Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 1

Inana By

Michele Lowe

Directed by Kimberly Senior

Dramaturgical Materials prepared by Maren Robinson for the TimeLine Theatre Production

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 2

Table of Contents Iraq in 2003 P3 Looting in Iraq in 2003 P5 Timeline of Events Surrounding the 2003 Invasion of Iraq P6 Ancient Historical References P8 Archeological References P9 Geographical References P10 Other Script References P 13 Bibliography P 15 Additional Resources P 16

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 3

Iraq in 2003 In 2003, Iraq was under the government of Saddam Hussein, a Ba’ath party member and Sunni Muslim. The regime was known to be repressive and had ongoing tensions with the United States dating back to U.S. support of Iraq in the Iran-Iraq war, the bombing of Iraq during the U.S. Operation Desert Storm in 1990-1991. After attacks on September 11, 2001 the U.S. government had increasing suspicion of the Iraqi government in spite of the evidence of Afghanistan being responsible for the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. In a report ultimately found false the U.S. government claimed Iraq had an elaborate weapons program which ultimately proved not to exist. In a speech to the UN on February 5, 2003, then U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell made the case for the invasion of Iraq based on this false information as well as concerns Iraq was developing weapons of mass destruction. 1 Colin Powell would later call the news that the intelligence was false “devastating” and a “blot on his record.”2 (Map above from lonely planet)3 Ironically, under Saddam Hussein, Iraq had some of the most restrictive antiquities laws preventing ancient artifacts from leaving the country and setting part of his military to guard archeological sites. During the Gulf War looting increased and in the lead up the to the 2003 U.S. invasion as troops were pulled away from archeological sites looting again increased. Some was opportunistic and some later looting at museums seemed to be well-planned and targeted specific high value items. 4 Amputation, branding and the death penalty Under Saddam Hussein in Iraq amputation, branding and the death penalty were all forms of punishment for offenses such as corruption, theft, currency speculation and military desertion.5 A group of merchants each had a hand cut off 1 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/05/iraq.usa 2 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/politics/09powell.html?_r=0 3 http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/middle-east/iraq/ 4 Rothfield, Lawrence. The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum. Chicago, Ill.: University of

Chicago Press, 2009. 5 http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/IRAQ955.htm

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 4

for trading in U.S. Currency.6 The government maintained that these punishments were based in Sharia law, Islamic law drawn from the Koran and interpreted in various ways. However, they were formalized as punishments by Saddam Hussein’s government. Human Rights Watch reported in 1995 about the violence and intimidation used by the regime and criticizing the laws as violating international human rights laws against cruel and unusual punishment. A physician who worked in a Baghdad military hospital before fleeing to Iraqi Kurdistan in October 1994, estimated that 1,700 amputations had been performed for desertion between August and mid-September 1994. This doctor reported that the procedures were often performed without anesthesia and that the risk of infection was very high because of the poor hygienic conditions.7

Women in Iraq according to a 2003 Human Rights Watch report women in Iraq had enjoyed more freedom than their counterparts in other countries in the Mideast. They had gained the right to vote in 1980. However after the 1991 Gulf War Saddam Hussein embraced Sharia law in order to consolidate power and gain favor with tribal leaders. Because of the change in laws effecting women an estimated 4000 women and girls in Iraq were victims of “honor killings.” For example, a 1990 presidential decree exempted male relatives from the assault or murder of female relatives “in defense of the family’s honor” The economic sanction effecting Iraq meant many families could not afford to or chose not to send their daughters to school resulting in a rapid decline in literacy. Additionally, the lack of jobs forced many women out of jobs and forced them back into more traditional roles in the home.8 Human Rights Watch further reported on an increase in the kidnapping and rape of women and girls in 2003.9 Ba’ath party also known as the Arab Socialist Party it was founded in 1943 in Syria and has branches in many Middle Eastern countries. Originally founded to oppose imperialism and colonialism after a power struggle between “progressives” and “nationalists” in the 1960s. The nationalist faction gained control. It was the party of Saddam Hussein and the party ended with his toppling in 2003 by the U.S. government and by a subsequent policy of “de-baathification.”10 Shia is the minority branch of the Muslim faith. The separation between the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam grew up soon after the death of the prophet Mohamed over leadership of the Muslim community. The Shia were tied to Mohamed’s son-in-law Ali. Shia Muslims are the majority in Iran and Iraq. 11 Sunni the vast majority of Muslims are Sunnis, between 85-90%. Sunnis consider themselves the more orthodox or traditional branch of Islam. 12 Kurds are an ethnic minority in Iraq primarily in the north. As a minority they have been the subject of a violence at the hands of Saddam Hussein and various Muslim sects. The country of 6 http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=26394 7 Ibid. 20 8 http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/wrd/iraq-women.htm 9 http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/iraq0703/2.htm#_Toc45709963 10 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55912/Bath-Party 11 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-16047709 12 Ibid.

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 5

Kurdistan was erased after World War I when the Allies divided up the Middle East. The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims.13 Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) President of Iraq. He was a member of the Ba’ath party and a Sunni. Under Hussein the minority Sunnis held power over the majority Shia Muslims. This changed with the ousting of Hussein by the U.S. Government in 2003. 14 Uday Hussein (1964 - 2003) was Saddam Hussein’s eldest son and well-known for torture, rape and murder. He took an interest in football (soccer) and was known to have kept track of how players played and how much they should be beaten if they did not play well. He kept a private palace where he would take any woman who caught his interest for rape and torture. His two marriages were absolved after he beat his wives. He reportedly had another torture chamber near the Tigris River. In 1988, after he beat one of his father’s body guards to death in front of a group of party goers even his father had to admit his son would not be his political heir and he kept him out of the public eye.15

Looting in Iraq in 2003 In spite of the efforts of those in the archeological community to warn the U.S. government about not only bombing damage to historical sites but also the threat of looting, the United States failed to put in place a plan to secure archeological sites and museums as part of its plan for the invasion of Iraq. Even after media coverage, outcry from the archeological community, the request of museum officials and an announcement from Secretary of State Colin Powell it took several days for the U.S. military to secure the Baghdad Museum. By then much looting and damage had already occurred. After the failure of the U.S. to plan for or protect from civilian looting during and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq there was a scramble to recover looted items. Laurie Rush, an army archeologist and anthropologist developed a set of playing

13 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/kurds/ 14 http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25559872 15 Goldberg, Suzanne, “Uday: career of rape, torture and murder” The Guardian. July 23, 2003. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jul/23/iraq.suzannegoldenberg

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 6

cards issued to U.S. soldiers to help them identify historic sites and looted items.16 “We didn’t allow it. It happened . . . There’s a transition period, and no one’s in control. There is still fighting in Baghdad. We don’t allow bad things to happen. Bad things happen in life and people do loot.” – Donald Rumsfeld interviewed about the looting on Meet the Press, April 13, 200317

Timeline of Events Surrounding the 2003 Invasion of Iraq January 2003 Archeological Institute of America (AIA) issues statement urging the protection of Iraq’s archeological sites.18 February 2003 Iraq National Museum closes.19 Society for American Archaeology (SAA) writes to the Secretary of Defense to urge the protection of antiquities in Iraq.20 March 2003 Early March Museum staff begin moving artifacts to bomb shelters.21 March 20 President George W. Bush announces start of

a war against Iraq.22 (An explosion in Baghdad, shortly before President Bush's announcement from the Oval Office of the "opening stages of what will be a broad and concerted campaign" to remove Saddam Hussein from power. Patrick Baz/Agence France-Presse)

March 27 UNESCO director urges the United States to protect Cultural Heritage sites.23

16 Craig, Elise, “These Playing Cards School U.S. Soldiers in Archeology,” Wired Magazine, December 12, 2013. http://www.wired.com/2013/12/monumentswoman/ 17 Ibid. 4, p. 111 18 University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. Museum., et al. Catastrophe!: The Looting and Destruction of Iraq's Past.

Chicago: Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago, 2008. (p. 11-12) 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid. 22 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/08/31/world/middleeast/20100831-Iraq-Timeline.html?_r=0#/#time111_3262 23 Ibid. 15

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 7

April 2003 April 8 Museum staff flee the approaching battle. A firefight takes

place in front of the Baghdad museum. A U.S. tank fires a round into the front of the museum. 24 (Images of Baghdad Museum and looting at right)

April 9 Saddam Hussein’s regime topples as U.S. forces take control

of much of Baghdad. Looting of government buildings by Iraqis is rampant.25

April 10-11 Looters enter museum complex, galleries, storerooms, and

offices.26 April 12 Museum staff arrives to secure museum, media cover the

museum looting.27 April 13 The Museum officials request U.S. assistance to prevent

further looting.28 April 14 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell makes a statement at a

press conference assuring the protection and recovery of archeological and cultural treasures.29

April 15 The Iraq museum remains unsecured.30 April 16 U.S. forces secure the Iraq museum.31 May 2003 May 10-12 National Geographic team and U.S. archeologists assess the damage to museums and

archeological sites.32 May 31 President Bush speaks from the deck of the Aircraft Carrier Abraham Lincoln

beneath a sign that reads “Mission Accomplished.”33

24 Ibid. 15 25 Ibid. 19 26 Ibid. 15 27 Ibid. 15 28 Ibid. 15 29 Ibid. 15 30 Ibid. 15 31 Ibid. 15 32 Ibid. 15 33 Ibid. 19

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 8

December 2003 December 13 Saddam Hussein is arrested by American soldiers who find him crouching in a hole

at a farm in Tikrit.34

Ancient Historical References Inana is an ancient Sumerian/Mesopotamian goddess. 35 Known also under the names Ishtar, Shaush(k)a, Mullissu and Ninlil, she was the goddess of love, sex, nature, war, fertility and healing. She was widely worshipped in the second millennium and became closely associated with the Assyrian state so much so that archeologist Julian Reade suggested “Almost any Assyrian representation of a largely naked woman is liable to be seen as some manifestation of Ishtar.”36 She appears in numerous Mesopotamian myths and the Epic of Gilgamesh. She was associated with the morning star, Venus. She is married to the young god Dumuzi and the seasons are tied to her mourning his death and rebirth each year.37 (The cover photo of a woman’s face possibly Inana was an item looted in 2003 and later returned to the Baghdad Museum. At right female terracotta figures from Kuyunjik in Nineveh dated to the late third Millennium, photo D. Collon)

Civilizations of the Ancient Near East

Map above from The Historical Atlas William R. Shepherd, 1923 http://research.library.gsu.edu/ancientneareast) 34 Ibid. 19 35 http://www.ancient.eu/Inanna/ 36 Reade, Julian. “The Ishtar Temple at Nineveh” Vol. 67, No. 1, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part Two (Spring, 2005) , pp. 347-390 37 Moscati, Sabatino. The Face of the Ancient Orient. Near Eastern Civilizations in Preclassical Times. Dover. Mineola, NY

2001, p28.

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 9

The timeline below is a general breakdown of the order of particular empires. It is important to understand that much is still being discovered about the ancient civilizations of the Mesopotamia. It is part of why the context of archeological sites is so important, because the layers of different time periods can be distinguished and any information about the location in which archeological items are found gives archeologist context from which to better understand these civilizations.

(Image source: http://www.timemaps.com/history/middle-east-3500bc)

Mesopotamia comes from the Greek for between two rivers it is the area bordered by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the same area that would be called “the Fertile Crescent” or the cradle of civilization because the area was conducive to life and evidence of human settlement in the area dates back to 10,000 BCE. It covers much of modern day Iraq as well as parts of Iran Syria and Turkey. The region produced multiple ancient empires with distinctive writing, pottery, religions and produced innovations in farming, animal domestication and warfare.38

Archeological References Catalog cards, most archives, museums and libraries have relied on a card catalog system for documenting books or items. While many museums have started digitizing these catalogs the task takes time and card catalogs may still be the main record of a collection. During the looting in the Baghdad museum in 2003 the card catalog was burned by looters making the problem of documenting the museum’s losses even more difficult. Cuneiform is the earliest known form of writing. Based on pictograms it developed into a more abstract set of signs or script. The writing used a stylus pressed into clay tablets.39

38 Joshua J. Mark, “Mesopotamia,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, last modified September 02, 2009, http://www.ancient.eu /Mesopotamia/. 39 http://www.mesopotamia.co.uk/writing/home_set.html

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 10

(Cuneiform Tablet, photo Oriental Institute: https://oi.uchicago.edu/collections/tablet-collection-and-tablet-room)

Cylinder Seals are carved cylinders of about 1 inch in length. They often have carved images which leave a continuous impression. They were often made of stone with a hole in the center so they could be worn as jewelry. They served an administrative function.40 (Mesopotamian Limestone Cylinder Seal from the Louvre shown with a modern impression)

Sargon II was an Assyrian King. He came to the throne in 721 BCE and completed Dur-Sharrukin ("Fort Sargon") near what is modern day Khorsabad as his capital city. (Bas relief of Sargon II with an official at left)

Geographical References El Amarna is an Egyptian archeological site. It was was built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten to be his capital city and was abandoned shortly after his death. Babylon about 60 miles south of Baghdad Babylon was the center of ancient Mesopotamian civilization. Famous for the Hanging Gardens of Babylon one of the ancient wonders of the world and the Code of Hammurabi (an early set of laws laid out by King Hammurabi.41 Ruins of Babylon in 1932 Credit: Photograph from the G Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, In Public Domain.

Baghdad is the capital of Iraq. It is located in central Iraq on the Tigris River. It is the largest city in Iraq with a population of

40 http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/m/mesopotamian_cylinder_seals.aspx 41 http://www.livescience.com/28701-ancient-babylon-center-of-mesopotamian-civilization.html

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 11

about 5 million. As the seat of power Baghdad was the focus of U.S. attacks in both the U.S. Operation Desert Storm also known as the Gulf War (1990-1991) and during the 2003 invasion. 42 The National Museum of Baghdad was a target of looting in 2003 including the vaults where many items from the museum and regional museums had been stored. The Balawat Gates were made of cedar and are described as having been 6.8 meters (22 feet) high. They were 1878 by Hormuzd Rassam. The wood had completely rotted, leaving the bronze fragments now in the British Museum. Bronze band from the gates of the palace of Shalmaneser III in the collection at the British Museum. (Pictured at right, photo credit British Museum) 43

Cairo Museum the Egyptian Antiquities Museum in Cairo is home to many archeological treasures. Sadly, it was also looted during the protests in Tahrir Square during the Arab Spring in 2011. This was in spite of or before citizens formed a human chain to surround the museum building and protect artifacts as reported in the Huffington Post. (Photo from the Huffington Post at left). 44 Khorsabad is the name of a

modern Iraqi village that is built on the ancient city of Dur-Sharukin (Fort Sargon) a capital of the Assyrian King Sargon II and built after he came to the throne in 721 B.C. It was visited by famed Archeologist James Henry Breasted and excavated by the Oriental Institute between 1928-1935. In 1929 the excavation discovered a massive human headed winged bull, which is now housed at the Oriental Institute. (Photo: the

Oriental Institute)45 Mosul is a city in Northern Iraq on the Tigris River. It is home to 1 million people. It is close to the ruins of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. In advance of the 2003 invasion many archeological items were transferred from the Mosul Museum to the museum in Baghdad. Currently the religious and archeological

42 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Baghdad.aspx 43 http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/b/bronze_band_from_palace_gates.aspx 44 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jean-newman-glock/the-egytian-museum-in-cai_b_1909684.html 45 https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/excavations-khorsabad

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 12

sites as well as items in the Mosel Museum have been destroyed by members of the Islamic State (Sunni extremists) who took over the city if Mosul after the United States left Iraq. They have focused particularly on religious sites (Photo: NBC news) 46 (Mosul Museum below left.)

Nimrud is just southeast of the city of Mosul in modern day Iraq. It was a center of an Assyrian Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age. Nimrud has been in the recent news as videos of members of the Islamic State bulldozing the ancient Assyrian city appeared on March 6, 2015. They destroyed shrines and statues claiming they were “false idols.” The attack was condemned by the UN as a war crime. 47 (At left AFP photo of the destruction of the Nimrud site which appeared in the BBC article on March 6.)

Nineveh was one of the oldest and most populous cities of the Assyrian Empire. It is on the East Bank of the Tigris opposite modern day Mosul in Iraq. 48 It was destroyed in intense fighting in 612 B.C.E. during the collapse of the Assyrian Empire. There are two main archeological mounds in Nineveh: Kuyunjik and Nabi Yunus. . The Nabi Yunus, a site reputed to be or tomb of Jonah has layers of Assyrian, Zoroastrian and Muslim ruins. The Kuyunjik mound contains the Temple of Ishtar as well as the Nabu Temple, North Palace and Southwest Palace.49 (Illustration of Kuyunjik by Julian Reade)

46 http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140802-iraq-mosul-christian-muslim-islamic-state-syria-history/ 47 http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31760656 48 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415684/Nineveh 49 http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/areasofnineveh/

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 13

Temple of Ishtar is in Nineveh is located across the river from Mosul, it was first excavated by the British Museum starting in 1851 .Hamza (Hormuzd) Rassam worked on the site in 1853. The statue at left is likely an iteration of Ishtar/Inana. It was found at the Temple of Ishtar in Nineveh and is now at the British museum. 50(Photo: Getty Images)

Other Script References Football (P4) There is a noted rivalry between Manchester United and Arsenal. Manchester United is an English Premier League football club based in the city of Manchester. In the 1950s they changed their uniforms to red jerseys and became known as “the red devils” or “Reds”. The red devil can be seen in the middle of their logo. They are one of the 51 Arsenal is an English Premier League football club originally founded by workers at the Arsenal munitions factory in the Woolwich neighborhood of London. They now play in Holloway, London. 52 David Beckham is a famous English footballer. He played for Manchester United in the youth league and a senior player between 1991-2003. Rumi (P5) Jelaluddin Balki known as Rumi was a 13th C Sufi poet. Born in 1207 in Balkh, Afghanistan, which was then part of the Persian Empire. He fled Mongol invaders with his family and settled in Konya, Turkey where he became known as Rumi, which means “from Roman Anatolia.” His father, Bahauddin Walad, was a theologian and mystic who believed in a sensual union with God. Rumi studied with his father’s pupil Burhanuddin Mahiqqiq as well as scholars Sanai and Attar. After his father’s death he took a position as sheik in the dervish community of Konya. He lived as a scholar and teacher until a conversation with a wandering dervish Shams of Tabriz. Shams asked Rumi a question and he fell to the ground. Many believe the question was whether Muhammad or Bestami (who founded Sufism) was greater. Shams and

50 Ibid 1, p. 347 51 http://www.manutd.com/en/History/History-By-Decade/History-By-Decade/2014/Oct/manchester-united-history-2000-to-2009.aspx?pageNo=2 52 http://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 14

Rumi became ardent friends and it was at this time Rumi began writing poetry, singing and whirling.53 Blessed Marriage – Rumi This marriage be wine with halvah Honey dissolving in milk. This marriage be the leaves and fruit of a date tree. This marriage be women laughing together for days on end. This marriage, a sign for us to study. This marriage beauty. A moon in a light blue sky. This marriage, this silence, fully mixed with spirit. McGuire Gibson (p7) is an archeologist and one of the world’s leading authorities on ancient Mesopotamia. He was one of the first to draw attention to looting after the Gulf War in and visited Iraq in 2003 with a National Geographic team trying to draw further attention to looting. He is a professor with the Oriental Institute and the department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at the University of Chicago.54 Drawing for Titian’s angels (p 18) Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (circa1490-1576) was a 16th C Venetian painter. He was one of the most famous painters of his era with an international clientele. His robust angels and cherubs are often at the border of a religious painting such as this detail from the Assumption. A study is a drawing made in preparation for a larger work. 55(Image source: The Project Gutenberg EBook of Child-life in Art, by Estelle M. Hurll http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25268/25268-h/25268-h.htm#img17) ‘54 Hague (p 28) “Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict with Regulations for the Execution of the Convention 1954” was held in The Hague. The Hague Convention sets forth guidelines that invading armies cannot loot the national treasures of other countries. It also sets forth standards for not bombing cultural sites and countries not using cultural or historic sites as military locations. It does not contain a strong mandate for invading forces to protect cultural sites from looting by the people of a country.56

53 Barks, Colman. The Essential Rumi, Castle Books, 1997. 54 http://news.uchicago.edu/profile/mcguire-gibson 55 http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/titian 56 http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13637&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 15

Henri Matisse (1869-1954) (p 52) was a French painter. At the end of his life he turned to cutting out shapes and making massive murals and covering his walls with this colorful shapes. (A large

Matisse cut out mural below Photo: CBS News)57

4 million dinars (p57) is about 3,338 U.S. Dollars in 2015 looking at a variety of currency calculated it may have been about 1000-4000 U.S. Dollars.58

Bibliography Barks, Colman. The Essential Rumi, Castle Books, 1997.

Bogdanos, Matthew, and William Patrick. Thieves of Baghdad: One Marine's Passion for Ancient Civilizations and the Journey to Recover the World's Greatest Stolen Treasures. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Pub. : Distributed to the trade by Holtzbrinck Publishers, 2005. Conant. Eve. “Q&A: Why Sunni Extremists Are Destroying Ancient Religious Sites in Mosul,” National Geographic. August 1, 2014. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140802-iraq-mosul-christian-muslim-islamic-state-syria-history/.

Craig, Elise, “These Playing Cards School U.S. Soldiers in Archeology,” Wired Magazine, December 12, 2013. http://www.wired.com/2013/12/monumentswoman/

Goldberg, Suzanne, “Uday: career of rape, torture and murder” The Guardian. July 23, 2003. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jul/23/iraq.suzannegoldenberg

Joshua J. Mark. “Mesopotamia,” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 02, 2009. http://www.ancient.eu /Mesopotamia/.

57 http://www.cbsnews.com/news/carving-into-color-matisses-stunning-cut-outs/ 58 http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?Amount=1&From=USD&To=IQD#converter

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 16

Iraq’s Brutal Decrees Amputation, Branding and the Death Penalty, Human Rights Watch Report, June1995. Vol. 7, No. 3. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/IRAQ955.htm Menegazzi, Roberta. An Endangered Cultural Heritage: Iraqi Antiquities Recovered in Jordan. Firenze: Le lettere, 2005.

Milbry Polk and Angela M. H. Schuster --, et al. The Looting of the Iraq Museum, Baghdad: The Lost Legacy of Ancient Mesopotamia. New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 2005.

Moscati, Sabatino. The Face of the Ancient Orient. Near Eastern Civilizations in Preclassical Times. Dover. Mineola, NY 2001. Peter G. Stone with Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly --, et al. The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2008. Reade, Julian. “The Ishtar Temple at Nineveh” Vol. 67, No. 1, Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part Two (Spring, 2005) , pp. 347-390 Published by: British Institute for the Study of Iraq Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4200586 Rothfield, Lawrence. Antiquities Under Siege: Cultural Heritage Protection After the Iraq War. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2008. Rothfield, Lawrence. The Rape of Mesopotamia: Behind the Looting of the Iraq Museum. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2009. "Saddam Hussein," The Biography.com website, http://www.biography.com/people/saddam-hussein-9347918 (accessed Mar18 2015). Taylor, Johnathan. 'Areas of Nineveh', Ashurbanipal Library Project, The Ashurbanipal Library Project, Department of the Middle East, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, 2014 [http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/asbp/areasofnineveh/ University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. Museum., et al. Catastrophe!: The Looting and Destruction of Iraq's Past. Chicago: Oriental Institute Museum of the University of Chicago, 2008.

Additional Resources Pinterest Board of Images relevant to Inana with links to source materials https://www.pinterest.com/TimeLineTheatre/inana/ Museums The Oriental Institute http://oi.uchicago.edu/ British Museum http://www.britishmuseum.org/learning/schools_and_teachers/resources/cultures/ancient_mesopotamia.aspx

Dramaturgical Materials, Inana by Michele Lowe, TimeLine Theatre Production 17

2003 Articles on Looting in Iraq http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/12/iraq.arts http://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/chp04-12iraqenl.html http://www.historycommons.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=us_occupation_of_iraq_tmln&us_occupation_of_iraq_tmln_general_topics=us_occupation_of_iraq_tmln_post_invasion_looting http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/13/world/after-the-war-museum-recovers-missing-iraqi-vase.html?ref=nationalmuseumofiraq http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/27/arts/and-now-operation-iraqi-looting.html?ref=nationalmuseumofiraq http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/wrd/iraq-women.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/12/world/middleeast/12iraq.html http://www.baltimoresun.com/bal-te.north18apr18-story.html http://archive.archaeology.org/iraq/mosul.html http://mobile.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/arts/design/in-syria-and-iraq-trying-to-protect-a-heritage-at-risk.html?referrer=&_r=0 Baghdad Museum Reopens http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50222#.VPdbz7DF-Y8 Recent article on damage in Syria http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0K10DK20141223?irpc=932 Recent IS attacks http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2934085/Iraqi-libraries-ransacked-Islamic-State-group-Mosul.html http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/28/world/middleeast/destruction-of-antiquities-by-militants-is-denounced.html?emc=eta1 http://apnews.myway.com/article/20150131/ml--iraq-libraries_in_danger-62581f4dca.html Frontline reporting relating to Iraq http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/losing-iraq/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/longroad/etc/cron.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/saddam/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/