In the Trenches History 104 / March 27, 2013 I. August 1914: a joyous moment? II. The military stalemate A. The failure of the Schlieffen Plan B. The dominance of the defensive 1. The trench system 2. Bleed-‘em-dry tactics at Verdun and the Somme C. Grasping for potential breakthroughs 1. Bigger guns 2. Enter the WMDs: mustard gas 3. Bidding for allies 4. Fomenting revolution 5. Attacking supply ships III. Mobilizing society A. Proclaiming a common cause B. “Winners” and “losers” within each society C. Failures 1. Russia’s February revolution 2. France’s close call 3. Austria-Hungary’s disintegration IV. The last year of war A. Germany’s desperate plight 1. Britain's blockade and submarine warfare 2. Victory in the East 3. Gamble in the West: the Ludendorff Offensive B. America enters the war 1. Fresh soldiers 2. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Terms Treaty of Brest-Litovsk People T. E. Lawrence (1888-1935) Georges Clemenceau (1841-1929) Paul von Hindenburg (1847-1934) Erich Ludendorff (1865-1937)

The Bolshevik Revolution History 104 / March 29, 2013 I. Lenin the Bolshevik A. The party as the “vanguard” of the proletariat 1. The essential political question: “who whom?” 2. Strict, conspiratorial party organization B. World revolution is inevitable; Germany will be its locus II. Two revolutions in 1917 A. The February Revolution 1. War-weariness and disgust with the tsar 2. “Dual power,” March – October 1917 > The Provisional Government > Soviets of workers, soldiers, & peasants B. Lenin’s slogans and strategy 1. Keep the Bolsheviks away from responsible posts 2. “Bread, land, peace” 3. “All power to the Soviets!” C. The October Revolution: a coup in St. Petersburg III. Consolidating Bolshevik power A. Civil War between “Reds” and “Whites” (1918-1920) 1. Trotsky fashions a “Red Army” 2. “War communism”: requisitions and terror 3. The Allied intervention B. The New Economic Policy (ca. 1921-1928) 1. Mixing market elements with socialism 2. Cultural experimentation 3. A new political unit: the Soviet Union (1924) C. Stalin’s “revolution from above” (ca. 1928-1939) 1. “socialism in one country” 2. The First Five-Year Plan (1928-1932) 3. Creating collective farms 4. Purging the “Old Bolsheviks” 5. The cult of personality Terms February Revolution October Revolution Soviet (Council) People Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (1870-1924) Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970) Leon Trotsky (1877-1940) Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Europe’s Featherweight Democracies History 104 / April 3, 2013 I. New ideas for Old Europe: Wilson vs. Lenin A. Wilson's vision for the postwar order (the 14 Points) 1. Transforming the style of international diplomacy 2. The elusive goal of "self-determination" B. The collapse of empires and the spread of democracy C. Is communism contagious? II. Problems of post-war adjustment A. Commemorating the dead B. The emergence of the welfare state 1. The lingering human costs of war 2. Pro-natalism and public health 3. Public housing projects C. The advent of structural unemployment 1. New, American forms of management come to Europe 2. The “General Strike” in Britain, 1926 D. Political splintering 1. Workers' movements divided 2. Interest-group politics split the middle classes 3. Ethnic politics (esp. in Eastern Europe) E. Two basic patterns 1. Weak governments & revolving-door cabinets 2. Authoritarian dictatorships replace parliamentary rule III. The Weimar Republic in Germany A. The Treaty of Versailles – an exercise in retribution B. Disputes over reparatoins, 1919-1923 C. Fleeting stability, 1924-1929 Terms Comintern welfare state general strike People Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) Raymond Poincaré (1860-1934) Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929) Jozef Pilsudski (1867-1935)

Modernism at its Peak History 104 / April 5, 2013 I. What is modernism? A. A world view, ca. 1910-1960 1. Secular embrace of human progress and potential 2. Truth is multi-faceted, but still knowable B. A diffuse movement in the arts & culture, ca. 1910-1960 1. Self-conscious effort to explore the meaning of new technologies and new lifestyles through art 2. Determination to embrace the present (and future) and break free of historical influences II. Responses to the war A. The anti-art of "dada" B. Reconstructing the "front experience" 1. Otto Dix: landscapes of horror 2. Ernst Jünger: heroism and comradeship C. Utopian visions of the new machine age 1. Russian constructivists 2. Walter Gropius and the Bauhaus III. Formal experimentation A. Music: Schoenberg and Stravinsky B. Painting: Kandinsky and Mondrian C. Theater: Bertolt Brecht and the "alienation effect" D. Stream-of-consciousness writing: Joyce and Woolf IV. Trends in popular culture and lifestyles A. A taste for exuberance and exoticism B. Explorations in gender roles 1. The bob haircut and the “garconne” persona 2. Woolf's room C. The cinema – the genre that captures mass attention D. Bauhaus: living in the 20th Century Terms dada Bauhaus alienation effect People Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) James Joyce (1882-1941) Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)

The Appeal of Fascism History 104 / April 8, 2013 I. Fascism: an ideology of violent dynamism A. Mussolini as socialist B. The fascist synthesis: nationalism plus socialism 1. Emphasis on the entire national community 2. Rejection of other prevalent ideologies a. Socialism too international b. Catholicism too backward and moralistic c. Conservatism too narrow in appeal to the wealthy d. Liberalism too individualistic, too parliamentary 3. The (supposed) nature of fascist leadership II. Italy drifts toward dictatorship A. Disorder in city & country 1. Unions strike in major factories 2. Agricultural laborers demand better pay B. Fascist squadristi smash the left C. Mussolini’s “March on Rome” (Oct. 1922) D. Toward full dictatorship III. The nature of fascist rule A. Mussolini as “il Duce” B. Attempts at a “totalitarian” organization of society C. The limits of Mussolini’s power IV. Mussolini’s wars A. Conquest of Ethiopia (1935-36) B. Intervention in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) C. Alliance with Hitler (1940-45) Terms fasces squadristi totalitarian People Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Haile Selassie (1892-1975)

National Socialism in Germany History 104 / April 10, 2013 I. Hitler’s messianic ideology A. Mein Kampf (1925): Hitler's racial program 1. “Aryans” as the master race 2. Jews as the corrupters of Aryans 3. Measures to enforce the “health” of the “racial community” B. Hitler’s foreign policy agenda: restoration of German power 1. Breaking the “shackles of Versailles” 2. Winning Lebensraum in the East C. The pursuit of anti-modern ends by modern means II. Overthrowing the Weimar Republic A. Reminder: the unsuccessful “Beer Hall putsch” of 1923 B. The party aims for respectability 1. Promising all things to all people 2. Innovative election propaganda 3. The SA (stormtroopers): the threat of violence 4. The Great Depression offers new possibilities C. Jan. 30, 1933: a fateful miscalculation III. Hitler in power A. Consolidating the dictatorship 1. The Enabling Act (March 1933): Hitler gets a free hand 2. The "Night of the Long Knives" (June 1934) B. Recovery and (limited) prosperity 1. "Strength through Joy": glorifying labor 2. Guns and butter 3. Toward economic autarchy C. Overturning the Versailles order D. Excluding outsiders from the "racial community" 1. The Nuremberg Laws 2. Compulsory sterilization of mentally handicapped 3. The Olympics in Berlin (1936) Terms Aryan Lebensraum SA, SS Nuremberg Laws People Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) Josef Goebbels (1897-1945) Heinrich Himmler (1900-1945)

Trapped by the Extremes: Europe in the 1930s History 104 / April 12, 2013 I. Western democracies under pressure A. The Great Depression shatters confidence B. Britain: fringe agitation 1. Sir Oswald Mosley and the British Union of Fascists 2. ‘Fellow travelers’ at Cambridge and Oxford C. France: deeply divided (as usual) 1. The far right tries a coup (February 1934) 2. Leon Blum’s Popular Front government (1936-38) II. The escalation of violence A. Violence in Mother Russia: Stalin’s Great Purges 1. Stalin’s “cult of personality” 2. The purges and the Great Terror, 1936-38 B. The Spanish Civil War: a confrontation of extremes 1. Spain’s Republican government (elected Feb. 1936): a “popular front” 2. Franco’s coalition: Catholics, fascists, the army 3. International interventions III. Appeasing Hitler’s Germany A. The Anschluss: Austria joins the Third Reich (March 1938) B. Hitler’s pressure on Czechoslovakia 1. The position of the Sudeten Germans 2. The Munich Conference (Oct. 1938) C. The “Night of the Broken Glass” (Nov. 9, 1938) D. The last straw: Hitler marches into Prague (March 1939) Terms cult of personality the Great Terror Popular Front Anschluss Night of the Broken Glass People Neville Chamberlain (1869-1940) Leon Blum (1872-1950) Francisco Franco (1892-1975) George Orwell (1903-1950)

A Second World War History 104 / April 15, 2013 I. Why another war? A. For the main aggressors, the Axis Powers: 1. “Justice” – and revenge 2. Lebensraum and control over resources 3. War on Bolshevism? B. For the Allies: 1. War on aggression 2. War on closed autarkic empires 3. War on racism? II. War engulfs Europe and Asia A. Hitler seizes the initiative in W. Europe (1940) B. “Operation Barbarossa” in Eastern Europe (1941) 1. Hitler’s helpers in Eastern Europe 2. Collaborators in Western Europe C. Japan’s quest for autarky & domination in Asia III. War without mercy A. Mistreatment of POWs 1. Germany’s “Commissar Order” 2. POWs as laborers B. War vs. “partisans” targets civilian populations C. Racially motivated slaughter D. Bombings of civilians E. A glimmer of hope -- the poison gas question IV. Lasting effects A. New international norms B. The “ethnic cleansing” of Eastern Europe C. Domestic politics: nationalism (mostly) discredited D. Soviet and American power in Europe Terms Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere Operation Barbarossa Commissar Order

The Holocaust in History History 104 / April 17, 2013 I. Phases of the Holocaust A. Exclusion from Hitler’s “Greater Germany,” 1933-1941 1. The Nuremberg Laws, Sept. 1935 2. The “Night of the Broken Glass,” Nov. 1938 3. Confinement to ghettos, 1940-41 4. The Madagascar Plan B. Mobile killing units on the Eastern Front, 1941-42 1. Operation Barbarossa and the Commissar Order 2. Einsatzgruppen behind the front lines C. Industrialized slaughter: the “Final Solution,” 1942-45 1. The Wannsee Conference, Jan. 1942 2. Clarification: concentration vs. extermination camps 3. Systematically removing Jews from occupied Europe II. Studying the perpetrators A. The Holocaust as the work of deviants? B. The Holocaust as the work of ordinary men? 1. Hannah Arendt and “the banality of evil” 2. Daniel Goldhagen and “Hitler’s willing executioners” C. The role of non-Germans III. Legacies of Auschwitz A. Commemorating the victims 1. Contemporary Judaism and the Holocaust 2. The “Americanization” of the Holocaust 3. Other victims: gypsies, homosexuals, religious groups 4. Anti-fascist heroes B. Emigrés: Germany’s loss is others’ gain Terms Einsatzgruppen People Adolf Eichmann (1906-1962)

Another Clash of Ideologies: The Cold War History 104 / April 19, 2013 I. The United States and the new international order A. The prescription for stability 1. The UN: political cooperation against aggressors 2. Economic openness a. Lowering tariffs b. Fixed exchange rates B. Assisting recovery in Europe: the Marshall Plan (1947) C. Decolonization 1. Britain drops India and Palestine hastily (1947) 2. Britain exits from African colonies fairly smoothly 3. France’s colonial wars in Vietnam (to 1954), Algeria (1954-62) II. The Soviet Union develops an alternative world order A. The prescription: anti-fascism (led by communists) B. Stalin’s motives – aggressive or defensive? C. A falling out over Germany D. Communist power in Asia E. Rival alliance systems emerge III. How the Cold War was waged A. Nuclear deterrence and the “space race” B. Competition for influence in the “Third World” C. Flashpoints 1. Defending spheres of influence 2. Seeking advantage through occasional gambles Terms United Nations Security Council United Nations General Assembly Marshall Plan People Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet premier, ca. 1953-1964)

Europe Divided History 104 / April 22, 2013 I. Pervasive American and Soviet influence A. Military presence B. Cultural presence C. Economic presence II. Autonomous developments in the Western camp A. Britain and the welfare state B. France: stunning prosperity, muddled politics 1. The Fourth Republic – a repeat performance 2. Colonial wars: Vietnam and Algeria 3. De Gaulle's triumphant return, 1958 C. "Economic miracles" in Germany and Italy 1. Swift rehabilitation in international affairs 2. Christian Democratic politics ascendant 3. Memories of the war suppressed D. Critiques of the postwar societies 1. Jean-Paul Sartre: existentialist individualism 2. Herbert Marcuse: vs. one-dimensional man E. “1968” – revolts born of prosperity 1. Crisis at the universities 2. The articulation of new values III. Meanwhile, in the Soviet bloc… A. The early postwar years: Stalinism all around 1. Emphasis on heavy industry 2. Purges and show trials B. De-Stalinization under Khrushchev 1. The "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress 2. Hopes for reform in Poland 3. Hungary's uprising crushed C. Gradual shifts toward consumerism in the East D. The “Prague Spring”: failure of “socialism with a human face” Terms welfare state People Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967) Clement Attlee (1883-1967) Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) Alexander Dubcek (1921-1992)

Détente and Social Change History 104 / April 24, 2013 I. Stabilizing the Cold War A. Stepping back from the nuclear brink 1. The hotline 2. “Controlled” missile buildup 3. Non-proliferation limits the size of the nuclear club B. The Helsinki Accords (1975): acknowledging the status quo C. The collapse of détente 1. “Peaceful coexistence” still involves competition 2. The “Second Cold War,” ca. 1980-85 II. The West in crisis A. Sliding into “stagflation” 1. The Bretton Woods system breaks down 2. The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 B. The blight of terrorism C. Recovering from crisis 1. Market reforms: “Thatcherism” in Britain 2. European cooperation: toward the European Union 3. Global cooperation: the G-7 D. The rise of new social movements 1. Feminism 2. Environmentalism 3. Evangelical religion III. The collapse of communism A. Moral bankruptcy 1. Citizen spies 2. Scarcity breeds corruption B. Economic bankruptcy 1. Unsustainable benefits 2. Environmental devastation C. The potency of nationalism D. Steps in the disintegration of the Soviet empire 1. Solidarity in Poland 2. Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia 3. Tearing down the Berlin Wall People Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) Margaret Thatcher (1925- ) Ronald Reagan (1911-2004) Mikhail Gorbachev (1931- )

The Post-Cold War World History 104 / April 26, 2013 I. Responses to the fall of communism A. The European Union "deepens" and "widens" B. Francis Fukuyama and the "end of history" II. The stubborn persistence of nation-states in Europe A. Czecho-Slovak separation B. The Yugoslav civil wars 1. Milosevic seeks a "Greater Serbia" 2. Croatia and Serbia at war (1991-92) 3. "Ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia (1992-95) 4. The Kosovo crisis (1998-99) C. Post-Soviet social ills D. Strains in the common European currency III. After modernism: the post-modern moment A. Key post-modern thinkers 1. Derrida and deconstruction 2. Foucault: social discipline as pathology B. Casual post-modern habits of mind 1. Suspicion of "master narratives" 2. Preference for diversity C. Post-modernism under strain 1. Culture wars in the Netherlands 2. The world today: too serious for post-modernism? III. Is there still a "West"? A. Globalization – multiple definitions 1. The shrinking planet 2. Culture purveyed on a global scale 3. Free flow of capital on a global scale B. Obstacles to the universality of Western values 1. American exceptionalism 2. Poor government and cronyism in the Third World 3. Anti-Western extremism Terms ethnic cleansing post-modern People Francis Fukuyama (1952- ) Slobodan Milosevic (1941-2006) Michel Foucault (1926-1984)