incident
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER -IncidentCHAPTER -Incident
WHAT IS INCIDENT?WHAT IS INCIDENT?
An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events
That occurs through a combination of causes
RESULT OF INCIDENTRESULT OF INCIDENT
Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual,
•Damage to property,
•A near-miss, a loss
•Any combination of these effects
ACCIDENTACCIDENT
Unplanned event results in mishap (personal injury or property damage).
Accidents are the result of the failure of people, equipment, materials, or environment to react as expected.
All accidents have consequences or outcomes.
PREVENTION OF INCIDENTPREVENTION OF INCIDENT
Good ManagementHow:1. Management and workers
must fully cooperate2. Top management must lead3. There must be an OSH policy
PREVENTION OF INCIDENTPREVENTION OF INCIDENT
Good ManagementHow:4. Must have organization and
resources to implement policy 5. Best available information (and
technology) must be applied
TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT
1. Serious Personal Injury - A injury/disease cause at work
that need:a. To given emergency medical
treatment by a registered medical practitioner
b. treated in a hospital as a casualty, without being admitted to the hospital; or admitted to hospital;
EXAMPLE OF SPI EXAMPLE OF SPI
1. a wound which requires sutures (stitches)
2. a fracture of any part of the body
3. knocked unconscious
TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT
2.Fatality - death
3. Incapacity 30 or more days- An employee is unable to work for
30 or more consecutive days or shifts
TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT
4. Minor injury- An employee is injured and is:a. Unable to work for between 1 and
4 daysb. Sees a doctor, nurse, or first aid
attendant and attend medical centre but is not given emergency medical treatment
EXAMPLE OF MINOR INJURY EXAMPLE OF MINOR INJURY
1. Minor cuts or bruises.
2. Grazes
TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT
5.Exposure - An event where an employee
comes into contact with a substance or circumstance which does not lead to an immediate injury or illness.
EXAMPLE OF EXPOSURE EXAMPLE OF EXPOSURE
1. Radiation
2. Hazardous substances
3. Noise
4. Biological agents
TYPE OF INCIDENTTYPE OF INCIDENT
6. Dangerous Occurrence - An incident where no person is
injured, but could have been injured, resulting in Serious Personal Injury, Incapacity or Death. Commonly called a ‘near miss.’
EXAMPLE OF DANGEROUS EXAMPLE OF DANGEROUS OCCURENCE OCCURENCE
1. Emergency evacuation from a facility
2. Negligent Discharge (ND) of a weapon
3.Plant or property damage that could have killed or injured a person but didn’t.
HEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORYHEINRICH’S THEORY
THE THEORY…THE THEORY…
1. injuries result from a complete series factor, one of which is the accident itself
2. An accident occur only as a result of unsafe act by person/physical/mechanical hazard
1. injuries result from a complete series factor, one of which is the accident itself
2. An accident occur only as a result of unsafe act by person/physical/mechanical hazard
THE THEORY…THE THEORY…3. accident are result of unsafe
behavior by people
4. An unsafe act by person or unsafe act by condition does not always immediate result in accident/injury
5. the reason why people commit unsafe act can serve as helpful guide in selecting corrective action
3. accident are result of unsafe behavior by people
4. An unsafe act by person or unsafe act by condition does not always immediate result in accident/injury
5. the reason why people commit unsafe act can serve as helpful guide in selecting corrective action
THE THEORY…THE THEORY…6. the severity of an accident is largely
fortuitous and the accident that are cause are largely preventable
7. The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productive technique
8. Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best position to get result. Supervisor is an important person
6. the severity of an accident is largely fortuitous and the accident that are cause are largely preventable
7. The best accident prevention techniques are analogous with the best quality and productive technique
8. Management should assume responsibility for safety since it is in the best position to get result. Supervisor is an important person
HEINRICH’S SAY…HEINRICH’S SAY…
The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage required for a chain reaction is completed
The factors can be visualized as a series of dominoes standing on edge; when one falls, the linkage required for a chain reaction is completed
HEINRICH’S MODEL…HEINRICH’S MODEL…
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
1. Lack of management system and control
Example : negative character - Recklessness,
stubbornness, bad work practices fail to establish OSH management no PPE, safety training, absent caution
sign, no emergency procedure
1. Lack of management system and control
Example : negative character - Recklessness,
stubbornness, bad work practices fail to establish OSH management no PPE, safety training, absent caution
sign, no emergency procedure
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
2. Job FactorExample : complex job and tasks high risk job (work with machineries,
working at high place) lack of engineering control (e.g.
engineering barrier) Worn out tool, bad quality part, unstable
process
2. Job FactorExample : complex job and tasks high risk job (work with machineries,
working at high place) lack of engineering control (e.g.
engineering barrier) Worn out tool, bad quality part, unstable
process
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
3. Personal FactorExample : Worker who have not acquired the
necessary skill level and inexperience Doing task which is not familiar Attitude of worker Stress level of the worker
3. Personal FactorExample : Worker who have not acquired the
necessary skill level and inexperience Doing task which is not familiar Attitude of worker Stress level of the worker
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
4. Unsafe and substandard work condition
Example : Inadequate guards/barrier/caution and
warning level Messy housekeeping crowded and congested work station
4. Unsafe and substandard work condition
Example : Inadequate guards/barrier/caution and
warning level Messy housekeeping crowded and congested work station
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
5. Unsafe act or substandard practice
Example : Bad working habit Ignoring their work safety Doing task dangerously
5. Unsafe act or substandard practice
Example : Bad working habit Ignoring their work safety Doing task dangerously
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
6. Accident Example : Fall Impact of moving object Trapp in moving system Burn/Fire Explosion
6. Accident Example : Fall Impact of moving object Trapp in moving system Burn/Fire Explosion
FACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORYFACTOR IN HEINRICH THEORY
6. IncidentExample : Infliction of human body When there is an injury or property
damage
6. IncidentExample : Infliction of human body When there is an injury or property
damage
MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY
THE THEORYTHE THEORY1. There are may be many contributory
factors, causes and sub-causes and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents.
2. May be more than one cause, not only in sequence, but occurring at the same time
3. Accident is the result of single cause or act –Simple accident (single cause) major accident (multiple cause)
1. There are may be many contributory factors, causes and sub-causes and that certain combinations of these give rise to accidents.
2. May be more than one cause, not only in sequence, but occurring at the same time
3. Accident is the result of single cause or act –Simple accident (single cause) major accident (multiple cause)
THE THEORYTHE THEORYCause a
Cause b Unsafe Act
Cause c
Accident Injury or Damage
Cause d
Cause e Unsafe Condition
Cause f
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORCONTRIBUTORY FACTORBehavioural.
- This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and mental condition.
Behavioural. - This category includes factors pertaining to the worker, such as improper attitude, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and inadequate physical and mental condition.
CONTRIBUTORY FACTORCONTRIBUTORY FACTOR Environmental. This category includes
improper guarding of other hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.
Environmental. This category includes improper guarding of other hazardous work elements and degradation of equipment through use and unsafe procedures.
BIRD LOSS MODELBIRD LOSS MODEL
THE THEORYTHE THEORY
THE THEORYTHE THEORYFrank E. Bird Jr. renamed the domino's
and made clear the relation between the undesired event and its consequences and the Management System via Direct and Basic or "root" Causes.
Frank E. Bird Jr. renamed the domino's and made clear the relation between the undesired event and its consequences and the Management System via Direct and Basic or "root" Causes.
THE THEORYTHE THEORYThe Loss Causation Model should be
applied to each barrier in turn, effectively treating each barrier failure as a loss. This is in contrast to the original approach of applying the model to the entire incident.
The Loss Causation Model should be applied to each barrier in turn, effectively treating each barrier failure as a loss. This is in contrast to the original approach of applying the model to the entire incident.
CAUSE OF INCIDENT-CAUSE OF INCIDENT-BASIC CAUSEBASIC CAUSE
CAUSE OF INCIDENT-CAUSE OF INCIDENT-BASIC CAUSEBASIC CAUSE
BASIC CAUSESBASIC CAUSES
the real cause(s) of an accident/incident and the reasons why it occurred
an incident is a cause that, when corrected, would result in long-term prevention of similar incidents.
Example:inadequate design, lack of knowledge or skill,
physical and physiological stress
the real cause(s) of an accident/incident and the reasons why it occurred
an incident is a cause that, when corrected, would result in long-term prevention of similar incidents.
Example:inadequate design, lack of knowledge or skill,
physical and physiological stress
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
1. Lack of Knowledge (Training) A person doesn’t have the knowledge to
safely perform the job. The person couldn’t perform the task
safely if his/her life depended on it If questioned, the person couldn’t tell you
how to safely perform the task.
1. Lack of Knowledge (Training) A person doesn’t have the knowledge to
safely perform the job. The person couldn’t perform the task
safely if his/her life depended on it If questioned, the person couldn’t tell you
how to safely perform the task.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
2. Employee Placement The person placed on the job: has a physical deficiency (bad eyesight,
weak back, etc); is not physically capable of performing the
job safely (small stature, out of shape, etc).
2. Employee Placement The person placed on the job: has a physical deficiency (bad eyesight,
weak back, etc); is not physically capable of performing the
job safely (small stature, out of shape, etc).
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
3. Not Enforcing Safe Work Practices Established safe work practices are not
followed because: • they lack credibility, eg they are
inconsistent, unrealistic• it is believed that they conflict with other
company goals, eg production; • the method used is the normal, accepted
practice.
3. Not Enforcing Safe Work Practices Established safe work practices are not
followed because: • they lack credibility, eg they are
inconsistent, unrealistic• it is believed that they conflict with other
company goals, eg production; • the method used is the normal, accepted
practice.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
4. Engineering The system is such that it: • requires extra effort to be safe; • contains built-in hazards, eg nip points,
etc; • doesn’t safely meet job requirements.
4. Engineering The system is such that it: • requires extra effort to be safe; • contains built-in hazards, eg nip points,
etc; • doesn’t safely meet job requirements.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
5. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Personal protective equipment is not provided.
• The equipment selected is not adequate to protect against the hazards.
5. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
• Personal protective equipment is not provided.
• The equipment selected is not adequate to protect against the hazards.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
6. Inadequate Inspection/Maintenance Systems
Systems are not: • established to ensure that critical items
are inspected and maintained; • being followed due to inadequate tracking
systems.
6. Inadequate Inspection/Maintenance Systems
Systems are not: • established to ensure that critical items
are inspected and maintained; • being followed due to inadequate tracking
systems.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
7. Purchasing Inadequate/Inferior Equipment
Equipment is purchased that: • lacks safety features, eg railings,
guarding, etc; • is inadequate to safely meet job
requirements
7. Purchasing Inadequate/Inferior Equipment
Equipment is purchased that: • lacks safety features, eg railings,
guarding, etc; • is inadequate to safely meet job
requirements
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
8. Inadequate Feedback System • The person’s behavior was motivated by
the perception that management recognition, peer acceptance, saving time, etc, is more important than performing the job safely.
• Insufficient or no feedback is given regarding actual versus expected safety performance.
8. Inadequate Feedback System • The person’s behavior was motivated by
the perception that management recognition, peer acceptance, saving time, etc, is more important than performing the job safely.
• Insufficient or no feedback is given regarding actual versus expected safety performance.
9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES9 DOMINANT OF BASIC CAUSES
9. Unsafe Method • Established or accepted safe work
practices prove to be unsafe. • A newly developed safe work practice
proves to be unsafe
9. Unsafe Method • Established or accepted safe work
practices prove to be unsafe. • A newly developed safe work practice
proves to be unsafe
DIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSEDIRECT CAUSE
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
1.The direct cause of an incident is the immediate events or conditions that caused the incident
2. The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions, or both
3. Direct causes are the unsafe acts or conditions that directly cause the safety incident.
1.The direct cause of an incident is the immediate events or conditions that caused the incident
2. The direct cause is usually the result of one or more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions, or both
3. Direct causes are the unsafe acts or conditions that directly cause the safety incident.
DIRECT CAUSE MAY HAPPEN…DIRECT CAUSE MAY HAPPEN…
1. causes that are related to a person and an act, and
2. causes that are related to the actual (work) environment or conditions.
1. causes that are related to a person and an act, and
2. causes that are related to the actual (work) environment or conditions.
CATEGORY OF DIRECT CAUSECATEGORY OF DIRECT CAUSE
Substandard (or unsafe) actOperating without authority Failure to warn
Substandard (or unsafe) condition Inadequate guards/barrierDefective tool, material, equipment
Substandard (or unsafe) actOperating without authority Failure to warn
Substandard (or unsafe) condition Inadequate guards/barrierDefective tool, material, equipment
INDIRECT CAUSEINDIRECT CAUSE
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
other factors relating to an accident/incident in the workplace which do not directly cause the accident/incident.
Indirect causes can be the physical or emotional conditions that could allow unsafe acts to occur or the can be individual inadequacies caused by a poor work environment or social conditions.
other factors relating to an accident/incident in the workplace which do not directly cause the accident/incident.
Indirect causes can be the physical or emotional conditions that could allow unsafe acts to occur or the can be individual inadequacies caused by a poor work environment or social conditions.
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
Some indirect causes could be the a culture of inattention or indifference to safety policies, inadequate leadership, excessive work or physical arrangement or orderliness of the work place
Some indirect causes could be the a culture of inattention or indifference to safety policies, inadequate leadership, excessive work or physical arrangement or orderliness of the work place
BASIC,DIRECT , INDIRECTBASIC,DIRECT , INDIRECT
Direct Causes Indirect Causes Basic Cause
Struck by/against
Failure to secure
No oversight
Falls Guarding Poor maintenance.
Impact (vehicle) Defect Engineering
Contact with…. Environmental Stress
PREVENTION COSTPREVENTION COST
DESIGN COSTDESIGN COST
Cost that are used to develop prevention equipment for accident/incident in workplace.
Example :a. install machine guardb. Warning Sign
Cost that are used to develop prevention equipment for accident/incident in workplace.
Example :a. install machine guardb. Warning Sign
OPERATIONAL COSTOPERATIONAL COST
Cost that are used to aware workers on Safety and health in workplace
Example:a. OSH training Costb. PPE Cost
Cost that are used to aware workers on Safety and health in workplace
Example:a. OSH training Costb. PPE Cost
SAFE GUARDING OF THE FUTURE SAFE GUARDING OF THE FUTURE COSTCOST
Cost that are used to make sure safety in workplace
Example:a. health surveillance, b. audits
Cost that are used to make sure safety in workplace
Example:a. health surveillance, b. audits
PREVENTION PROGRAMPREVENTION PROGRAM
MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
1. Employer, plant manager must willing to take responsibility for OSH as an integral part of their job
2. How:a. establish OSH policies
b. stimulate awareness on safety and healthc. Employ a competent person to coordinate the safety and health program. d. Educate Worker
1. Employer, plant manager must willing to take responsibility for OSH as an integral part of their job
2. How:a. establish OSH policies
b. stimulate awareness on safety and healthc. Employ a competent person to coordinate the safety and health program. d. Educate Worker
ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAM
Basic activity must be carried:a Organizing OSH promotions and environmental awareness programsb. Provide training and awareness programc.Provide PPE,housekeeping,MSDS and chemical handling programd. Safety inspection and safety audit at workplace
Basic activity must be carried:a Organizing OSH promotions and environmental awareness programsb. Provide training and awareness programc.Provide PPE,housekeeping,MSDS and chemical handling programd. Safety inspection and safety audit at workplace
TRAINNINGTRAINNINGDepartmental Training must be done to give
new employee additional safety training before they begin work, such as:A. Hazard inherent on the job or within the departmentB. Safeguards and precautionary measures for those hazardC. PPE required on the job, instruction for its proper care and useD. Location of emergency, exit and telephoneE. Location of fire extinguisher
Departmental Training must be done to give new employee additional safety training before they begin work, such as:A. Hazard inherent on the job or within the departmentB. Safeguards and precautionary measures for those hazardC. PPE required on the job, instruction for its proper care and useD. Location of emergency, exit and telephoneE. Location of fire extinguisher
TYPE OF TRAINNINGTYPE OF TRAINNING
1. Housekeeping Training
2. PPE Training
3. Safety and Health Training
1. Housekeeping Training
2. PPE Training
3. Safety and Health Training
SAFETY TRAINNINGSAFETY TRAINNINGThe new employee needs to given
orientation to acquire knowledge:A. Company OSH rulesB. Employee’s responsibility towards OSHC. Type of PPE availableD. Location of medical/first aid facilitiesE. Procedure for reporting job related injuries/job hazard/defective or unsafe equipment/condition.
The new employee needs to given orientation to acquire knowledge:A. Company OSH rulesB. Employee’s responsibility towards OSHC. Type of PPE availableD. Location of medical/first aid facilitiesE. Procedure for reporting job related injuries/job hazard/defective or unsafe equipment/condition.
TRAINNING ARE NEEDED TOTRAINNING ARE NEEDED TONewly hired employeeEmployees reassigned to others jobEmployee returning to work after external
layoff period or medical leaveWhen new equipment and process are
introduced or installedWhen need arises to improve or update
safe work practice and procedure
Newly hired employeeEmployees reassigned to others jobEmployee returning to work after external
layoff period or medical leaveWhen new equipment and process are
introduced or installedWhen need arises to improve or update
safe work practice and procedure