in the fields/storages of farmers/traders...manual on simple paddy quality checking in the...
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Manual on Simple Paddy Quality Checking
in the Fields/Storages of Farmers/Traders
March 2016
Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD)
Japan Interna�onal Coopera�on Agency (JICA)
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Table of Contents
1. Importance of Simple Paddy Quality Checking in the Fields/Storages of
Farmers/Traders … ……………………………………………………………………………………………11
2. Sample Photos………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
3. Procedure of Paddy Grading……………………………………………………………………………..8
Reference – Dra� paddy (Rough) Rice – Specificaa�ony SON………………………….15
4. List of Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………….16
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a es�m te
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1. Importance of Simple Paddy Quality Checking in the Fields/Storages of Farmers/Traders
For Farmers/Paddy Traders · Paddy grading can be conducted only in the grading laboratories of mills with a
set of equipment.
· Since the grade affects the procurement price of paddy, farmers want to
the grade before paddy sales.
· With the simple paddy quality checking methods in this manual, farmers can
the grade of their paddy with a set of less expensive equipment, so
that they can verify the grade prescribed by mills.
· Farmers can also conduct the simple checking for finding out what they have
to do, in order to improve their cul�va�on and /or post-harvest ac�vi�es.
For Traders · Traders can conduct the simple checking for their decision making on
procurement and sale of paddy.
For Mills · The procurement officers of mills can conduct simple checking for decision
making on procurement in the fields.
· Mills that do not have grading laboratories, for a while, can check the quality
with methods in this manual.
Limita�on of methods in this manual
Through the methods in this manual, percentages of some characteris�cs (pest
damaged and discolored grains) in page 15 can be given only up to 1 % while grading
requires concluding the percentage by 0.5 %. Therefore, methods in this manual
cannot be used to grade paddy but can be used only to es�mate the grade. For
grading, use methods in Paddy Grading Manual.
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2. Sample Photos Empty shell and sound grains
Empty Shells Sound Grain
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Discolored 1
Sound Grain
Discolored Grain 1
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Discolored 2
Sound Grain
Discolored Grain 2
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Damaged
Sound Grain
Damaged Grain
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Pinpoint Damaged
Sound Grain
Pinpoint Damaged Grain
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Red*
Sound Grain
Red Grain
*Note: Red rice is not included in SON characteris�cs
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Paddy
A. Sampling
Paddy Sample (23 g)
B. Moisture contents (I)
Paddy sample (Minimum 20 g) (II)
C. Sieving
Complete Paddy Inorganic foreign maters ( FMs)
Empty (thinner) shells/Organic FMs
D. Manual separa�on
Complete Paddy Inorganic FMs
Organic FMs
E. Aggrega�on of FMs
Inorganic FMs (IV)
Organic FMs (III)
F. Husking
Husked grain (10 - 11 g) (V) Husk
G. Sieving
Complete Grain Immature/Shrivelled grain (VI)
H. Separa�on
Complete grain Broken grain
I. Grain coun�ng
Complete grain (100 grains) (VII)
Back up
Count good, pest damaged (VIII), discolored (IX) and red grains
3g
3. Procedure of Paddy Grading - Work Flow
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Methods in Each Step A. Sampling
• Take samples from selected paddy in the fields/bags in the storages.
• From the sample, take 3 g for checking moisture contents, and 20 g (II in the work flow) for other checks. (Total 23 g)
Number of bags and amount to be sampled
Remark: If inconsistency among the bags is found, all the bags should be checked.
Number of bags received Number of bags to be checked
2 ~ 15 all
15 ~ 25 13
26 ~ 50 15
51 ~ 100 18
101 ~ 200 20
201 ~ 1,000 32
1,001 ~ 3,000 50
3,001 ~ 10,000 80
10,001 ~ 35,000 125
35,001 ~ 200
B. Moisture content (MC) check
• Although farmers /traders usually es�mate the MC of paddy through bi�ng, a group should possess a handy moisture meter and use it some�mes. (Use the moisture meters made by reputable manufacturers.)
• Follow the instruc�ons of the moisture meter.
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C. Sieving paddy
• Sieve the paddy sample in 30 seconds with the sieve having 1.7 mm holes. Grains and others which pass through the holes can be regarded as empty (thinner) shells and foreign ma�ers (FMs).
• Separate those into organic and inorganic.
D. Manual separa�on of FMs
• Since sieved grains s�ll include FMs, manually separate these (organic and inorganic separately) from sound grains.
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E. Aggrega�on of FMs
• Combine organic FMs from (Ac�vity C.) and (D.) into one.
• Also, combine inorganic FMs from (C.) and (D.) into one.
• Weigh organic (III) and inorganic (IV) respec�vely.
F. Husking
• Husk all sieved grains. (If you do not need to conduct (H.), 5 g is enough.)
• With a test husker, husk sample paddy.
• A�er husking, weigh husked brown rice (V).
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G. Sieving for separa�on of immature / shrivelled grains - 1
• Sieve brown rice in 30 seconds with the sieve having 1.6 mm holes. The rice which passes through the holes include immature /shrivelled grains, and broken grains.
G. Sieving for separa�on of immature/shrivelled grains - 2
• Separate immature/ shrivelled grains and bigger broken grains (bigger than half of whole grains).
• Weigh separated immature/shrivelled grains (VI).
Immature grains
others
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H. Separa�on of broken rice
• Brown rice which did not pass the sieve in (G.) includes some broken grains. For proper coun�ng of problema�c grains in (I.), manually separate broken grains.
• If you can see more than 200 whole grains in the sample, before separa�on, divide the sample into two.
whole grain
broken
I. Coun�ng the number of grains with problems
• Put the brown rice grains on the pan, and remove grains, which are not in the concaves, from the pan. Since the pan has 100 concaves, you can get % of each problema�c grain types through coun�ng them.
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Proper threshing and winnowing
• Proper threshing and winnowing are cri�cal in obtaining be�er quality paddy.
Manual Winnowing Manual Threshing
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Reference: Draft Paddy (Rough) Rice – Specification by SON
Table 1 — Specific requirements
S/No
Characteristics
Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Test Method
1 Purity, %m/m (weight basis.) mim (100 %– (2+3+4+6))
Minimum Limits ISO 605
98
95
95
Maximum Limits 2 Foreign
matter, % m/m
Organic (empty shell + other organic.) [(III/II) x 100 %]
1.0
1.5
2.0
Inorganic [(IV/II) x 100 %]
0.25
0.25
0.5
3 Pest damaged grains, % m/m, max [(VIII/VII) x 100 %]
0.5
0.75
1.0
4 Discoloured grains, % m/m, max [(IX/VII) x 100 %]
0.5
2.0
4.0
5 Moisture, % m/m, max [ I ]
14.0 14.0 14.0 ISO 711; ISO 712
6 Immature/shrivelled grains, % m/m (thinner grain (less than 1.6 mm)) [(VI/V) x 100 %]
1.0
3.0
5.0
ISO 605
Paddy can be categorized into wholly long, medium and short grain.
Notes with Italic and Underline were made by FMARD/JICA
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