(In support of REDD+)

Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (In Support of REDD+)

Published by Forest Department, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, 2019.

Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (In Support of REDD+)

Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (In Support of REDD+)

Contact : Forest Department Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh Bana Bhaban, Plot No- E-8, B-2 Agargaon, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar Dhaka-1207 info@bforest.gov.bd

This effort is financially supported by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Department for International Development (DFID) and International Development Research Centre (IDRC) with technical support from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Suggested Cita�on:

GoB. 2017. Land Representation System of Bangladesh (In Support of REDD+), Forest Department, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

ISBN 978-984-34-2712-0

©2019 Forest Department, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Bangladesh.

This document is a joint effort by

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)Ministry of Land (MoL)Forest Department (FD)

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tute (BARI)Bangladesh Bureau of Sta�s�cs (BBS)

Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organiza�on (SPARRSO)Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS)Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�ons (FAO)

Survey of Bangladesh (SoB) Soil Resource Development Ins�tute (SRDI)

Bangladesh Ins�tute of Planners (BIP)Bangladesh Society of Geoinforma�cs (BSGI)

Contributors (in alphabe�c order by last name)

Md. Modinul Ahsan1, Tariq Aziz1, Mariam Akhter1, Liam Costello6, Gianluca Franceschini6, Antonio Di Gregorio6, M A Hadi11, Shraban� Hira6, Md. Abed Hossain4,Md. Zaheer Iqbal1, Mohammed Ruhul Islam3, Mohammad Shahidul Islam7, Rashed Jalal6, Abdullah Al Mamun Chowdhury6, Syed Mohammad Masum5, Abdus Salam2, Farzana Shahrin3, Tasnuva Shabnam Udita6, Champa Rani Saha6, Mohammad Saidur Rahman7, Saimunnahar Ritu6, Falgoonee Kumar Mondal6 , Md. Golam Mahboob10, Mahbubur Rahman9, Laskar Maqsudur Rahman6, Md. Shaheduzzaman6, Nazrin Sultana6, Md. Fazle Reza Sumon8, Khan Zarin Tasnim6, Ma�eu Henry6.

1. Forest Department2. Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organiza�on3. Soil Resource Development Ins�tute4. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology5. Survey of Bangladesh6. Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�ons7. Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services8. Bangladesh Ins�tute of Planners9. Na�onal Land Zoning Project,Ministry of Land10. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tute11. Bangladesh Society of Geoinforma�cs.

Message

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has a vision to ensure op�mum forest coverage and sustainable environment in the country. With this vision, the Ministry is the in-charge of ecosystem and biodiversity conserva�on by taking ac�on against environmental pollu�on, climate change and through research, floris�c survey and development of forest resource. Any contribu�on that enriches knowledge and technology, and advances research ac�vi�es is considered as a resource of Bangladesh. The publica�on “Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh” is such a contribu�on for the forestry sector of Bangladesh. This Land Representa�on System is an outcome of the project “Strengthening Na�onal Forest Inventory and Satellite Land Monitoring System in support of REDD+ in Bangladesh”. This is specifically prepared to support REDD+ in Bangladesh and may be used for various purposes. This innova�ve work was not possible without relentless supports of the technical personnel from numerous collabora�ve organiza�ons and they worth its success.

Several government and non-government organiza�ons work on different environmental issues and prepare their databases according to their project objec�ves. However, due to lack of standard approach for determining the physical features of land cover, the databases remain inconsistent and cannot be incorporated with other datasets. With a standard classifica�on approach, the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh represents land cover including all the environmental elements in a hierarchy and it is based on “Land Cover Classifica�on System” (LCCS) tool that synchronizes a wide range of features in harmonized way. This harmonized classifica�on system is more flexible and user friendly.

I hope that, this na�onal system will lead future approaches to represent land cover with proper iden�fica�on and standardiza�on of the physical features on the land and facilitate land management ac�vi�es in a realis�c manner.

(Md. Mozahed Hossain)

Md. Mozahed HossainAddi�onal Secretary (Development)

Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)

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Message

Forest Department being responsible for management and conserva�on of forest resources of the country affirms that the publica�on �tled “Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh” is a crea�ve effort, to support REDD+ ac�vi�es in the country, made by intellectual experts from different organiza�ons. Due to tremendous effort and relentless support of collabora�ve organiza�ons, LRSB has been successful and produc�ve with a new approach to recognize physical features with a universal name in geographical maps and may be applicable for different purposes.

LRSB is built on Land Cover Classifica�on System (LCCS) - a system based on “Land Cover Meta Language (LCML)”- an object oriented language providing a specific and common syntax for each features on earth that can be iden�fied by their physical appearance. For years together different organiza�ons have generated maps using different legends only to serve their purpose without any concern of temporal analysis. Data varia�on makes the data inconsistent and limits the use of data. LCCS in this case comes up with a harmonized classifica�on system to push up all the boundaries in legend descrip�on and map prepara�on. LCML increases the data flexibility and data consistency with ISO standard land cover class name.

Standard classifica�on system is highly poten�al to classify different forest lands using a common defini�on which facilitates the users along with the forest officials to recognize the specific forest land cover by one standard name. Our main aim is to conserve forests, develop environment and biodiversity and socio-economy through modern technology and innova�on. To conserve forest resources, regular monitoring is mandatory and mapping of forest zones is the most convenient way to ease the analysis both in quan�ta�ve and qualita�ve way. Mapping ac�vi�es involve forest land cover iden�fica�on and set the legend accurately so that data can be used for temporal change detec�on. LCCS is the pathway to represent forest land cover with standard and consistent terminology.

Indeed LRSB is a great ini�a�ve giving opportunity to use universal language for defining land cover uses and widening the way of land cover research ac�vi�es to a new aspect. LRSB can be considered as a benchmark for the advancement of quest for new knowledge in forestry sector and development of socio-economic condi�on at na�onal level as well.

(Mohammed Shafiul Alam Chowdhury)

Mohammed Shafiul Alam ChowdhuryChief Conservator of Forests

Forest Department

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Message

Land cover is a term used to describe the physical features of the earth’s surface: plants, soil, water and indeed man made features. It is an area of earth defined by its intense dynamism; the greater the ac�vity on the land, the more land cover is likely to change. Land use is the term used to describe human’s influence on land cover and is highly influenced by economic s�mulus. Due to high popula�on density and growing economy of Bangladesh both land use and land cover are experiencing a period of intense dynamism.

Land cover change occurs at a scale not easily perceived by humans and we, therefore, rely on maps to monitor land cover dynamics. Land cover maps are an essen�al tool to support natural resource management decisions. However, their ability to assist in observing changes can only occur if specific elements of the maps are comparable - apples must be compared with apples. Various agencies develop land cover maps for a range of purposes with different objec�ves. Their specific objec�ves demand the inclusion of different a�ributeswhich means maps are o�en incomparable in the context of observed changes. To avoid such problems, the Global Land Cover Network (GLCN), a joint ini�a�ve between FAO, UNEP and IAO, has developed the Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) tool to assist countries to both harmonize exis�ng land cover data and to establish a system where land cover is classified based on actual physical features present on the ground rather than tradi�onal defini�ons using broad terminology such as “forest” or “grassland”.

With the objec�ve to reduce problems of inconsistency between land cover maps, the land representa�on system of Bangladesh, based on LCML, was developed. This system is the result of an extensive process of consulta�on, data collec�on, transla�on and analysis of exis�ng classifica�on systems beginning in 2013 and completed in 2016. The legends of the exis�ng na�onal land cover/use maps and gaps iden�fied within these processes have been considered in order to develop a complete, dynamic and representa�ve overview of land cover and land use in Bangladesh.

Using the same tool to define classes, the land representa�on system can represent all past, present and future legends in a harmonized way. It is expected to be the founda�on for building sustainability in land cover assessment and monitoring in Bangladesh allowing comparability between maps developed by different agencies and for different purposes. The system has been designed to be flexible enough to be adapted to all specific in-country needs. This document outlines the basis of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh through descrip�on of the classes and their transla�on in LCML.

(Robert Douglas Simpson)

Robert Douglas Simpson FAO Representa�ve in Bangladesh

Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�ons

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Message

The United States Agency for Interna�onal Development (USAID) has supported the development of Bangladesh since the country gained independence in 1971. Over this �me, Bangladesh has made impressive strides in many sectors, including agriculture, natural resource management, educa�on, and health. These improvements have increased the na�on’s prosperity, food security, and resilience to natural disasters. USAID is proud of its partnership with the government and people of Bangladesh and we are encouraged by the posi�ve results emerging from investments in development projects.

The Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (LRSB) is based on land classifica�ons, which are transparent and interna�onally standardized, and promises to provide monitoring data on land use and land cover that is be�er quality, comparable across different regions, and shows changes over �me. As such, widespread adop�on of the LRSB in Bangladesh will allow land management efforts to become more efficient, effec�ve, and achieve be�er results. Be�er data will support be�er decisions by Government of Bangladesh policy makers, by resource managers, and by development partners.

At USAID, we place great importance on the ability to measure, evaluate, and learn from the impact of our investments to ensure projects are achieving desired results, and that �me, energy, and resources are well spent. It is our hope that the LRSB will become a valuable tool to monitor and assess the contribu�ons of the Government of Bangladesh, USAID, and other development partners to environmental projects, and will help ensure that future investments are well-targeted.

USAID con�nues to support the Government of Bangladesh’s efforts to sustainably manage the country’s agricultural and forest resources and looks forward to seeing the LRSB used to enhance these efforts.

(Janina Jaruzelski)

Janina JaruzelskiBangladesh Mission Director

United States Agency for Interna�onal Development

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Message

Ensuring food security is a major challenge for Bangladesh. To feed the increasing number of popula�on from the ever-shrinking available lands, croplands should be used in a judicious way. Analysis of remotely sensed images and mapping annual land use categories to es�mate available resources can be the best suitable way to track sustainable cropping intensifica�on throughout the country. The report �tled on “Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh 2015” is an innova�ve approach that delivers harmonized legend for all mapping products and makes year to year land use analysis more flexible.

This report has been developed through collabora�ve efforts of a range of government agencies and professional organiza�ons and it’s my pleasure to be a member of this effort. Over years, it’s been a vital problem to deal with a variety of land use classes for different maps which are not comparable with one another and ul�mately data remains inconsistent. LRSB introduces LCCS tool that defines all the physical features with common iden�cal syntax. Such standard land representa�on system will foster portability of digital maps across the agencies to use for their own purpose of works and add value to the same for synergis�c benefits of all.

Agriculture sector is expected to be highly benefi�ed from the greater availability of current and/or historical landuse maps, which are required for numerous applica�ons including dissemina�on of loca�on-specific agricultural advisory, es�ma�on of cropping area and yield, exploring area for further cropping intensifica�on, sustainable use of agricultural water and other natural resources etc.

I am indeed glad that BARI has been playing an ac�ve part in developing this land representa�on system of Bangladesh. I wish that all future mapping ini�a�ves in Bangladesh will follow this newly developed land representa�on system and contribute significantly in the journey to make a true digital Bangladesh.

(Dr. Abul Kalam Azad)

Dr. Abul Kalam AzadDirector General

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tute (BARI)

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Message

Bangladesh is bestowed with enormous natural resources but overpopula�on acts as the driver to resource deple�on. This conflic�ng rela�onship primarily develops the necessity of planning for land resource management aiming at delivering equitable service to vast popula�on. Myriad programs and ini�a�ves taken by different consor�a to generate land cover map for resource monitoring lack synchroniza�on due to varied origina�on system and class interpreta�on. To develop common understanding in a thema�c area, a standard land cover representa�on system can be framed and LCCS approach bears such a signature to deal with more precise and highly consistent land cover informa�on.

In the context of Bangladesh, the prime concern of a planner is to develop plan for the welfare of ci�es, towns or rural areas ensuring safety, security and especially sustainability of the regions. The process of plan implementa�on begins with the knowledge about present land use pa�ern, and LCCS approach provides detailed descrip�on of any physical en�ty. Thus, this approach enlightens a planner with a load of informa�on and serves the purpose of a planner.

The publica�on �tled “Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh” is the outcome of con�nuous progress in training workshops on methodology with the collabora�on of different organiza�ons and BIP is one of them. It’s a great opportunity for BIP to be part of this innova�ve approach. I would like to appreciate all the contributors in this publica�on for their countless effort.

I am confident that this publica�on referring to LRSB will be a massive milestone for further research, analysis and any kind of plan implementa�on on land surface in local, regional and na�onal context.

(Dr. A K M Abul Kalam)

Dr. A K M Abul KalamPresident

Bangladesh Ins�tute of Planners (BIP)

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Message

Since the introduc�on of geo-informa�cs technology in Bangladesh during the 90s in the form of Geographical Informa�on Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS), the professional community has grown significantly and is also stepping forward to adopt the new technologies. As a part of that process, the LRSB has been undertaken to guide the land cover data representa�on in Bangladesh.

There is a common saying that whatever the incidence is, that occurs in a place. Thus, informa�on on geography is a concern not only for the geographers, but to the other professionals as well, i.e. urban planners, agricultural scien�sts, environmental professionals, disaster management officers, economists and other professional bodies. Baseline analysis for any ac�vity always needs geographic informa�on as well as for plan prepara�on for future and for monitoring purpose. In the past years, different ins�tu�ons and organiza�ons of Bangladesh produced geographical data, especially the land cover maps which were inconsistent in manner in terms of temporal and ins�tu�onal basis. The inconsistency restricted the use of those maps over �me and demanded for addi�onal effort to retake the same task.

LRSB will eliminate those inconsistencies and thus, will allow the mul�purpose use of land cover data. A contemporary (Remote sensing and GIS) technology has been used to extract the informa�on for LRSB. BSGI is honoured to be an important part of this ini�a�ve as a concerned body of GIS and Remote Sensing knowledge support and prac�ce through suppor�ng the data collec�on and valida�on procedures for land covers of Bangladesh. The use of geo-informa�cs technology made this system contemporary and thus, a reliable one. The land cover map created using LRSB will help many organiza�ons of Bangladesh not only to meet current requirements but of the future as well.

We, the Geo-informa�cs professional community in Bangladesh, are asser�ve that the publica�on of LRSB document will be valuable asset and reference document for all sorts of professionals engaged with development sectors in Bangladesh who are concerned about the land cover aspects.

(Dr. ASM Maksud Kamal)

Professor ASM Maksud KamalPresident

Bangladesh Society of Geoinforma�cs (BSGI)

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Message

The “Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh” is a unique work that mainly focuses on the classifica�on of physically iden�fiable en��es following a typical framework namely “LCCS” in the en�re Bangladesh. This crea�ve effort involves field level data collec�on, classifying land cover elements in a hierarchy and genera�ng land cover maps with the consistent assistance from different organiza�ons. I am also very thankful to all scien�sts, researchers and professionals involved with this ini�a�ve from the very beginning for their relentless support which make this project successful.

Water is a very fundamental to human welfare, to develop socio-economic condi�on and to maintain healthy ecosystems. As Bangladesh is a low-lying country, flood and other natural disasters frequently visit with their devasta�ng appearance. Besides, demand for water is growing day by day with the increasing popula�on. In this way, these circumstances develop a cri�cal need for management of water resources which integrates two elements- water and land use to consider under this approach. Integrated management involves protec�on against drought and �dal surge; considering drainage, erosion, land use cropping pa�ern, fisheries, naviga�on, coordina�on of planning and construc�on of rural roads, embankments with provision for unimpeded drainage and so on. All these ac�vi�es require common iden�fica�on code to recognize the land parts and water bodies na�onally for a specific region and LRSB is the way to deliver the common descrip�on.

IWFM, being a part of this crea�ve effort, is very much gra�fied and has firm belief to expand this knowledge for future projects or reports.

(Professor Dr. Mashfiqus Salehin)

Professor Dr. Mashfiqus SalehinDirector

Ins�tute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM),Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)

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Message

Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS) as a Centre of Excellence in Bangladesh is pleased to announce that this publica�on �tled “Land Representa�on System (LRSB) of Bangladesh” is a wonderful ini�a�ve and will be very much effec�ve for carrying out future researches and applica�ons related to land use and land cover change. CEGIS feels honoured to be an ac�ve partner of this important work and greatly acknowledge dedicated efforts of researchers from various organiza�ons to produce such a good quality product. The LRSB seems to be a possible best solu�on to the problem arising in the last few decades due to lack of common reference system. Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) is an amazing language to harmonize all categories of land and to define it clearly.

With the advancement of technology, land surface image derived from earth resources satellites is a useful tool to Geographic Informa�on System (GIS) and Remote sensing (RS) technique providing spa�al informa�on on landscape resource. The prime commitment of CEGIS is to solve the problems in different sectors of environment of the country. The first and foremost step of solving problems is to get in depth knowledge about the bio-physical features, to iden�fy its morphology, to track its change and also possible reasons behind it. LRSB represents landscape through a common standard language which is applicable for all and enables to analyse in more flexible way and to build capacity in harmonized data handling.

This document will serve as the basis for the development of the na�onal land cover map, which is required for na�onal forest inventory, greenhouse gas inventory and natural resources management. It will also help to harmonize the legends of the historical land cover data prepared by different organiza�ons in the past and to compare those data for historical land cover assessment in a consistent way.

(Md. Waji Ullah)

Engr. Md Waji UllahExecu�ve Director

Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS)

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Message

Land cover is one of the most important elements of the environment. Technological development has given a be�er chance to researchers to conduct research on land cover and land cover change. The imageries captured by satellite provide a lot of informa�on that are advantageous to monitor land resources. The main resource controlling primary produc�vity for terrestrial ecosystems can be defined in terms of land (and its cover). The report �tled "Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh" can be considered as addi�onal but far more consistent to land cover informa�on.

Soil Resource Development Ins�tute (SRDI) is a government organiza�on under the administra�ve control of the Ministry of Agriculture. The aim of SRDI is to assist in achieving self-sufficiency in food and ensure food security for all through appropriate land & soil management for sustainable as well as environmentally friendly agriculture. Management system primarily involves the prepara�on of land use map and the proper defini�on of agricultural land which provides informa�on to agricultural planners about agricultural land boundary and its distribu�on according to different cropping pa�ern, agricultural land management system.

Like SRDI different organiza�ons prepare land cover maps to support own purpose. But due to lack of consistency in organiza�onal purposes, methodologies, boundaries, defini�ons, classifica�on systems, varying means and capaci�es, these maps are not comparable with each other. LCML based land cover classifica�on system is such a tool that iden�fies all the physical features on the earth with common and standard syntax worldwide. Only harmonized descrip�on can maximize the u�liza�on of land cover maps among different stakeholders for achieving objec�ve of respec�ve ins�tu�ons and avoidance of conflicts. It ensures cost as well as �me effec�veness and easy interpreta�on of land use change to use them in na�onal planning and management.

FAO with the joint ini�a�ves of different organiza�ons of Bangladesh is going to publish "Land Representa�on System" and SRDI family is glad to be a part of this achievement. SRDI will be benefited by this in aspect of knowledge sharing, reducing technical anomalies followed by harmoniza�on and standardiza�on of data.

(Khandker Moyeenuddin)

Mr. Khandker MoyeenuddinDirector

Soil Resource Development Ins�tute (SRDI)

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List of Tables ....................................................................................................................................... xvii List of Diagram...................................................................................................................................... xviiList of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... xviiList of Pictures ..................................................................................................................................... xviiiAcknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. xxExecu�ve Summary............................................................................................................................... xxiAcronyms............................................................................................................................................. xxiii1 Introduc�on ..................................................................................................................................... 12 Principles and Defini�on.................................................................................................................. 23 Development Process of Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh ............................................ 33.1 Data Collec�on, Na�onal Workshop and Na�onal Consulta�ons.................................................... 34 Overview of the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh ......................................................... 55 Rules for Classifica�on ................................................................................................................... 106 How to Extend the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh ................................................... 157 Spa�al reference of the classes ..................................................................................................... 178 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 189 References ..................................................................................................................................... 19Appendix-I ............................................................................................................................................. 20I. Terrestrial Vegeta�on -VT.............................................................................................................. 22

a) Natural Vegeta�on - NV............................................................................................................. 22b) Cul�vated Vegeta�on - CV......................................................................................................... 32

II. Aqua�c or Regularly Flooded Vegeta�on - VF ............................................................................... 52a) Natural Vegeta�on-NVF (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded) ............................................................... 52b) Cul�vated Vegeta�on - CVF (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded) ......................................................... 61

III. Terrestrial Non-Vegetated-AT......................................................................................................... 70a) Natural Surface-NS..................................................................................................................... 70b) Ar�ficial Surface-AS ................................................................................................................... 75

IV. Water - W....................................................................................................................................... 82a) Natural Water Bodies-WN ......................................................................................................... 82b) Ar�ficial Water Bodies-WA ........................................................................................................ 87

V. Combined Classes .......................................................................................................................... 90a) Mul�ple Strata ........................................................................................................................... 90b) Single Strata with Mul�ple Component..................................................................................... 91

Appendix –II .......................................................................................................................................... 92

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List of TablesTable 1: Classifica�on based on the master classes of land representa�on

system of Bangladesh .......................................................................................................12Table 2: Illustrated classifica�on of natural terrestrial vegeta�on .................................................13Table 3: Illustrated classifica�on of cul�vated terrestrial vegeta�on.............................................14Table 4: List of Extendable A�ributes.............................................................................................16

List of DiagramDiagram 1: Land Representa�on System based on A�ributes ............................................................11Diagram 2: How to refine classes using the extendable a�ributes in the land representa�on

system of Bangladesh .......................................................................................................15

List of FiguresFigure 1: Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh to support mul�purpose

land cover/use ac�vi�es ....................................................................................................2Figure 2: The process for the crea�on of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh for

land cover/use mapping .....................................................................................................4Figure 3: Geographic loca�on of field points for data collec�on.......................................................5Figure 4: The major structure of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh..............................6Figure 5: Clear un-ambiguous elements/ a�ributes to define the more general level

(e.g. presence of “bio�c” vs “abio�c” (non-vegetated) elements ......................................7Figure 6: The further separa�on if the class “vegetated area” based on vegeta�on edaphic

condi�on (e.g. terrestrial vs aqua�c or regularly flooded vegeta�on) ...............................7Figure 7: Model representa�on of the graphical format of the class “shi�ing cul�va�on”...............8Figure 8: Example of A�ributes .........................................................................................................8Figure 9: Overview of system components and their func�onal rela�onships .................................9Figure 10: Bangladesh Forest Inventory zone map of Bangladesh ....................................................17

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Picture 1: Bhawal Na�onal Park, Gazipur.............................................................................................. 22Picture 2: Tree dominated forest, Khagrachari...................................................................................... 23Picture 3: Evergreen forest in Medhacacchapia, Cox’s Bazar................................................................ 24Picture 4: Evergreen hill forest, Medhacacchapia, Cox’s Bazar ............................................................. 25Picture 5: Mixed forest, Rangama� ....................................................................................................... 26Picture 6: Mixed hill forest, Cha�ogram Hill Tracts ............................................................................... 27Picture 7: Deciduous forest (Sal forest), Bhawal Na�onal Park ............................................................. 28Picture 8: Plain land forest (Sal forest), Bhawal Na�onal Park .............................................................. 29Picture 9: Shrub dominated area, Cha�ogram...................................................................................... 30Picture 10: Herb dominated area, Manikganj ....................................................................................... 31Picture 11: Cul�vated crops, Jaipurhat.................................................................................................. 32Picture 12: Cul�vated trees, Acacia planta�on, Gazipur....................................................................... 33Picture 13: Forest planta�on, Bandarban.............................................................................................. 34Picture 14: Evergreen forest planta�on, Cox’s Bazar............................................................................. 35Picture 15: Short rota�on (Agar) planta�on, Sylhet .............................................................................. 36Picture 16: Forest planta�on long rota�on evergreen, Fashiakhli, Cha�ogram ................................... 37Picture 17: Mixed planta�on, Rangama� .............................................................................................. 38Picture 18: Forest planta�on short rota�on mixed, Tangail .................................................................. 39Picture 19: Forest planta�on long rota�on mixed, Fashiakhli, Cox’s Bazar........................................... 40Picture 20: Cul�vated forest planta�on of deciduous trees (Teak), Bandarban.................................... 41Picture 21: Forest planta�on long rota�on deciduous, Cox’s Bazar...................................................... 42Picture 22: Cul�vated orchards and other planta�ons, Cox’s Bazar...................................................... 43Picture 23: Cul�vated shrub area, Sylhet .............................................................................................. 44Picture 24: Orchards and other planta�on, Maulvibazar, Sylhet........................................................... 45Picture 25: Herbaceous crops, Jaipurhat............................................................................................... 46Picture 26: Cul�vated permanent crop, Khush�a ................................................................................. 47Picture 27: Cul�vated herbaceous crop- single crop cul�va�on, Khush�a ........................................... 48Picture 28: Mul�ple crop, Rabi Season – Mustard, Kharif-1 – Jute, Kharif-2 - T. Aman......................... 49Picture 29: Shi�ing cul�va�on, Bandarban ........................................................................................... 50Picture 30: Natural vegeta�on, Sundarban mangrove forest ................................................................ 52Picture 31: Tree dominated area, Ratargul swamp forest, Sylhet ......................................................... 53Picture 32: Swamp Forest, Ratargul, Sylhet........................................................................................... 54Picture 33: Mangrove forest, Sundarban .............................................................................................. 55Picture 34: Shrub dominated area, Goran trees, Sundarban ................................................................ 56Picture 35: Swamp reed land (Murta), Sylhet ....................................................................................... 57Picture 36: Shrub dominated area, Sundarban ..................................................................................... 58Picture 37: Herb dominated area, Cox’s Bazar...................................................................................... 59

xviii

Picture 38: Marsh area, Sylhet .............................................................................................................. 60Picture 39: Cul�vated crops, Khulna ..................................................................................................... 61Picture 40: Cul�vated aqua�c trees, Coastal zone, Noakhali ................................................................ 62Picture 41: Swamp planta�on, Sylhet.................................................................................................... 63Picture 42: Mangrove planta�on, Barguna ........................................................................................... 64Picture 43: Shrubs crops, Sylhet ............................................................................................................ 65Picture 44: Reed planta�on, Tanguar Haor, Sunamganj, Sylhet ............................................................ 66Picture 45: Herbaceous crops, Floa�ng agriculture beds, Barishal ....................................................... 67Picture 46: Natural (abio�c) surface, Feni ............................................................................................. 70Picture 47: Soil and sand deposits, Cox’s Bazar..................................................................................... 71Picture 48: Mud flats, Noakhali ............................................................................................................ 72Picture 49: Natural beach areas, Cox’s Bazar ........................................................................................ 73Picture 50: Natural river bank areas, Rangpur ...................................................................................... 74Picture 51: Ar�ficial surface area (Brick field), Narayanganj ................................................................. 75Picture 52: Urban se�lement, Dhaka ................................................................................................... 76Picture 53: Built-up linear feature, Railway, Khush�a .......................................................................... 77Picture 54: Dump site (garbage) in the urban areas, Sylhet .................................................................. 78Picture 55: Salt pans, Coastal area, Cox’s Bazar .................................................................................... 79Picture 56: Natural water body (Passur river), Khulna .......................................................................... 82Picture 57: Naturally flowing river, Shatkhira ........................................................................................ 83Picture 58: Standing natural water bodies, Khulna ............................................................................... 84Picture 59: Baor, Kush�a ....................................................................................................................... 85Picture 60: Natural water body, Haor, Hobiganj .................................................................................... 86Picture 61: Ar�ficial water body, Kaptai Lake, Cha�ogram ................................................................... 87Picture 62: Standing ar�ficial water body, Kaptai Lake, Cha�ogram..................................................... 88Picture 63: Ar�ficial water body (pond), Manikganj ............................................................................. 89Picture 64: Agroforestry, Tangail ........................................................................................................... 90Picture 65: Rural se�lement areas, Feni................................................................................................ 91

xix

The Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh is a contribu�on of the project “Strengthening Na�onal Forest Inventory and Satellite land Monitoring System in support of REDD+ in Bangladesh of Forest Department” and the UN-REDD programme. I wish to acknowledge several personnel and organiza�ons without the support from whom, this publica�on would have not been possible.

Special thanks to Mr. Abdullah Al Mohsin Chowdhury, Secretary, Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bangladesh for his immense support in preparing the land representa�on system.

I would like to thank the Secretary, Ministry of Land and his support in our endeavor to prepare this Land Representa�on System. Furthermore, I would also like to acknowledge Mr. Md. Mozahed Hossain, Addi�onal Secretary (Development) for his invaluable support.

I would like to thank Mr. Mohammed Shafiul Alam Chowdhury, Chief Conservator of Forests for his valuable guidance and advice in the whole process. Thanks also to Mr. Zahir Uddin Ahmed, Deputy Chief Conservator of Forests for valuable insights.

Acknowledgements are also due to Dr. Ma�eu Henry, Chief Technical Advisor and his team members for the remarkable support, guidance in monitoring and conduc�ng the overall process of preparing the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh.

Finally acknowledgements are also due to Dr. Abul Kalam Azad, director general of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tute (BARI), Dr. A K M Abul Kalam, President Bangladesh Ins�tute of Planners (BIP), Professor ASM Maksud Kamal, President of Bangladesh Society of Geoinforma�cs (BSGI), Professor Dr. Mashfi¬qus Salehin, Director, Ins�tute of Water and Flood Management (IWFM, BUET), Engr. Md Waji Ullah, Execu�ve Director, Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS) and Mr. Khandker Moyeenuddin, Director, Soil Resource Development Ins�tute (SRDI) for nomina�ng their representa�ves to par�cipate in different ac�vi�es in prepara�on of Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh.

Zaheer IqbalNa�onal Project Coordinator

“Strengthening Na�onal Forest Inventory and Satellite Land Monitoring System in support

of REDD+ in Bangladesh”Forest Department

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

xx

Assessment and monitoring of forest and land cover dynamics are essen�al for the sustainable management of natural resources, environmental protec�on, biodiversity conserva�on and developing sustainable livelihoods par�cularly for a populated country like Bangladesh. Recognizing the need for spa�ally explicit data describing land cover, uses and management prac�ces, several na�onal ins�tu�ons are involved in collec�ng and analyzing natural resources and forest-related data, and providing knowledge and recommenda�ons at regular intervals. However, organiza�onal differences are highly manifested not only in the end products but also in the processes involved resul�ng in difficulty of using different land cover products and their integra�on into one system.

When implemen�ng climate change mi�ga�on ac�vi�es in forestry and for other sectors through interna�onal mechanism such as REDD+ (Reducing emissions from deforesta�on and forest degrada�on and the role of conserva�on, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries) or through na�onal frameworks, it is impera�ve to ensure that the data are consistent to each other. It is also impera�ve that the data are properly documented in order to ensure the sustainability of the process and its con�nuous improvement to meet the emerging demands from the society. A standardized classifica�on system for land cover/use mapping for the en�re country is, hence, very important for producing efficient and consistent land cover informa�on. In response, the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (LRSB) has been developed in order to reduce the repe��on of same procedures for land use/cover mapping by different organiza�ons and to facilitate a harmonized land cover mapping process.

Bangladesh is the first country to prepare a land representa�on system based on the Interna�onal Organiza�on for Standardiza�on (ISO) standard Land Cover Meta Language (LCML). With support from the Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�ons (FAO), the LRSB is developed in collabora�on among ten government, non-government and academic ins�tu�ons. The LRSB is a result of several processes of data collec�on, transla�on, gap iden�fica�on and analysis of exis�ng land cover/use mapping processes. This process was started in 2013 and was finalized in 2016. The legends of three exis�ng na�onal land cover/use maps were collected, documented and translated using the Land Cover Classifica�on System (LCCS v3) – an implementa�on tool of Land Cover Meta Language (LCML). As o�en observed, same land can be defined from unique perspec�ve by different organiza�ons to fulfil their objec�ves. This results in dissimilari�es while comparing land use/cover informa�on with other organiza�ons or even within the same organiza�on with informa�on from various �mes. The LRSB aims to iden�fy the objects found in a land in order to describe that specific land rather than considering the defini�ons. The Land Cover Classifica�on System (LCCS v.3) – a tool to implement the LCML – has been used, in this regard, to describe all possible land use/cover in the country. Experts from FD, BARI, BIP, BSGI, BUET, CEGIS, FAO, MoL, SoB, SPARRSO and SRDI have described the land use/cover of Bangladesh in different hierarchical levels. Data collected from 1144 field points all over the country, were taken into considera�on for developing these classes.

Executive Summary

xxi

The LRSB is classified in two broad classes ‘vegetated’ and ‘non-vegetated’. Each of the classes were further divided based on presence of water as ‘terrestrial’ and ‘aqua�c’ or simply ‘water’. These classes were again categorized based on ar�ficiality as ‘natural’ and ‘cul�vated’ or ‘ar�ficial’. From the fourth level the rules for classifica�on or the a�ributes were much diverse to represent all the classes that can be found in Bangladesh. This document presents the hierarchical arrangement of the classes in LRSB, describing total 65 classes, 45 of which are vegetated and 20 are non-vegetated. The document also presents the methodology in detail for preparing the land representa�on system along with the classes and their object based descrip�on in LCCS schema. The use of LCCS tool to construct the land use/cover classes in the system has given it much flexibility, so that it can be compa�ble with legends of land cover maps for both past and future. This document is expected to serve as a guideline for land cover classifica�on tasks in Bangladesh and is to be considered as is a living one, which can be updated in a �mely manner based on necessity and technological advancement.

xxii

BARI : Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tuteBBS : Bangladesh Bureau of Sta�s�csBIP : Bangladesh Ins�tute of PlannersBSGI : Bangladesh Society of Geoinforma�csBUET : Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology CEGIS : Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services DECCMA : Deltas, vulnerability and Climate Change: Migra�on and Adapta�onDFID : Department for Interna�onal Development DFO : Divisional Forest OfficerFAO : Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�onsFD : Forest Department GIS : Geographic Informa�on SystemIDRC : Interna�onal Development Research CentreLCCS : Land Cover Classifica�on SystemLCML : Land Cover Meta LanguageLRSB : Land Representa�on System of BangladeshMoL : Ministry of LandNFI : Na�onal Forest InventoryNIR : Near-infraredSoB : Survey of BangladeshSPARRSO : Space Research and Remote Sensing Organiza�onSPOT : French: Satellite Pour l'Observa�on de la Terre, lit. (Satellite for observa�on of Earth)SRDI : Soil Resource Development Ins�tuteUNEP : United Na�ons Environment ProgramUNREDD : United Na�ons - Reducing Emissions from Deforesta�on and Forest Degrada�on Program UTM : Universal Transverse Mercator

xxiii

Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (In Support of REDD+)

1 IntroductionInforma�on about land cover and natural resource monitoring serves mul�ple purposes, such as commercial uses, na�onal security, environmental protec�on, natural resource management, climate change mi�ga�on, tracking of greenhouse gas emissions etc. During the last decades in Bangladesh, several na�onal and interna�onal en��es were involved in land cover/land use mapping, at different levels, by making use of remote sensing and ancillary data (Akhter and Shaheduzzaman, 2013) resul�ng into an inventory of na�onal and sub-na�onal land cover products in Bangladesh. However, several problems limit the poten�al use of those exis�ng maps. Many of the descrip�on of legends used for land cover mapping are not available and the classes are not appropriately described. Accuracy assessment is not performed in most cases. In some cases, the classifica�on system for a single thema�c area is even not the same for different projects within an organiza�on. In brief, organiza�onal differences are highly manifested not only in the end products but also in the processes involved. Hence, the use of the different land cover/use maps and their integra�on into one system is limited by constraints such as lack of documenta�on, inconsistency in spa�al and temporal resolu�ons, accessibility, different classifica�on systems, etc. In addi�on, while several ins�tu�ons aim at improving the management of natural resources and contribu�ng to environmental crisis such as climate change, decision making in management of the resources is o�en limited by the mul�tude of different sources of informa�on. On the other hand, while different results are being provided by different en��es, lack of capaci�es limit the implementa�on of a robust na�onal system. In consequence, the cost-effec�veness and the sustainability of land cover/use mapping ac�vi�es in Bangladesh can be improved through a stronger collabora�on and development of a common Land Representa�on system.

With advancements in geospa�al technology, the assessment and classifica�on of land cover/use has become a key management tool across a range of disciplines allowing informa�on of the state of flux of the earth’s surface observed from �me to �me. Land cover map is the best way to asses change in earth’s surface and standard legend is prerequisite to maintain consistency for temporal analysis. The Global Land Cover Network (GLCN), a joint ini�a�ve between FAO, UNEP and IAO, have developed the Land Cover Classifica�on System (LCCS) tool to assist countries to both harmonise exis�ng land cover data and to establish a system where land cover classes are based on actual physical features present on the ground. LCML (Land Cover Meta Language) followed by the LCCS tool serves this purpose providing standard/common defini�on for each iden�fiable objects (Rashed Jalal. et.al. 2017). In this way, the system favours an object oriented approach over one reliant on broad terminology that provides limited indica�on of the physical features it represents, and in doing so, the system presents a classifica�on system that is transparent, comparable, standardized and replicable.

The latest version of LCCS (LCCS.v3) facilitates the understanding of the classes of land cover regardless of the scale of mapping, the type of coverage, method of data collec�on, or geographic loca�on. The tool represents the use of object based descrip�on system for land representa�on system for land cover/use mapping ac�vi�es for different purposes.

The objec�ve of this document is to present the Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh (LRSB) for represen�ng land cover/use in Bangladesh. This document will serve as the basis for the development of the na�onal land cover map, but also can be used as a reference for various na�onal ini�a�ves such as the na�onal forest inventory or the greenhouse gas inventory and other na�onal ac�vi�es that require informa�on about na�onal and sub-na�onal land cover/use.

1

2 Principles and DefinitionLCML, an ISO standard (ISO 19144-2) since 2012, is an innova�ve object oriented meta-language that ensures flexibility in the descrip�on/characteriza�on of land features (Di Gregorio, 2016). Any kind of changes in the LCML should be amended earlier and must be amended by the ISO. LCML emphasizes on the spa�al distribu�on pa�ern and the overall appearance of a real life vegeta�on element which is perfectly applicable to the concept of forest mapping in Bangladesh because –

• It standardizes the process of crea�ng the classes;

• It provides a general framework of rules that can be used to create specific legends;

• If implemented it will bring the land cover community together to create a mutual understanding of land cover nomenclatures with the aim to produce global, regional and na�onal data sets able to be reconciled at different scales, level of detail and geographic loca�on;

• It may further then be used to specify any land cover feature anywhere in Bangladesh, using a set of independent diagnos�c criteria that allow correla�on with exis�ng classifica�ons and legends as expected.

Land is inarguably one of the most valuable resources. Due to the present dynamic changes in the land use pa�ern, land cover/use informa�on has become extensively important across the countries. Considering the importance of land cover informa�on, LCCS v3 so�ware has been developed to func�onalize standard syntax with an overall implica�on of LCML. LCML not only proposes to consider a specific na�onal classifica�on system for land cover but also provides flexibility in working with it.

Figure 1: Land Representa�on System of Bangladesh to support mul�purpose land cover/use ac�vi�es

2

Most of the LCML Elements, Proper�es and Characteris�cs both for their denomina�on and descrip�on have been directly acquired from the LCCS 1-2 glossary (Di Gregorio, 2016). It will not only perform the harmoniza�on of data but also improve the data quality and improve the efficiency in using the informa�on.

As not all the users are conversant with the Unified Modelling Language (UML), it is also not func�onal to create manually an UML model for each land feature to be represented into a database. LCCS v3 has, therefore, the access to make it func�on in an easy, fast and intui�ve way that the applica�on of the LCML rules for the descrip�on of a given land features. In addi�on, it has the capability to export through a specific applica�on using a tool called “LCCS tool” that results in XSD format and can be converted into a proper UML schema or ingested into a system for advanced queries of the derived database.

The LCML/LCCS is an ergonomic, dynamic method and allows an adequate management of the geographic data which is very different from tradi�onal methods. However, the impact of the adap�on of this methodology into a na�onal system is much smoother and easier. It gives freedom to the poten�al users to innovate their data produc�on and management. The experience shows that the transi�on between two tradi�onal legends is more complicated and difficult than the introduc�on to the LCML/LCCS method into a na�onal system. But the methodology needs different levels of exper�se to func�on in a proper way.

3 Development Process of Land Representation System of BangladeshThe land representa�on system of Bangladesh is the result of several processes of data collec�on, transla�on, analysis and the iden�fica�on of the gaps of exis�ng land cover/use mapping processes. This process started in 2013 and was finalised in 2016 and supports two main na�onal processes including the development of a land cover map and the na�onal forest inventory.

The legends of exis�ng na�onal land cover/use maps have been collected, documented and translated using LCCS v.3. This first step allowed the iden�fica�on of the gaps of exis�ng legends and iden�fica�on of the meaning of the land feature classes considering the objec�ve of the ins�tu�on involved in the land cover map development.

In parallel, a na�onal field data collec�on process focused on collec�ng data in 1144 field loca�ons. The objec�ve of this field data collec�on process was to collect field ground data using a specific manual developed for the development of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh and for the na�onal forest inventory. During the process of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh development, the field ground data were used to characterize the na�onal classes. The development process of the system is briefly described below.

3.1 Data Collec�on, Na�onal Workshop and Na�onal Consulta�onsThe first training and na�onal workshop on land classifica�on system was held in Dhaka in 2013. Several documents were developed to support the documenta�on of the exis�ng land cover mapping ac�vi�es in Bangladesh (Akhter and Shaheduzzaman, 2013). In 2015, the second training on LCCS was organized to present and train the representa�ves from various na�onal ins�tu�ons (FAO, 2015) on the latest version of LCCS (v.3) .

3

The development of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh is illustrated in Figure 2.

In collabora�on with the Forest Department, Bangladesh Society of Geo-informa�cs (BSGI) and Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS) have collected field inventory data from 831 and 313 points (Figure 3). The points were generated randomly. The field data collec�on procedure is described in Hadi, et al. (2016). The objec�ve was to collect field ground data using a specific manual (BSGI, BFD, & FAO, 2016).

In March 2016, the na�onal workshop for the crea�on of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh was organized with the aim to develop a dra� na�onal classifica�on system for land cover/use mapping, involving Bangladesh Agricultural Research Ins�tute (BARI), Forest Department (FD), Bangladesh Ins�tute of Planners (BIP), Bangladesh Society of Geo-informa�cs (BSGI), Bangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organiza�on (SPARRSO), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Centre for Environmental and Geographic Informa�on Services (CEGIS), Food and Agriculture Organiza�on of the United Na�ons (FAO), Na�onal Land Zoning Project, Ministry of Land (MoL), Survey of Bangladesh (SoB) and Soil Resource Development Ins�tute (SRDI).

Na�onal experts from various organiza�ons developed a land representa�on system of Bangladesh structure. Then, based on the expert knowledge and the field data collected, the LCCSv.3 legend was created. Then exis�ng legend was translated into LCCS to ensure that the previous classes were considered in the current land representa�on system of Bangladesh. The next step was legend development, followed by land cover map development system that considered the objec�ves of the various ins�tu�ons involved, the image resolu�on, and the technical, human and financial means available. The new version of LCCS.v3 allows the crea�on of a na�onal land cover/use library in .xsd format. In parallel, the methodologies for the na�onal land cover/use map development and for the forest informa�on systems have been developed.

Figure 2: The process for the crea�on of the land representa�on system of Bangladesh for land cover/use mapping

4

4 Overview of the Land Representation System of BangladeshThe importance and the complexity of the crea�on of a Land Cover Na�onal Land Representa�on are very o�en underes�mated. In many cases different na�onal legends in use are derived from the work of a single na�onal ins�tu�on that has not considered the development of a common reference system as a real na�onal priority. Direct consequences of this situa�on are:

• Very difficult exchange of Land Cover/Forest informa�on between na�onal Ins�tu�ons and users;

• Reduced efficiency of the na�onal databases;

• Very difficult to update the land cover informa�on;

• Loss or inefficient use of financial and human resources.

The availability of interna�onal standards (as FAO LCML) is an important step to move forward a common syntax for the ra�onaliza�on and harmoniza�on of na�onal classifica�on systems; however, the genera�on of a na�onal legend remains a local ac�vity that need to be put in the proper na�onal context. In this general framework a consistent land representa�on systemof Bangladesh should be the func�onal guideline that different na�onal agencies should use to derive specialized legends that are able to be�er represent specific applica�on.

Figure 3: Geographic loca�on of field points for data collec�on

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ta�on

- FPm

l(M

ixed)

FP Lo

ngRo

ta�on

- FPd

l(D

ecidu

ous)

FP Lo

ngRo

ta�on

- FPe

l(Ev

ergree

n)

Mixe

dFo

rest -

FMDe

ciduo

usFo

rest -

FDFo

rest

Planta

�ons

- FP

Orch

ards &

Othe

rPla

nta�o

ns - O

T

Orch

ards &

Othe

rPla

nta�o

ns - O

SPe

rman

ent -

PCSh

i�ing

- SC Sw

amp

Fores

t - SF

Single

Crop -

PCs

Mul�p

leCro

p - PC

m

Agrof

orest

- AF

Mang

rove

Fores

t -NM

FSw

amp R

eed

Land

- SWr

Mang

rove

Shru

b - M

SMa

rshAr

ea - M

ASa

ltMa

rsh - S

M

Rural

Se�le

ment

- RSSw

amp

Planta

�on -

FSp

Mang

rove

Planta

�on -

FMp Re

ed

Planta

�on-R

P

Shru

b Dom

inated

Area

- S (T

erres

trial)

Herb

s Dom

inated

Area

- H (T

erres

trial)

Cul�v

ated V

egeta

�on -

CV(Te

rrestr

ial)

Aqua

�c or

Regu

larly

Flood

ed Ve

geta�

on - V

F

Natur

al Ve

geta�

on - N

VF(A

qua�

c / Re

gular

ly Flo

oded

)

Cul�v

ated

Trees

- CT

Cul�v

ated

Shru

bs - C

SHe

rbac

eous

Cro

ps - C

HTre

e Dom

inated

Area

- NFT

(Aqu

a�c /

Regu

larly

Flood

ed)

Shru

b Dom

inated

Ar

ea - N

FSHe

rb Do

mina

ted

Area

- NFH

Tree C

rop - F

Tc(Re

gular

ly Flo

oded

)Sh

rub C

rop - F

Sc(Re

gular

ly Flo

oded

)He

rbac

eous

Crop

- FHc

(Regu

larly

Flood

ed)

Cul�v

ated -

CVF

(Aqu

ar�c C

ul�va

ted Ve

getai

on)

Terre

strial

Non-V

egeta

ted - A

T

Natur

alSu

rface

s - N

S

Soil,

Sand

Depo

sit - S

SdBu

ilt- U

pNo

n-Line

ar - B

NlBu

ilt- U

p Line

ar&

Othe

rs - B

LDu

mp Si

tes/ E

xtrac

�on

Sites

- DS

Salt

Pans

- SP

Rivers

- R

Baor

- Ba

Mud

Flats

- MF

Beac

hes -

BRiv

erBa

nks -

RB

Beels

/ Ha

ros - B

H

Stand

ing N

atural

Water

body

- NL

Stand

ing Ar

�fica

lWa

terbo

dy (L

ake)

- LPo

nds -

Po

Ar�fi

cial

Surfa

ces -

ASNa

tural

Water

Bodie

s - W

NAr

ificial

Wate

rBo

dies -

WA

Water

- W

Overv

iew of

Syste

m Co

mpon

ents

and t

heir F

unc�

onl R

ela�o

nship

s

Natur

al Ve

geta�

on W

oody

Grow

th Fo

rm Ch

aracte

ris�c

s- T

ree Ar

ea M

anag

emen

t Prac

�ce (

Types)

Natur

al Ve

geta�

on W

oody

Grow

th Fo

rm Ch

aracte

ris�c

s- A

llome

tric M

easu

remen

t (Typ

es - O

pen E

nded

)

Cul�v

ated W

oody

Vege

ta�on

Chara

cteris

�cs

- Plan

t Spre

ading

Geom

etry (

Types)

Cul�v

ated S

hrub V

egeta

�on C

harac

teris�

cs- O

rchard

Shad

owing

Cul�v

ated V

egeta

�on C

harac

te ris

�cs

- Fiel

d Size

(Enu

mera�

on)

- Pest

Contr

ol (Ty

pe)

- Pest

Contr

ol Fre

quen

cy (En

umera

�on)

- Plou

ghing

(Typ

e)- P

lough

ing Fr

eque

ncy

- Crop

Fer�l

lza�o

n Typ

e (Fe

r�lize

r Typ

e)- S

eedin

g Tim

e (En

umera

�on)

- Grow

ing Le

ngth

(Enum

era�o

n)- C

rop Co

mbina

�on (

Types)

Cul�v

ated V

egeta

�on M

ajor C

harac

teris�

cs- W

ater S

upply

(Typ

es)- C

roppin

g Pa�

ern (C

rop Gr

owing

Param

eters)

- Crop

Temp

oral S

eque

nce (

Withi

n The

Year)

- Crop

Rota�

on (T

ypes)

- Cul�

va�on

Time

Facto

r (Enu

mera�

on)

Natur

al Ve

geta�

on Gr

owth

Form

Prop

er�es

- Cov

er Pe

rcenta

ge (E

nume

ra�on

)- H

eight

(Enum

era�o

n)

Vege

ta�on

Grow

th Fo

rm Ch

aracte

ris�c

s- F

loris�

c Nam

e (Lis

t-Ope

n End

ed)

- Grow

th Fo

rm Ill

ness

(list -

open

Ende

d)- G

razing

(List

- Ope

n End

ed)

Bio�c

Vegetated Area - V Non-Vegetated - A

Class Ontology

Ontology Instatn�a�on

LCML - UML Schema- Graphic Diagram- XSD Schema

LCML Syntax

Land Cover Class

vegetation Artificiality

Bio�c

Vegetated Area - V

Terresterial Vegeta�on - VTAqua�c or Regularly

Flooded Vegeta�on -VF

Figure 5: Clear un-ambiguous elements/ a�ributes to define the more general level(e.g. presence of “bio�c” vs “abio�c” (non-vegetated) elements

Figure 6: The further separa�on if the class “vegetated area” based on vegeta�on edaphic condi�on(e.g. terrestrial vs aqua�c or regularly flooded vegeta�on)

7

vegetation Artificiality

Vegetation physionomy and structure

vegetation Artificiality

Leaf Phenology

Natural Vegeta�on Growth Form Proper�es- Cover Percentage (Enumera�on)- Height (Enumera�on)

Natural Vegeta�on Woody Growth Form Characteris�cs- Allometric Measurement (Types - Open Ended)

Natural Vegeta�on Woody Growth Form Characteris�cs- Tree Area Management Prac�ce (Types)

Natural Vegeta�on - NV(Terrestrial)

ForestTree Dominated Area - F

(Terrestrial)Shrub Dominated Area - S

(Terrestrial)Herbs Dominated Area - H

(Terrestrial)

Figure 7: Model representa�on of the graphical format of the class “shi�ing cul�va�on”

Figure 8: Example of A�ributes

8

Overall Na�onal Reference System Na�onal Legend -User Derived

Extendable Class A�ributesBasic System Components

Class Formal Descrip�on

Class Ontology

Defining Classes Rela�onship

Figure 9: Overview of system components and their func�onal rela�onships

9

5 Rules for Classification

10

Diag

ram

1: L

and

Repr

esen

ta�o

n Sy

stem

bas

ed o

n A�

ribut

es

LAN

D C

OVE

R CL

ASSE

S

VEG

ETAT

EDAR

EA (B

IOTI

C)N

ON

-VEG

ETAT

EDAR

EA (A

BIO

TIC)

AQU

ATIC

VEG

ETAT

ION

TERR

ESTR

IAL

VEG

ETAT

ION

TERR

ESTR

IAL

NON-

VEG

ETAT

ION

WAT

ERBO

DIE

S

NAT

URA

LW

ATER

NAT

URA

LSU

RFAC

ECU

LTIV

ATED

VEG

ETAT

ION

NAT

URA

LVE

GET

ATIO

NCU

LTIV

ATED

VEG

ETAT

ION

NAT

URA

LVE

GET

ATIO

N

HER

BSH

URB

TREE

HER

B

EVER

GRE

ENFO

REST

MIX

EDFO

REST

DEC

IDU

OU

SFO

REST

TREE

SHU

RB

ORC

HAR

DS

AND

OTH

ER P

LAN

TATI

ON

ORC

HAR

DS

AND

OTH

ER P

LAN

TATI

ON

FORE

STPL

ANTA

TIO

NPE

RMA

NEN

TC

ULT

IVAT

ION Ec

olog

ical

Con

ditio

n

Edap

hic

Cond

ition

Art

i�ci

ality

Vege

tatio

n Ph

ysio

gnom

y

SHIF

TIN

GC

ULT

IVAT

ION

HER

BTR

EE

MAN

GRO

VEPL

ANTA

TIO

N

SWAM

PPL

ANTA

TIO

NRE

EDPL

ANTA

TIO

N

SHU

RB

ARTI

FICI

ALW

ATER

PON

D

RIVE

R BAO

RBE

EL/H

AO

R

SALT

PA

NS

EXTR

AC

TIO

N/

MIN

ING

SIT

ESBU

ILT-

UP

NO

N-L

INEA

RBU

ILT-

UP

LIN

EAR

STAN

DIN

GW

ATER

BO

DY

STAN

DIN

GW

ATER

BO

DY

ARTI

FICI

ALSU

RFAC

E

Surf

ace

Cha

ract

eris

tics

Wat

er D

ynam

ics

Leaf

Phe

nolo

gy

Flor

istic

Spe

cies

Crop

ping

Act

ivity

Wat

er S

alin

ity

Wat

er P

erio

dici

ty

Crop

Gro

win

g Pa

ram

eter

Surf

ace

Sub

-cha

ract

eris

tics

Wat

er B

ody

Size

Elev

atio

n

Man

agem

ent P

ract

ice

SWAM

PRE

ED L

AND

MAN

GRO

VESH

URB

SWAM

P

MAN

GRO

VEM

ARSH

SALT

MAR

SH

MU

D

BEAC

HE

RIVE

R

SHU

RBTR

EEH

ERB

SOIL

, SA

ND

DEP

OSI

T

Table 1: Classifica�on based on the master classes of land representa�on system of Bangladesh

12

Table 2: Illustrated classifica�on of natural terrestrial vegeta�on

1. Natural Terrestrial Vegeta�on

natural vegeta�on are included in this class which are naturally grown but may be

13

Table 3: Illustrated classifica�on of cul�vated terrestrial vegeta�on

14

2. Cul�vated Terrestrial Vegeta�on

It includes vegeta�on that is ar�ficial and requires human ac�vi�es to maintain it in the long term. Its seasonal phonological appearance can be regularly modified by humans (e.g. �llage, harvest and irriga�on). All vegeta�on that is planted or cul�vated is included in this class (e.g. rice fields, orchards, rubber and teak planta�ons etc.). Table 3 presents an abridged system of the Cul�vated Terrestrial Vegeta�on classifica�on.

Involves trees never en�rely without the green foliage, Short Rota�on planta�ons are being managed by Social forestry rules. Ex: Chapalish, Chikrassi, Pynkado and Telsur etc.Involves trees that are leafless for a certain period and also never without leaves.

Involves trees that are leafless for a certain period like Teak, Gamar, Mehogani, Jarul, Koroi etc.Includes trees for the produc�on of fruits, nuts and other planta�ons like sugar cane.Includes shrubs for the produc�on of fruits, nuts and other planta�ons like sugar cane.Involves growing of crops for a few years on selected and cleared plots, alterna�ng with a lengthy period of vegeta�ve fallow when the soil is rested.More than one crop is cul�vated throughout the harves�ng year.Forests are cleared for ac�ve cul�va�on and are not kept fallow for several years for re-genera�ng vegeta�on cover.Forests were cleared for cul�va�on and kept fallow for several years for re-genera�ng vegeta�on cover.

Evergreen (FPe) (Short Rota�on & Long Rota�on) Mixed (FPm) (Short Rota�on & Long Rota�on)Deciduous (FPd) (Long Rota�on)-

-

Single (PCs)

Mul�ple (PCm)Ac�ve (SCa)

Regrowth (SCr)

Forest Planta�on (FP)

Orchard (OT)

Orchards and Other Planta�ons (OS)Permanent: (PC) Covers the land for at least two years, not re-cul�vated for many years.Shi�ing: (SC) Covers the land for a few years, alternate periods of fallow/grazing

Cul�vatedTerrestrialVegeta�on

(CV)

Example on how to use the extendable a�ributes to refine theclasses used in land Representa�on System of Bangladesh

Refined Class

Non-Vegetated-A

Terrestrial Non-Vegetated-AT

Built-up Non-linea-BNI

NaturalSurfaces-NS

Ar�ficialSurfaces-AS

Extendable A�ributes

Attributes SurfaceCharacteristics:-Construc�on use (List)-Construc�on Status (Types)

BRICKFIELD

Diagram 2: How to refine classes using the extendable a�ributes in the land representa�on system of Bangladesh

6 How to Extend the Land Representation System of Bangladesh

15

Table 4: List of Extendable A�ributes

16

7 Spatial reference of the classes

Figure 10: Bangladesh Forest Inventory zone map of Bangladesh

To assess the trees and forests of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Forest Inventory (BFI) zone map has been prepared through analyzing the four major physical components: soil types, eleva�on, salinity and climate (BFD, 2016). The combina�on of these factors has resulted in five zones: Sal, Sundarban, Coastal, Hill and Village (Figure 10). The varia�on of these components among the zones is evident through the differences in land use/cover.

17

8 Conclusion

18

19

Appendix-IThis sec�on of the report focuses on describing and explaining the classifiers with appropriate pictures.

Sec�

on 1

Terr

estr

ial V

eget

a�on

-VT

Nat

ural

Veg

eta�

on-N

VCu

l�va

ted

Vege

ta�o

n-N

V

Herb

aceo

us C

rops

-CH

Cul�

vate

d Sh

rubs

-CS

Cul�

vate

d Tr

ees-

CT H

erbs

Dom

inat

e d

Area

-HSh

rub

Dom

inat

edAr

ea-S

Fore

st T

ree

Dom

inat

ed A

rea-

F

Ever

gree

nFo

rest

-FE

Mix

edFo

rest

-FM

Dec

iduo

usFo

rest

-FD

Fore

stPl

anta

tions

-FP

Fore

st P

lant

atio

n-Fp

e (E

verg

reen

)

FP S

hort

Rota

tion

-FPe

s(E

verg

reen

)

FP L

ong

Rota

tion

-FPe

l(E

verg

reen

)

FP S

hort

Rota

tion

-FPm

s(M

ixed

)

FP L

ong

Rota

tion

-FPm

l(M

ixed

)

FP L

ong

Rota

tion

-FPd

l(D

ecid

uous

)

Fore

st P

lant

atio

n-FP

m(M

ixed

)Fo

rest

Pla

ntat

ion-

FPd

(Dec

iduo

us)

Sing

leCr

op-P

CsM

ultip

leCr

op-P

Cm

Orc

hard

s &

Oth

erPl

anta

tions

(Tre

es)-

OT

Orc

hard

s &

Oth

erPl

anta

tions

(Shr

ubs)

-OS

Perm

anen

t-P

CSh

iftin

g-SC

Hill

y Ev

ergr

een

Fore

st-F

EhM

ixed

Hill

yFo

rest

-FM

hPl

ain

Land

For

est

-FD

p (S

al F

ores

t)

Forest Tree Dominated AreaMap Code: F Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Vegeta�onPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 1: Natural vegeta�on, Sal forest, Gazipur, ©Md. Baktiar Nur Siddiqui

I. Terrestrial Vegeta�on - VT

Natural Vegeta�on - (NV)

a) Natural Vegeta�on - NV

Descrip�onThis class consists of naturally grown woody life forms (trees, shrubs), herbaceous life forms, or a combina�on of them, and include lichens/mosses. A separate class exists for lichens/mosses which is applied when their cover contributes at least 25% to the total vegeta�ve cover.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Woody Growth Forms and Herbaceous growth forms

Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

Vegeta�ve Cover: 10% -100%

LCCS Diagram

22

Forest Tree Dominated AreaMap Code: F Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 2: Tree dominated forest, Khagrachari, ©Mariam Akhter

Forest Tree Dominated Area (F)

Descrip�onThese are the tree dominated areas of natural vegeta�on. Trees are defined as woody life form with a height above 5m. Forest is defined as trees higher than 5m with a canopy cover of more than 10%, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ (NFA 2005-07). The uppermost tree layer has either closed or open tree cover. This class is found in the Hill, Sundarban and Sal zones. Some�mes these trees are mixed with bamboo in the Hill zone.

Dominant species are:Teak (Tectona grandis), Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus),Gamar (Gmelina arborea),Telshur (Hopea odorata), Koroi (Albizia lucidior), Chapalish (Lagerstroemia speciosa) etc. are the main species of Hill zone and Sal (Shorea robusta) is the main species of Sal zone. Sundri (Heri�era fomes) is the main species of Sundarban.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�onLeaf Type: Broad Leaved

LCCS Diagram

23

Evergreen ForestMap Code: FE Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Evergreen Forest (FE)

Descrip�onEvergreen Forest is natural terrestrial forest which retain green foliage year round. This class includes forests that have na�ve species growing in moderate to high rainfall area through natural regenera�on. It is open forest of 20% or 10% to 70% or 60% canopy coverage. This class is mainly found in the Hill zone.

Dominant species are:Garjan (Dipterocarpus spp.),Chapalish (Artocarpus chapalisa),Telsur (Hopea odorata), Uriam (Mangifera sylyatica), Dhaki jam (Syzygium grande) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: EvergreenLeaf Type: Broad LeavedHeight: 5m - 35mCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Picture 3: Evergreen forest, Medhacacchapia, Cox's Bazar, ©Mariam Akhter

24

Descrip�onEvergreen hill forest consists of na�ve tree species in hilly areas which retain green foliage year round and grow through natural regenera�on or assisted regenera�on. This class includes open forest of 10% or 20% to 60% or 70% canopy coverage. Evergreen forest is found in the Rangama�, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Cha�ogram, Cox’s Bazar, Sylhet, Maulvibazar and Habiganj districts of the Hill zone.

Dominant species are: Garjan (Dipterocarpus spp.), Chapalish (Artocarpus chapalisa),Telsur (Hopea odorata), Uriam (Mangifera sylyatica),Dhaki jam (Syzygium grande) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: Evergreen or Semi-evergreenLeaf Type: Broad LeavedHeight: 5m - 35mCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontalPa�ern 1

Topographical AspectsAl�tude: min=200.0 max=1600.0

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Hilly ForestMap Code: FEh

Picture 4: Evergreen hill forest, Medhacacchapia, Cox's Bazar, ©Md. Fazlay Arafat

Hilly Evergreen Forest (FEh)

25

Descrip�onMixed forest is grown naturally and consists of both evergreen and deciduous trees, with no more than 80% of the most common tree. It is a broadleaved forest and can be found in forest land of the Rangama�, Bandarban and Khagrachari, Cha�ogram, Cox's Bazar, Sylhet, Maulvibazar and Habiganj districts of the Hill zone.

Major species are: Garjan (Dipterocarpus spp.), Dhaki jam (Syzygium grande) Koroi (Albizia spp), Jarul (Legarstromia speciosa), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), Civit (Swintonia floribunda),Toon (Cedrela toona), Bandorhola (Duabangagrandiflora) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: Evergreen and/or deciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedHeight: 5m - 35mCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Mixed ForestMap Code: FM Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 5: Mixed forest, Rangama�, ©Md. Babluzzaman

Mixed Forest (FM)

26

Descrip�onMixed hilly forest is the combina�on of evergreen and deciduous trees, i.e. some trees retain the foliage year round and some trees seasonally shed their leaves at some point during the year. This class has a mixture of different kinds of vegeta�on that can be found only in the elevated or hilly areas. The trees are sca�ered due to both planta�on and natural regenera�on and typically have both natural herbs and shrubs. This forest includes open forests with crown cover from 10 or 20% to 60 or 70%. Mixed hill Forest is located in the Rangama�, Bandarban, Khagrachari, Cha�ogram, Cox's Bazar, Sylhet, Maulvibazar and Habiganj districts within the Hill zone.

Major species are: Koroi (Albizia spp), Jarul (Legarstromia speciosa), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), Civit (Swintonia floribunda), Toon (Cedrela toona), Bandorhola (Duabangagrandiflora) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: Evergreen and/or deciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 35mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontalPa�ern 1

Topographical AspectsAl�tude: min=200.0 max=1600.0

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Mixed Hilly ForestMap Code: FMh

Picture 6: Mixed hill forest, Chi�agong Hill Tracts, ©Mariam Akhter

Mixed Hilly Forest (FMh)

27

Descrip�onDeciduous forest is natural forest dominated by broadleaved trees, including Sal trees. They shed leaves for a period in each year to conserve water in the soil. They can be found in compara�vely raised forest land of the Madhupur and Barind tracts of the Sal zone. Coppices are also present in the deciduous forest.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: DeciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 35mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS DiagramDecidious ForestMap Code: FD Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:

Picture 7: Deciduous forest, Sal forest, Bhawal Na�onal Park, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Deciduous Forest (FD)

28

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontalPa�ern 1

Topographical AspectsAl�tude: min=0.0 max=200.0

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Deciduous Forest (Sal)Map Code: FDp

Picture 8: Plain land forest, Sal forest, Bhawal Na�onal park, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Descrip�onThis is forest characterized by trees that seasonally shed their leaves. This forest is naturally developed and occurs in raised land of Gazipur, Tangail, Mymensingh, Jamalpur, Cumilla, Dinajpur, Thakurgaon, Rangpur and Rajshahi districts. The Sal (Shorea robusta) tree is the main species found in this forest, commonly known as Sal Forest. The Sal tree covers 90% of the area and shed leaves in winter for a short period. It is broadleaved, and naturally rejuvenates by coppice.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: DeciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Tree height: 5m - 35mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Plain Land Forest (FDp) (Sal Forest)

29

Shrub Dominated Area (Terres�ral)Map Code: S Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 9: Shrub dominated area, Cha�ogram, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onShrub dominated areas are found naturally in the Hill zone. These are perennial plants with a height less than 5m. Shrubs are mainly found in deforested or degraded forest areas. This class is common in Cha�ogram, Cox’s Bazar, Sylhet and Chi�agong Hill Tracts.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Shrubs, Woody GrowthCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 1.5m - 5mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�onLeaf Type: Broad Leaved

LCCS Diagram

Shrub Dominated Area (S)

30

Descrip�onThis class includes herbaceous forms of life, which are sub-divided into forbs and graminoids. Their above ground stems do not persist or become woody. They are rela�vely short lived, generally small, and grow seasonally or annually. Naturally herb dominated areas are common all over the country. Some areas which are naturally re-growing with herbaceous plants a�er shi�ing cul�va�on in the Hill zone are also included in this class.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous growth forms (Gramineae or Forbs)

Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-Natural Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Herb Dominated Area (Terres�ralMap Code: H Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 10: Herb dominated area, Manikganj, ©BSGI

Herb Dominated Area (H)

31

Picture 11: Cul�vated crops, Jaipurhat, ©BSGI

Descrip�onCul�vated and managed vegeta�on are areas where the natural vegeta�on has been removed or modified and replaced by different types of vegeta�ve cover resul�ng from human ac�vi�es. In between human ac�vi�es, the surface can be temporarily without vegeta�ve cover and it’s seasonal phenological appearance can be regularly modified by humans (e.g. irriga�on). Cul�vated vegeta�on is found throughout the country. All vegeta�on that is planted or cul�vated with the intent to harvest is included in this class (e.g. wheat fields, orchards, rubber and teak planta�ons).

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Woody Growth Forms or/and Herbaceous growth forms

Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Cul�vated Vegeta�on (CV)

b) Cul�vated Vegeta�on - CV

Cul�vated Vegera�on (Terres�ral)Map Code: CV Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Vegeta�onPresence Type: Mandatory

32

Descrip�onThis class is for cul�vated and managed vegeta�on areas where the uppermost canopy layer is dominated by trees with a height greater than 5m. This class includes both deciduous and evergreen trees. These planta�ons can be used to produce �mber, poles, fuel-wood, rubber etc. Major species include Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and Acacia (Acacia facsiculifera). Cul�vated trees are found all over the country.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Leaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: Evergreen or deciduousCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Cul�vated TreesMap Code: CT Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 12: Cul�vated trees, Acacia planta�on, Gazipur, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Cul�vated Trees (CT)

33

Descrip�onForest planta�ons are large scale planta�ons established to expand tree coverage of the country, conserve soil and water, conserve biodiversity, and provide �mber, fuelwood, and poles. Long rota�on specie such as Teak (Tectonia grandis), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and other species are planted homogeneously or mixed with other species. Short rota�on planta�ons with evergreen species are mainly used for fuel wood produc�on in the Sal Zone and Hill zones.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: TreesLeaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: Evergreen or deciduousCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Forest Planta�onsMap Code: FP Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Picture 13: Forest planta�on, Bandarban, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Forest Planta�ons (FP)

34

Forest Planta�on (Evergreen)Map Code: FPe

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf PhenologyLeaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: Both short (10-20 years) and long (>40 years) rota�on

Picture 14: Evergreen forest planta�on, Cox’s Bazar, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onThis class is for planta�ons on forest land with evergreen tree species such as Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), and Dhaki Jam (Syzygium sp.) in long rota�on planta�ons. Short rota�on species such as acacia are planted in the Hill and Sal zones.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: TreesLeaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: EvergreenCrown Cover: 10% -100%Height: 5m – 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: Both short (10-20 years) and Long (> 40 years)Presence of herbs and shrubs: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Forest Planta�on Evergreen (FPe)

35

Short Rota�on Forest Planta�on(Evergreen)Map Code: FPes

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: Short Rota�on (10-20 years)

Picture 15: Short rota�on (Agar) planta�on, Sylhet , ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Descrip�onShort rota�on evergreen planta�ons are mainly raised for fuel wood produc�on. This planta�on is found in forested and other areas of the country.

Acacia (Acacia facsiculifera), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus alba Reinw),hybrid Acacia are the major species of this class.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: TreesLeaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: Evergreen or deciduousCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: 10-20 years

LCCS Diagram

FP Short Rota�on Evergreen (FPes)

36

Long Rota�on ForestPlanta�on (Evergreen)Map Code: FPel

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: long rota�on (>40 years)

Picture 16: Forest planta�on long rota�on evergreen, Fashiakhli,Cha�ogram, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onThis class is for long rota�on planta�ons on forest land with evergreen species used mainly for increasing forest cover, biodiversity conserva�on and �mber produc�on. It is found in the Hill and Sal zones.

Major species are:Neem (Azadirachta indica), Chapalish (Artocarpus chapalisa),Chikrassi (Chikrassia tabularis),Pynkado (Xylia dolabriformis),Telsur (Hopea odorata) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Phenology: EvergreenLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: >40 years

LCCS Diagram

FP Long Rota�on Evergreen (FPel)

37

Forest Planta�on (Mixed)Map Code: FPm

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: Both short (0-20 years) and long (>40 years) rota�on

Picture 17: Mixed planta�on, Rangama�, ©Md. Babluzzaman

Descrip�onForest planta�on is the cul�va�on and management of trees on forest land. Planta�ons are generally even-aged with trees planted in rows. It may consist of short or long rota�on planta�on of two or more species having both evergreen and deciduous characteris�cs. It can be found in the Hill and Sal zones.

Major species are:Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla),Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus),Gamar (Gmelina arborea), Koroi (Albizia lebbeck), Champa (Magnolia champaca), Teak (Tectona grandis) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Phenology: Evergreen and/or deciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: Both short (0-20 years) and long (>40 years)

LCCS Diagram

Forest Planta�on Mixed (FPm)

38

Descrip�onShort rota�on planta�on is the cul�va�on and short-term management of trees on forest land. The rota�on length varies from 10-20 years. These planta�ons may consist of the mixture of both evergreen and deciduous trees to increase the forest cover, provide fuel wood and supply the homestead material. They are mainly broadleaved planta�ons and found in the Sal and Hill zones. A good example is the popular Akashmoni species (Acacia auriculiformis).

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Phenology: Evergreen and/or deciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: 10-20 years

LCCS Diagram

Short Rota�on ForestPlanta�on (Mixed)Map Code: FPms

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: Short rota�on (10-20 years)

Picture 18: Forest planta�on short rota�on mixed, Tangail, ©BSGI

FP Short Rota�on Mixed (FPms)

39

Forest Planta�on (Mixed)Map Code: FPml

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: long rota�on (>40 years)

Picture 19: Forest planta�on long rota�on mixed, Fashiakhli,Cox’s Bazar, ©BSGI

Descrip�onLong rota�on planta�on is the cul�va�on and long-term management of trees on forest land. The rota�on length varies from 40-60 years. Both evergreen and deciduous planta�ons increase forest cover, improve soil and water conserva�on, grow medicinal plants, and produce �mber. Broad-leaved tree planta�ons can be found in Hill zone.

Major species are:Teak(Tectona grandis), Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba), Chikrashi (Chikrasia tabularis), Garjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus), Champa (Michelia champaca), Gamar (Gamelina arborea) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Phenology: Evergreen and/or deciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: >40 yearsPresence of herbs and shrubs: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

FP Long Rota�on Mixed (FPml)

40

Forest Planta�on (Deciduous)Map Code: FPd

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: long rota�on (>40 years)

Picture 20: Cul�vated forest plantaion of deciduoustrees (Teak), Bandarban, ©FAO

Descrip�onThe class includes deciduous species in forest land which shed their foliage during the winter. These are mainly rota�on planta�ons found in the Hill and Sal zones.

Major species are: Teak (Tectona grandis),Jarul (Legarstromia speciosa), Koroi (Albizia spp),Gamar (Gmelina arborea) etc.This land cover is present majorly in Sal zone of Bangladesh.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees Leaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: DeciduousHeight: 5m - 45mCrown cover: 10% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: Long (>40 years)

LCCS Diagram

Forest Planta�on Deciduous (FPd)

41

Long Rota�on ForestPlanta�on (Deciduous)Map Code: FPdl

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryLeaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Management Prac�csTree Area Management Practices /Management Practices-Type: Long rota�on (>40 years)

Picture 21: Forest planta�on long rota�on deciduous, Cox’s Bazar, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onThis tree planta�on class is raised with deciduous species that require longer rota�onal periods. This type is mainly found in the Hill and Sal zones.

Major species are:Teak (Tectona grandis), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), Mahogany (Swietenia spp), Jarul (Legarstromia speciosa), Koroi (Albizia spp) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Phenology: DeciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onRota�on Period: >40 years

LCCS Diagram

FP Long Rota�on Deciduous (FPdl)

42

Orchard andOther Planta�ons (Trees)Map Code: OT

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=30.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Orchard andOther Planta�on

Picture 22: Cul�vated orchards and other planta�ons, Cox’s Bazar, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onThis class is mainly comprised of fruit bearing trees. Berries and nuts are also common in this class. Orchard trees are also some�mes referred to as “homestead gardens” and are found throughout the country.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: TreesLeaf Type: Broad LeavedCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 30mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Orchards & Other planta�ons (OT)

43

Cul�vated ShrubsMap Code: CS

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Picture 23: Cul�vated shrub area, Sylhet, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onCul�vated shrubs are woody vegeta�on with height from 1.5m to 5m having mul�ple permanent stems branching from or near the ground. Tea gardens are an example of this class. This class mainly occurs in the northern parts of the country, such as Panchagarh, and the Hill zone.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsLeaf Type: Broad Leaved Crown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 1.5m - 5m Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCS Diagram

Cul�vated Shrubs (CS)

44

Herbaceous crops (CH)

Descrip�onThis class includes fruit and flower orchards and other types of planta�on (e.g. lemon or guava) where the shrub or other types of vegeta�on is less than 5 meters. A common example of this class are tea gardens. Orchards and other shrub planta�ons mainly occur in the Hill zone but are also sca�ered within other zones.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Shrubs Leaf Type: Broad LeavedHeight: 1.5m - 5 mCrown Cover: 30% - 100%Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onPresence of other vegeta�on types: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Orchards & Other planta�ons (Shrubs) (OS)

Orchard & otherplanta�ons (Shrubs)Map Code: OS

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onOrchard & other

planta�on

45

Picture 24: Orchards and other planta�on, Maulvibazar, Sylhet, ©Mariam Akhter

Descrip�onHerbaceous crops are cul�vated or managed plants which do not have any woody stem above ground. The majority are vegetables, herbs, medicinal plants, food plants, oil-yielding plants, spices and annual ornamental and garden plants.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous growth forms (Gramineae or Forbs)Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onWater Supply: Irriga�on and/or rain fed and/or post flooding

LCCS Diagram

Herbaceous crops (CH)

Herbaceous CropsMap Code: CH

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth Forms

Presence Type: MandatoryCul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Irriga�on

Pos�looding

Rainfed

46

Picture 25: Herbaceous crops, Jaipurhat, ©BSGI

Descrip�onThis includes cropland that is regularly cul�vated and has herbaceous vegeta�on forms. The crops are present in land for at least one cropping season (two months or more) of the year. Permanent crops are found all over the country but specifically in rural areas.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: HerbsAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Permanent CropsMap Code: PC Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth Forms

Presence Type: Mandatory

Picture 26: Cul�vated permanent crop, Kush�a, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Permanent Crop (PC)

47

Descrip�onThe class is covered by a single crop cul�vated part of the year or throughout the whole year. The crops include pineapple, sugarcane, and rice varie�es (e.g. T. Aman- Fallow- Fallow, Fallow- Boro- Fallow, Fallow- Fallow- Aus). This class may be flooded during the monsoon season or through irriga�on and can be found in all zones except the Sundarban.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: HerbsAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onWater supply: Irriga�on and/or post flooding and/or rainfed

LCCS Diagram

Single Crop(Permanent)Map Code: PCs

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Mandatory

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Crop Growing ParameterGrowing Length: min=90 max 120

Pos�looding

Rainfed

Irriga�on

Picture 27: Cul�vated herbaceous crop- single crop cul�va�on, Kush�a, ©SRDI

Single Crop (PCs)

48

Descrip�onThis class includes agricultural lands that are cul�vated sequen�ally with more than one herbaceous crop in different growing seasons within a year, and the same crop rota�on is prac�ced for several years. Some of these agricultural lands are free of floods while others are flooded by irriga�on or during the monsoon season a�er harves�ng the crops.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous Growth FormAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onIrriga�on Type: Surface (Op�onal)Presence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequen�al Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Same YearSequen�al Temporal Rela�onship Length:Rabi Season: November - MarchKharif Season 1: March - JuneKharif Season 2: July - OctoberWater supply: Irriga�on and/or rainfed and/or post flooding

LCCS Diagram

Mul�ple Crop(Permanent)Map Code: PCm

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Crop Growing ParameterGrowing Length: min=90 max=120

Irriga�on

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Same YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=11.0 max=15.0

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Same YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=15.0 max=18.0

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Crop Growing ParameterGrowing Length: min=90 max=120

Rainfed

Irriga�on

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Same YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=18.0 max=22.0

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Crop Growing ParameterGrowing Length: min=90 max=120

Pos�looding

Irriga�on

Picture 28: Mul�ple crop, Rabi Season – Mustard, Kharif-1 – Jute, Kharif-2 - T. Aman, ©SRDI

Mul�ple Crop (PCm)

49

Descrip�onThis class includes lands where herbaceous crops are temporarily cul�vated a�er burning vegeta�on and trees in hilly areas and then abandoning them to allow them to return to their natural vegeta�on while the farmer moves on to another area. Shi�ing cul�va�on is prac�ced within the Hill zone.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbs and ShrubsAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequen�al Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Other YearSequen�al Temporal Rela�onship Length: First phase: 1 - 2 years as HerbsSecond phase: 3 - 4 years as HerbsThird phase: 4 - 7 years as Shrubs

LCCS Diagram

Shi�ing Cul�va�onMap Code: SC

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Other YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=1.0 max=2.0

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Other YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=3.0 max=4.0

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

ShrubsPresence Type: Temporal Sequence DependingSequence Temporal Rela�onship Type: Sequen�al Same YearSequence Temporal Rela�onship Length: min=4.0 max=7.0

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Picture 29: Shi�ing cul�va�on, Bandarban, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Shi�ing Cul�va�on (SC)

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Natural Vegta�on (Aqua�c)Map Code: NVF Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

Vegeta�onPresence Type: Mandatory Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 30: Natural vegeta�on, Sundarban mangrove forest, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Descrip�onAqua�c or regularly flooded vegeta�on which includes plants that grow naturally in or on the bank of Wetlands (mangroves, swamps and aqua�c beds). This class is highly influenced by water and dependent on �des.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, shrubs and herbsAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

II. Aqua�c or Regularly Flooded Vegeta�on – VF

Natural Vegeta�on (Aqua�c/ regularly flooded) ( NVF)

a) Natural Vegeta�on-NVF (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded)

52

Descrip�onThese areas are dominated by trees and regularly inundated or flooded with brackish or freshwater, either permanently or seasonally. This class can be found in the Sylhet district of the Village and Coastal zones.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees Phenology: Evergreen or DeciduousCrown Cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 35mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: MandatoryPresence of other vegeta�on type: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Tree Dominated Area (Aqua�c)Map Code: NFT Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 31: Tree dominated area, Ratargul swamp forest, Sylhet, ©Mariam Akhter

Tree Dominated Area (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded) (NFT)

53

Descrip�onSwamp forest is naturally growing forest occurring in areas that are seasonally inundated by fresh water. It is located in the northeastern part of the country in Sylhet and Sunamganj districts. Murta (Schumannianthus dichotomus) is a common under growth plant in some places of the forest.Major Species are:Hijal (Barringtonia acutangula), Koroch (Pongamia pinnata), Pitali (Trewia nudiflora),Kalahuza (Cordia dichotoma), Batkurar (Vitex canescens).

Characteris�csGrowth Form: TreesLeaf Type: BroadleavedPhenology: Evergreen Crown cover: 10% - 100%Height: 5m - 30mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Salinity: FreshPresence of other vegeta�on type: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Swamp Forest (Natural)Map Code: SF Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=30.0

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Fresh

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 32: Swamp forest, Ratargul, Sylhet, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Swamp Forest (SF)

54

Mangrove Forest (Natural)Map Code: NMF Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=35.0Leaf Phenology / Deciduous Leaf Phenology:Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Brackish

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 33: Mangrove forest, Sundarban, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Descrip�onThis class represents areas dominated by halophy�c trees. The forest floor is inundated twice in a day by brackish water and the forest is intersected by rivers and creeks. This land cover is found in the southern part of Satkhira, Khulna and Bagerhat districts within the Sundarban zone.Major species are:Sundri (Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha),Goran (Ceriops decandra), Dhundal (Xylocarpus granatum) etc.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees Leaf Type: Broad LeavedPhenology: Evergreen or Deciduous Crown cover: 10% -100%Height: 5m - 35m Ar�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: Mandatory Water Periodic Varia�on: ObservedWater Salinity: Brackish Presence of other vegeta�on type: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Mangrove Forest (NMF)

55

Shrub Dominated Area (Aqua�c)Map Code: NFS Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 34: Shrub dominated area, Goran trees, Sundarban, ©Mahmood Hossain

Descrip�onAreas which include plants with a height from 1.5m to 5m are known as shrub dominated areas. These areas are inundated regularly by either brackish or fresh water. Some of them fall within the transi�onal life forms of pure swamp and marsh lands. These areas can be found mostly in the Sundarban. Goran (Ceriops decandra) is the main species of this class.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�on Water Presence Type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Shrub Dominated Area (Aqua�c Regularly Flooded) (NFS)

56

Swamp Reed Land (Natural)Map Code: SWr

HorizontalPa�ern 1

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Fresh

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 35: Swamp reed land (Murta), Sylhet, ©CEGIS

Descrip�onThis is a freshwater shrub dominated area occurring in the transi�onal zone ("mid-successional") between wet and dry areas. The growth of the reeds is influenced by adjacent freshwater. This class occurs within Sylhet, Sunamganj and Moulvibazar districts within the Village zone.Major species are:Nal (Phragmatis kakra),Khagra (Saccharam spontaneum),Ikad (Erianthus ravennae)

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsLeaf Type: BroadleavedCrown Cover: 30% - 100%Height: 1.5m - 5mAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�on Water Presence Type: Mandatory Water Salinity: Fresh Water Presence Type: Mandatory Water Salinity: Fresh

LCCS Diagram

Swamp Reed Land (SWr)

57

Descrip�onThis class includes natural aquatic shrubs which are basically halophytic in nature. The genus of the type is Rhizophoraceae which covers a height from 1.5m to 5m. The root or part of plants is inundated by brackish water twice daily. Western part of the Sundarban is dominated by Goran (Ceriops decandra) which started growing naturally in many older mangrove planta�on areas.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsLeaf Type: BroadleavedPhenology: EvergreenCrown Cover: 10% -100%Height: 1.5m - 5mWater Salinity: BrackishAr�ficiality: Natural Water Presence Type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Mangrove Shrub (Natural)Map Code: MS Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Brackish

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 36: Shrub dominated area, Sundarban, ©Mahmood Hossian

Mangrove Shrub (MS)

58

Descrip�onThis class usually includes natural herbs that occupy transi�onal area between land and water bodies. The land can be either coastal or other lands. All the zones of Bangladesh have natural herb dominated area that is regularly flooded.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous growth formsAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Herb Dominated Area (Aqua�c)Map Code: NFH Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Mandatory Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryPosi�on: Above Surface

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 37: Herb dominated area, Cox’s Bazar, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Picture 36 : Herb dominated area in Bangladesh, © BSGI

Herb Dominated Area (Aqua�c Regularly Flooded) (NFH)

59

Descrip�onMarsh areas are wetland areas where water covers the ground for a long period of �me and are dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants. Marsh areas are influenced by fresh water only. Marshes are found in all the zones of Bangladesh at the edge of lakes and streams.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous growth formsAr�ficiality: Natural or Semi-natural Vegeta�on Water Presence Type: MandatoryWater Ar�ficiality: NaturalWater Salinity: Fresh Addi�onal a�ributes to dis�nct from the superclass

LCCS Diagram

Marsh Area (MA)

Marsh AreaMap Code: MA Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Mandatory Natural or Seminatural Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Fresh

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 38: Marsh area, Sylhet, ©CEGIS

60

Descrip�onThis class includes cul�vated vegeta�on whose growth is heavily influenced by water. In general, it is the emerging part of the plant that is fully or par�ally submerged with water. Aqua�c plants which are not cul�vated but maintained are also under this class such floa�ng vegeta�on for the purifica�on of water. This class excludes irrigated cul�vated areas. Aqua�c cul�vated vegeta�on is found throughout the country.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Woody Growth Forms or/and Herbaceous growth formsAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

LCCS Diagram

Cul�vated Vegeta�on (CVF) (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded)

b) Cul�vated Vegeta�on –CVF (Aqua�c/Regularly Flooded)

Cul�vated Vegera�on (Terres�ral)Map Code: CV Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onHorizontal

Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Vegeta�onPresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 39: Cul�vated crops, Khulna, ©BSGI

61

Descrip�onThis class represents cul�vated trees that include woody plants having a height of more than 5 meters. The growth of trees is fully or par�ally influenced by natural water which may be dynamic or standing. This class occurs mainly within coastal areas.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Crown Cover: 30% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onPresence of Water: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Tree Crop (FTc)

Tree Crop (Aqua�c)Map Code: FTc Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryPosi�on: Above Surface

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 40: Cul�vated aqua�c trees, Coastal zone, Noakhali, ©BSGI

62

Descrip�onLand dominated by evergreen trees, which are cul�vated and inundated either with freshwater, is known as Swamp Planta�on. The trees grow from 5m to 45m in height and have large canopies. Most of the trees of this forest are Koroch (Mille�a pinnata) and Hijal (Barringtonia acutangula).

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody Growth Crown Cover: 30% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onPresence of Water: MandatoryWater Salinity: Fresh

LCCS Diagram

Swamp Planta�on (FSp)

Swamp Planta�onMap Code: FSp Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated andManager Vegeta�on

Floris�c Aspect

Forest Planta�on

Floris�c Aspect SpeciesSpecies Name: Koroch, Hijal

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: StandingPosi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Persistence Units: Monts-Persistance Period: min=5.0 Max=6.0

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Fresh

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 41: Swamp Planta�on, Sylhet, ©CEGIS

63

Mangrove Planta�onMap Code: FMp Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=45.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryPeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Descrip�on: Describe a periodic varia�on element-Persistance units: Hours

Water SalinityType: Brackish

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 42: Mangrove planta�on, Barguna, ©CEGIS

Descrip�onThese are regularly flooded planta�ons established mainly in newly accreted coastal lands of Bangladesh. Like natural mangrove forest, it is also regularly flooded with brackish water due to �dal varia�on. This class mainly occurs within the Coastal zone and in some parts of the Sundarban zone.Major species are: Keora (Sonneratia apetalla), Baen (Avicennia marina), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha). In older planta�ons other species like Rhizophora Sp., Excoecaria Sp., Ceriops Sp. are also found.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Trees, Woody GrowthPhenology: EvergreenCrown cover: 30% - 100%Height: 5m - 45mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated or Managed Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Periodic Varia�on: Observed Water Salinity: Brackish

LCCS Diagram

Mangrove Planta�on (FMp)

64

Shrubs Crop (Aqua�c)Map Code: FSc Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryPosi�on: Above Surface

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 43: Shrub crop, Sylhet, ©Zaheer Iqbal

Descrip�onAqua�c shrub crops include shrubs which are cul�vated and which are dependent on water for their survival and growth. Shrubs are considered to have heights more than 1.5m and less than 5m.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onCrown Cover: 30% - 100%Height: 1.5m - 5m

LCCS Diagram

Shrub Crop - FSc

65

REED Planta�onMap Code: RP Horizontal

Pa�ern 1

ShrubsPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=30.0 max=100.0Height: min=1.5 max=5.0Leaf Phenology / Evergreen Leaf Phenology:

Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryPosi�on: Above Surface

Water SalinityType: Fresh

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 44: Reed planta�on, Tanguar Haor, Sunamganj, Sylhet,©Zaheer Iqbal

Descrip�onReeds are mainly planted to enrich exis�ng reed land in Bangladesh. This class includes planta�ons of reeds (graminoids) in marsh areas with the presence of freshwater. The root and growth structure of the aqua�c plants are supported by water. This class is generally found in the Sylhet, Sunamganj and Moulvibazar districts within the Village zone.Major species are:Nal (Phragmatis kakra), Khagra (Saccharam spontaneum), Ikad (Erianthus ravennae).

Characteris�csGrowth Form: ShrubsPhenology: EvergreenCrown Cover: 30% - 100%Height: 1.5m - 5mAr�ficiality: Cul�vated or Managed Vegeta�onWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Salinity: Fresh

LCCS Diagram

Reed Planta�on (RP)

66

Herbaceous Crop (Aqua�c)Map Code: FHc

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Mandatory Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�on

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

AquacultureType: Op�onal

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Stratum 2Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Picture 45: Herbaceous crops, Floa�ng agriculture beds, Barishal, ©BARI

Descrip�onCul�vated herbaceous life forms, which are sub-divided into forbs and graminoids, are included in this class. Water is an essen�al component for the growth and/or shelter of the cul�vated crop and, hence, the crop is cul�vated in naturally flooded or waterlogged areas. This class is observed in very low-lying areas with the presence of water.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: Herbaceous growth forms (Graminae or Forbs)Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onPresence of water: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Herbaceous crop (FHc)

67

Sec

�on

3

Terr

estr

ial N

on-V

eget

ated

-AT

Nat

ural

Sur

face

-NS

Ar�fi

cial

Sur

face

-AS

Salt

Pans

-SP

Built

-up

Non

-line

aran

d O

ther

s-BL

Built

-up

Non

-line

ar-B

NI

Dum

p Si

tes/

Extr

ac�o

n Si

tes-

DS

Soil,

San

d De

posit

-SSd

Rive

r Ban

k-RB

Beac

hes-

BM

ud F

lat-M

F

Picture 46: Natural surface, Abio�c, Feni, ©BSGI

Descrip�onNatural surfaces include areas that do not have ar�ficial coverings due to human ac�vi�es yet have insignificant vegeta�on cover. Bare lands such as river banks, beaches, and mud flats are included in this class.

Characteris�csPresence type: Mandatory abio�c surfaceSurface Ar�ficiality: Natural

LCCS Diagram

III. Terrestrial Non-Vegetated-AT

Natural Surfaces (NS)

a) Natural Surface-NS

Natural SurfaceMap Code: NS Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Natural SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

70

Descrip�onSoil, Sand deposits represent naturally developed unconsolidated areas. The surface is usually covered with a natural deposi�on of sand or other soil par�cles like silt or mud. This class can be found within all the zones of Bangladesh.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Natural Abio�c SurfaceNatural Objects: Soil, Sand Deposit SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Soil and Sand DepositMap Code: SSd Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Soil Sand Deposit SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 47: Soil and sand deposits, Cox's Bazar, ©BSGI

Soil, Sand Deposit (SSd)

71

Descrip�onMud flats, or inter�dal areas, are wet non-vegetated lands near estuaries. They are exposed twice daily when not submerged by �dal water.

Characteris�csSurface type: Natural Abio�c SurfaceAr�ficiality: NaturalPresence type: MandatoryDeposit Type: Mud and Clay

LCCS Diagram

Mud FlatsMap Code: MF Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Inorganic DepositsPresence Type: MandatoryType: Mud and Clay

Picture 48: Mud flats, Noakhali, ©CEGIS

Mud Flats (MF)

72

BeachesMap Code: B

Horizontal Pa�ern 1 Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Loose and Shi�ing SandPresence Type: Mandatory

Geographical AspectsType: Beach

Picture 49: Natural beach areas, Cox’s Bazar, ©BSGI

Descrip�onBeaches are narrow, gently sloping strips of natural land that lye along the coast and consist of loose par�cles usually composed of sand. Beaches are found within the Coastal zone.

Characteris�csSurface type: Natural Abio�c SurfaceAr�ficiality: NaturalPresence type: Mandatory

LCCS Diagram

Beachs (B)

73

River BanksMap Code: RB Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Loose and Shi�ing SandPresence Type: Mandatory

Water BodyPresence Type: Op�onalPosi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Descrip�on: Describe a periodic varia�on element-Persistance units: Months-Persistence Period: min=2.0 max=12.0

Picture 50: Natural river bank areas, Rangpur, ©BSGI

Descrip�onThe river bank is the land alongside the bed of a river which usually consists of soil and sand deposits and inundated when the river flows with full capacity. River banks can be found in all zones of Bangladesh.

Characteris�csSurface type: Natural Abio�c SurfaceAr�ficiality: NaturalPresence Type: MandatoryType: Loose and shi�ing sand surface elementWater Presence Type: Op�onalWater Periodic Varia�on: 2-12 months

LCCS Diagram

River Banks (RB)

74

Descrip�onThis class describes areas that have an ar�ficial cover because of human ac�vi�es such as construc�on(ci�es, towns, transporta�on etc.), extrac�on (open mines and quarries) or waste disposal. Ar�ficial surface exists in every zone of the country.

Characteris�csPresence Type: Mandatory Abio�c SurfaceSurface ar�ficiality: Ar�ficial

LCCS Diagram

Ar�fical SurfaceMap Code: AS Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Ar�fical SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 51: Ar�ficial surface area, Brick field, Narayanganj, ©BSGI

Ar�ficial Surface-AS

b) Ar�ficial Surface-AS

75

Descrip�onThe built-up non-linear class includes ar�ficially built-up areas where non-linear construc�on cover the land with an impervious surface (e.g. concrete, thatch). A sub-division is made into industrial and/or other areas and urban areas. This sub-division is based on the elements making up this land cover.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Ar�ficial Abio�c SurfaceBuilt-up pa�ern: Non-LinearConstruc�on Material: Can be both hard and light materials

LCCS Diagram

Builtup Area (Non Linear)Map Code: BNI Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Non Linear SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 52: Urban se�lement, Dhaka, ©BSGI

Built-Up Non-Linear (BNI)

76

Descrip�onThis category contains exclusively any transport, communica�on or supply system that is built as a linear structure (its length is greater than its width) in order to connect two loca�ons. The perimeters of the structure and the material of the cover can be different.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Ar�ficial Abio�c SurfaceBuilt-up pa�ern: Linear

LCCS Diagram

Builtup Area (Linear)Map Code: BL Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Linear SurfacePresence Type: Mandatory

Picture 53: Built-up linear feature, Railway, Kush�a, ©BSGI

Built-Up Linear & Others (BL)

77

Descrip�onLand used for disposal of waste materials is known as dump sites. Extrac�on sites are defined by the absence of the original land cover which is removed by human ac�vity or machinery for extrac�on of sand, stone, minerals or coal.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Ar�ficial Abio�c SurfaceType of use: 1. Dump Site 2. Extrac�on Dump site Type: Waste Disposal or Other

LCCS Diagram

Dump and Extrac�on SiteMap Code: DS Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Dump SitePresence Type: ExclusiveType: Waste Dumps

Extrac�onPresence Type: Exclusive

Picture 54: Dump site in the urban areas, Sylhet, ©BSGI

Dump Sites/ Extrac�on Sites (DS)

78

Descrip�onSalt pans are flat areas used for produc�on of salt from sea water by solar evapora�on. Saltpans are mainly located along the southeast coastal belt and �dal flat areas within the coastal zone.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Ar�ficial Abio�c SurfacePresence type: Inorganic depositSoil/Sand Deposit Type: Salt FlatWater presence: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

Salt panMap Code: SP Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Inorganic DepositsPresence Type: MandatoryType: Salt Flat

Picture 55: Salt pans, Coastal area, Cox's Bazar, ©BSGI

Salt Pans (SP)

79

81

Sec�

on 4

Wat

er-W

Natu

ral W

ater

Bod

ies-W

NAr

�ficia

l Wat

er B

odie

s-WN

Pond

s-Po

Stan

ding

Ar�

ficia

l Wat

erbo

dy(L

ake)

-LSt

andi

ng N

atur

al W

ater

body

-NL

Rive

rs-R

Beel

s/Ha

ors-B

HBa

or-B

a

82

Descrip�onNatural water bodies refer to areas that are naturally covered by water, such as rivers, natural canals, beel or baor. In the case of rivers, the lack of vegeta�on cover is o�en due to high flow rates and/or steep banks. In the case of beel, their geological origin affects the life condi�ons for aqua�c vegeta�on.

Characteris�csWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Ar�ficiality: Natural

LCCS Diagram

Standing Waterbody (Natural)Map Code: WN Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Picture 56: Natural water body, Passur river, Khulna, ©BSGI

IV. Water-W

Natural Water Bodies (WN)

a) Natural Water Bodies-WN

83

Descrip�onA river is naturally water from land towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. Seasonal varia�on may occur in the depth and width of the river.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: NaturalWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: FlowingWater Posi�on: Above Surface

LCCS Diagram

RiverMap Code: R Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: FlowingPosi�on: Above Surface

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Picture 57: Naturally flowing river, Shatkhira, ©BSGI

Rivers (R)

Standing Natural Water Body Map Code: NL Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: StandingPosi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Descrip�on: Describe a periodic varia�on element-Persistance units: Months-Persistence Period: min=5.0 max=12.0

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Picture 58: Standing natural water bodies, Khulna, ©CEGIS

Descrip�onNatural water bodies with standing water in the same area are considered under this class which results from a dead sec�on of a river or natural depressions. Naturally standing water bodies are found all over the country in different sizes.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: NaturalWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: StandingPeriodic Varia�on: 5 - 12 months

LCCS Diagram

Standing Natural Water Bodies (NL)

84

Baor (Ba)

Picture 59: Baor, Khus�a, ©FAO

Descrip�onA baor or oxbow lakes are old river channels with limited connec�on to their parent rivers in the monsoon season. It is created when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off, crea�ng a free-standing body of water. The persistence of water ranges from 11 to 12 months. These water bodies are available mostly in the western and central-western (Faridpur, Kush�a, Jassore) parts of Bangladesh within the Village zone.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: NaturalWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: StandingPeriodic Varia�on: 11-12 months

LCCS Diagram

BaorMap Code: Ba Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: StandingPosi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Descrip�on: Describe a periodic varia�on element-Persistance units: Months-Persistence Period: min=11.0 max=12.0

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

85

Beel/Haor Map Code: BH Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: StandingPosi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Variation/ Periodic Variation:-Descrip�on: Describe a periodic varia�on element-Persistance units: Months-Persistence Period: min=5.0 max=9.0

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Picture 60: Natural water body, Haor, Habiganj, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Descrip�onThese standing water bodies are located in the low lying depressions of flood plains where water persists for a period of 12 months. In Bangladesh haors are found mainly in greater Sylhet and greater Mymensingh regions within the Village zone.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: NaturalWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: StandingWater Posi�on: Above SurfacePeriodic Varia�on: 5 - 9 months

LCCS Diagram

Beels/Haors (BH)

86

Descrip�onAr�ficial water bodies include areas that are covered by water due to the construc�on of reservoirs, canals, ar�ficial lakes, etc. Without these, the area would not be covered by water.

Characteris�csWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Ar�ficiality: Ar�ficial

LCCS Diagram

Standing Waterbody (Ar�fical)Map Code: WA Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: Mandatory

Ar�ficialityType: Ar�ficial

Area Size (Waterbody)

Picture 61: Ar�ficial water body, Kaptai lake, Cha�ogram, ©Falgoonee Kumar Mondal

Ar�ficial Water Bodies (WA)

b) Ar�ficial Water Bodies-WA

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LakeMap Code: L Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: Standing

Ar�ficialityType: Ar�ficial

Area Size (Waterbody)Size Ha: >5.0

Picture 62: Standing ar�ficial water body, Kaptai lake,Cha�ogram, ©Md. Babluzzaman

Descrip�onA Lake is an ar�ficial standing water reservoir that is bigger than a pond and has an irregular shape. Foy’s lake, Kaptai lake are ar�ficial lakes of Bangladesh.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: Ar�ficialWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: StandingWater Posi�on: Above SurfaceArea Size: > 5.0 hectares

LCCS Diagram

Standing Ar�ficial Water Body- Lake (L)

88

Descrip�onA pond is an ar�ficial water body which is used for aquaculture, irriga�on or domes�c purposes. A pond contains standing water with an area of variable size that is usually smaller than a lake.

Characteris�csSurface Type: Water bodyWater Ar�ficiality: Ar�ficialWater Presence Type: MandatoryWater Dynamics: StandingWater Posi�on: Above SurfaceArea Size: < 5.0 hectares Vegeta�on presence: Op�onal

LCCS Diagram

PondsMap Code: Po Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Water BodyPresence Type: MandatoryDynamics: Standing

Ar�ficialityType: Ar�ficial

Area Size (Waterbody)Size Ha: < 5.0

Picture 63: Ar�ficial water body, Pond, Manikganj, ©BSGI

Ponds (Po)

89

AgroforestryMap Code: AF

HorizontalPa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0 Herbaceous Growth Forms

Presence Type: Op�onal

TreesPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=10.0 max=100.0Height: min=5.0 max=30.0Leaf Type / Broadleaved:

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Forest Planta�on

Crop Growing ParameterGrowing Length: min=90 max=120

Picture 64: Agroforestry, Tangail, ©CEGIS

Descrip�onAgroforestry is a land use that combines agriculture prac�ces with tree planta�on. It is considered to be an integrated class where the presence of both permanent terrestrial crops and orchard trees are found together but in different strata.

Characteris�csGrowth Form: 1.Trees (Mandatory), Woody Growth 2.Herbs(Mandatory)Phenology: Evergreen or DeciduousLeaf Type: Broad LeavedAr�ficiality: Cul�vated and Managed Vegeta�onHeight: 5m - 30mCrown Cover: 10% - 100%

LCCS Diagram

V. Combined Classes

Agroforestry (AF)

a) Mul�ple Strata

90

Descrip�onRural se�lement is an isolated cluster of rural homesteads where farmhouse, single or mul�-family housing are the main components of the landscape. This land cover preserves the country’s tradi�onal agrarian community and agricultural areas. Open lands, woodlands, planta�ons, and ponds are o�en associated homes to meet the needs of the household members.

Characteris�csSurface type: Abio�c Non-linear BuildingVegeta�on Presence: Op�onalVegeta�on type: Trees, Shrubs and Herbs Vegeta�on Ar�ficiality: Cul�vated and ManagedCrown cover: 40% - 70%Water body presence: Op�onalWater Salinity: Fresh

LCCS Diagram

Rural Se�lement (RS)

b) Single Strata with Mul�ple Component

Rural Sa�lementMap Code: RS Horizontal Pa�ern 1

Stratum 1Presence Type: MandatoryOntop: 0

Herbaceous Growth FormsPresence Type: Op�onal

Water BodyPresence Type: Op�onalCover: min=0.0 max=20.0Dynamics: StandingPosi�on: Above Surface

ShrubsPresence Type: Op�onal

Ar�ficialityType: Natural

Water SalinityType: Fresh

TreesPresence Type: Op�onalCover: min=40.0 max=70.0

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Cul�vated andManaged Vegeta�on

Orchard and OtherPlanta�on

BulidingPresence Type: MandatoryCover: min=20.0 max=40.0Construc�on Matarial: Light Material

Picture 65: Rural se�lement areas, Feni, ©BSGI

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93

94

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Extendable Class A�ributes

Bio�c Abio�c

vegetation Artificiality

Vegetation physionomy and structure

Leaf Phenology

Elevation Elevation Elevation

Managment Practice Managment Practice Managment Practice

Multiple Strata Cropping Intensity

Single Strata Multy Composition

Floristic Species Crop Growing Parameter

Water Salinity

Surface Artificiality

Natural Surface Types

Natural Surface Sub-types

Artificial Surface Character istics

Water Body Artificiality

Water Dynamics

Water Periodicity

Water Body Size

Water SalinityWater SalinityWater SalinityWater Salinity

Leaf Phenology

Vegetation physionomy and structure Vegetation physionomy and structure Vegetation physionomy and structure

Land Representa�on System of BangladeshSchema�c Overview of the Basic Classes Rela�onship

Vegetated Area - V Non-Vegetated - A

Overall Na�onal Reference System Na�onal Legend -User Derived

Extendable Class A�ributesBasic System Components

Class Ordering

Class Descrip�on

Class Ontology

Ontology Instatn�a�on

Ordering Criteria

A�ribute Syntax

Class Characteris�cs- Topographical Aspects (Slope Classes)- Climate Type (Thermal Climate & Length of Growing Period)- Soil Type (FAO soil list)- Erosion Type

Aqua�c and Flooded Cul�vated Herbaceous Characteris�cs- Aquaculture (User defined)- Water Depth (Enumera�on)

Water Surface Characteris�cs- Water Salinity (Types)- Water Chemistry (Nutrient Level)

Ar�ficial Surface Characteris�cs- Construc�on Use (List)- Construc�on Status (Types)

Class Extension

A�ribute Lis�ng

Basic System Classes

LCML - UML Schema- Graphic Diagram- XSD Schema

LCML Syntax LCML Register of Characteris�cs

Extendable Class A�ributes

Class HierarchicalArrangement

Overall Architecture

Land Cover Class

TerresterialVegeta�on - VT

Natural Vegeta�on - NV(Terrestrial)

Forest TreeDominated Area - F

(Terrestrial)

EvergreenForest - FE

HillyForest - FEh

Mixed HillyForest - FMh

Plain Land Forest - FDp (Sal Forest)

Forest Planta�on- FPe (Evergreen)

Forest Planta�on - FPd (Deciduous)

Forest Planta�on- FPm (Mixed)

FP ShortRota�on - FPes

(Evergreen)

FP ShortRota�on - FPms

(Mixed)

FP LongRota�on - FPml

(Mixed)

FP LongRota�on - FPdl

(Deciduous)

FP LongRota�on - FPel

(Evergreen)

MixedForest - FM

DeciduousForest - FD

ForestPlanta�ons - FP

Orchards &Other

Planta�ons - OT

Orchards &Other

Planta�ons - OS Permanent - PC Shi�ing - SC

SwampForest - SF

SingleCrop - PCs

Mul�pleCrop - PCm

Agroforest- AF

MangroveForest - NMF

Swamp ReedLand - SWr

MangroveShrub - MS

MarshArea - MA

RuralSe�lement - RS

SwampPlanta�on - FSp

MangrovePlanta�on - FMp

Reed Planta�on-RP

Shrub DominatedArea - S (Terrestrial)

Herbs DominatedArea - H (Terrestrial)

Cul�vated Vegeta�on - CV(Terrestrial)

Aqua�c or Regularly Flooded Vegeta�on - VF

Natural Vegeta�on - NVF(Aqua�c / Regularly Flooded)

Cul�vatedTrees - CT Cul�vated

Shrubs - CSHerbaceous Crops - CH

Tree Dominated Area - NFT(Aqua�c / Regularly Flooded)

Shrub Dominated Area - NFS

Herb Dominated Area - NFH

Tree Crop - FTc(Regularly Flooded)

Shrub Crop - FSc(Regularly Flooded)

Herbaceous Crop-FHc(Regularly Flooded)

Cul�vated - CVF(Aquar�c Cul�vated Vegetaion)

TerrestrialNon-Vegetated - AT

NaturalSurfaces - NS

Soil, SandDeposit - SSd

Built- UpNon-Linear - BNl

Built- Up Linear& Others - BL

Dump Sites/ Extrac�on

Sites - DS

SaltPans - SP

Rivers - R

Baor - BaMud

Flats - MF Beaches - B RiverBanks - RB

Beels/ Haros - BH

Standing NaturalWater body - NL

Standing Ar�ficalWaterbody (Lake)- L

Ponds - Po

Ar�ficialSurfaces - AS

Natural WaterBodies - WN

Arificial WaterBodies - WA

Water - W

Overview of System Components and their Func�onl Rela�onships

Natural Vegeta�on Woody Growth Form Characteris�cs- Tree Area Management Prac�ce (Types)

Natural Vegeta�on Woody Growth Form Characteris�cs- Allometric Measurement (Types - Open Ended)

Cul�vated Woody Vegeta�on Characteris�cs- Plant Spreading Geometry (Types)

Cul�vated Shrub Vegeta�on Characteris�cs- Orchard Shadowing

Cul�vated Vegeta�on Characte ris�cs- Field Size (Enumera�on)- Pest Control (Type)- Pest Control Frequency (Enumera�on)- Ploughing (Type)- Ploughing Frequency- Crop Fer�llza�on Type (Fer�lizer Type)- Seeding Time (Enumera�on)- Growing Length (Enumera�on)- Crop Combina�on (Types)

Cul�vated Vegeta�on Major Characteris� cs- Water Supply (Types)- Cropping Pa�ern (Crop Growing Parameters)- Crop Temporal Sequence (Within The Year)- Crop Rota�on (Types)- Cul�va�on Time Factor (Enumera�on)

Natural Vegeta�on Growth Form Proper�es- Cover Percentage (Enumera�on)- Height (Enumera�on)

Vegeta�on Growth Form Characte ris�cs- Floris�c Name (List-Open Ended)- Growth Form Illness (list - open Ended)- Grazing (List - Open Ended)

ISBN 978-984-34-2712-0