indeks kelestarian lingkungan = environmental sustainability index

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN

=Environmental

Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012

Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL

PENGENDALIAN POLUSI UDARA

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

1. Air Pollution2. Water Pollution/Use3. Ecosystem Stress4. Waste/Consumption5. Population

Sumber: Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, Dan Esty, Yale, Marc Levy, Columbia, May 5, 2000. …………… diunduh 28/11/2012

POLUSI UDARA

Diunduh dari: http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en/……………… 29/11/2012

Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by

any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural

characteristics of the atmosphere. Household combustion devices,

motor vehicles, industrial facilities and forest fires are common sources

of air pollution.

Pollutants of major public health concern include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen

dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Outdoor and indoor air pollution cause

respiratory and other diseases, which can be fatal.

Polusi udara adalah masuknya ke atmosfer

bahan kimia, partikulat, atau bahan biologis yang

menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan,

penyakit, atau kematian manusia, kerusakan

organisme hidup lainnya seperti tanaman pangan,

atau kerusakan lingkungan alam atau

lingkungan binaan.

(Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_

pollution)

POLUTAN UDARA

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution……………… 29/11/2012

Suatu zat di udara yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada manusia dan lingkungan dikenal sebagai polutan udara.

Polutan dapat berupa partikel padat, titik-titik cairan, atau gas. Selain itu, polutan dapat bersifat alamiah atau buatan

manusia.

Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such

as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from

factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or

interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone — one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and

formed from other primary pollutants.

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION:

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution ……………… 29/11/2012

1. Greenhouse effect,

2. Particulate contamination,

3. Increased UV radiation,

4. Acid rain, 5. Increased

ground level ozone concentration,

6. Increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Air_Pollution-Causes&Effects.svg

Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include


1. Sulphur oxides (SOx) - especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2.

2. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) - especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion, and are also produced naturally during thunderstorms by electrical discharge.

3. Carbon monoxide (CO)- is a colourless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide.

4. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas also associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration.

5. Volatile organic compounds - VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs).

6. Atmospheric particulate matter - Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas.

7. Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease.

8. Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper.9. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products

currently banned from use.10.Ammonia (NH3) - emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with

the formula NH3. 11.Odors — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes12.Radioactive pollutants - produced by nuclear explosions, nuclear events, war

explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Secondary pollutants include:


1. Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word "smog" is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog.

2. Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer.

3. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) - similarly formed from NOx and VOCs.

Minor air pollutants include:

A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants.A variety of persistent organic pollutants (POP), which can attach to particulate matter.Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes.

SUMBER POLUSI UDARASources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere.


1. Anthropogenic sources (human activity):1. "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing

facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices.

2. "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc.

3. Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management.

4. Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents5. Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. 6. Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry.

2. Natural sources7. Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no

vegetation8. Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle9. Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. 10.Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires11.Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of

VOCs on warmer days. 12.Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.

FAKTOR EMISI


Faktor emisi polutan udara adalah nilai-nilai representatif jumlah polutan yang dilepaskan ke udara ambien berhubungan

dengan aktivitas yang terkait dengan pelepasan polutan itu.

These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or

duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal

burned).

Faktor emisi ini memudahkan estimasi emissions dari berbagai sumber polusi udara.

In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages.

SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARA


Particulate control

1. Mechanical collectors (dust cyclones, multicyclones)2. Electrostatic precipitators

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.

3. BaghousesDesigned to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust).

4. Particulate scrubbersWet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants.


NOx control1. Low NOx burners2. Selective catalytic reduction

(SCR)3. Selective non-catalytic

reduction (SNCR)4. NOx scrubbers5. Exhaust gas recirculation6. Catalytic converter (also for

VOC control)

SARANA KONTROL POLUSI UDARAVOC abatement

1. Adsorption systems, such as activated carbon

2. Flares3. Thermal oxidizers4. Catalytic converters5. Biofilters6. Absorption (scrubbing)7. Cryogenic condensers8. Vapor recovery systems

Acid Gas/SO2 control 1. Wet scrubbers2. Dry scrubbers3. Flue-gas desulfurization

Mercury control Sorbent Injection TechnologyElectro-Catalytic Oxidation (ECO)K-Fuel

Dioxin and furan control

Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index ……………… 29/11/2012

The API level is based on the level of 5 atmospheric pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended

particulates (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) measured at the monitoring stations throughout each city.

An individual score is assigned to the level of each pollutant and the final API is the highest of those 5 scores. The pollutants can be

measured quite differently. SO2, NO2 and PM10 concentration are measured as average per day. CO and O3 are more harmful and are

measured as average per hour. The final API value is calculated per day.

The scale for each pollutant is non-linear, as is the final API score. Thus an API of 100 does not mean twice the pollution of API at 50,

nor does it mean twice as harmful. While an API of 50 from day 1 to 182 and API of 100 from day 183 to 365 does provide an annual

average of 75, it does not mean the pollution is acceptable even if the benchmark of 100 is deemed safe. This is because the benchmark is

a 24 hour target.

AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA


API and Health Implications (Daily Targets)

AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - CHINA

API Air PollutionLevel Health Implications

0 - 50 Excellent No health implications51 -100 Good No health implications

101-150 Slightly Polluted Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems should reduce outdoor exercise.

151-200 Lightly Polluted Slight irritations may occur, individuals with breathing or heart problems should reduce outdoor exercise.

201-250 Moderately PollutedHealthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

251-300 Heavily PollutedHealthy people will be noticeably affected. People with breathing or heart problems will experience reduced endurance in activities. These individuals and elders should remain indoors and restrict activities.

300+ Severely Polluted

Healthy people will experience reduced endurance in activities. There may be strong irritations and symptoms and may trigger other illnesses. Elders and the sick should remain indoors and avoid exercise. Healthy individuals should avoid out door activities.


In Hong Kong, there are two types of API: General API and Roadside API. The EPD reports the latest APIs hourly.

The table below shows the official Health Implications of the respective API levels in Hong Kong.

AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API) - HONGKONG

API Air PollutionLevel Health Implications;

0 - 25 Low Not expected.26 - 50 Medium Not expected for the general population.

51 - 100 HighAcute health effects are not expected but chronic effects may be observed if one is persistently exposed to such levels.

101 - 200 Very HighPeople with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may notice mild aggravation of their health conditions. Generally healthy individuals may also notice some discomfort.

201 - 500 Severe

People with existing heart or respiratory illnesses may experience significant aggravation of their symptoms. There may also be widespread symptoms in the healthy population (e.g. eye irritation, wheezing, coughing, phlegm and sore throats).

The API is based on the level of 6 atmospheric

pollutants, namely sulfur dioxide (SO2),

nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable

suspended particulates, carbon

monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), lead (Pb),

measured at all the monitoring stations

throughout the territory.


The air quality in Malaysia is reported as the API or Air Pollution

Index. Four of the index's

pollutant components (i.e., carbon monoxide,

ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur

dioxide) are reported in ppmv but PM10

particulate matter is reported in μg/m3.

This scale below shows the Health

classifications used by the Malaysian government.

AIR POLLUTION INDEX (API)- MALAYSIA

API Air PollutionLevel

0 - 50 Good51 - 100 Moderate

101 - 200 Unhealthy201 - 300 Very unhealthy

301+ Hazardous

If the API exceeds 500, a state of emergency is declared in the reporting area.

Usually, this means that non-essential government services are suspended, and all

ports in the affected area are closed. There may also be a prohibition on private

sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area excluding the food sector.

EfeK Polusi Udara

Efek terhadap kesehatan manusiaAcute effectsChronic effects

Efek terhadap lingkungan alamAcid rainOzone layer depletionGlobal warmingGlobal climate change

diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt

Efek Polusi Udara thd Kesehatan ManusiaRespiratory, digestion, mucus, skin, and

neural systems

1984 Bhopal accident 1986 Chernobyl


Air Pollution: From Local to Global


Air Pollution: From Local to Global

LOCAL EFFECT Soot and smoke

by heavy industry

URBAN & MULTICITY EFFECT

Photochemical smog

CROSS BOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Acid rain and acidic

deposition

GLOBAL AIR POLLUTION ISSUES Stratosphere ozone layer

Global warming

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

CHANGES Global climate and

environmental changes


More Than Global


Polusi Udara di Asia - Pacific

2.1 Urban Air Quality2.2 Acid Rain2.3 Sandstorms2.4 Atmospheric Brown Cloud


Polusi Udara & Kontrolnya di China

3.1 Air pollution situation 3.2 Ambient air quality standards and API3.3 Two control zones and mass loading control 3.4 Energy use and industrial restructuring 3.5 Vehicular emission control


Situasi Polusi Udara

1. Urban air quality2. Acid rain3. Sand storms4. Vehicular emission related air pollution

diunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.pptdiunduh dari sumber: www.rrcap.ait.asia/uneptg05/outline/env/jiangdahe2005.ppt

1985


Ambient Air Quality Standards & Air Pollution Index

• Three classes of ambient air quality standards: (1) reserved areas; (2) residential areas； (3) industrial areas and the areas near major roads of transportation

• Air pollution index (API)


“Two-Control Zone” & Mass Loading Control

• “Two-Control Zone” means the areas where SO2 and acid rain must be controlled;

• Mass loading control;• Targets:

(1) To 2000, SO2 emitting industrial sources should attain emission requirements; mass-loading control should be put in practice; the SO2 concentrations of large cities should attain NAASQ standards; acid rain pollution worsening tendency should be mitigated.

(2) To 2010, the total amount of SO2 emission should keep the level of the year 2000; SO2 concentration for all urban areas should attain the requirement of NAASQ; and the acid rain area with rain pH values smaller than 4.5 should be significantly reduced in comparison with that in 2000.


Energy Use & ndustrial Restructuring

1. Coal, low sulfur content, formed…2. Gasification3. Centralized heating4. Natural gas5. Close, stop, change, move out heavily

polluting factories


Kontrol emisi kendaraan

• Gasoline tanpa Pb• Emission standards (Euro II, July 1, 2004)• Black effluent reporting• Old vehicle phase out• Transportation planning – non-vehicle transportation


Tantangan & Peluang

4.1 Growing economy and air pollution4.2 Urban transportation 4.3 Renewable and alternative energy 4.4 Management and enforcement4.5 International cooperation 4.6 Change to a new consumption mode


Pertumbuhan Ekonomi & Polusi Udara

1. Energy and material consumption; urbanization; transportation

2. More investment; better technologies; self consciousness


Urban Transportation

• Urban planning– Urban density control– Avoid over-suburbanization

• Public transportation• Non-vehicle transportation


The graphic shows how abrupt climate change may cause human carrying capacity to fall

below usage of the eco-system, suggesting insufficient

resources leading to a contraction of

the population through war, disease, and

famine.

(Schwartz and Randall, 2003)

Penurunan daya dukung


5 Easy Steps to Reduce Air Pollution

Diunduh dari : http://homeguides.sfgate.com/5-easy-steps-reduce-air-pollution-79154.html

Hemat energi di sekitar rumah. Menurut US Environmental Protection Agency, hemat energi dapat mengurangi emisi karbon.

Karena sumber energi yang paling membutuhkan pembakaran bahan bakar fosil, semakin sedikit

energi yang digunakan, akan semakin hijau. Set peralatan dan lampu pada timer untuk

mematikan setelah jangka waktu tertentu tidak aktif.

Gunakan lampu neon kompak bukan bola lampu standar, dan menggunakan microwave, bukan dari

oven untuk memanaskan benda-benda kecil.



Kelola pemanasan dan pendinginan. Hidupkan termostat Anda turun di musim dingin dan di

musim panas setiap kali Anda berada di tempat kerja, tidur atau berlibur.

Anda juga dapat mengaktifkan pemanas air Anda ke 120 derajat untuk menghemat daya.

Pastikan isolasi Anda sampai ke tingkat yang direkomendasikan untuk wilayah Anda, dan melindungi

pipa yang melewati ruang pemanas. Periksa untuk melihat bahwa jendela dan pintu tidak bocor

udara hangat atau dingin.

Senantiasa memastikan tungku dan AC berjalan efisien, melakukan pemeliharaan rutin.



Mengurangi jumlah kemasan yang dibeli dan jumlah sampah rumah tangga yang dihasilkan.

Proses pembuatan kemasan melepaskan emisi berbahaya ke atmosfer, sehingga merendahkan merek yang menggunakan sesedikit mungkin

kemasan. Recycle segala sesuatu yang didapat: aluminium, kertas, kaca, plastik dan kardus biasanya mudah

untuk mendaur ulang.

Ketika membuang zat kimia berbasis seperti cat, baterai, pestisida atau pelarut, cek dengan kantor pengelolaan limbah di daerah anda untuk, metode

ramah lingkungan yang aman



Kurangi jumlah waktu yang Anda habiskan di dalam mobil. Carpool atau menggunakan transportasi umum kapanpun

Anda bisa. Untuk jarak pendek, berjalan kaki atau naik sepeda untuk melakukan tugas.

Menurut US Department of Transportation, berubah untuk carpooling dapat menyelamatkan seseorang lebih dari $

1.000 per tahun. Jika Anda menghindari mengemudi sendirian hanya satu

hari setiap minggu selama satu tahun, Anda dapat menghemat ratusan dolar dalam biaya, belum lagi keausan

pada mobil Anda.

Ketika Anda harus berkendara, isi ulang tangki bensin Anda pada saat dingin hari dan menghindari menumpahkan

gas untuk mencegah penguapan ke atmosfer.



Meningkatkan ekonomi bahan bakar.

Kenaikan 1 persen pada ekonomi bahan bakar sama dengan penurunan 1 persen emisi karbon dioksida.

Hindari mempercepat cepat, pengereman keras dan mengemudi dengan kecepatan tinggi, terutama ketika di

lalu lintas berat.

Hapus kelebihan berat badan dari mobil Anda dan menghapus rak atap terpakai atau pembawa sepeda,

yang menyebabkan hambatan.

THE EFFECTS OF URBAN TREES ON AIR QUALITYDavid J. Nowak. USDA Forest Service, Syracuse, NY.

Diunduh dari : http://www.treebenefits.terrasummit.com/Files/Air_Quality_Benefits_of_Trees.html

Urban vegetation can directly and indirectly affect local and regional air quality by altering the urban atmospheric

environment.

The four main ways that urban trees affect air quality are:

1. Temperature reduction and other microclimatic effects2. Removal of air pollutants3. Emission of volatile organic compounds and tree

maintenance emissions4. Energy effects on buildings.



Penurunan Suhu Udara: Transpirasi pohon dan kanopi pohon mempengaruhi suhu udara , penyerapan radiasi dan

penyimpanan panas , kecepatan angin , kelembaban relatif , turbulensi , permukaan Albedo , kekasaran permukaan, dan akibatnya evolusi ketinggian lapisan pencampuran udara.

Perubahan kondisi meteorologi lokal dapat mengubah konsentrasi polusi di perkotaan . Meskipun pohon biasanya berkontribusi terhadap penurunan suhu udara, kehadirannya

dapat meningkatkan suhu udara dalam beberapa hal khusus. Di daerah dengan tajuk pohon yang tersebar , radiasi dapat mencapai dan memanaskan

permukaan tanah , pada saat yang sama , kanopi dapat mengurangi pencampuran atmosfer sehingga udara dingin tidak dapat mencapai daerah tersebut. Dalam kasus ini ,

pohon rindang dan transpirasi mungkin tidak dapat mengimbangi naiknya suhu udara akibat berkurangnya proses pencampuran udara.

Pengurangan suhu udara tengah hari maksimum karena pohon-pohon berkisar 0.04oC - 0.2oC per persen peningkatan tutupan kanopi.

Di bawah tajuk pohon di atas rumput , suhu udara tengah hari pada 1,5 m di atas tanah 0.7o C - 1.3oC lebih dingin daripada di daerah terbuka .

Penurunan suhu udara juga dapat mengurangi pembentukan ozon .



Penyerapan Polutan Udara:

Pohon menghilangkan gas pencemar udara terutama oleh penyerapan melalui stomata daun, meskipun ada beberapa

jenis gas yang dikeluarkan oleh permukaan tanaman. Setelah masuk daun, gas berdifusi ke ruang antar sel dan dapat diserap oleh film air untuk membentuk asam atau

bereaksi dengan permukaan daun. Pohon juga mengendalikan polusi dengan menangkap

partikel udara. Beberapa partikel dapat diserap ke dalam pohon, meskipun sebagian besar partikel yang ditangkap itu dipertahankan

pada permukaan tanaman.

Partikel yang ditangkap tersebut disuspensikan kembali ke atmosfer, dicuci oleh hujan, atau jatuh ke tanah bersama

dengan daun dan ranting.

Vegetasi hanya menjadi situs retensi sementara bagi berbagai macam partikel atmosfer.



Pada tahun 1994, pohon di Kota New mampu menyerap sekitar 1.821 metrik ton polusi udara pada perkiraan

nilainya bagi masyarakat sekitar $ 9.500.000.

Penyembuhan polusi udara oleh hutan kota di New York lebih besar dari di Atlanta (1.196 t; $ 6.500.000) dan

Baltimore (499 t; $ 2.700.000), tetapi penyerapan polusi per m2 tutupan kanopi hampir sama di antara kota-kota ini (New York: 13,7 g/m2 / tahun, Baltimore: 12,2 g/m2 / thn,

Atlanta: 10,6 g/m2 / yr).

Laju penyerapan polusi udara di antara kota-kota sesuai dengan jumlah polusi udara, lamanya musim pohon

berdaun, curah hujan, dan variabel meteorologi lainnya. Pohon besar dan sehat (diameternya lebih dari 77 cm)

menyerap polusi udara sekitar 70 kali lebih besar per tahun (1,4 kg / tahun) daripada pohon sehat kecil yang diameternya kurang dari 8 cm (0,02 kg / tahun).



Perbaikan kualitas udara di Kota New York karena penyerapan polusi oleh pohon selama siang hari musim berdaun rata-rata 0,47% untuk partikulat, 0,45% untuk

ozon, 0,43% untuk sulfur dioksida, 0,30% untuk nitrogen dioksida, dan 0,002% untuk karbon monoksida.

Kualitas udara meningkat dengan peningkatan tutupan pohon dan penurunan ketinggian lapisan pencampuran

udara. Di daerah perkotaan dengan 100% tutupan pohon (yaitu

tegakan hutan kontinyu), perbaikan jangka pendek kualitas udara (satu jam) akibat penyerapan polusi oleh pohon-

pohon dapat mencapai 15% untuk ozon, 14% untuk sulfur dioksida, 13% untuk partikulat, 8% untuk nitrogen

dioksida, dan 0,05% untuk karbon monoksida.



Emisi Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC):

Emisi senyawa organik yang mudah menguap oleh pohon dapat berkontribusi pada pembentukan ozon dan karbon monoksida.

Namun, dalam atmosfer dengan konsentrasi oksida nitrogen rendah (misalnya, beberapa lingkungan pedesaan), VOC dapat

benar-benar merusak ozon.

Karena emisi VOC sangat tergantung suhu, dan temperatur udara di lokasi pohon umumnya lebih rendah, maka peningkatan tutupan pohon dapat menurunkan emisi VOC secara keseluruhan dan, akibatnya, tingkat ozon di daerah perkotaan juga menurun.



Tingkat emisi VOC juga bervariasi di antarav spesies pohon.

Sembilan genera pohon yang memiliki tingkat tertinggi standar emisi isoprena, dan oleh karena itu mempunyai efek relatif terbesar terhadap peningkatan ozon, adalah: beefwood (Casuarina spp.),

Eucalyptus spp, sweetgum (Liquidambar spp.), Karet hitam. (Nyssa spp.) , sycamore (Platanus spp.), poplar (Populus spp.), oak (Quercus

spp.), hitambelalang (Robinia spp.), dan willow (Salix spp.).

Namun demikian , hasil ini masih belum meyakinkan, apakah genera ini berkontribusi untuk pembentukan ozon di kota-kota (yaitu,

pembentukan ozon dari emisi VOC lebih besar dari pelenyapan ozon).

Beberapa genera pohon di Brooklyn, NY, yang mempunyai efek relatif besar pada penurunan ozon adalah murbei (Morus spp.), Cherry

(Prunus spp.), Linden (Tilia spp.) dan madu belalang (Gleditsia sp.).



Pohon di tempat parkir juga dapat mempengaruhi emisi evaporatif dari

kendaraan, khususnya melalui naungan oleh pohon rindang.

Peningkatan tutupan pohon di lapangan parkir sebesar 8% sampai 50% dapat mengurangi laju

emisi VOC kendaraan sebesar 2% dan mengurangiu emisi nitrogen oksida menjadi

kurang dari 1%.



Gabungan Efek:

Perubahan iklim mikro perkotaan dapat mempengaruhi emisi polusi, khususnya pembentukan ozon.

Sebuah model simulasi tentang hilangnya hutan kota 20 persen di daerah Atlanta akibat urbanisasi menyebabkan peningkatan 14

persen konsentrasi ozon.

Meskipun ada sedikit pohon yang memancarkan VOC, peningkatan suhu udara Atlanta karena pulau panas perkotaan, yang terjadi bersamaan dengan hilangnya pohon, peningkatan

emisi VOC dari pohon-pohon yang tersisa dan sumber antropogenik, dan mengubah ozon secara kimia sedemikian rupa

sehingga konsentrasi ozon meningkat.



Strategi pengelolaan hutan kota untuk memperbaiki kualitas udara meliputi:

1. Meningkatkan jumlah pohon yang sehat ( meningkatkan penyerapan polusi ) .2. Mempertahankan tutupan pohon yang ada ( mempertahankan tingkat penghapusan

polusi ) .3. Maksimalkan penggunaan pohon memancarkan VOC rendah ( mengurangi ozon dan

pembentukan karbon monoksida ) .4. Mempertahankan pohon besar dan sehat ( pohon besar memiliki efek terbesar per

pohon ) .5. Gunakan pohon berumur panjang ( mengurangi emisi polutan jangka panjang dari

penanaman dan penghapusan ) .6. Gunakan pohon yang mudah pemeliharaannya ( mengurangi emisi polutan dari

kegiatan pemeliharaan ) .7. Mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil dalam memelihara vegetasi ( mengurangi

emisi polutan ) .8. Menanam pohon di lokasi konservasi energi ( mengurangi emisi polutan dari

pembangkit listrik ) .9. Menanam pohon untuk menaungi mobil yang diparkir ( mengurangi emisi VOC

kendaraan ) .10.Pasokan air yang cukup untuk vegetasi ( meningkatkan penghapusan polusi dan

penurunan suhu).11.Menanam pohon di daerah tercemar atau daerah padat penduduk ( memaksimalkan

manfaat pohon kualitas udara ) .12.Hindari spesies sensitif polutan ( meningkatkan kesehatan pohon ) .13.Memanfaatkan pohon cemara untuk penyerapan partikel ( penyerapan partikel

sepanjang tahun)

MENANAM POHON UNTUK MEMBERSIHKAN UDARA

Diunduh dari :

indeks kelestarian lingkungan = environmental sustainability index

Documents

secondary pollutants

major primary pollutants

atau gas

nitrogen dioxide

effects of air pollution

carbon monoxide gas

carbon dioxide co2

sulphur dioxide