index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805215/13470/index/9780521513470... ·...

Index

ABCFM, 178, 179, 183decision to support PRC recognition, 180

Abernathy, Johnsupport for aid to China, 173

Acheson, Dean, 25, 23–25, 215, 288address to the National Conference of

Christians and Jews, 24address to the National Council of

Churches, 55and Israel, 289as Secretary of State, 23, 204decision not to grant China diplomatic

recognition, 210, 212description of the Cold War, 24meeting with Senator Smith, 207, 212on divine calling of America, 25on threat of the international communist

movement, 56Present at the Creation, 24realism of, 24speech on “the Role of the Bible in Our

National Life,” 24Adams, Sherman

as Eisenhower Chief of Staff, 220, 279, 304Adams, Theodore, 288Adenauer, Konrad, 125

and FRASCO, 285endorsement of MRA, 219

Afghanistan, 320Eisenhower state visit to, 298Soviet invasion of, 319U.S. military aid to, 321

Africaand Billy Graham, 277

Air Forceprovision of transportation for MRA The

Vanishing Island troupe, 222

Allen, George, 272American Board of Commissioners for

Foreign Missions. See ABCFMAmerican China Policy Association, 164, 169American Council of Christian Churches,

274and Eisenhower meeting, 274letter to Truman in support of Nationalists,

170opposition to Trueblood, 303

American Friends of the Middle Eastand Elson trip, 292establishment of, 291

American Friends Service Committee, 181American Legion

“Back to God campaign” of, 20Amsterdam conference. See World Council of

ChurchesAndropov, Yuri

and Afghanistan, 320Anglican Church

statement on the Catholic Church, 151Arbella, 6Archbiship Spyridion

meeting with Myron Taylor, 141Archbishop Damaskinos

death of, 140Archbishop Eidem, 135Archbishop Germanos, 135Archbishop of Canterbury, 134, 150, 152

letter to Myron Taylor, 146meeting with Myron Taylor, 124

Archbishop of Sweden, 150Archbishop of York, 152Archbishop Spyridion

appointment as Patriarch of the OrthodoxChurch in Athens, 141

331

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51347-0 - Religion and American Foreign Policy, 1945-1960: The Soul ofContainmentWilliam InbodenIndexMore information

http://www.cambridge.org/9780521513470

http://www.cambridge.org


332 INDEX

arms raceKennan views of, 311

AsiaThe Vanishing Island, 222

Athenagoras, 150candidacy of, 132pro-American convictions of, 301Truman description of, 142

Atlantic MonthlyKennan sermon, 311Niebuhr article on Marxism, 64

Atoms for PeaceJohn Foster Dulles views on, 252

Attlee, Clementas British Prime Minister, 134

Australialetter of greeting from Eisenhower, 276

Bainton, Rolandand the Calhoun Commission, 33

balance of power, 3Balfour Declaration, 297Ballou, Earle

questioning support for KMT, 175Banna, Hassan el, 320Baptist

religious background of Truman, 105, 107Baptists (Northern)

letter writing campaign, 30Barnes, Roswell, 247

and China, 90and John Foster Dulles, 91, 251and National Council of Churches, 78and the Federal Council of Churches, 51as leader of the World Council of

Churches, 242foreign assistance, 247on communism, 251

Barth, Karl, 56keynote address at Amsterdam, 47–48Niebuhr criticism of, 80

Bates, M. Searleeditorial in Christianity and Crisis, 94

Bay of Pigs, 313Bell, L. Nelson, 57

and Christianity Today, 82and Nixon defeat, 312concern regarding the Chinese Communist

Party, 172fears about the Roman Catholic Church,

312on communist infiltration of the National

Council of Churches, 99

on Taiwan policy, 76opposition to liberal Protestantism, 76opposition to liberal Protestantism, 74

Bell, L. Nelsoncriticism of the National Council of

Churches, 96Ben-Gurion, David

Elson views on, 293Bennett, John

and Cleveland report, 98and the Calhoun Commission, 33Chairman of Commission III of the World

Council of Churches, 48criticism of Josef Hromadka, 81

Benson, Ezra Taftas Secretary of Agriculture, 266

Beveridge, Albertcall for annexation of the Philippines, 7

Bible Belt, 312Blake, Eugene Carson, 78, 247

as President of the National Council ofChurches, 76

foreign assistance, 247meeting with Pew, 99support to Eisenhower on foreign

assistance, 287Boegner, Marc, 150

as President of the World Council ofChurches, 134

concerns regarding pan-religiousgathering, 147

letter from Myron Taylor, 136meeting with Myron Taylor, 147

Bohlen, Charlesand Federal Council of Churches, 50

Boyer, Paulon Federal Council of Churches, 55

Brezhnev, Leonidon Pope John Paul II trip to Poland, 316

Brick Presbyterian Church, 227Brown, Robert McAfee

editorial in Christianity and Crisis, 98Brunner, Emil

in Christianity Today, 97Bryan, William Jennings

as Secretary of State, 10–11disagreement with Wilson, 10speech before the Democratic convention,

10support for theological conservatives, 228

Buchman, Frankcomments on Hitler, 193Moral Re-Armament, 192






INDEX 333

Buchmanite movement. See MoralRe-Armament

Buck, Pearland China, 157

Buddhism, 16, 118, 134and anticommunist strategies in Vietnam,

281and combating communism, 305and Eisenhower’s call to prayer, 307and FRASCO, 284and MRA, 192, 194as part of anti-communism efforts,

305Dulles views on, 232Eisenhower inclusion of, 100Eisenhower outreach to, 305Truman views on, 108, 139, 145

Burmaand anti-communism, 305

Bush, Georgeand Soviet Pentecostals, 319

Byrd, Richardand MRA play The Vanishing Island, 220endorsement of MRA, 219

Byrnes, Jamesspeech in Germany, 39

Calhoun Commission. See Commission onthe Relation of the Church to the War inthe Light of the Christian Faith

“Atomic Warfare and the Christian Faith,”33

and Niebuhr, 35consensus on atomic bombing of Japan, 33,

34disagreement on Russia, 33

Calhoun, Robert, 54chair of the Commission on the Relation of

the Church to the War in the Light of theChristian Faith, 33

pacifist position at the CalhounCommission, 33

Cao-Daiistsand anticommunist strategies in Vietnam,

281capitalism, 4

World Council of Churches views of, 48Carey, James B.

consultatoin with senior State Departmentpolicy-makers, 53

Carnell, E.J., 57critique of Niebuhr in Christianity Today,

84

Carter, Jimmyand fall of Soviet Union, 320

Cartwright, Frank, 181as senior executive of the Methodist

Foreign Missions Board, 175criticism of both KMT and CCP, 173

Casey, Williamand Afghanistan, 321trip to the Vatican, 316

Catholic Bishops’ Conference, 321Catholic Church

and Italian elections of 1948, 137and the World Council of Churches, 136and World Council of Churches, 138announcement on cooperation with

Protestants, 143as a U.S. ally, 121participation in World Council of

Churches, 135Truman overtures to, 119views of Soviet Communism, 38views on Germany and Soviet Union, 137

Catholic/Catholicism, 19alliance with the United States, 123and civil religion, 63and Eisenhower, 100and FRASCO, 282and Protestantism, 316and the National Council of Churches, 98and Truman, 111Evangelical efforts to limit influence of, 73numbers of Americans, 77on State Department panel, 117Protestant antipathy toward, 45support for Eisenhower’s Taiwan policy, 77Truman appointment of a Presidential

representative to the Vatican, 116Truman views of, 110U.S. interaction with, 120urged to oppose communism, 30

Catholics, 5, 6, 241, 313and anticommunist strategies in Vietnam,

281and combating Soviet communism, 319and common public faith, 267and FRASCO, 289and mainline Protestants, 278Protestant relations, 241

Cavert, Samuel McCrea, 138as General Secretary of the Federal Council

of Churches, 32as World Council of Churches Executive

Secretary, 71






334 INDEX

Cavert, Samuel McCrea (cont.)criticism of Truman and Taylor, 128letter to President Truman, 32meeting with Myron Taylor, 127on Christian allegiance of John Foster

Dulles, 35Central Intelligence Agency, 262, 299, 305,

316and the Orthodox Church, 301Psychological Strategy Board memo, 118secret task force on Middle East, 294

Chen, Li-fu, 205appeal to MRA, 206as Vice President of the Chinese

Parliament, 204Chennault, General Claire

petition against China in the UnitedNations, 187

Chiang, Kai-shek, 161Chinese civil war, 201Christian faith of, 157, 170corruption concerns, 212evangelical support for, 88friendship with J. Leighton Stuart, 161meeting with Senator Smith, 211Senator Smith views of, 203, 204, 213U.S. govenment views of, 212U.S. military aid, 210

Chiang, Mei-ling, 88, 158, 170trip to the U.S., 214

Chicago Sunday Evening Clubinvitation to Eisenhower, 271

China, 3, 23, 88, 155, 157and divisions between evangelicals and

mainline Protestants, 89and the Middle East, 306and United Nations, 77CCP approach to Christianity, 184, 186communist victory of, 51debates among missionaries, 179, 181,

182evangelical views of, 88, 96expulsion of foreign missionaries, 184Federal Council of Churches, 50involvement in the Korean War, 185John Foster Dulles views on, 250liberal Protestant support for recognition

of China, 74missionary interest in, 170National Council of Churches Cleveland

Conference, 95National Council of Churches response to,

94

persecuted Christians, 274question of U.S. diplomatic recognition,

165skirmish with Taiwan on Quemoy and

Matsu, 75Southeast Asia, 305State Department conference of

missionary agencies, 184support from Soviet Union, 180U.S. position on United Nations

admission, 248U.S. views on United Nations admission,

168United Nations status, 65, 68USIA broadcasts, 304views of Christianity and imperialism,

185China Committee of the Foreign Missions

Conference of North America, 175growing missionary support for CCP,

177China Emergency Committee

establishment of, 172China Inland Mission, 158Chinese Communist Party, 159, 160, 162, 167,

181and William Richard Johnson, 166Chinese civil war, 165J. Leighton Stuart views of, 161looming victory of, 174missionary views of, 171, 178, 179support from Soviet Union, 169, 180

Christian Century, 15, 82, 99, 158, 174and the United Nations, 52, 53and United Nations, 56anti-Catholicism of, 59on the atomic bomb, 56on the National Council of Churches, 56pacifism of, 15response to hydrogen bomb, 52

Christian Herald, 77Christian realism

foreign policy views of, 93Christianity and Crisis, 15, 60

and Soviet invasion of Hungary, 81article on MRA, 194Bates editorial, 94editoral on China and Cleveland report, 97Lefever criticism of Council of Churches in

International Affairs, 72Niebuhr 15th anniversary editorial, 75Niebuhr editorial on communism, 64on Rosenberg case, 64






INDEX 335

Christianity Today, 81, 86, 100and foreign aid, 86and FRASCO, 286background of, 82claims of communist infiltration of the

National Council of Churches, 98criticism of China, 89criticism of the United Nations, 86criticism of the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights, 86disagreement with the National Council of

Churches, 94editorial on MRA, 194mainline Protestant criticism of, 84on Eqypt and Hungary, 81opposition to National Council of

Churches on nuclear issues, 91response to the National Council of

Churches Cleveland report, 97support for Kuomintang (KMT), 89

Church of Englandconcern about MRA, 194

Churchill, Winstonand Myron Taylor, 120

civil religion, 5, 6, 19, 259, 261, 266, 267and “The American Way of Life,” 20and American Protestantism, 19and Eisenhower Administration, 23, 63,

257, 260, 269, 284, 306and John F. Kennedy, 313

Clark, Marknomination as Ambassador to Vatican, 154

Clay, General Lucius D.commander of the Allied Occupation

Forces in Germany, 125Coffin, Henry Sloane

criticism of Catholicism, 59Colombia

persecution of Protestants, 59, 246Commager, Henry Steele

consultation with State Departmentpolicy-makers, 53

Commission of the Churches onInternational Affairs, 247

establishment of, 38lack of common position, 39limited effectiveness of, 66

Commission on a Just and Durable Peace, 30efforts to influence United Nations

Charter, 30Commission on the Relation of the Church to

the War in the Light of the ChristianFaith. See Calhoun Commission

communismAmerican views of, 22and FRASCO, 286atheism of, 1, 4Eisenhower views of, 259international movement of, 1John Foster Dulles views on, 252

Communism and Christand U.S. Congress, 286

Communist Party of the United States,177

Compton, Arthurand Federal Council of Churches, 54

Conant, Jamesdicussion with Niebuhr, 35

Conference of Christians and JewsDean Acheson address to, 24

Confucianism, 118and MRA, 192Truman views on, 108

Congregationalist Churchletter writing campaign, 30

Congress of Industrial Organizationsand FRASCO, 284

Congressional Record, 190containment

and Asia, 23and Eisenhower and Truman, 262and George Kennan, 17and Israel, 293boundaries of, 157John Foster Dulles views on, 231religious aspects of, 18spiritual boundaries of, 284

Cordier, Andrewon John Foster Dulles, 250

Coughlin, Father CharlesU.S. efforts t restrict, 120

Council of Churches in International Affairsas voice of the World Council of Churches,

71declining influence of Niebuhr, 72foreign aid, 247growing liberalism of, 71memo on foreign assistance, 248on disarmament, 91resolution on the Middle East, 94response to hydrogen bomb, 51

Council of Churches in International AffairsCommission IV. See World Council ofChurches: Commission IV

Council on Foreign Relations, 254John Foster Dulles address to, 253






336 INDEX

Cowan, WayneChristianity and Crisis, 97

Cronin, Fr. Johnand FRASCO, 282

Cross, Lauramissionary expulsion from China,

186Cross, Rowland, 175Cuba

Spanish oppression of, 7Cuban missile crisis, 313Cutler, Robert, 280

and FRASCO, 280Czechoslovakia

participation of clergy in World Council ofChurches, 70

Dahlberg, Edwin, 138and FRASCO, 288as President of the National Council of

Churches, 94meeting with Myron Taylor, 127on Taiwan Straights Crisis, 249visit to Taiwan as National Council of

Churches official, 97Declaration of Independence, 6, 259Defense Department

and The Vanishing Island, 222Psychological Strategy Board memo,

118defense spending

increase in, 2democracy, 3Democratic Convention

1944, 4and William Jennings Bryan speech, 10

detente, 314Dewey, Thomas

Presidential defeat, 49Dibelius, Otto

as a U.S. ally, 125meeting with Myron Taylor, 152meeting with Truman, 126, 148opposition to communism, 148, 262U.S. distribution of sermons, 321

diplomatic theologyand containment, 29

Dobrynin, Anatolyand Soviet relations, 319as Soviet Ambassador to the U.S., 315on Siberian Seven and Soviet-American

relationship, 319Doolittle, General James, 187

Dos Passos, Johnpetition against China in the United

Nations, 187Douglas, Lewis

as U.S. Ambassador to the Court ofSt. James, 134

Dulles, Allen, 254, 288as CIA Director, 262

Dulles, Averyon John Foster Dulles, 250

Dulles, John Foster, 16, 23, 24, 38, 44, 66, 215,268, 279, 288, 294, 313, 321

“secret task force” on Middle East, 294agreement with Niebuhr, 44and Billy Graham, 243–245, 275and Dwight D. Eisenhower, 237–240articles on Soviet Union in Life magazine,

36as Protestant emissary to Truman, 36as Secretary of State, 237–254chairmanship of Commission on a Just

and Durable Peace, 30criticism of communism, 46death of, 101decision to approve visas for clergy from

Hungary and Czechoslovakia, 70Declaration of Washington, 240friendship with Senator Smith, 216influence of on post-war order, 35keynote address at the National Council of

Churches Cleveland conference, 95keynote address to the Federal Council of

Churches, 50meeting with Senator Smith on peace

treaty with Japan, 215meeting with the National Council of

Churches on disarmament, 91on Middle East, 296on religious response to Soviet Union, 36on United Nations, 37, 44participation in Council of Churches in

International Affairs Commission IV, 43religious values in countering Soviet

communism, 302Senate testimony on developmental and

military aid, 248similarities with Kennan on Soviet Union,

37statement on atomic bombing of Japan, 32views of the Cold War and the Soviet

Union, 235views of the Soviet Union, 44

Dulles, Rev. Allen Macy, 227






INDEX 337

Dun, Angusand Federal Council of Churches, 54World Council of Chuches Evanston

conference, 69

Eastern Europe, 3, 46, 50, 70, 121, 307Stalin control of, 159Truman speech on, 109

Eastern Orthodox Churchand Myron Taylor, 124, 132on church and state, 142

East-West Trade Relations Act of 1971,. SeeJackson-Vanik amendment

Economic Cooperation Administration,148

Eden, Anthonyas Prime Minister of Great Britain, 240

Egyptand FRASCO, 284and Soviet Union, 293eruption of hostilities, 79newspapers on Eisenhower, 292Niebuhr concerns regarding, 79reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222Suez Canal crisis, 296

Eisenhower Administrationand civil religion, 23forum on spiritual stakes of the Cold War,

21on civil rights, 239policy on Spain, 73response to letters regarding Taiwan policy,

77Eisenhower Doctrine, 290

Niebuhr’s views on, 297Eisenhower, Dwight D., 5, 6, 16, 24, 288, 312,

313, 317, 321and civil religion, 6, 20, 63and Elson trip to the Middle East, 292and Israel lobbyists, 291and John Foster Dulles, 237, 240, 256and Middle East policy, 289–298and NCC cooperation on foreign

assistance, 287and Truman, 6, 289, 299as Presidential candidate, 215Atoms for Peace address to the United

Nations, 65call for prayer for peace, 71diplomatic isolation of China, 187diplomatic theology, 191Elson report on Middle East, 293evangelical support for, 87

importance of religion in foreign policy,258

meeting with Billy Graham, 275on church attendance in the U.S., 70on holy war aspect of the Cold War, 294outreach to the Islamic world, 290plenary address to the World Council of

Churches Evanston conference, 70reach out to other faiths, 6relationship with Walter Judd, 188religious context of the Cold War, 102religious values in countering Soviet

communism, 302speech to the National Council of

Churches, 100Suez Canal crisis, 254U.S. China policy, 249use of religion, 5, 23views of the Cold War as a religious

conflict, 223visit to mosque, 292

Eisenhower, Mamie, 264Eisenhower, Milton, 264, 268Eleanor, Gross

sister of John Foster Dulles, 249Elson, Edward, 289

and Afganistan, 298and Christianity Today, 82and John Foster Dulles, 242and Khrushchev visit to the U.S., 308and media, 266and Middle East policy, 289–298and moral and spiritual conference, 278article in Christianity Today, 286as pastor to Eisenhower, 264baptism of President Eisenhower, 257on Eisenhower, 265on the Middle East, 296report to Eisenhower on Middle East, 293trip to the Middle East, 292views of Israel, 294views on the creation of Israel, 291

England, 120Entwistle, Basil

MRA visit to Taiwan, 214Enyart, Byron

and NSC 162/2, 302Episcopal Cathedral of St. John, 12Episcopal Church

criticism of National Council of Churches,100

European Recovery Program. See MarshallPlan






338 INDEX

Evangelical Foreign Mission Association,182

Evangelical Lutheran Church Mission Board,174

Evangelicals/Evangelicalism, 278, 321and Christianity Today, 84criticism of liberal Protestant missionary

efforts, 58differences with mainline Protestants, 58,

74disagreements with the National Council

of Churches, 94efforts to limit Catholic influence on

Eisenhower administration, 73Eisenhower relationship with, 273emergence following World War II, 56foreign policy views of, 58, 87, 93growing influence of, 101lobbying efforts to end assistance to Franco

regime, 73opposition to Communist China, 88opposition to official relations with the

Vatican, 59opposition to U.S policies supporting the

Catholic Church, 59support for Eisenhower, 87support for Kuomintang (KMT), 88theology of international relations, 57views of Marshall Plan, 58views of United Nations, 58, 86

Fagley, Richardand Council of Churches in International

Affairs, 71Fairbank, John

on missionaries in China, 186Falwell, Jerry

reaction to official diplomatic recognitionof the Vatican, 317

Farmer-Labor party, 280Federal Council of Churches, 8, 114

“National Study Conference on theChurches and World Order,” 50

“Positive Program for Peace,” 113“The Christian Conscience and Weapons

of Mass Destruction,” 53and Senate ratification of the United

Nations Charter, 31Calhoun Commission, 33Commission on a Just and Durable Peace,

30criticism of, 51, 56differences with Niebuhr, 40

hopes for the United Nations, 31J. Leighton Stuart address to, 167letter to President Harding, 13meeting with Myron Taylor, 127on Soviet threat, 40, 52renamed National Council of Churches,

55response following Japan’s surrender, 31response to hydrogen bomb, 52Six Pillars of Peace, 30statement on atomic bombing of Japan,

32support for disarmament, 13support for the League of Nations, 13support for the Marshall Plan, 41Truman response to, 113Truman speech to, 109views on China, 50, 175Woodrow Wilson address to, 9

First Consultative Assembly of the Council ofEurope

Congressional delegation to, 215First Presbyterian Church

New York, 14Princeton, New Jersey, 17

Fitch, Geraldineviews on CCP, 181

Flemming, Arthurand Eisenhower, 287on foreign assistance, 287

Foreign AffairsKennan’s anonymous article, 18

Foreign Missions Conferencesupport for recognition, 182

Formosa. See TaiwanFosdick, Harry Emerson, 297

against U.S. involvement in World War II,15

changed views on war, 14essay in Christian Century, 15

Foster, John W.as Secretary of State, 227

Foster, William Z.article on co-existence with Soviet Union,

280Foundation for Religious Action in the Social

and Civil Order. See FRASCOFox, Frederic

and assessment of NAE, 274description of ACCC/ICCC, 274Eisenhower senior aide, 267

Fox, Richardon Karl Barth, 80






INDEX 339

Franceand Suez Canal crisis, 291eruption of hostilities in the Middle East,

79lack of U.S. consultation with, 68

Franco, FranciscoU.S. interactions with, 120

FRASCO, 288, 300and Armed Forces Day speech, 286and evangelicals, 286and interfaith efforts, 282and religious unity, 289and Vietnam, 281Eisenhower keynote address, 281interfaith efforts, 282

Frederika, Queenof Greece, 271

free markets, 3Fuller, Charles, 57Fundamentalists/Fundamentalism

and Eisenhower, 274and mainline Protestants, 278opposition to Trueblood, 303

Gaddis, John Lewis, 4, 12Gamble, Richard, 8Gates, Thomas, 272Germany

allied military campaign against, 30and MRA, 218appeal to Catholics in combating

communism, 125children abducted by Soviets, 126economic assistance to, 40Niebuhr views on, 39, 76nuclear scientists, 120Otto Dibelius, 125plans to ally with Mexico, 11rearmament, 68response to Henry Wallace speech, 39submarine warfare of, 11surrender settlement, 170U.S. efforts to counter Soviet influence, 148World War II, 14

Gerstenfeld, Normanand FRASCO, 280

Golden Rule, 10, 122Truman, 108

Graham, Billy, 57and Christianity Today, 82, 84and divide between evangelicals and

fundamentalists, 275and FRASCO, 280, 286

and Khruschev visit to the U.S., 308and National Presbyterian Church, 264as evangelical leader, 101, 273friendship with Nixon, 313letter to Elson, 266National Association of Evangelicals, 74relationship with Eisenhower, 265, 276relationship with John Foster Dulles, 243trip to the Soviet Union, 244

Gray, Gordonand FRASCO, 280

Great Britainand Suez Canal crisis, 79, 291lack of U.S. consultation with, 68

Great Depression, 14Greece, 3, 142, 202

aid to, 40, 106, 111, 121, 198communist gains in, 199communist insurrection, 159

Greek Orthodox Churchand Eisenhower, 275and Myron Taylor, 132and the National Council of Churches, 98succession issues, 140

Griffith, Roberton Eisenhower, 260

Gromyko, Andrei, 1Gross, Ernest

and National Council of Churches, 76letter to Harold Stassen, 75

Gulf of Aqaba, 292Gulick, Sidney, 9

Hagerty, Jamesas Eisenhower press secretary, 267, 276

Hanson, Perrysupport for KMT, 174

Harding, Warrenaddress before the Washington Naval

Conference, 14Harkness, Georgia, 54Hassett, William

and pan-religious gathering, 147as Truman’s aide, 126views on World Council of Churches and

Catholic Church, 129Hays, Brooks

and foreign assistance, 288Hazlett, Swede

friend of President Eisenhower, 259Hearst, Wiliam Randolph







340 INDEX

Henry, Carl, 57and Catholicism, 87as editor of Christianity Today, 81, 83claims of communist infiltration of the

National Council of Churches, 98criticism of foreign aid, 86criticism of the United Nations, 86on nuclear issues, 91

Herberg, Willand FRASCO, 282on civil religion, 20on spiritual stakes of the Cold War, 21Protestant, Catholic, Jew, 19views of MRA, 193

Herter, Christianand Billy Graham briefing on Africa, 277

Hesburgh, Theodoreand FRASCO, 283

Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 271Hinduism, 16, 118

and FRASCO, 284and MRA, 192

Hitler, Adolf, 193Ho, Ying-chin

and MRA, 205as Nationalist Minister of Defense, 204

Hocking, William Ernest, 297Hoover, Herbert

and FRASCO, 280opposition to United Nations admission

for China, 187Hoover, J. Edgar, 264, 280Horton, Douglas, 297House Foreign Affairs Committee, 160, 183Hromadka, Josef

and Council of Churches in InternationalAffairs, 71

defense of Soviet invasion, 80views of communism, 46

Hughes, EmmetEisenhower speech writer, 270, 271

Hull, Cordelland Myron Taylor, 120

human rights, 5and divine mandate, 22, 25and John Foster Dulles, 239, 246and World War I, 12Commission of Churches on International

Affairs, 39Eisenhower and Truman, 262Eisenhower speech, 100in the United Nations Charter, 31in World Council of Churches, 43

Niebuhr support for, 50Reagan on Soviet abuses, 319

Hungaryparticipation of clergy in the World

Council of Churches, 70Soviet Union invasion of, 79

Hussein, Kingmeeting with Elson, 292

Independent Board for Presbyterian ForeignMissions, 170

Indiaand FRASCO, 284and non-alignment, 86, 244, 302reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222

Inter-Church Conference on Federation, 8International Council of Christian Churches

and Eisenhower meeting, 274as the ACCC’s international division, 274

International Information Administrationpredecessor of the USIA, 302

International Missionary Council, 181Iran, 3

Elson visit to, 293media on Eisenhower, 292reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222

IraqCIA secret task force, 294coup, 93Elson visit to, 293reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222

Iron Curtain, 5Islam, 16, 118, 134

and combating Soviet communism, 319and Eisenhower, 23, 100, 305and Eisenhower’s call to prayer. See

Muslimsand FRASCO, 284and MRA, 192and U.S. outreach, 306as part of U.S. anticommunism efforts, 313Dulles views on, 232Eisenhower on freedom to wroship, 291Eisenhower outreach efforts, 290response to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,

319Truman views on, 108

Islamic Center in WashingtonEisenhower address to, 291

Israeland FRASCO, 284and Suez Canal crisis, 242, 291and U.S. foreign policy, 298






INDEX 341

diplomatic recognition of, 289Elson views on, 293, 294, 297Elson visit to, 293eruption of hostilities, 79immigration of Soviet Jews, 314Niebuhr views on, 79, 254, 298Six Day War, 314U.S. arms sales to, 241

Italy, 1421948 elections, 137American relief efforts, 121persecution of Protestants, 59, 73U.S. covert support to the Vatican, 137U.S. efforts to keep Italy from entering war,

120U.S. support for Italian Catholics, 59Vatican’s strategic location, 121

Jackson, C.D., 300, 303outreach to the Islamic world, 290

Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 314speech on Soviet Jews, 314

Jackson, Williamas chair of the President’s Committee on

International Information Activities, 299Jackson-Vanik amendment, 314, 315Japan

allied military campaign against, 30and Cold War, 233atomic bomb, 31bombing of China, 162Christianizing of, 8end of war, 170invasion of China, 163peace treaty with, 215reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222Roosevelt and, 8surrender, 31treaty negotiations, 233World War II, 14

Jews/Judaism, 5, 6, 19, 241, 313and civil religion, 63and combating Soviet communism, 319and common public faith, 267and FRASCO, 282, 289and John Foster Dulles, 236and mainline Protestants, 278concern for Jewish population in Soviet

Union, 314debates on Soviet Union, 321on State Department panel, 117support for Eisenhower Taiwan policy, 77Truman views of, 110

U.S. concern for Soviet Jews, 315urged to oppose communism, 30

jihadand Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 319

John Paul II, Popeand anticommunism, 315and Ronald Reagan, 316, 317

John XXIII, Popeand Eisenhower, 269

Johnson, Robert, 302Johnson, William Richard, 160, 163, 164, 165,

174article on Chiang family, 158Japanese imprisonment of, 163limited effectiveness of, 172lobbying efforts of, 164, 171opposition to J. Leighton Stuart as

Ambassador, 165opposition to PRC recognition, 180reaction to CCP victory, 180response to China Committee, 177support for Chiang Kai-shek, 164

Johnston, Ericand foreign assistance, 288

Jordan, 297British policy, 93CIA secret task force, 294Elson trip to, 292

Judd, Walter, 171, 271, 303, 321and Senator Smith, 215as part of the “China lobby,” 210Congressional career of, 162diplomatic isolation of China, 187elected to Congress, 160encounters with Chinese Communist

forces, 162influence on China policy, 161meeting with J. Leighton Stuart, 166meeting with William Richard Johnson, 165missionary divisions on China, 183National Council of Churches, 55on Nationalist defeat, 174opposition to liberal Protestantism, 74opposition to PRC recognition, 180relationship with Eisenhower, 188response to China Committee, 176spokesman for anticommunist

missionaries, 171support for Chiang Kai-shek, 162support for military assistance to the

Nationalists, 171thoughts on Federal Council of Churches

report, 175






342 INDEX

just warand Niebuhr, 35Christian tenets of, 32

Kampelman, Maxand Soviet Pentecostals, 319

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 14Kennan, George, 18, 231

and “Long Telegram,” 17and containment, 17, 106, 311and divine calling of America, 18echoing Truman, 18lack of affection for John Foster Dulles,

230meeting with Senator Smith on PRC

recognition, 214Senator Smith’s remarks on, 200similarties with Dulles on Soviet Union, 37

Kennard, Spencersupport for the CCP, 173

Kennedy, John F., 312, 313, 316KGB

efforts to counter Catholicism, 316harassment of Soviet Jews, 315

Khrushchev, Nikitavisit to the U.S., 308

King Saud. See Saud, IbnKing, Martin Luther, Jr., 271, 313King, William McGuire, 37Kissinger, Henry

and “Long Telegram,” 17efforts to ease tensions with Soviet Union,

314KMT. See KuomintangKnowland, William F.

and anticommunism, 307in Christianity Today, 89opposition to recognition of China, 89

Kohlberg, Alfredmeeting with Walter Judd, 165patron of William Richard Johnson, 164

KoranU.S. distribution among Uzbek speaking

Afghans, 321Korea

China support in the war, 185Niebuhr comments on, 76outbreak of war, 51, 53PRC intervention in, 188U.S. intervention, 106United Nations troops, 232

Korean Warand National Council of Churches, 55

Kuomintang, 159, 160, 162, 168, 181and MRA conference, 206and Senator Smith, 203Chinese civil war, 165, 201declining Protestant support, 175evangelical support for, 88missionary views of, 170, 179, 188request for U.S. aid, 205Stuart support for, 161U.S. support for, 161, 166, 170, 249Walter Judd support of, 171

Lansing, Robertas Secretary of State, 227

Laosand U.S. anti-communism efforts,

305Latin America, 316

persecution of Protestants, 73League of Nations, 13

American absence from, 14lack of Senate support, 13U.S. Senate rejection of, 106

Lebanon, 297CIA secret task force, 294deployment of U.S. troops, 297Eisenhower decision to deploy U.S. troops,

93Elson visit to, 293

Lefever, Ernest W.critical of the Council of Churches in

International Affairs, 72on Protestant divisions, 61

Leiper, Henry Smith“The Meaning of the Cambridge

Conference,” 38as Associate General of the World Council

of Churches, 135Lenin, Vladimir, 12, 44, 320Library of Congress

and evangelicals, 273Life

editorial on Eisenhower, 71Eisenhower’s letter to Hughes, 271

Lilly, Edward P., 300as National Security Council official, 78on threat of Soviet communism, 302

Lincoln, AbrahamVoice of America programming, 306

Lloyd, Selwynas British Foreign Secretary, 240

Lodge, Henry Cabotas UN Ambassador, 66






INDEX 343

Long Telegram, 37and George Kennan, 17as an eighteenth-century Protestant

sermon, 18Lord Halifax, 125Lovestone, Jay


Lovett, Robertas Acting Secretary of State, 167

Lowry, Charles Wesley, 288, 289and Foundation for Religious Action in the

Social and Civil Order, 279article in Christianity Today, 286Eisenhower views on, 295

Luce, Claire Boothand Eisenhower, 265

Luce, Henry, 264and China, 157and Eisenhower, 268and J. Leighton Stuart as Ambassador,

165and National Presbyterian Church, 272and Reinhold Niebuhr, 49as publisher of Fortune magazine, 49response to Eisenhower’s call to prayer for

peace, 71Lusitania,

torpedoing of, 9Luther, Martin, 12Lutheran Bishop of Berlin

meeting with Myron Taylor, 124Lynch, Frederick

and divine calling of America, 10

MacArthur, General Douglassupport of U.S. military presence on

Taiwan, 214Mackay, John

and John Foster Dulles, 228, 249, 255criticism of Eisenhower Taiwan policy, 76evangelical suspicions of, 74support for China recognition, 181support for National Council of Church

delegation to China, 90Manifest Destiny, 6Mao Zedong, 23, 51, 158, 159, 176

Chinese civil war, 201founding of the PRC, 211J. Leighton Stuart views of, 161Quemoy and Matsu, 94religious persecution under, 89support for North Korea, 185

Marshall Plan, 41, 206, 213as part of containment, 106papal support for, 137Truman views of, 112

Marshall, Georgeand Israel, 289as Secretary of State, 137efforts to negotiate Chinese civil war,

161meeting with J. Leighton Stuart, 166on China policy, 166opposition to United Nations admission

for China, 187Martin, Joseph

endorsement of MRA, 219Martin, William

as President of the National Council ofChurches, 66

Marxism, 179as part of missionary training, 184Charles Wesley Lowry views on, 283in Afghanistan, 320religion as an alternative to, 122Theodore Hesburgh views on, 283

Marxism-Leninismand FRASCO, 285

Maximos, Ecumenical Patriarchhealth problems of, 132

McCarthyism, 65, 68and Christianity Today, 98Eisenhower and Smith meeting on, 216perceived effect on Protestants and

Catholics in government, 74McCloy, John, 50, 143, 148McConaughy, Walter

as State Department Official, 90State Department China conference of

missionary agencies, 184McIntire, Carl, 274

founder of American Council of ChristianChurches, 274

McKinley, William, 7, 8Meany, George


Mekeel, Herbertas President of the National Association of

Evangelicals, 95Merwin, William

as chairman of the China ExecutiveCommittee of the National Council ofChurches, 90

Messenger, 51






344 INDEX

Methodist Churchand Eisenhower, 275and John Foster Dulles, 243letter writing campaign, 30meeting with Myron Taylor, 127meeting with Truman, 113support for international intervention, 7

Methodist Foreign Missions Board, 163, 175meeting on China, 181

Mexicoplans to ally with Germany, 11

Middle East, 94, 289and anticommunism, 306and Operations Coordinating Board, 306Council of Churches in International

Affairs resolution, 94Dulles efforts to encourage Protestant

support for U.S. policies, 242Edward Elson trip to, 292Eisenhower anticommunism efforts,

290Eisenhower policy, 23, 241, 290, 295Elson report on, 294Niebuhr’s concern about Arab

nationalism, 79Niebuhr’s opposition to Eisenhower

policies, 80, 297The Vanishing Island, 222visit by Edward Elson, 264

Military Chaplain’s AssociationDulles address to, 237

military-industrial complexand Eisenhower farewell address, 309

Mohammedanism, 138Moral Re-Armament, 191

and Kuomintang leaders, 206background on, 191Church of England views on, 194influence on Senator Smith, 23, 194–197,

202influence on U.S. policy and policymakers,

193involvement of Kuomintang officials, 204,

205State Department response to China

memo, 207view on communism, 193

Morgan, Edmund, 226Morgenthau, Hans, 231

meeting with State Department PolicyPlanning Staff, 50

Mormons, 6and common public faith, 267

Moslems. See MuslimsMost Favored Nation, 314Motion Picture Association of America, 288Mott, John, 13, 59, 135

missionary leader, 159Nobel Peace Prize, 31petition against China in the United

Nations, 187Mundt, Karl

and MRA play The Vanishing Island, 220Murphy, Robert

as Ambassador, 143Murray, John Courtney

and FRASCO, 283Murray, Thomas

and FRASCO, 283Muslim

in MRA, 194

Nasser, Gamal Abdeland Suez Canal crisis, 296and the Soviet Union, 295and U.S. Middle East policy, 298foreign policy response to, 94meeting with Elson, 293U.S. concerns about, 296

National Association of Evangelical Leadersviews on China, 96

National Association of Evangelicals, 57,288

and Eisenhower, 273, 275and public life, 100correspondence with the State Department

regarding China, 90criticism of the Universal Declaration of

Human Rights, 58effors to limit influence of Catholicism, 74efforts to lobby Congress, 58letter to Dulles on National Council of

Churches delegation to China, 89limited focus of, 73on McCarthyism and perceived increase in

Catholic influence, 74on the United Nations, 57Reagan speech to, 318response to National Council of Churches

support for China, 95support for Chiang Kai-shek, 158

National Association of ReligiousBroadcasters

Reagan speech to, 318National Conference of Christians and Jews

Truman address to, 145






INDEX 345

National Council of Churches, 56, 77, 238,274, 278, 288, 304

“Hartford Appeal,” 96alleged communist infiltration of, 98and China, 90and Eisenhower, 65, 275, 307and foreign assistance, 287and FRASCO, 288criticism from Episcopal Church, 100delegation to China, 89delegation to the Soviet Union, 78Dulles 1958 address to, 248efforts to prevent charges of communist

sympathies, 55Eisenhower speech to, 100establishment of, 55fifith “World Order Study Conference,” 95foreign aid, 247growing church attendance, 77in agreement with Eisenhower and Dulles,

79internal deliberations on China, 90John Foster Dulles 1958 speech to, 251John Foster Dulles relationship with,

250lobbying efforts urging Eisenhower

administration on negotiation, 76on disarmament, 75on nuclear threat and use of atomic

weapons, 55on UN and disarmament, 66support for China, 95support for PRC admission to the United

Nations, 248support for use of United Nations, 75

National Day of Prayer, 306, 308National Prayer Breakfast

creation of, 257National Presbyterian Church, 82, 227, 242,

303and Eisenhower, 257, 264and Eisenhower attendance at special

service, 260new sanctuary, 272

National Security Council, 221, 299, 300,301

and Chinese commuism extending toSoutheast Asia, 305

memo on Soviet efforts to control theOrthodox Church, 300

Psychological Strategy Board memo,118

Nationalists. See Kuomintang.

NATO, 213alliance proposal, 50National Business Committee for, 67Niebuhr support of, 67

Naval Observatoryand National Presbyterian Church, 272

Nazism, 3, 40, 79opposition to, 126

Nehru, Jawaharlaland non-alignment, 244, 303meeting with Billy Graham, 244

Neo-evangelicalism. See EvangelicalismNetherlands

Catholic Bishops of, 45New York Avenue Presbyterian Church

Truman address at, 114New York Times, 269

editorial on official diplomatic recognitionof the Vatican, 317

Niebuhr, H. Richard, 54and the Calhoun Commission, 33

Niebuhr, Reinhold, 15, 34, 40, 67, 79, 254, 300“Christian realism,” 50“The Fight for Germany,” 39and Calhoun Commission, 35and Christianity Today, 84and FCC’s “National Study Conference on

the Churches and World Order,” 50and Henry Wallace, 39, 49and John Foster Dulles, 254, 255and mainline Protestantism, 75, 93and Protestant divisions, 61and Rosenberg case, 64and the Calhoun Commission, 33chair of Commission III at World Council

of Churches, 42concerns about McCarthy, 65concerns regarding the Middle East, 79consultations with State Department

policy-makers, 53criticism of Council of Churches in

International Affairs, 76criticism of disarmament proposals, 92criticism of Karl Barth, 80criticism of liberal Protestant response to

Quemoy and Matsu incident, 75criticism of Marxism, 64declining influence on mainline

organizations, 72decreased activism of, 101depression of, 97differences with Protestant views on

Catholicism, 60






346 INDEX

Niebuhr, Reinhold (cont.)divisions with mainline Protestants and

Eisenhower administration, 79essay on “Why They Dislike Americans,” 67meeting with State Department Policy

Planning Staff, 49on atomic bombing of Japan, 35on communism, 47, 69on declining U.S. influence, 79on Eisenhower and Dulles, 68, 76, 79on Eisenhower’s Middle East policies, 297on just war, 35on McCarthyism, 68on the United Nations and Hungary, 80open letter to Truman, 40quoted by Dean Acheson, 24response to Eisenhower speech on nuclear

powers, 65skepticism of the United Nations, 53speech at the World Council of Churches,

47support for admitting China to the United

Nations, 68support for economic assistance to

Germany, 40support for Eisenhower policy on Taiwan,

76support for future use of atomic bomb, 33support for National Council of Churches

delegation to the Soviet Union, 78support for World War II, 15views of Eisenhower Administration, 64views on China, 97views on Graham and Christianity Today,

84views on Korean War, 53views on MRA, 193views on the Middle East, 94views on Truman, 49views on World War I, 15World Council of Churches, 42World Council of Churches Evanston

conference, 69Nigeria

and Eisenhower, 277Nimitz, Chester


Nitze, Paul, 2Nixon, Richard

address to FRASCO conference, 285and China, 97and FRASCO, 280, 281

and Vietnam, 281Billy Graham briefing on Africa, 277defeat of, 312efforts to ease tensions with Soviet Union,

314endorsement of MRA, 219friendship with Billy Graham, 313

Nolde, O. Frederickand Council of Churches in International

Affairs, 66, 71and John Foster Dulles, 91, 250and National Council of Churches, 55and WCC invitation to Soviet bloc,

246as Director of Commission IV, 45frustrations with the World Council of

Churches, 52position on nuclear testing, 248response to hydrogen bomb, 51

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. SeeNATO

Northern Baptist Conventionmeeting with Myron Taylor, 127

NSC 162/2, 301, 302NSC-68, 2nuclear testing

Soviet Union and the U.S., 248nuclear weapons, 312

John Foster Dulles views on, 250Kennan views of, 311

Nur Mohammed Turaki, 320

Ockenga, Harold John, 57and Christianity Today, 82, 99and FRASCO, 280National Association of Evangelicals, 74

Open SkiesEisenhower proposal, 268

Operations Coordinating Board, 302and Buddhism, 305and Eisenhower’s call to prayer, 307,

308and FRASCO, 281and The Vanishing Island, 221anti-communist efforts in Southeast Asia,

305creation of, 299efforts in the Middle East, 306scrutiny of MRA, 221, 222, 223ties between Islam and the West, 306

Oppenheimer, J. Robertmeeting with State Department Policy

Planning Staff, 50






INDEX 347

Orthodox Churchand foreign assistance, 288and the Soviet Union, 301succession issues, 133support for Eisenhower’s Taiwan policy, 77

Oxford Group. See Moral Re-ArmamentOxnam, G. Bromley, 138, 233

and John Foster Dulles, 241, 243and National Council of Churches, 55meeting with Myron Taylor, 127meeting with Truman, 129statement on atomic bombing of Japan, 32views on Russia, 50

Pakistanand FRASCO, 284and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,

319Elson visit to, 293reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222

Park Street Congregational Church, 99Patriarch Alexis, 142, 143Patriarch Athenagoras, 141Paul, the Apostle

quote by Dean Acheson, 24Paul, Willard S., 264Peabody, Endicott, 24peace movement, 14Peale, Norman Vincent, 96

and FRASCO, 280Pearl Harbor, 32Pearson, Drew

and Eisenhower, 258, 271Pentagon

and the Orthodox Church, 301Pentecostals

persecution in Soviet Union, 319Persons, Wilton

Eisenhower aide, 269low regard for Senator Smith, 216

Pew, J. Howard, 272and Christianity Today, 82, 83criticism of mainline Protestantism, 99meeting with the National Council of

Churches, 99sponsorship of the National Council of

Churches, 55Pew, Joe, 272Pickett, Clarence

letter to Truman on China, 181Poland

Solidarity movement of, 316visit by Pope John Paul II, 316

Poling, Daniel, 96as editor of the Christian Herald magazine,

77letter to Eisenhower, 77

Pope Pius XIIand Eisenhower, 263, 274

Pope Pius XII, 269, 318and Myron Taylor, 263and Protestant opposition, 151and Truman, 23, 122and World Council of Churches, 45,

138correspondence with Truman and

Eisenhower, 262efforts to cooperate with Protestants, 151Italian elections, 137letter from Truman, 111meeting with Myron Taylor, 150Myron Taylor as personal representative to,

120response to Truman, 123Truman letter to, 112, 121Truman’s personal representative to, 119

Pope, Listonas dean of Yale Divinity School, 51

Porter, Luciusparticipation in ABCFM seminar, 179support for economic aid to China, 173views on CCP victory, 178

Presbyterian Churchand John Foster Dulles, 228and Middle East policy, 290letter from Truman, 110letter writing campaign, 30meeting with Myron Taylor, 127support to the Nationalists, 170Truman remarks at, 1

President’s Committee on InternationalInformation Activities, 299

Protestantconcern regarding China, 88divisions with Catholic church, 46divisions within, 79liberal support for negoaition with China,

76mainline relationship with John Foster

Dulles, 245missionary views on communism and

China, 188missionary work in China, 185numbers of Americans, 77opposition to diplomatic recognition of

the Vatican, 154






348 INDEX

Protestant (cont.)opposition to Truman, 146responses to atomic bombing of Japan,

31support for foreign aid, 248views of communism, 17views of Pope and Catholic Church, 139

Protestant Churchin France, 147

Protestant missionariesresponse to the National Council of

Churches Cleveland report, 97U.S. China policy, 160views of CCP, 179

Protestantism, 5, 7, 22, 62agreement on anti-Catholicism, 58and American political leaders, 19and Catholicism, 316and civil religion, 63and divine calling of America, 13and FRASCO, 282and Harry Emerson Fosdick versus

Niebuhr, 15and the “Inter-Church Conference on

Federation,” 8attempts at unified response, 38criticism of Myron Taylor, 126criticism of Truman’s relations with the

Vatican, 128cultural influence, 29declining influence on public culture, 5differeing views on Soviet Union, 51divided on China policy, 88divisions within, 6, 11, 15, 19, 22, 56, 60, 63,

78, 98efforts to form coherent foreign policy

positions, 61foreign policy strands, 93influence on American culture, 19internal differences, 29international movement of, 38lessons from Wold War I, 14liberal criticism of Eisenhower Taiwan

policy, 76limited influence in foreign policy, 101limited influence on decision-making of

the Truman Administration, 61mainline, 29mainline foreign policy views, 93mainline missionaries, 177on State Department panel, 117opposition to Catholic participation in the

World Council of Churches, 134

opposition to official relations with theVatican, 59

opposition to the appointment of aPresidential representative to theVatican, 116

response to isolationism, 30role in Spanish-American War, 8suport for the United Nations, 30support for disarmament and

non-intervention, 13support for Eisenhower’s Taiwan policy, 77support for intervention in Cuba, 7support for Wilson, 9theological divisions, 29Truman views of, 110urged to oppose communism, 30US government relationship to, 29

Protestants, 241, 313and combating Soviet communism, 319and common public faith, 267and FRASCO, 289Catholic relations, 241distinguishing themselves from other

faiths, 138internal divisions, 321mainline and Eisenhower, 278support for war, 12

Protestants and Other Americans United forSeparation of Church and State

organization of, 60Pruden, Edward

and National Council of Churches, 55as Truman’s pastor, 117, 148, 153on State Department panel, 117

Psychological Strategy Board, 280, 299“U.S. Program for Support of the

Orthodoxi Church,” 301and classified study of MRA, 217and Eisenhower, 299creation of, 117implementation of Policy Guidance, 118recommendations, 118

Pugh, William, 138Catholic persecution of Protestants, 139criticism of Truman and Taylor, 139meeting with Myron Taylor, 127

Qutb, Sayyid, 320

Radford, Arthurspeech at FRASCO conference, 285

Radio Free Europe, 287religious programs, 302






INDEX 349

Radio Liberation, 287Reagan, Ronald

and fall of Soviet Union, 320and Pope John Paul II, 316and Soviet Union, 315, 319faith of, 317mainline Protestant opposition to Cold

War policy, 321official recognition to the Vatican, 317visit to the Vatican, 317

realismDean Acheson, 24

realpolitik, 298Rees, Paul

and foreign assistance, 288Reinartz, Eppling

criticism of Truman and Taylor, 138Republic of China. See TaiwanRepublican National Committee

on Eisenhower as a spiritual leader,267

Richardson, Sid, 272, 275River Brethren

religious background of Eisenhower,265

Riverside Church, 14Rockefeller, John D., 14

support to FRASCO, 280Rockefeller, Nelson

as Special Assistant to the President, 77Roncalli, Angelo

as Papal Nuncio, 133on Catholic excommunication, 144

Roosevelt, Franklin D.and Myron Taylor, 120death of, 4letter to Pope Pius XII, 120radio address on Nazi threat, 16use of military strength, 295

Roosevelt, Theodore D.greeting to, 3

Root, Elihu, 13message to Episcopal Cathedral of St. John,

12trip to Russia under Wilson, 13

Roots, John, 208and China policy, 203, 206, 207China specialist for the MRA, 202portrayal of Chiang Kai-shek, 204

Roots, Loganletter to Truman, 169

Rosenberg, Julius and EthelSoviet espionage, 64

Ross, Roy G.as General Secretary of the National

Council of Churches, 90Russia. See Soviet Union

Bolshevik revolution, 12Elihu Root trip to, 13

Russian Orthodox Church, 143and National Council of Churches, 78and succession issues of the Greek

Orthodox Church, 140and the World Council of Churches,

129decision not to participate in the World

Council of Churches, 46Soviet control of, 130, 142under Soviet Union, 78

Russo-Japanese War, 8

Saud, Ibnand Edward Elson, 292and Israel, 296on Israel and communism, 295

Saudi Arabiaand Elson trip, 292and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 320CIA secret task force, 294Elson discussions in, 292

Scarlett, Willand Reinhold Niebuhr, 49, 53

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr.consultation with State Department

policy-makers, 53petition against China in the United

Nations, 187Scopes, John

William Jennings Bryan prosecution of,10

Scott, Charlessupport for Nationalists, 172views on CCP, 181

Scott, Robertmeeting with John Foster Dulles, 231

Scott, Waltermemo on MRA, 219

Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 23, 190,215, 216

hearing, 245sermons

broadcasts of, 5Seventh Fleet

and Taiwan Straits, 94Sheen, Fulton J., 288

and FRASCO, 280






350 INDEX

Sherrill, Henry Knox, 150, 152, 288and National Council of Churches, 55, 78support for Catholic Church participation,

150Shipler, Guy

criticism of Eisenhower Taiwan policy,76

Shultz, Georgeand Siberian Seven, 319and Soviet Union, 315, 319meeting with Jewish dissidents in Moscow,

315Siberian Seven, 319

emigration of, 319Silver, Hillel, 241Six Day War, 314Smit, Albert

letter describing CCP rule, 178optimistic assessment of CCP, 178

Smith, H. Alexander, 3211952 Presidential election, 215allegiance to God, 208and China policy, 201, 203, 207and Eisenhower Administration, 216and Khrushchev visit to the U.S., 308and MRA play The Vanishing Island, 220and prayer, 23, 308as close friend of John Foster Dulles, 228concern about Soviet-Sino alliance ino,

207Congressional career of, 190daily prayer journal, 190decision to support Kuomintang, 203faith and foreign policy, 223faith of, 190meeting with Ambassador Stuart, 212meeting with Chiang Kai-shek, 211meeting with Dean Acheson, 207, 212MRA involvement, 219MRA memo on China, 206negative views of Chiang, 203opposition to United Nations admission

for China, 187prayer guidance, 224prayer life of, 201report on Asia trip, 213report on US assistance to KMT, 215support for KMT on Taiwan, 214trip to China, 211views of containment, 191views on balance of power, 199views on containment, 200visit to Taiwan, 212

Smith, Walter Bedelland anticommunist strategies in Vietnam,

281meeting with State Department Policy

Planning Staff, 50South Asia

and anticommunism, 306Southeast Asia, 281

China and communism, 305Southern Baptist Convention, 288Soviet Union, 2, 3, 4, 16, 157, 181, 223, 312, 313

abduction of German children, 126and “Open Skies” proposal, 268and American civil religion, 20and atomic bomb, 51and China, 180, 182, 187and Egypt, 293and Eisenhower, 259, 270and FRASCO, 280and Israel, 297and Jewish emigration, 315and Protestant worldview, 17and Psychological Strategy Board, 299and spiritual boundaries of containment,

284and the Calhoun Commission, 33and the Eisenhower Doctrine, 297and the end of the Cold War, 313and the Middle East, 290, 306and the Orthodox Church, 301and The Vanishing Island, 221and U.S. foreign policy, 298and U.S. military strength, 295as a religious threat, 289as a threat to Germany, 40atheism, 18Billy Graham trip to, 244concern about Afghanistan, 320contrast with U.S. call to prayer, 307contrasted to Christian moral universe, 25control of the Russian Orthodox Church,

130criticism of the World Council of

Churches, 72decision to invade Afghanistan, 320demise of Soviet communism, 313Eisenhower views of, 307Eisenhower’s opposition to, 23Graham views on, 277Henry Wallace views of, 268invasion of Afghanistan, 319invasion of Hungary, 79Jewish population in, 314






INDEX 351

John Foster Dulles article on, 36John Foster Dulles views of, 250John Foster Dulles views on, 253National Council of Churches delegation

to, 78nuclear testing, 248nuclear testing negotiations, 248official visit to the U.S., 308Pope and Truman views of, 123Protestant opposition to, 17proxies of, 294Reagan policy on, 318Reagan views on, 317relationship with China, 207response to U.S. alliance with Vatican, 125restrictions on Jewish emigration, 314Senator Smith’s views on, 199speech by Senator Jackson, 314support to Chinese Communist Party, 159,

169tension with U.S., 15Truman view of, 112, 156U.S. opposition to, 2, 18, 107use of Henry Wallace speech, 39use of UN veto, 253USIA broadcasts, 304worldview, motivations and expansionist

designs, 17Spain

dissatisfaction under Franco regime, 73National Association of Evangelicals, 73persecution of Protestants, 59, 73U.S. financial assistance to, 73U.S. interactions with, 120U.S. recognition of General Francisco

Franco, 59Spanish-American War, 8Spellman, Francis

and Israel, 241Eisenhower meeting with, 100meeting with George Marshall, 137on State Department panel, 117

SputnikSoviet Union military and scientific

technology, 272Spyridion

Truman descripton of, 142Stalin, Josef, 1, 4, 44

death of, 311interest in American churches, 1U.S. decision to contain, 159

Stassen, Haroldand National Council of Churches, 55

as Special Assistant to PresidentEisenhower for nuclear weaponsryissues, 75

Director for Mutual Security, 301State Department, 119, 124, 165, 175, 203, 299,

305advisory panel of Protestant, Catholic and

Jewish religious leaders, 117and Billy Graham, 245and China, 182and Dean Acheson, 23and evangelicals, 91and Federal Council of Churches, 50and George Kennan, 17and missionaries to China, 184and MRA, 208, 217, 219and National Association of Evangelicals,

57and Pope Pius XII, 263and the Orthodox Church, 301and Vatican relations, 201and William Richard Johnson, 171approval of visas for World Council of

Churches conference, 70communications with Vatican, 263MRA memo on China, 206National Council of Churches delegation

to China, 89, 91on the ICCC, 274opposition to distribution of Bibles in

Soviet Union, 299opposition to Truman’s Israel policy, 289outreach to Muslims, 290Policy Planning Staff, 49position on National Council of Churches

delegation to China, 90press release on religious freedom in Soviet

bloc, 70Protestant concerns about Catholicism,

74Protestants in Columbia, 246Psychological Strategy Board memo, 118reply to MRA China memo, 207Smith meeting on MRA, 208Special Policy Guidance on “Moral and

Religious Factors in the USIE Program,”117

two-day conference on “ideologicaloffensive against internationalcommunism,” 53

State Department Office of Intelligence andResearch

report on MRA, 218






352 INDEX

Steelman, Johnas Truman assistant, 174, 205

Stevenson, Adlai, 288limited evangelical support for, 87

Strauss, Lewisspeech at FRASCO conference, 285

Stuart, J. Leighton, 166, 167advice on missionary work with CCP, 179advisor to General Marshall, 161and Protestant divisions, 165as U.S. Ambassador to China, 160background of, 160diplomatic career of, 161friendship with Chiang Kai-shek, 161letter to John Roots regarding MRA, 205meeting with Senator Smith, 212memoir 50 Years in China, 168nomination as U.S. Ambassador, 159opposition to United Nations admission

for China, 187position on KMT and CCP, 166reaction to Communist Party victory, 168support for a coalition government, 167vacillation on PRC recognition, 180

Suez Canal crisis, 241, 242, 296Eisenhower and Dulles, 291Niebuhr views on, 254

Sullivan, John L.and FRASCO, 286

Sulzberger, Cyrusletter from Eisenhower, 269

Sun, Yat-sen, 157Supreme Court

decisions on prayer and bible reading inpublic schools, 313

Supreme Court Justicesattendance at the “Inter-Church

Conference on Federation,” 9Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Powers

in Europe, 275Symington, Stuart

and FRASCO, 283Syria

Elson visit to, 293

Taft, William H.and 1952 Presidential campaign, 215

Taiwan, 77Chiang Mei-ling’s views, 214Eisenhower policy on, 76official National Council of Churches visit

to, 97pressure from China, 94

question of U.S. diplomatic recognition of,165

reaction to The Vanishing Island, 222Senator Smth visit to, 212skirmish with China on Quemoy and

Matsu, 75Stuart support for, 168U.S. support for, 249visit by Senator Smith, 211

Taiwan StraitChristianity Today views on, 94Niebuhr views on, 76

Taiwan Straits Crisis, 249Tardini, Domenico

as Vatican Secretary of State, 130Taylor, Clyde

as Executive Secretary of the NationalAssociation of Evangelicals, 73

letter to Dulles on National Council ofChurches delegation to China, 89

on Protestant cooperation, 59trip to Spain, 73warning against close aliance with the

Vatican, 59Taylor, Myron, 262, 285

activities during World War II, 120alliance with Otto Dibelius, 126and Athenagoras, 301and Patriarch Alexis, 143and Russian Orthodox Church, 133and World Council of Churches, 129, 131,

133as Truman envoy, 23as Truman representative to the Vatican,

119career of, 120conference in Europe, 149criticism of, 153efforts at inter-faith cooperation, 152gathering of Christian leaders, 144letter to Patriarch Athenagoras, 140letter to World Council of Churches, 136meeting with Archbishop Spyridion, 141meeting with General Clay, 125meeting with Marc Boegner, 147meeting with Protestant leaders, 127, 137meeting with Truman, 121, 141meeting with Visser t’Hooft, 131meeting wth the Pope, 150mobilization of European Christian

leaders, 124on Catholic participation in World

Council of Churches, 135






INDEX 353

pan-religious alliance against communism,122

Pope Pius XII, 152religious faith of, 119resignation of, 146support to Archbishop Spyridion, 141views on post-war order, 121

Thailandreaction to The Vanishing Island, 222U.S. anti-communism efforts in, 305

The Challenge: The Church and the NewWorld Order, 10

The Christian CenturyDulles article on faith, 233

The Churchman, 76The Fight for Peace, 9The Messenger, 167The New Republic

Niebuhr article, 255The Vanishing Island

MRA play, 220U.S. State Department reaction to, 221

theological liberalism, 19Three Self Patriotic Movement, 186Tillich, Paul, 271Tong, Hollington K.

articles in Christianity Today, 88as KMT Ambassador to the U.S., 88faith of, 89

Treaty of Portsmouth, 8Treaty of Versailles, 13Trueblood, Elton

and Eisenhower’s call to prayer, 307, 308and FRASCO, 283and United States Information Agency, 86as Chief of Religious Information at USIA,

303Truman Administration, 1

use of religion as an ideological weapon,119

views of Cold War as a religious conflict,223

Truman Doctrine, 40, 111Truman, Harry S., 4, 5, 6, 16, 24, 112, 285, 288,

312, 313, 317, 321address at New York Avenue Presbyterian

Church, 114America’s divine calling, 106and America’s divine calling, 115and Athenagoras, 301and Catholicism, 111and containment doctrine, 106and Eisenhower, 6, 289, 299

and Israel, 289and Mryon Taylor, 121and Pope Pius XII, 316and relationship with Vatican, 263and religious campaign of the Cold War,

119and the hydrogen bomb, 51and U.S. official diplomatic recognition of

the Vatican, 317and World Council of Churches, 129approval of NSC-68, 2as President, 105belief in the spiritual stakes of the Cold

War, 116call on Protestans, Catholics, and Jews, 110campaign to persuade the World Council

of Churches to include the CatholicChurch, 129

diplomatic theology, 191elected President, 49Elson views of policy on Israel, 291faith of, 106frustrations with the World Council of

Churches, 135gathering of Christian leaders, 144German rearmament, 68legacy of, 156letter to Pope Pius XII, 112letter to Pope Pius XIII, 111letter to the General Assembly of the

Presbyterian Church, 110letter to the Pope Pius XII, 121letters of thanks to Myron Taylor, 155lines of containment, 107meeting with Methodist ministers, 113meeting with Otto Dibelius, 126motives for fighting the Cold War, 140nomination of Ambassador to the Vatican,

154nomination of J. Leighton Stuart, 159on atomic bomb, 110on Cold War conflict, 145on use of nuclear weapons in the Korean

War, 56opposition to Soviet Union, 109pan-religious alliance against communism,

122plan for pan-religious gathering, 145reaction to Chinese involvement in Korean

War, 185reaction to Kennedy presidency, 312religion as a instrument for containment,

107






354 INDEX

Truman, Harry S. (cont.)religious faith of and opposition to Soviet

Union, 23response to “Positive Program for Peace”

of Federal Council of Churches, 113response to Christian concern of atomic

bombing of Japan, 32similarities with Eisenhower on foreign

policy, 261speech on inter-faith cooperation, 153speech to Presbyterian church, 4speech to the Federal Council of Churches,

109support to Archbishop Spyridion, 141use of military strength, 295use of religion, 5use of religion in combating communism,

122Vatican relations, 267view of Marshall Plan, 112views of Cold War, 1views of the Soviet Union as a threat, 111views on atheists and communists, 123views on communist threat, 114views on other religious faiths, 108views on the Cold War, 23world view of, 155

Turkey, 3, 142, 202aid to, 40, 111, 121, 198communist insurection, 159U.S. aid to, 106

Twitchell, H. Kenaston. See Twitchell, KenTwitchell, Hanford M.

as MRA leader, 205efforts to lobby on behalf of Nationalists,

205KMT officials and MRA, 206

Twitchell, Ken, 208advisor to Senator Smith, 202and China policy, 203, 207and KMT involvement in MRA,

204letter to Smith on China, 202lobbying efforts on China, 206MRA visit to Taiwan, 214son-in-law of Senator Smith, 194support for KMT, 204support for KMT on Taiwan, 214

Twitchell, Marian, 217

U.S. Chamber of Commerceand FRASCO, 284

UN Declaration of Human RightsCommission of Churchs on International

Affairs support for religious liberty, 39Unitarian

and foreign assistance, 288United Nations, 6, 199, 236, 254, 300

and foreign aid, 247and John Foster Dulles, 250, 251, 253and the Federal Council of Churches, 31and U.S. aid, 247China recognition, 187Eisenhower address, 65Eisenhower address to the General

Assembly, 296forces in the Korean War, 185mainline Protestant support for, 30response to Soviet invasion of Hungary, 80

United Nations charterand human rights, 31Protestant efforts to influence, 30

United Nations Sunday, 31United States Information Agency, 299, 303,

304, 305, 307and Eisenhower’s call to prayer, 307and FRASCO, 281, 287broadcasts to Soviet bloc countries, 306Christianity Today criticism of, 86

United States Information Exchange, 117United States International Exchange

recommendations from the PsychologicalStrategy Board, 118

Universal Bible Sunday, 232Universal Declaration of Human Rights

National Association of Evangelicals viewsof, 58

USSR. See Soviet UnionUstinov, Dmitri

and Afghanistan, 320

Van Dusen, Henryand John Foster Dulles, 228, 249and the Calhoun Commission, 33on divisions within the World Council of

Churches, 72Van Kirk, Walter, 38

and Council of Churches in InternationalAffairs, 71

and National Council of Churches, 76, 78response to Lefever criticism, 72

Vandenberg (Senator)“scare the hell out of the country,” 116

Vanik, Charles, 314






INDEX 355

Vaticanadvice to U.S. on Russian Orthodox

Church, 133and Orthodox Church, 38, 140and Truman, 263anticommunist stance of, 121excommunication of communists, 144official relations with, 146

Vietnamand OCB anticommunist strategies,

281Lowry discussions with Eisenhower

administration, 281Vietnam War, 313Visser t’Hooft, Willem A.

as Secretary General of the World Councilof Churches, 46, 131

meeting with Myron Taylor, 131views on Catholicisim, 134

Voice of America, 150, 287anti-communism Islamic programs, 306Christianity Today criticism of, 86recommendations from the Psychological

Stategy Board, 119von Preysing, Cardinal Count, 143Vorys, John

and Israel policy, 242

Wallace, Henryand civil religion, 268forced resignation of, 39views of Soviet Union as benign partner,

39views of the Soviet Union, 4

Walters, Vernonas Special Vatican Envoy, 316

Ward, Angusimprisonment of, 168

Ward, Ralphmeeting with President Eisenhower,

188Washburn, Abbott, 300

and Eisenhower’s call to prayer, 307and USIA’s agenda, 304outreach to the Islamic world, 290

Washington Islamic Center, 306Washington Naval Conference, 14Washington, George, 269Watergate

public response to, 313Watson, John

missionary to India, 227

Waymack, Williamand the Federal Council of Churches, 54

Wedemeyer, Albertmeeting with Senator Smith, 203

West Germanyand FRASCO, 285

White Houseresponse to National Council of Churches

delegation to the Soviet Union, 78Wiley, Alexander

endorsement of MRA, 219MRA involvement, 219

Wilson, Charlieas Secretary of Defense, 286

Wilson, ChristyAmerican missionary to Afghanistan, 299

Wilson, Edwinas U.S. Ambassador to Turkey, 132

Wilson, Williamas first U.S. Ambassador to the Vatican, 317

Wilson, Woodrow, 6, 298and Bolshevik revolution, 12and Christian values, 9and democracy, 12and disagreement with William Jennings

Bryan, 10and divine calling of America, 9and divine mandate, 9and Elihu Root, 13and missionaries to China, 159and the new international order, 12and views of war, 11attendance at the “Inter-Church

Conference on Federation,” 8British Ambassador’s criticism of, 11church leaders’ letter to, 11elected President, 8nomination of John Mott, 159preparation for war, 11skepticism of arbitration treaties, 10vision of a new City, 9

Winthrop, JohnCity on a Hill, 6

Wisner, Frank, 294Wojtyla, Karol, 315World Council of Churches, 254

“Man’s Disorder and God’s Design,” 41and Catholic Church, 128, 131and Middle East policy, 242and Russian Orthodox Church, 131and the Catholic Church, 129, 130and the Russian Orthodox Church, 130






356 INDEX

World Council of Churches (cont.)as viewed by theological conservatives, 46Catholic participation in, 135Commission III of Amsterdam

Conference, 48Commission IV, 42Commission IV on the United Nations and

Soviet Union, 43criticism from Soviets, 72criticism of communism and democracy,

68differing views on Catholic participation,

135differing views within Commisson IV, 44divisions within, 71efforts at neutrality, 52Eisenhower speech at Evanston Assembly,

307exclusion of Catholic Church, 45founding conference of, 41internal divisions, 47internal divisions of, 69invitation to clergy from Hungary and

Czechoslovakia, 70invitation to Soviet bloc, 246lack of Catholic participation in, 138limited effectiveness of, 68membership of, 69Myron Taylor, 133on disarmament, 91overtures to the Russian Orthodox

Church, 46participation of Eisenhower at Evanston

conference, 70purposes and agenda of, 139

response to Eisenhower call to prayer forpeace, 71

response to hydrogen bomb, 51Soviet views of, 46views of capitalism, 48

World Peace Congressas a communist front, 305

World War IHarry Emerson Fosdick, Harry Emerson

views on, 15Protestan response to, 14

World War II, 3, 4aftermath of, 258America’s role, 106end of, 29, 159Protestant reluctance to enter, 14Protestant responses post-war order, 31Protestant views of American involvement,

15renewed hostilities in China, 160

Wu, K.C.as KMT official, 211visit to Washington DC, 209

Wuthnow, Robert, 63

YemenElson visit to, 293

Zelenko, Herbert, 269Zhou, Enlai, 184

CCP policy on foreign missionaries, 185Korean War, 186

Zhukov, Marshal Grigoriand President Eisenhower, 259

Zimmerman telegram, 11






index [assets.cambridge.org]assets.cambridge.org/97805215/13470/index/9780521513470... ·...

Documents