incrops enterprise hub mark coleman incrops. non-food crops (and functional foods) low-carbon...
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InCrops Enterprise Hub
Mark Coleman
InCrops
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• Non-food crops (and functional foods)
• Low-carbon technologies
• Sustainability
• East of England
InCrops Enterprise Hub
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Partners ClientsInCrops
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InCrops Client Sectors
Natural fibres in compositesNatural fibres in constructionBioplastics OleochemicalsPersonal careFunctional foodsBioenergyPharmaceuticals
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Biofuels: problems and solutions
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Biofuels: ancient and old
Early diesel engines ran on plant oils
Wood burning
Biofuel
- a fuel composed of or produced from biological raw materials (Merriam-Webster 3rd Unabridged Dictionary)
- fuel derived immediately from living matter (Oxford English Dictionary)
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Modern biofuels
Vegetable oil(rapeseed, soybean, jatropha)
Biodiesel (ethyl esters of fatty acids) + glycerol
neutralisation esterification
Biodiesel
base + ethanol
Bioalcohols
Carbohydrate(sucrose, starch, plant cell walls, etc)
AlcoholsMono- and disaccharides
depolymerisation fermentation
Biogas
Organic matter(manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, etc)
Biogas (~60% CH4)
Fatty acids, H2 and CH3COOH
acetogenesis methanogenesis
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Fuel Production 2001 (106 litres)
Production 2006 (106 litres)
Production 2009 (106 litres)
Bioethanol 19,000 38,000 74,000
Biodiesel 1000 6000
Current biofuel production
Biofuel usage 2001 vs 2006 vs 2009
Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; F.O. Lichts, 2010
86% of biofuel is bioethanol
Biofuels represent 0.9% of liquid fuel (by volume, 0.6% by distance travelled)
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Current ethanol production – by country
Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007
Country/region Ethanol Production (106 litres)
Percentage
United States 18,300 47.9
Brazil 15,700 41.1
European Union 1550 4.1
China 1300 3.4
Canada 550 1.4
Colombia 250 0.7
India 200 0.5
Thailand 150 0.4
Australia 100 0.3
Central America 100 0.3
World Total 38,200 100.0
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Current ethanol production – by country
Ethanol production 2006
Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007
Country/region Main feedstocks
United States Maize
Brazil Sugar cane
European Union Cereals, sugar beet
China Maize, wheat, sugar beet
India Sugar cane, cassava
Currently feedstocks are either starch-rich (maize, wheat, cassava) or sugar-rich (sugar cane, sugar beet)
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Current biodiesel production – by country
Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007
Country/region Production (106 L) Percentage
Germany 2499 40.6
United States 852 13.8
France 652 10.2
Italy 568 9.2
Czech Republic 153 2.5
Spain 142 2.3
Malaysia 136 2.2
UK 114 1.9
Others 1064 17.4
Europe Total 4504 73.2
Americas Total 1113 18.1
World Total 6153 100.0
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Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007
•European Biodiesel production accounts for 73% of the world total
•Biodiesel makes up >70% of Europe’s total biofuel
•Main European crops are rapeseed and sunflower
•Main US crop is soybean
Current biodiesel production
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Problems with “first generation” biofuels
• Food vs fuel: insufficient arable land to sustain both
• ‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: CO2 emissions are still high
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Energy Policy for Europe
EU Energy Policy for Europe targets for 2020:
20% (by energy) of all energy will be from renewable sources10% (by energy) of all transport will be biofuel
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How much land is required ?
Crop UK arable land (ha) UK arable land (%)
Wheat 1,868,000 32
Sugar beet 148,000 3
Rape seed 519,000 9
Total 2,535,000 44
Total UK arable land 5,777,000 100
UK arable land use 2005
Set-aside capacity = 559,000 ha in 2005
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How much land is required ?
Crop Harvestable crop (t/ha)
Typical fuel production (l/ha)
Wheat grain 8-12 (grain) (67-75% starch)
2500-4500
Sugar beet 45-65 (fresh roots)(15-20% sugar)
4500-6000
Rape seed 3-5 (seed)(40-45% oil)
1200-1800
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Biodiesel in the UK
• UK diesel market currently 17 million t/year• 10% (Energy Policy for Europe): 1.7 million t of biodiesel• 3 t seed required/t oil • Require at least 1.2 million ha. >20% of total UK arable land
How much land is required ?
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How much land is required ?
Country/region % of total crop land needed for 10% biofuel share in transport
fuel
US 30%
Canada 36%
Brazil 3%
EU 72%
World 9%
Biofuels for Transport, Worldwatch Institute, 2007; OECD, 2006
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‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels
COCO22COCO22
FuelFuelFuelFuel
COCO22COCO22
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‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels
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Fuel Net CO2 (g/km)
Petrol ~180
Diesel ~150
Biodiesel ~90
Bioethanol (wheat, sugar beet) 60-110
‘Field-to-wheel’ analysis: net CO2 emissions of different biofuels
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Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Composition:
Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas
Gas %
Methane, CH4 55-75
Carbon dioxide, CO2 25-45
Nitrogen, N2 1-5
Carbon monoxide, CO 0-0.3
Hydrogen, H2 0-3
Hydrogen sulfide, H2 S 0.1-0.5
Oxygen, O2 Trace
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Biogas - gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
Overview of production process:
Simplified chemical equation: C6H12O6 → 3CO2 + 3CH4
Acidogenic bacteria carry out the initial stage: production of organic acids and CO2 and H2. Methanogenic bacteria convert the acids or CO2 and H2 to methane.
Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas
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Almost any organic material can be broken down. Both single-stage and two-stage processes are used.
Possible solutions: anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas
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InputInput
WastewatWastewaterer
OutputOutputBiodiesel Biodiesel from oilfrom oil
COCO22InputInput
Algal Algal biomassbiomass
OutputOutputBioalcohol Bioalcohol from cell from cell
wallswalls
InputInputSunlightSunlight
Possible solution: biofuel from aquatic crops
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InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre
ADAD OutputOutputBiodiesel Biodiesel from oilfrom oil
Algal Algal biomassbiomass
OutputOutputBioalcohol Bioalcohol from cell from cell
wallswalls
InputInputSunlightSunlight
InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre
Digestate & Digestate & COCO22
CHCH44
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InCrops project: Algal Innovation Centre feasibility study
Work Package 1: Revision tasksAssess stakeholders, potential sites for an Algal Innovation Centre in the region, review of literature of algal growth on diluted liquid digestate from AD, review of funding opportunities for establishing an innovation centre, review of case studies of other algal growth facilities and innovation centers
Work Package 2: Preliminary algal growth trials at two sitesDetermination of growth of naturally occurring species vs fast-growing culture collection speciesAssessment of species suitability, summarized in a report
Work Package 3: Building the case for funding an Algal Innovation Centre Determine benefits an Algal Innovation Centre would bring to the region, relationship with other algal projects in the UK and Europe, locations, initial steps need to be taken to establish a basic centre, required resources and financing
Work Package 4: Integration of findings from WP 1, 2 and 3 in final reportThe report will close with clear recommendations as to site, scale and funding sources for the Centre. The report will provide a roadmap for implementation and future development
EEDA funded Final reports: June 2010
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InCrops client support: duckweed and AD trials
ADAD
BiomassBiomass
OutputOutputBioalcohol Bioalcohol from cell from cell
walls, walls, starchstarch
InputInputSunlightSunlight
DigestateDigestate
CHCH44
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InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols GroupBritish Bioalcohols Group
Cereal Residues
Bioalcohols
Cerealgermplasm
Fermentable sugars
Solubilised Polymers Structural
disassembly
Fermentation
Structural
disassembly
HOOCH Project: Production of Bioalcohols From Lignocellulosic Waste Materials Produced in the Agri-Food Chain
Project Sponsors: Defra Renewable Materials LINK programme & HGCA
Partners: IFR, UEA, JIC, Brunel, ThermoFisher, Adnams, Achor, HGCA, Vireol, GR Wright & Sons, Biocatalysts, Lotus, Renewables East
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InCrops partner interactions: British Bioalcohols GroupBritish Bioalcohols Group
Cereal Residues
Bioalcohols
Cerealgermplasm
Fermentable sugars
Solubilised Polymers Structural
disassembly
Fermentation
Structural
disassembly
Structural disassembly