2015051235

Evaluation of welding consumables for application down to -60oC. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 271 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Akselsen, O.M., Østby, E. English

In evaluation of materials for arctic applications, their low temperature properties are addressed. The heat affected zone toughness has been shown to be critical with respect to satisfactory fracture toughness. Less attention has been given to the weld metal. Therefore, the present study was initiated with the objective to assess the fracture toughness of weld metals deposited with different welding wires. Both impact and fracture toughness testing were included; the latter one considered testing of full sized single edge notch bending specimens with through thickness notch in the weld metal and sub-sized specimens with surface notch in primary weld metal and in re-heated weld metal. The testing was performed at -60ºC and three parallels were run for all configurations. The results showed that both the Charpy V notch and fracture toughness varied substantially between the different welding wires employed. For the Charpy case, impact properties scattered from about 20 J for Weld 3 to 75-115 J for Weld 5. This ranking changed when it comes to full size CTOD specimens. Still Weld 3 had lowest values, while Welds 1 and 2

appeared with best toughness. The behaviour of Welds 1 and 2 was also different from the other welds regarding sub-sized samples with notches in the primary and reheated weld metals. Here, Welds 1 and 2 had similar toughness for the two weld metal regions, while Welds 3, 4 and 5 had higher CTOD values for the reheated weld metal. These results are discussed in terms of the weld metal microstructure observations.

Low temperature Toughness Weld metal Welding

2015051236

Use of current S355 and S690 steels for Arctic applications. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 286 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Walters, C.L., Dragt, R.C., Et al English

In this paper, the applicability of currently-available S355 and S690 steels to Arctic applications is estimated according to current classification rules. A database of results used for quality control for offshore structures that were not necessarily designed for Arctic operations was analysed. The results needed to be extrapolated to lower temperatures in order to make a comparison against the test temperatures specified by the codes. The results showed that 72% of current S690 steels and 55% of current S355 steels would be applicable to Arctic conditions if they had been tested and graded for that application according to ABS, BV, or IACS rules.

Arctic environment Fracture High strength steel Low temperature Steel

456 ABSTRACTS

2015051237

Impact bending tests and simulations of a high strength steel FH32 for Arctic marine structures. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 291 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Choung, J., Nam, W., Et al English

This paper provides study on theoretical and experimental results to verify crashworthiness of a high strength steel FH32 for arctic marine structures against ice impact. Assuming that side shell structures of Korean arctic research vessel, ARAON with ice-notation PL10, collide with sheet ice, 1/3 scaled-down test specimens with single transverse frame are manufactured. Impact bending tests have been conducted using rigid steel striker which mimics sheet ice. Drop height is calculated by considering real ramming speed to sheet ice. Prior to impact bending tests, tensile coupon tests are conducted at various temperature levels. The impact bending tests are carried out with test specimens fully fixed by inside bottom frame of cold chamber. Velocity of the drop weight and deformation speed of the test specimen is measured using DICA (digital image correlation analysis) after high speed camera measurement. Numerical simulations are also carried out under the same conditions as the impact bending tests. The simulation results agree well with test results, but it is recognized that strain rate is a key factor to decide accuracy of numerical simulations.

Arctic environment Bending Ice loads High strength steel Strain rate

2015051238

Effect of ultrasonic peening on fatigue strength of welded marine structures – Lloyd’s Register research programme. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 359 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Polezhayeva, H., Howarth, D., Et al English

The paper describes the Lloyd’s Register Research Programme focused on investigation of effect of ultrasonic peening on fatigue strength of welded marine structures. The topics specific to marine structures include large scale model testing, effect of corrosion and influence of compressive cycles in load sequences. The results of three sets of fatigue testing are presented and conclusions are drawn.

Fatigue strength Fatigue tests Marine structures Ultrasonic frequencies Welded joints

2015051239

Bending and compressive strength of stiffened panels with crack damage in longitudinal stiffeners. ISOPE 2014, 24th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference; 15-20 June 2014; Busan, Korea. Published by ISOPE, Cupertino, CA, US. ISBN 978-1 880653 91-3. Volume 4, p 671 http://www.isope.org/publications/proceedings/ISOPE/ISOPE%202014/index.htm Yanagihara, D. English

This study examines stiffened panels with crack damage in a longitudinal stiffener. The crack is installed near a joint line with a transverse frame. Finite Element analysis (FEA) is performed to clarify the collapse behaviour and residual strength of the cracked panels subjected to lateral water pressure and in-plane compression. The influence of the dimensions of the stiffened panel and the number of stiffeners on the collapse behaviour is examined. The results indicate that the crack does not affect the bending strength of a thick stiffened panel under lateral pressure, but may reduce the strength of a thin panel. The crack reduces the compressive ultimate strength when the panel has such deep stiffeners that

ABSTRACTS 457

the overall buckling deformation does not increase. In a panel with small stiffeners, the crack constrains the growth of the overall buckling deformation and increases the ultimate strength. Simplified methods are proposed for estimating the reduced strength of the stiffened panel with the crack under in-plane compression. The benefits of the methods are validated through comparison with FEA results.

Cracks Damage Panels Stiffening Ultimate strength

2015051240

Mechanical behaviour of a glass-fibre reinforced composite to steel joint for ships. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 39-45 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1296-8 Li, X., Li, P., Et al English

The use of a glass-fibre reinforced composite in marine structures is becoming more common, particularly due to the potential weight savings. The mechanical response of the joint between a glass-fibre reinforced polymer (GRP) superstructure and a steel hull formed is examined and subsequently modified to improve performance through a combined program of modeling and testing. A finite-element model is developed to predict the response of the joint. The model takes into account the contact at the interface between different materials, progressive damage, large deformation theory, and a non-linear stress-strain relationship. To predict the progressive failure, the analysis combines Hashin failure criteria and maximum stress failure criteria. The results show stress response has a great influence on the strength and bearing of the joint. The Balsawood-steel interface is proved to be critical to the mechanical behavior of the joint. Good agreement between experimental results and numerical predictions is observed.

Composite materials Glass reinforced plastics Joints Mechanical properties Steel

2015051241

Fatigue analysis of steel catenary risers based on a plasticity model. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 76-82 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1291-0 Dong, Y., Sun, L. English

The most critical issue in the steel catenary riser design is to evaluate the fatigue damage in the touchdown zone accurately. Appropriate modeling of the riser-soil resistance in the touchdown zone can lead to significant cost reduction by optimizing design. This paper presents a plasticity model that can be applied to numerically simulate riser-soil interaction and evaluate dynamic responses and the fatigue damage of a steel catenary riser in the touchdown zone. Utilizing the model, numerous riser-soil elements are attached to the steel catenary riser finite elements, in which each simulates local foundation restraint along the riser touchdown zone. The riser-soil interaction plasticity model accounts for the behavior within an allowable combined loading surface. The model will be represented in this paper, allowing simple numerical implementation. More importantly, it can be incorporated within the structural analysis of a steel catenary riser with the finite element method. The applicability of the model is interpreted theoretically and the results are shown through application to an offshore 8.625″ steel catenary riser example. The fatigue analysis results of the liner elastic riser-soil model are also shown. According to the comparison results of the two models, the fatigue life analysis results of the plasticity framework are reasonable and the horizontal effects of the riser-soil interaction can be included.

Fatigue (materials) Plastic properties Risers Soil structure interaction Steel

458 ABSTRACTS

2015051242

Experimental fatigue analysis of butt-welded joints. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IX-4, p 661 [10 p, 14 ref, 4 tab, 8 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Bohlmann, B., Koder, T. English

This paper shows the results of the fatigue experiments on butt-welded steel joints. The tests were carried out on 5mm thick shipbuilding steel of grade AH36 with a yield stress of ReH = 355 N/mm2, joined by the submerged arc welding technique. The research has been carried out using constant amplitude load controlled fatigue tests on a new SincoTec MAG 100 resonance frequency pulser. The results are compared to the work of different researchers and the recommendations issued by the International Institute of Welding.

Butt welds Fatigue tests Welded joints

4.3 CORROSION AND FOULING

2015051243

Marine growth on North Sea fixed steel platforms: insights from the decommissioning industry. OMAE 2014, 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering; 8-13 June 2014; San Francisco, US. Organised by ASME, New York, US; ISBN 978-0-7918-4537-0. Volume 1A: Offshore Technology, Paper No. OMAE2014-23352 [10 p] http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleID=1911360 Mallat, C., Corbett, A., Et al English

It is reputed in the oil and gas industry that marine growth is overestimated in the North Sea. Can we quantify this overestimation to better tackle the challenges marine growth incurs? This paper provides insight into the intrinsic and diverse nature of marine growth. It documents the biofouling development and the factors that affect it globally. Focus is made on fixed steel platforms in the North Sea approaching the end of their economic lives. A

methodology to quantify the weight of marine growth is proposed and illustrated. 28 years after its installation, the weight of marine growth accumulated on Valhall 2/4G jacket located in Southern North Sea is evaluated based on the proposed method. It is confirmed that the current regulations overestimate the weight of marine growth in the North Sea.

Biofouling Offshore platforms Steel structures

2015051244

Kinetics of atmospheric corrosion of mild steel in marine and rural environments. Journal of Marine Science and Application, v 14 n 1, March 2015, pp 105-112 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11804-015-1286-x Palraj, S., Selvaraj, M., Et al English

In continuation of the extensive studies carried out to update the corrosion map of India, in this study, the degradation of mild steel by air pollutants was studied at 16 different locations from Nagore to Ammanichatram along the east coast of Tamilnadu, India over a period of two years. The weight loss study showed that the mild steel corrosion was more at Nagapattinam site, when compared to Ammanichatram and Maravakadu sites. A linear regression analysis of the experimental data was attempted to predict the mechanism of the corrosion. The composition of the corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces was identified by XRD technique. The corrosion rate values obtained are discussed in the light of the weathering parameters, atmospheric pollutants such as salt content & SO2 levels in the atmosphere, corrosion products formed on the mild steel surfaces.

Atmospheric corrosion Mild steel

ABSTRACTS 459

5 NAVAL VESSELS AND DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY

2015051245

System modelling and performance assessment for naval ship design: An application for an Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV). MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 29, p 277 [8 p, 27 ref, 1 tab, 2 fig] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Salio, M.P., Gualeni, P., Perra, F. English

In this paper, a Ship Synthesis Model (SSM) code is presented. It basically consists of a sequence of logically-integrated parametric formulations provided by a statistical analysis derived from existing ships. The code is integrated into a wider numerical architecture, developed by Orizzonte Sistemi Navali S.p.A. and called ASNET (Application System for Naval ship design Evaluation and Testing), which also includes an Operational Evaluation Model (OEM) aiming at evaluating the measure of effectiveness of a certain ship design when different naval tasks have to be complied with. This way, ship design characteristics are linked to operational aspects. A test case concerning an Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) is reported as well, in order to assess the capability of the SSM code to evaluate the feasibility of different design configurations, obtained considering different ship requirements.

Naval vessels Patrol craft Ship design

2015051246

UBALDO DICIOTTI. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, Supplement, p 32 [3 p, 5 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

This article describes CP 941 UBALDO DICIOTTI, the newest offshore patrol vessel (OPV) for the Italian Coast Guard. The OPV has a length of 94.5m, beam of 16.60m, draught of 5.5m, with a gross tonnage of nearly 4,000 gt and a displacement of

3,600 tonnes. Its advanced technology systems include a hybrid propulsion designed according a CODLOD (Combined Operation on Diesel eLectric or Diesel) configuration.

Coast guard vessels Patrol craft Vessel descriptions

2015051247

KALATT BENI ABBES. Tecnologie Trasporti Mare, v 45 n 6, November-December 2014, p 32 [3 p, 5 fig] http://edicoladigitale.ttmweb.it/secoloxix/singol/ttm/index.html No author given Italian and English

Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri has delivered the new Kalaat Beni-Abbes amphibious vessel to the Algerian Navy. The 143m-long landing platform dock (LPD) vessel is powered by two diesel engines that allow it to cruise at a maximum speed of more than 20k, while accommodating 600 personnel. The vessel boasts a displacement capacity of 8,800t and integrates a whole flight deck. Its internal floodable dock is designed to carry a 20m-long landing craft. The vessel has a displacement capacity of 8,800t and integrates a whole flight deck, with two helicopter landing areas, fore and aft. The LPD features a 60-bed hospital and some operating theatres that support humanitarian missions by offering medical support to both troops and civilians.

Amphibious ships Naval vessels Vessel descriptions

2015051248

Development concepts and approaches of the next generation combat system for surface combatant ships. Chinese Journal of Ship Research, v 10 n 1, February 2015, pp 1-6 http://www.ship-research.com/EN/abstract/abstract1254.shtml Dong, X. Chinese

The function of the next generation combat system for surface combatant ships is not restricted to the improvement of the operational effectiveness of individual ships only, but also emphasizes on the ship's flexibly and adapting capabilities to specific

460 ABSTRACTS

missions. This paper analyses the development trends in related works, such as Total Ship Computing Environment (TSCE) and Consolidated Afloat Network and Enterprise Services (CANES) program of the US Navy. The development concepts and approaches for the designing of combat systems are then presented, which include the following key points: following the open architecture, building the service-oriented common computing environment, applying the commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) technologies. In brief, the next generation combat system successfully implements system integration through a variety of surface combatant, which could significantly improve the overall effectiveness of naval system operation.

Combat systems Naval vessels

2015051249

Tuning CAD tools to fit naval design requirements. INT-NAM 2014, 2nd International Symposium on Naval Architecture and Maritime; 23-24 October 2014; Istanbul, Turkey. Proceedings. Organised and Published by Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey; ISBN 978-605-4123-31-5. Paper IV-4, p 295 [18 p, 3 ref, 8 fig] http://www.int-nam.yildiz.edu.tr/2014/ Pérez, R., Toman, M. English

This paper describes the particularities of the design of naval vessels compared with civil vessels, and the way in which shipbuilding oriented CAD/CAM/CAE systems can be adapted to these particularities. It also tries to highlight how the design of naval vessels can be improved by means of using such systems, and at the same time to explain how the technological improvements in this type of warship affect the development and evolution of the CAD systems. Military vessels are very complex products that may be composed of millions of items, requiring a large number of designers, accessing concurrently to the vessel product model. The design cycles of these vessels are usually very long and there are many design changes along the whole vessel lifecycle. Performance is another critical requirement, especially in the detail design and manufacturing stages, when the detail design is almost complete,

there are hundreds of users working on the model, model changes are constant and information for the production processes must be provided continuously. Explicit reference in the paper is made to the FORAN system, as it clusters the experience of SENER, and the experience of several first class naval shipbuilders all around the world using this system.

Computer-aided ship design Naval vessels

6 MISCELLANEOUS

2015051250

Features of the maritime clusters of the Atlantic Arc. MARTECH 2014, 2nd International Conference on Maritime Technology and Engineering; 15-17 October 2014; Lisbon, Portugal. Published by CRC Press; ISBN 978-1-138-02727-5. Chapter 14, p 141 [7 p, 12 ref, 2 tab] http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781138027275 Ferreira, A.M., Guedes Soares, C., Salvador, R. English

The analysis of the features of the maritime clusters of the Atlantic Arc Member States (United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Spain and Portugal) intends to provide an overview of the maritime economy of this area. The paper deals with the identification of the main sectors that integrate each national maritime cluster, the quantification of its weight in each respective national economy, both in percentage of Gross Value Added and Employment, and in overall to describe these territories’ maritime economy. Comparing these five different realities, unified by the Atlantic Ocean, is an analysis and an opportunity to display the EU macro-region maritime economy’s potentialities.

Economic factors European union Maritime policy

ABSTRACTS 461

Author Name Abstract No.

Aas, S.K. 2015051045 Æsø, V. 2015051078 Ageno, E. 2015051133 Agrusta, A. 2015051127 Akhtara, M.J. 2015051097 Akselsen, O.M. 2015051045 2015051234 2015051235 Alvaro, A. 2015051234 Araujo, P. 2015051015 Arditti, F. 2015051160 Armaoğlu, E. 2015051073 Armudi, A. 2015051139 Atli-Veltin, B. 2015051209 Augener, P.H. 2015051158 2015051166 Aymelek, M. 2015051048 Backhaus, E. 2015051224 Bae, D.M. 2015051033 2015051230 Bai, W. 2015051190 Balić, M. 2015051041 Balland, O. 2015051050 Barabadi, A. 2015051087 Bayraktarkatal, E. 2015051231 Beek, P. van 2015051083 Behrendt, C. 2015051104 Bekker, A.T. 2015051086 Belibassakis, K.A. 2015051131 Berg, J. van den 2015051199 Bertram, V. 2015051143 Besterov, A.B. 2015051098 Bigot, F. 2015051181 Bilgili, L. 2015051111 2015051112 Binnerts, B. 2015051083 Bitha, K. 2015051092 Bohlmann, B. 2015051242 Bortnowska, M. 2015051009 Borws-Larkin, A. 2015051101 Boulougouris, E.K. 2015051048 Braga, E.M. 2015051038 Brenner, M. 2015051029 Brindley, W. 2015051081 Broman, M. 2015051227 Bronsart, R. 2015051016 2015051017 Bruzzone, D. 2015051127 2015051133 Buchner, B. 2015051199 Buksa, T. 2015051036 Cao, B. 2015051033 2015051230 Cao, G. 2015051152

Cao, Y. 2015051174 Carreira, A. 2015051106 Ćatipović, I. 2015051148 Čehić, D. 2015051042 Celebi, U.B. 2015051111 2015051112 Cha, J-H. 2015051020 Chakraborty, R. 2015051202 Chatzinikolaou, S.D. 2015051102 2015051120 Che, C-d. 2015051213 Chen, C. 2015051115 Chen, Z. 2015051221 Cheng, Y. 2015051233 Choung, J. 2015051237 Christiansen, J. 2015051025 Ciortan, C. 2015051023 Collette, M.D. 2015051012 Comley, A.P. 2015051081 Contento, G. 2015051068 Corak, M. 2015051110 Corbett, A. 2015051243 Corrêa, F.N. 2015051024 Cozijn, J.LO. 2015051160 Daalen, F.G. van 2015051160 Degiuli, N. 2015051148 Deniz, C. 2015051053 2015051119 Di Francesco, M. 2015051066 Dias, J.C.Q. 2015051061 Dinoi, P. 2015051149 2015051164 Dong, X. 2015051248 Dong, Y. 2015051241 Dragt, R.C. 2015051236 Drzewieniecka, B. 2015051058 Duan, W-y. 2015051132 Edessa, D.M. 2015051016 Ehler, S. 2015051028 Ehlers, S. 2015051116 2015051117 2015051118 2015051210 Eliopoulou, E. 2015051092 Erceg, B. 2015051210 Erceg, S. 2015051117 Ercoli, S. 2015051121 Ergül, E. 2015051121 Etienne, S. 2015051178 Faltinsen, O.M. 2015051105 2015051170 Fancello, G. 2015051066 Fang, M.-C. 2015051109 Feng, X. 2015051190

AUTHOR INDEX A-1

Fernandes, A.C. 2015051162 Ferrari, V. 2015051137 2015051153 Ferreira, A.M. 2015051250 Filippas, E.S. 2015051131 Freitas Assad, L.P. de 2015051124 Fricke, W. 2015051212 Fukuda, I. 2015051067 Fukushima, T. 2015051150 Galli, A.M. 2015051032 Gang, C. 2015051159 Gao, W. 2015051079 Garbatov, Y. 2015051207 Garke, S. 2015051085 Gaspar, H.M. 2015051118 Gatin, I. 2015051187 Georgopoulou, C. 2015051103 Girón, A.R.C. 2015051024 Gkikas, G.D. 2015051171 Gordo, J.M. 2015051205 Got, T. 2015051030 Gotoh, K. 2015051215 Gourlay, T.P. 2015051138 Grandez, E.V. 2015051228 Graziano, A. 2015051091 Grijak, A. 2015051042 Grilo, J.F.C. 2015051061 Gualeni, P. 2015051245 Guangxu, H. 2015051037 Guedes Soares, C. 2015051018 2015051019 2015051062 2015051063 2015051064 2015051065 2015051089 2015051091 2015051106 2015051114 2015051155 2015051197 2015051205 2015051206 2015051207 2015051226 2015051250 Guimaraes, H.B. 2015051029 Gunes, U. 2015051059 Hadžic, N. 2015051071 Halse, K.H. 2015051078 Hans, H. 2015051176 Harduim, M. 2015051015 Hartmann, S. 2015051049 Hatecke, H. 2015051025 2015051166 2015051167

He, M. 2015051188 He, S-l. 2015051157 Hmeshah, K. 2015051017 Hong, S.Y. 2015051185 Hongtao, Y. 2015051159 Hopman, J.J. 2015051011 Howarth, D. 2015051238 Huang, F. 2015051021 Huang, L.P. 2015051154 Huang, W. 2015051179 Huang, Y. 2015051198 Huang, Y-n. 2015051198 Huang, Z.J. 2015051200 Hughes, O. 2015051027 Hwang, J-K. 2015051020 Im, N-K. 2015051196 Ince, S.T. 2015051035 Jacob, B.P. 2015051024 Jain, K.P. 2015051011 Jasak, H. 2015051129 2015051187 Javadi, M. 2015051141 Jeon, D-J. 2015051044 Jeong, H-N. 2015051211 Jeong, Y-J. 2015051161 Ji, X. 2015051172 Jia, J. 2015051218 Jiang, X. 2015051072 Jin, H-K. 2015051044 Joga, R.K. 2015051193 Jurišic, P. 2015051217 Kaeding, P. 2015051085 2015051224 Kahl, A. 2015051212 Kaiser, M.J. 2015051070 Kaminski, M.L. 2015051057 2015051072 Karakurt, A.S. 2015051059 Karulin, E. 2015051088 Karulina, M. 2015051088 Kasugai, Y. 2015051067 Kawabe, H. 2015051175 Kawamura, Y. 2015051232 Khac, K.V. 2015051075 Khan, F. 2015051100 Kim, D-H. 2015051211 Kim, H. 2015051021 Kim, J-D. 2015051182 Kim, K-H. 2015051185 Kim, T.H. 2015051033 2015051230 Kim, Y. 2015051186 Kitarovic, S. 2015051208 Kjerstad, Ø.K. 2015051145 Kleinsorge, L. 2015051016 Knight, S. 2015051055

A-2 AUTHOR INDEX

Kobyliński, L. 2015051144 Koder, T. 2015051242 Kofod, M. 2015051049 Koimtzoglou, A. 2015051094 Koo, W. 2015051182 Köseb, E. 2015051096 Krüger, S. 2015051158 2015051167 Kujala, P. 2015051028 Kükner, A. 2015051031 Kwon, Y.J. 2015051125 Lameira, P.I.D. 2015051038 2015051039 Lee, M-Y. 2015051084 Lee, S-M. 2015051196 Lee, Y. 2015051183 2015051184 Lepeleire, R. de 2015051076 Li, C-d. 2015051156 Li, P. 2015051240 Li, T. 2015051192 Li, X. 2015051152 2015051240 Liarokapis, D.E. 2015051134 Lima, D.B.V. 2015051065 Lin, Y.-H. 2015051109 Lindemann, T. 2015051224 Liu, B. 2015051226 Liu, C.F. 2015051180 Liu, C-q. 2015051213 Liu, J. 2015051233 Liu, S. 2015051172 Liu, W. 2015051194 Liu, Y. 2015051012 Lopez, J.T. 2015051163 Loureiro, E.S.P. 2015051039 Lupieri, G. 2015051068 Lyew, L.M. 2015051168 Ma, M. 2015051027 Ma, N. 2015051151 2015051214 Ma, S.J. 2015051154 Maeda, H. 2015051069 Maeda, M. 2015051225 Magazinovic, G. 2015051047 Makouei, S.H. 2015051206 Mallat, C. 2015051243 Malta, E.B. 2015051077 Mandal, B.N. 2015051202 Mandal, R. 2015051232 Mander, S. 2015051101 Manshadi, M.D. 2015051141 Mao, L. 2015051022 Markovčić, T. 2015051105 Marques, M. 2015051063 Marques, W.C. 2015051139

Marshall, A. 2015051056 Martínez-López, A. 2015051107 Matsuda, K. 2015051215 Matveev, K.I. 2015051140 Megharbi, A. 2015051220 Mei, M. 2015051037 Mendes, J.P. 2015051062 2015051106 Merino da Silva, D. 2015051010 2015051108 Metrikin, I. 2015051145 Miao, J. 2015051176 Michel, J. 2015051085 Michima, A. 2015051175 Molnes, D.A. 2015051013 Monti, P. 2015051073 Moraes, H.B. 2015051038 2015051135 Moraes, R.M. 2015051135 Morenshildt, K.V. 2015051128 Mountaneas, A. 2015051103 Mudronja, L. 2015051110 Mundt, T. 2015051049 Munín-Doce, A. 2015051107 Murakawa, H. 2015051214 Mutsuda, H. 2015051030 Myland, D. 2015051116 Nabergoj, R. 2015051147 Nahim, H.M. 2015051052 Nam, W. 2015051237 Neşer, G. 2015051121 Netto, T.A. 2015051228 Nezamian, A. 2015051219 Nezamian, M. 2015051219 Nielsen, C.S. 2015051169 Nielsenk U.D. 2015051169 Nordqvist, P. 2015051227 Odetti, F. 2015051032 Oliveira, A.C. de 2015051077 2015051162 Ölmez, H. 2015051231 Østby, E. 2015051235 Ozdamar, A. 2015051034 Paik, J.K. 2015051027 Palraj, S. 2015051244 Pan, J. 2015051222 Papanikolaou, A. 2015051092 Park, M-S. 2015051161 Park, S-G. 2015051186 Parsons, J. 2015051099 Parunov, J. 2015051216 2015051217 Patricksson, Ø. 2015051050 Pavletic, D. 2015051036 Pedersen, P.T. 2015051204 Pedersen, R.A. 2015051013

AUTHOR INDEX A-3

Pei, Z. 2015051223 Pena-Agras, D. 2015051107 Peng, H. 2015051168 Perera, L.P. 2015051153 Pérez, R. 2015051249 Perra, F. 2015051245 Perry, N.I. 2015051140 Pestana, H. 2015051051 Pillai, J.P. 2015051095 Polezhayeva, H. 2015051220 2015051238 Poll, P. 2015051084 Porter, R. 2015051189 Prati, M.V. 2015051054 Primorac, B.B. 2015051216 Progoulaki, M . 2015051099 Prpić-Oršić, J. 2015051105 2015051113 Pruyn, J.F.J. 2015051011 Putorti, E. 2015051147 Puzzer, T. 2015051068 Qi, X. 2015051079 Qin, X. 2015051177 Quadvlieg, F.H.H.A. 2015051137 Ren, B. 2015051188 Ren, H. 2015051146 Ren, X. 2015051045 Ringsberg, J.W. 2015051227 Rocha Fragoso, M. da 2015051124 Rodrigues, J.A. 2015051018 Rodrigues, J.M. 2015051197 Rogozinski, N. 2015051076 Roh, M-I. 2015051020 Sabodash, O.A. 2015051086 Saccoccia, V. 2015051054 Şahin, B. 2015051122 Salio, M.P. 2015051245 Salvador, R. 2015051250 Sang, S. 2015051156 Santos, A.M.P. 2015051062 2015051064 Santos, T.A. 2015051063 2015051065 Sarıoğlu, B.S. 2015051031 Saripilli, J.R. 2015051193 Sasa, K. 2015051115 Sayeed, T.M. 2015051168 Scharnke, J. 2015051201 Seelis, O.A. 2015051165 Sekulski, Z. 2015051014 Selvaraj, M. 2015051244 Shaposhnikov, V.M. 2015051098 Shen, X-h. 2015051213 Shen, Z. 2015051126 Shi, X. 2015051229 Shiraz, M.Z. 2015051178

Silveira, P. 2015051089 Soares, A.R.W. 2015051162 Soares, L. 2015051040 Southall, N.R. 2015051184 Stanivuk, T. 2015051041 Stavrou, D. 2015051060 Suemy, P. 2015051175 Sun, B.C. 2015051093 Sun, J. 2015051023 Sun, L. 2015051180 2015051241 Sun, W. 2015051146 Sutulo, S. 2015051155 Suzuki, K. 2015051194 2015051221 Takahashi, K. 2015051067 Talay, A.A. 2015051119 Tammer, M. 2015051057 Tanaka, S. 2015051150 Tang, J-f. 2015051157 Tao, L. 2015051163 2015051165 Taskin, M. 2015051034 Teixeira, A.P. 2015051018 2015051089 2015051091 2015051206 Tekgoz, M. 2015051207 Thomson, W. 2015051046 Thys, M. 2015051170 Tinsley, D. 2015051005 Tiphine, E. 2015051181 Togunjac, A-B.R. 2015051128 Toh, K. 2015051225 Toman, M. 2015051249 Tomic, M. 2015051071 Triantafyllou, M. 2015051176 Trincas, G. 2015051123 Tsubogo, T. 2015051142 Turan, E. 2015051122 Tzabiras, G.D. 2015051136 Udoh, I.E. 2015051074 Uğurlu, O. 2015051096 Utneb, I.B. 2015051097 Varela, J.M. 2015051019 Vasconcellos, J.M. 2015051015 Ventikos, N.P. 2015051060 2015051094 2015051102 2015051120 Ventura, M. 2015051010 2015051040 2015051108 Vesbøstad, T. 2015051201 Vettor, R. 2015051113 2015051114

A-4 AUTHOR INDEX

Vilameá, E.M. 2015051077 Villa, D. 2015051133 Vishnevsky, L.I. 2015051128 Vorhölter, H. 2015051025 Vredeveldt, A.W. 2015051209 Vukčević, V. 2015051129 2015051187 Wada, R. 2015051080 Walker, K.M. 2015051200 Walters, C.L. 2015051236 Waltree, F. van 2015051171 Wan, D. 2015051126 2015051177 2015051203 Wang, F. 2015051082 Wang, J. 2015051043 2015051079 2015051214 Wang, R-f. 2015051132 Wang, X. 2015051195 Waseda, T. 2015051080 Watai, R.A. 2015051149 2015051164 White, N. 2015051183 Wilson, P.A. 2015051135 Wu, B. 2015051090 Wu, H. 2015051223 Wu, J. 2015051043 Wu, W. 2015051223 Xiao, L. 2015051191 Xu, M.C. 2015051222 Xu, T. 2015051026 Xu, W-g. 2015051157 Xue, M-A. 2015051173 Yan, X.P. 2015051090 Yanagihara, D. 2015051239 Yang, C. 2015051021 Yang, J. 2015051191 Yang, M. 2015051100 Yang, P. 2015051195 Yang, Z. 2015051130 Ye, J. 2015051192 Yoshikawa, T. 2015051225 Younes, R. 2015051052 Youssef, S.A. 2015051035 Yuncuoglu, E.U. 2015051034 Zaki, R. 2015051087 Zanic, V. 2015051208 Zarifis, A.G. 2015051134 Zeng, J. 2015051084 Zhang, F. 2015051174 Zhang, J. 2015051229 Zhang, M. 2015051222 Zhang, P. 2015051233 Zhang, Y. 2015051075 2015051093

Zhen, Y. 2015051022 Zheng, J. 2015051173 Zhou, H. 2015051203 Zhou, Y. 2015051082 2015051179 Zhu, D. 2015051151 Žiha, K. 2015051216 Zincir, B. 2015051053 Zong, Z. 2015051180 Zore, I. 2015051041 Zou, T. 2015051072 Zou, Z. 2015051130 Zou, Z.J. 2015051154

AUTHOR INDEX A-5

Ship/Structure Name Abstract No.

A.H. Varazze 2015051003 Chipol Chanjiang 2015051001 Costa Diadema 2015051007 Highland Princess 2015051002 Kalatt Beni Abbes 2015051247 Nord Superior 2015051008 Nord Supreme 2015051008 Nord Sustainable 2015051008 Nord Swift 2015051008 Quantum of the Seas 2015051005 Regal Princess 2015051006 Ubaldo Diciotti 2015051246 Wedellsborg 2015051004

SHIP AND STRUCTURE NAME INDEX S-1

Keyword Abstract No.

Accident investigations 2015051091 Added resistance in waves 2015051125 2015051132 2015051133 Aerodynamics 2015051203 Ageing ships 2015051217 Air 2015051140 Alignment 2015051023 Alternative fuels 2015051054 Amphibious ships 2015051247 Anchor handling vessels 2015051003 Antirolling tanks 2015051169 Arc welding 2015051045 Arctic environment 2015051098 2015051236 2015051237 Arctic marine transportation 2015051100 2015051118 Arctic regions 2015051028 2015051085 2015051087 2015051099 Arctic waters 2015051100 Assembling 2015051041 2015051042 Atmospheric corrosion 2015051244 Ballast water 2015051055 2015051056 Barges 2015051038 Bench marks 2015051137 Bending 2015051216 2015051224 2015051237 Bending moments 2015051018 2015051205 2015051207 Bilge keels 2015051023 Bilges 2015051022 Biofouling 2015051243 Blended fuel oils 2015051053 Boundary conditions 2015051222 Boundary element method 2015051133 2015051171 Bow form 2015051141 Bows 2015051185 Breaking waves 2015051068 Buckling 2015051214 Bulk cargo 2015051058 Bulk carriers 2015051010 2015051112 2015051134 Bunkering 2015051048 Buoys 2015051200 Butt welds 2015051242

Cable ships 2015051042 Cargo holds 2015051193 Cargo liquefaction 2015051058 Cargo shifting 2015051058 Cargo ships 2015051004 Cavitation erosion 2015051021 Cavities 2015051140 Climate 2015051072 Coast guard vessels 2015051246 Collapse 2015051205 2015051206 2015051223 2015051224 2015051231 Collision resistance 2015051035 2015051204 Collision risk 2015051089 Combat systems 2015051248 Competition 2015051064 Composite materials 2015051240 Compressed natural gas 2015051123 Compression 2015051232 Computational fluid dynamics 2015051021 2015051029 2015051068 2015051086 2015051126 2015051127 2015051129 2015051133 2015051136 2015051137 2015051152 2015051154 2015051174 2015051177 2015051184 2015051187 2015051193 2015051196 2015051199 Computer programs 2015051138 Computer-aided design 2015051019 Computer-aided engineering 2015051029 Computer-aided ship design 2015051016 2015051017 2015051018 2015051032 2015051249 Condition monitoring 2015051057 Container terminals 2015051062 2015051063 2015051066 Containerships 2015051034

KEYWORD INDEX K-1

Containerships 2015051048 2015051110 2015051119 2015051181 2015051182 2015051183 2015051185 2015051194 2015051207 Contrarotating propellers 2015051128 Control systems 2015051145 Corrosion 2015051217 Coupled motion 2015051152 2015051163 Course stability 2015051150 Crack propagation 2015051215 Cracks 2015051239 Crisis management 2015051090 Cruise ships 2015051005 2015051006 2015051007 2015051171 Cyclic loads 2015051220 Cylindrical bodies 2015051161 2015051172 2015051176 2015051177 2015051178 2015051179 2015051180 2015051202 Cylindrical shells 2015051228 Damage 2015051239 Damping 2015051162 2015051186 Damping factor 2015051165 Data 2015051096 Data acquisition 2015051143 Decision making 2015051123 Decision support systems 2015051114 Deck wetness 2015051193 2015051199 Deepwater 2015051070 2015051074 2015051084 Defects 2015051225 2015051229 Deflection 2015051232 Deformation 2015051214 Design 2015051020 2015051021 2015051023 2015051024 2015051063 2015051074 Design criteria 2015051013

Design criteria 2015051028 2015051035 Design loads 2015051034 Diesel electric propulsion 2015051046 Diesel engines 2015051052 2015051054 Dimensions 2015051022 Distortion 2015051044 Drag reduction 2015051140 Drift forces 2015051158 Drillships 2015051175 2015051221 Dynamic analysis 2015051075 Dynamic positioning 2015051073 2015051145 2015051158 2015051160 Dynamic response 2015051159 2015051192 2015051194 2015051198 Economic analysis 2015051122 Economic factors 2015051250 Efficiency 2015051109 2015051119 Electric drives 2015051150 Electric propulsion 2015051051 Electromagnetic interference 2015051043 Emergency response systems 2015051090 2015051093 Emissions 2015051049 2015051050 2015051053 2015051054 2015051101 2015051102 2015051105 2015051111 2015051112 2015051113 2015051119 2015051120 Energy absorption 2015051077 2015051209 2015051233 Energy conservation 2015051023 2015051104 Energy sources 2015051071 Engine operation 2015051111 Engine simulation 2015051052 Environmental effects 2015051102 2015051103 2015051112 2015051120 Estimating 2015051080 2015051111

K-2 KEYWORD INDEX

Estimating 2015051112 European union 2015051250 Experimentation 2015051153 Extreme values 2015051080 Extreme waves 2015051110 2015051194 Fabrication 2015051042 Failure 2015051081 2015051219 Fatigue (biology) 2015051097 Fatigue (materials) 2015051241 Fatigue cracks 2015051215 Fatigue life 2015051072 2015051183 2015051218 2015051220 2015051221 2015051234 Fatigue strength 2015051238 Fatigue tests 2015051212 2015051238 2015051242 Finite element method 2015051033 2015051034 2015051178 2015051214 2015051223 2015051224 2015051229 Finite volume method 2015051180 Fire safety 2015051095 Fishing vessels 2015051030 2015051104 2015051170 Fixed platforms 2015051082 Flaps (control surfaces) 2015051131 Fleet planning 2015051123 Floating bodies 2015051161 2015051188 Floating cranes 2015051025 Floating production systems 2015051024 Floating structures 2015051072 Flow distribution 2015051134 Fluid structure interaction 2015051172 2015051178 2015051183 2015051188 2015051197 Forecasting 2015051070 Fouling 2015051143 FPSOs 2015051057 2015051079 2015051152 2015051159 2015051162 2015051163

FPSOs 2015051165 2015051191 2015051220 Fracture 2015051236 Freak waves 2015051187 Free running models 2015051151 2015051153 Free surfaces 2015051126 2015051136 2015051141 2015051196 2015051197 Fuel conservation 2015051119 Fuel consumption 2015051029 2015051104 2015051105 2015051111 2015051113 2015051143 Fuel saving 2015051109 Fuels 2015051048 2015051049 Futures research 2015051069 Fuzzy sets 2015051060 Gaps 2015051190 Gas transportation 2015051123 General cargo 2015051061 Genetic algorithms 2015051027 Geography 2015051067 Girders 2015051205 Glass reinforced plastics 2015051240 Gravity structures 2015051218 Green function 2015051146 Groundings 2015051091 2015051096 2015051097 Health 2015051112 Heavy lift operations 2015051075 Heavy lift vessels 2015051001 2015051041 2015051167 Heavy weather 2015051094 Heeling 2015051216 High speed vessels 2015051132 High strength steel 2015051236 2015051237 History 2015051069 Hull construction 2015051037 2015051038 Hull damage 2015051018 2015051206 2015051216 Hull form 2015051016 2015051030 2015051031 2015051032

KEYWORD INDEX K-3

Hull form 2015051157 Hull girders 2015051018 2015051206 2015051212 2015051217 2015051225 2015051231 Hull inspection 2015051057 Hull strength 2015051206 2015051230 Hull vibration 2015051182 Hulls 2015051014 2015051186 2015051227 Human error 2015051091 2015051097 Hummocked ice 2015051086 Hydrodynamic coefficients 2015051137 Hydrodynamic forces 2015051196 2015051200 Hydrodynamic loads 2015051148 Hydroelasticity 2015051181 2015051183 2015051186 2015051194 2015051195 Hydrogen 2015051053 Hydrostatic pressure 2015051228 Ice accretion 2015051087 Ice conditions 2015051088 2015051145 Ice cover 2015051202 Ice fields 2015051086 Ice forces 2015051227 Ice loads 2015051086 2015051145 2015051210 2015051230 2015051237 Ice resistance 2015051116 Ice strengthening 2015051013 Ice transiting vessels 2015051013 2015051028 2015051099 2015051116 2015051117 2015051118 2015051210 Icebreaking 2015051116 2015051117 Impact loads 2015051020 2015051184 2015051185 2015051201 2015051226 2015051233

Impact strength 2015051209 Impact tests 2015051226 Incompressible flow 2015051197 Inland waterways transportation 2015051065 2015051108 Inland waterways vessels 2015051038 2015051144 Installing 2015051078 2015051158 2015051166 Integral equations 2015051142 2015051189 Interactions 2015051068 2015051149 2015051160 2015051086 Interfaces 2015051221 Intermodal transportation 2015051107 Iron ore 2015051065 2015051108 Irregular waves 2015051172 Joints 2015051240 Laser welding 2015051045 Lateral loads 2015051225 Life (durability) 2015051102 2015051103 2015051120 Lifeboats 2015051020 Lifting tasks 2015051078 2015051082 Line heating 2015051043 2015051044 Liquefaction 2015051059 Liquefied natural gas 2015051048 2015051049 2015051059 2015051118 Liquid cargo 2015051174 LNG tanks 2015051209 2015051211 LNG transportation 2015051098 Loading (cargo) 2015051220 Loads 2015051222 Longitudinal strength 2015051208 2015051212 Low temperature 2015051234 2015051235 2015051236 Machinery 2015051076 Maintenance 2015051057 Manifolds 2015051076 Manoeuvrability 2015051144 2015051155 Manoeuvres 2015051153 Manoeuvring 2015051110 2015051137

K-4 KEYWORD INDEX

Manoeuvring 2015051151 2015051170 Manpower 2015051066 Manufacturing 2015051037 2015051040 Marine accidents 2015051091 2015051092 2015051093 2015051094 2015051096 2015051097 Marine structures 2015051238 Marine transportation 2015051106 2015051108 Maritime policy 2015051250 Mathematical models 2015051043 2015051169 2015051192 Mechanical properties 2015051234 2015051240 Mild steel 2015051244 Mobile platforms 2015051076 Model tests 2015051140 2015051088 2015051134 2015051135 2015051137 2015051145 2015051151 2015051161 2015051162 2015051165 2015051200 2015051201 2015051223 Models 2015051106 Modification 2015051020 2015051031 Moisture content 2015051058 Monohulls 2015051075 Moonpools 2015051077 2015051175 2015051196 Moored vessels 2015051159 2015051163 Mooring systems 2015051074 2015051081 Motion 2015051148 2015051161 2015051177 Motor yachts 2015051009 Mountings 2015051085 Multibody systems 2015051149 2015051164 2015051167 2015051190

Multibody systems 2015051192 Multipurpose cargo ships 2015051001 Naval vessels 2015051245 2015051247 2015051248 2015051249 Networks 2015051106 Nonlinearity 2015051188 North Sea 2015051081 Numerical analysis 2015051115 2015051167 Numerical models 2015051088 2015051117 2015051132 2015051139 2015051164 2015051170 2015051190 2015051215 2015051222 2015051226 Ocean engineering 2015051069 2015051078 Ocean models 2015051124 Oceangoing river vessels 2015051010 2015051108 2015051223 Oceanographic data 2015051124 Offshore 2015051071 Offshore drilling 2015051076 Offshore industries 2015051083 Offshore platforms 2015051028 2015051077 2015051079 2015051084 2015051085 2015051087 2015051088 2015051243 Offshore service vessels 2015051002 2015051158 2015051166 Offshore structures 2015051070 2015051204 2015051218 2015051219 Oil transfer 2015051060 Optimisation 2015051010 2015051012 2015051013 2015051014 2015051015 2015051022 2015051023 2015051027 2015051029

KEYWORD INDEX K-5

Optimisation 2015051031 2015051039 2015051066 2015051114 2015051130 Panels 2015051239 Passenger vessels 2015051121 Patrol craft 2015051245 2015051246 Piles 2015051082 Pipe laying 2015051073 Planing hulls 2015051168 Plastic properties 2015051194 2015051241 Plates 2015051232 Platform decks 2015051201 Platform design 2015051026 Platform motions 2015051156 Platform removal 2015051070 Pods 2015051150 Polar plots 2015051110 Pontoons 2015051041 Port management 2015051062 Port performance 2015051061 2015051064 2015051066 Port planning and development 2015051063 2015051067 Potential flow 2015051132 Power plant selection 2015051050 Power prediction 2015051135 Probability distribution functions 2015051191 Production 2015051040 Production management 2015051039 Production planning 2015051039 Products tankers 2015051008 Propeller cavitation 2015051021 Propeller efficiency 2015051128 2015051136 Propulsion devices 2015051131 Propulsive efficiency 2015051104 Propulsive performance 2015051030 Quality assurance 2015051036 Rammings 2015051227 Rectangular shapes 2015051173 2015051226 Recycling 2015051011 Regression analysis 2015051009 Reliability 2015051026 Resistance 2015051127 2015051129 2015051135 2015051136 2015051141 Resonance 2015051156 2015051190

Resonant frequency 2015051164 Response surface methodology 2015051168 Retrofitting 2015051029 Reynolds number 2015051179 2015051180 Risers 2015051180 2015051241 Risk analysis 2015051060 2015051067 2015051099 2015051100 2015051204 Risk management 2015051028 Ro/ro ships 2015051004 Roll stabilizers 2015051169 Rolling 2015051162 2015051165 Roundness 2015051022 Safety 2015051058 2015051092 2015051098 2015051099 Sailing yachts 2015051031 2015051033 Sandwich panels 2015051233 Scantlings 2015051033 Scattering 2015051202 Sea state 2015051072 Sea trials 2015051125 Seakeeping 2015051129 2015051030 2015051132 2015051146 2015051149 2015051164 2015051166 2015051167 2015051171 Self propulsion 2015051136 Semisubmersibles 2015051084 Service life 2015051220 Shallow water 2015051138 2015051147 2015051173 2015051191 Shear stress 2015051034 2015051208 Ship collisions 2015051035 2015051089 2015051091 2015051096 2015051097 2015051204 Ship design 2015051009 2015051010 2015051011

K-6 KEYWORD INDEX

Ship design 2015051012 2015051014 2015051015 2015051025 2015051027 2015051033 2015051051 2015051245 Ship hydrodynamics 2015051129 2015051130 2015051138 2015051139 Ship identification 2015051089 Ship motions 2015051152 2015051168 2015051174 Ship operation 2015051115 2015051175 Ship performance 2015051116 2015051118 2015051130 Ship performance monitoring 2015051143 Ship power plants 2015051047 Ship routing 2015051113 2015051114 Ship sides 2015051157 Ship simulators 2015051019 Ship speed 2015051105 2015051113 Ship structures 2015051195 2015051214 Ship to ship 2015051060 Ship tracking 2015051089 Shipboard fires 2015051095 Shipbuilding 2015051036 2015051038 2015051039 2015051040 Shipping 2015051101 Ships 2015051102 2015051103 2015051092 Simulation 2015051037 2015051085 Simulators 2015051073 Skegs 2015051150 Slamming 2015051181 2015051184 2015051185 2015051195 Sloshing 2015051152 2015051173 2015051175 2015051211 Soil structure interaction 2015051241 Speed loss 2015051125

Speed reduction 2015051119 Springing 2015051181 2015051182 2015051183 2015051186 Stability 2015051041 2015051156 2015051157 Standardization 2015051155 Standards 2015051125 State of the art 2015051084 Statistical analysis 2015051092 2015051094 Steel 2015051045 2015051232 2015051234 2015051236 2015051240 2015051241 Steel structures 2015051243 Sterns 2015051213 Stiffened plates 2015051229 Stiffening 2015051239 Still water 2015051018 Stochastic processes 2015051232 Strain rate 2015051237 Stresses 2015051215 Strip method 2015051182 Structural analysis 2015051033 2015051210 2015051211 Structural response 2015051210 2015051211 2015051218 2015051219 2015051222 Structural strength 2015051228 2015051230 Submerged bodies 2015051197 Swaying 2015051154 Swells (waves) 2015051159 Tankers 2015051015 2015051035 2015051096 2015051217 Tanks 2015051173 2015051174 Thin plates 2015051189 Thin ship theory 2015051142 Thin walls 2015051224 Thrust 2015051160 Thrusters 2015051131 Time domain 2015051073 2015051146 2015051149 2015051151

KEYWORD INDEX K-7

Tolerances (mechanics) 2015051221 Torsion 2015051034 Torsional vibration 2015051047 Toughness 2015051235 Towing 2015051147 2015051148 Towing forces 2015051148 Transferring 2015051079 Transient response 2015051047 2015051200 Transportation costs 2015051122 Trends 2015051051 Trimarans 2015051157 Tubes 2015051226 Tug barge systems 2015051147 Tugs 2015051003 Ultimate strength 2015051027 2015051207 2015051208 2015051216 2015051217 2015051219 2015051223 2015051224 2015051225 2015051229 2015051231 2015051239 Ultrasonic frequencies 2015051238 Uncertainty 2015051080 Underwater 2015051189 Underwater acoustics 2015051083 Underwater vehicles 2015051141 Unstiffened panels 2015051222 Valves 2015051076 Vegetable oils 2015051054 Ventilation 2015051140 Vessel access 2015051121 Vessel descriptions 2015051001 2015051002 2015051003 2015051004 2015051005 2015051006 2015051007 2015051008 2015051246 2015051247 Vibration 2015051083 2015051213 Vibration analysis 2015051047 Viscous flow 2015051126 2015051154 Vortex induced vibration 2015051176 2015051179 2015051180

Vortices 2015051177 Wakes 2015051134 Wall effects 2015051144 2015051154 Water entry 2015051020 2015051193 2015051198 Water fuel emulsions 2015051054 Water treatment 2015051055 2015051056 Water waves 2015051202 Wave diffraction 2015051189 2015051190 Wave energy 2015051071 Wave forces 2015051172 2015051188 Wave forecasting 2015051115 Wave height 2015051080 Wave loads 2015051110 2015051171 Wave loads on ships 2015051212 Wave loads on structures 2015051187 2015051201 Wave propagation 2015051199 Wave radiation 2015051189 Wave resistance 2015051142 Wave runup 2015051172 2015051191 2015051199 Waves 2015051068 Weather routing 2015051109 2015051115 Wedges 2015051184 2015051198 Weld metal 2015051235 Welded joints 2015051238 2015051242 Welding 2015051214 2015051235 Whipping 2015051181 2015051184 2015051186 2015051195 2015051212 Wind 2015051155 Wind loads 2015051171 Wind power generation 2015051071 Wind turbines 2015051166 2015051203 Wings 2015051131 Wooden hulls 2015051135

K-8 KEYWORD INDEX

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