INCLUSIONSINCLUSIONS

Inclusions refer to materials such asInclusions refer to materials such as

A) Stored foodsA) Stored foods

B) Pigments B) Pigments

C) Crystalline materials. C) Crystalline materials.

Stored foodsStored foodsIn the form of CHO and fats are stored in In the form of CHO and fats are stored in the cytoplasm as energy reservesthe cytoplasm as energy reservesCHO is stored in the form of glycogen. It is CHO is stored in the form of glycogen. It is stained magenta by the PAS reaction.stained magenta by the PAS reaction.Fat is stored mainly in CT as fat cells also Fat is stored mainly in CT as fat cells also in hepatocytes and steroid forming cells. It in hepatocytes and steroid forming cells. It is present in the form of triglycerides, fatty is present in the form of triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol. Visualized by acids and cholesterol. Visualized by special methods (frozen section) and special methods (frozen section) and stains (sudan black & ORO).stains (sudan black & ORO).

PigmentsPigments

Are materials that display colour without Are materials that display colour without having been stained.having been stained.

Exogenous: Carotenes, dust (carbon in Exogenous: Carotenes, dust (carbon in lung cells and LN), minerals such as lead lung cells and LN), minerals such as lead and silver.and silver.

Endogenous: Hb, Hemosiderin, bilirubin, Endogenous: Hb, Hemosiderin, bilirubin, melanin and lipofuscin. melanin and lipofuscin.

Crystals and crystalloidsCrystals and crystalloidsOccurs in few cells such as sertoli cells Occurs in few cells such as sertoli cells and interstitial cells of testes, eosinophlic and interstitial cells of testes, eosinophlic leukocytes and in some peroxisomes.leukocytes and in some peroxisomes.

Lutein and zeaxanthin also happen to be Lutein and zeaxanthin also happen to be the main pigments in part of the eye the main pigments in part of the eye called the macula called the macula lutein and zeaxanthin may help to protect lutein and zeaxanthin may help to protect the retina by:the retina by:

1.1. preventing photodamage to the retina by preventing photodamage to the retina by filtering out blue light, which is not filtering out blue light, which is not stopped by the cornea and lens, and stopped by the cornea and lens, and which can damage the retina over timewhich can damage the retina over time

2 Protecting against peroxidation of fatty 2 Protecting against peroxidation of fatty acids in the photoreceptor membraneacids in the photoreceptor membrane

3 Protecting the blood vessels that supply 3 Protecting the blood vessels that supply the macular regionthe macular region

Also prevent age-related macular Also prevent age-related macular degeneration degeneration

The yellow color and name of the The yellow color and name of the CORPUS LUTEUMCORPUS LUTEUM, like that of the , like that of the macula macula lutealutea of the retina, is due to its of the retina, is due to its concentration of certain concentration of certain carotenoidscarotenoids, , especially especially luteinlutein

MelaninMelaninMelanin comes in two types: Melanin comes in two types: pheomelaninpheomelanin (red) and (red) and eumelanineumelanin (very (very dark brown).dark brown).

Melanin in HairMelanin in Hair

Melanin in irisMelanin in iris

Neuromelanin Neuromelanin

NEURONAL PIGMENTS of melanic type NEURONAL PIGMENTS of melanic type were identified in the putamen,cerebral were identified in the putamen,cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and other major cortex, cerebellum, and other major regions of human brain , contain melanic, regions of human brain , contain melanic, lipid, and peptide components . They lipid, and peptide components . They accumulate with aging accumulate with aging

In the dopamine (DA) neurons contained In the dopamine (DA) neurons contained in the substantia nigra and in the in the substantia nigra and in the norepinephrine neurons in the locus norepinephrine neurons in the locus ceruleus, neuromelanin share some ceruleus, neuromelanin share some common structural features common structural features

Reduced neuronal content of Reduced neuronal content of neuromelanin in substantia nigra has been neuromelanin in substantia nigra has been reported in patients with Parkinson's reported in patients with Parkinson's disease & Alzheimer's disease disease & Alzheimer's disease

neuromelanin synthesis protects the neuromelanin synthesis protects the neurons in substantia nigra, trap neurons in substantia nigra, trap endogenous and environmental toxinsendogenous and environmental toxins

Rod and Cone Visual PigmentsRod and Cone Visual Pigments

Visual pigments are responsible for linking Visual pigments are responsible for linking light energy to the receptor, are of two light energy to the receptor, are of two types : the rod pigments -types : the rod pigments -rhodopsinrhodopsin and and the 3 cone pigmentsthe 3 cone pigments ( s ( scyanolabe,cyanolabe,

erythrolabe and chlorolabeerythrolabe and chlorolabe

Lipofuscin is the name given to finely Lipofuscin is the name given to finely granular yellow-brown pigment granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It is residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered one of the aging or "wear considered one of the aging or "wear and tear" pigmentsand tear" pigments

found in the found in the liverliver, , kidneykidney, , heartheart muscle, muscle, adrenalsadrenals, , nervenerve cells, and ganglion cells cells, and ganglion cells

Glycogen is another type of pigment Glycogen is another type of pigment inclusion. Glycogen is a polymer of inclusion. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose, used as a storage material glucose, used as a storage material when glucose supplies are high. The when glucose supplies are high. The liver and the muscles store large liver and the muscles store large quantities of itquantities of it

Oil red o stained liver

In liver cells

Hemosiderin is the indigestible residue Hemosiderin is the indigestible residue of blood cell destructionof blood cell destruction

Hemosiderin is most easily Hemosiderin is most easily demonstrated in the spleen, where demonstrated in the spleen, where aged erythrocytes are phagocytosedaged erythrocytes are phagocytosed