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Abaqa (Mongol Il-khan) , , , ,–
Abbasid caliphateand al-Andalus and Egypt and Mamluks –and Mongol invasion , , , and Seljuqs and Spanish Muslims , –
Abbeville, Gerard d’ �Abd al-Mu�min , �Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs �Umar, Abu
Muhammad –Abelard, Peter, and morality Abinafia, Aaron (tax collector) , absolutism, in England –Abu �Abd Allah (Hafsid ruler) –Abu Hafs �Umar –Abu Maydan (Sufi leader) Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah (al-Bayyasi) ,
Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil Abu Muhammad al-Wahid Abu Sa�id �Uthman (Ziyanid leader) Abu Yahya (Marinid ruler) , Abu-Ya�qub Yusuf , Abu Ya�qub Yusuf (Marinid ruler) , Abu-Yusuf Ya�qub (al-Mansur) , , –,
Abu Yusuf Ya�qub (Marinid ruler) , , Abu Zakariya� Yahya (Hafsid ruler) , , ,
Abu Zayd of Valencia –, , Abulafia, D. accounting –, , Accursius Achaea see Morea
Acreand Charles I of Anjou , , fall () , , , , , , , ,
, and maritime republics –, –, ,
, and Mongols , , and trade –, , –, , , ,
Acton Burnel, Statute Ad fructus uberes (papal bull) Ad liberandum (papal decree) , , Adalbert of Riga Adelasia of Torres , , al-Adil II al-Adil, Sayf ad-Din , , –Adimari family , Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne ,
, Adolf of Nassau, king of the Romans –,
, –and Burgundy ,
Adrian V, Pope Adrianople
and Epiros , , and Venice , ,
Adrianople, battle () , , , Aegean, and maritime trade Afonso II of Portugal
and administration –and the Church , –and Islam and territorial integrity
Afonso III of Portugal (count of Boulogne)and the Church –and Sancho II –,
after-life, Christianisation –,
INDEX
Note: Concepts such as army, monarchy and trade are indexed as general concepts and also under indivi-dual countries and regions. Page references in italics indicate main subjects; those in bold indicate maps.
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Agenais, English possession , , Agnes of France Agobard of Lyons , agriculture
and crop rotation and demand , –, , , and grain production –, , , , ,
, , , and improved technology , , , , and livestock rearing –, –, , , ,
, and over-grazing , and pastoralism productivity , , , and share-cropping –subsistence and tenant farmers –, –
Agridi, battle () Ahmad (Mongol Il-khan) Aigues-Mortes, French port , , , , ,
–, Aimery de Lusignan, king of Cyprus , Ain Jalut, battle () , –, , , ,
Akropolites, George, Grand Logothete , ,
Alan of Galloway Alange, battle () Alarcos, battle () , Albania
and Angevins , , , , –and aristocracy and Bulgaria , and Byzantine empire –, and economy and Epiros , –and Latin Church , –, –and Latin empire –and Manfred , and Nicaea , and Orthodox Church , and Serbia , , and trade , , and Venice , , , see also Dhimitër; Gjin; Gregorios Kamonas;
ProgonAlbert III de la Tour-du-Pin , Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Riga –Albertus Magnus –, , , Albi
and Catharism , , , cathedral
Albigensian Crusade , , –, , and Dauphiné and Fourth Lateran Council , , ,
–,
and French conquests , , , –, ,, ,
and Honorius III –, and Innocent III , , –, and Jews and Louis VIII of France , –, ,
Albrecht I of Habsburg , and Adolf of Nassau –and Bohemia –
Albrecht ‘the Degenerate’ of Thuringia Alcácer do Sal, battle () Alcaraz, Treaty () Alconstantini, Mossé Alcuin, and Latin Aleksandr Nevskii see Nevskii, AleksandrAleppo
Ayyubid control , , , , Mongol conquest , –, –, Seljuq attack ,
Alexander II, Pope, and Jews , –, Alexander III, Pope
and education and Frederick I and law and monasticism and Order of Santiago
Alexander IV, Popeand Alfonso X of Castile , , –and Bohemia and College of Cardinals , and Empire , –and Inquisition and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols and Navarre and Portugal and Sicily
Alexander II of Scotlandand Hebrides and Henry III of England , , and MacWilliam risings –
Alexander III of Scotlanddeath , –and Edward I of England –marriage ,
Alexander of Hales , , Alexander of Roes Alexians Alexios III Angelos , , , –, ,
n. Alexios IV Angelos, and Fourth Crusade ,
–Alexios V Alexios Komnenos –Alfonse-Jordan of Toulouse Alfonsi, Petrus ,
Index
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Alfonso I of Aragon, and Provence Alfonso II of Aragon
and expansionism –and France and maritime republics
Alfonso III (‘the Liberal’) of Aragon and Castile excommunication and the Maghrib and Majorca and Sicily , , , ,
Alfonso VII of Castile Alfonso VIII of Castile
and al-Andalus and defeat of Muslims and Navarre , and succession and the vernacular
Alfonso IX of Leónand Castile and Reconquista , –
Alfonso X of Castile and the Algarve and Andalusia and aristocracy –, –and the Church , , and Dauphiné and Empire –, –, , , –,
, –and France , , , and Granada –, and historiography –, –, and the law and Maghrib –and maritime republics and Murcia –, and Navarre and papacy , and Portugal –and Reconquista , , resources –and Seville Siete partidas , , , , and succession –and the vernacular , , , –, –
Alfonso de la Cerda –Alfred of Wessex, and vernacular writing , �Ali Ibn Ghamiya Alice of Champagne –Alice of Meran Almizra, Treaty () Almohads
administration , army , –, , and Castile , , extent of empire –, and Hafsids , ,
and Jews and Marinids –navy in Spain , , , , –, , ,
and tribal groups –, , in Tunis , , , , see also Maghrib
Almoravidsand Almohads , , , and Islam –
alms-givingand Mendicant Orders as penance –
alphabetsGreek Latin –, ogam runic
Alphonse II of Provence Alphonse of Poitiers
and Catharism and Comtat-Venaissan , and Languedoc , , , ,
Alphonse of Toulouse –altars
decoration –, and Marian devotion
Althusser, Louis Amadeus IV of Savoy Amadeus V of Savoy Amadeus VI of Savoy Amalric, Giraud, records , , Amalricians Amaury of Bène Amaury of Jerusalem Amidei family –, Amiens cathedral , –, plate Amiens, Treaty () Anastasio, Zolo di Anatolia
and Byzantine empire see Nicaea, empireand Latin empire –, and Mongols , , –, , –,
and trade see also Seljuqs
Anconaand Frederick II , and trade
Andalusiaand aristocracy and Castile , , , –, , and Islam –, , –and Marinids population and trade
Index
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Andrei of Vladimir Andrew II of Hungary ,
and Fifth Crusade , and new settlement and Rus′ –and Teutonic Knights ,
Andrew III of Hungary , Andrew of Prague Andrew the Venetian Andronikos I Komnenos Andronikos II, Emperor , , , , ,
Anes, Estevão Angers, law school Angevins
and Albania , , , , –and Aragon , , , –, , –,
expansion , , , , –and Florence –, and Hohenstaufen dynasty –and house of Savoy and Hungary –, and Jerusalem –, and Naples , , –, –, , ,
and papacy , , , , , and Provence –, , , in Sicily , –, –, , , –,
–, –, see also Charles I of Anjou; Charles II of
Anjou; Naples; Provence, kingdomAnglo-Saxon Chronicle , Anjou –
and Charles II of Anjou and Henry III , and John of England , , see also Angevins
Anna Komnena Annibaldi, Riccardo Anselm of Canterbury Antioch, principality
defences fall () , , and Khwarizmians Latin rule , , , and Mamluks and Mongols and trade
Antonine Order Anweiler, Markward von (imperial vicar) ,
–apocalypticism, and Hohenstaufen emperors
n. , Apostolics , , apprenticeship ,
Apuliaand Otto IV and trade , ,
Aquinas, Thomasand Catharism and Jews –, and new learning and papal primacy and secular clergy , Summa theologica and university –, , , , and usury ,
Aquitaineand John of England –, –and serfdom see also Gascony
Aquitaine (Gascon) war (-) –, ,
Arabicand the Maghrib and new learning –, , , ,
Arabsand Maghrib , –, –, ,
–and Mamluks
Aragon-Catalonia –, –, and administration and Almohads , –and Angevins , , , –, , ,
–and aristocracy , , –, and Byzantine empire and Castile , , , , –and Catharism , and Corsica expansion and France: and Albigensian Crusade –;
and Majorca , –; and Navarre–, , ; and Provence , ,, , , , , –; andRoussillon and Montpellier , , ,–, , ; and Sicily –, , ,–, , –
and Granada and the Maghrib , , , , and maritime republics –, –and monasticism and Navarre –, , , , and papacy , , , and peasants and records and revenues –, , –, rise –and Sardinia and taxation , , –and Tlemcen
Index
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and trade , , , , and unity of the kingdom and Valencia , , , , , , ,
–, –, , see also Barcelona; Church and state; cortes;
Frederick III; James I; James II; Jews, inSpain; Majorca; Peter II; Sicily
Aragonese language Arbanon see Albaniaarbitrium, of the signori , –architecture –, –
and cultural interchange –Decorated Style English Court Style French Court Style –Gothic , , , –, –, and master masons , , Rayonnant style , , , Romanesque , , , ,
archontes
in Albania , in Morea , –, in Thessalonika in Thrace
Arghun (Mongol Il-khan) , –, Arié, Rachel , Arigh Böke (Mongol leader) aristocracy –
and the arts and chivalry –, , –, –, and clergy , and commerce –, –, ecclesiastical –, , –, , –,
–, , , and gentility , and heresy and inheritance –, –, –and justice , –, –and knighthood –and landownership –, –, , and Mendicant Orders , and military Orders and military service , , , , –and ministeriales –and monasticism , –and patronage and popolo –and prayer for the dead revenues –, –, , , rural , , , and rural society –and taxation –, , –and universities urban , –, , –see also barons; esquires; knighthood; and under
individual states
Aristotelianismand art and universities , –,
Aristotle, and tyranny Arjona, Muslim control , , –Arles, kingdom –,
and Angevins –and Savoyards –, ,
Arma Christi Armenia, Cilician , ,
and Antioch and Louis IX and Mamluks and Mongols , , , , , , and trade , , , –, see also Hethoum
armiesand military specialisation see also mercenaries and under individual countries
Arnald-Amalric (abbot of Citeaux) , –Arnold, archbishop of Trier Arnold, B. Arnolfo di Cambio , Arnswalde, Treaty () –Arpád dynasty of Hungary , , –, ,
Arsenios, patriarch of Constantinople art –
and classicism –court , –Gothic , , –Italian –religious –, urban –
Arte della Calimala , , Arte del Cambio Arte della Lana , Arte di Por Santa Maria Arthur of Brittany , artisans
and the Church in Flanders –in Florence , , regulation and representation , , and urbanisation , –, ,
Artois, county, and Flanders –, , –asceticism
and Catharism and Mendicant Orders –, and monasticism , –
Asen dynasty al-Ashraf Khalil , , –al-Ashraf Musa , , –, al-Ashraf Muzaffar, Sultan Aspremont, Gobert d’
Index
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Assassinsand Ayyubids , , , and Mongols ,
Assisi, S. Francesco , plate Assizes of Romania –, association, voluntary Athens, duchy , , –Athis-sur-Orge, Treaty () , Attila the Hun, and Hungary Augustine of Canterbury, St Augustine of Hippo, St, and Jews , Augustinian canons –, Augustinian hermits –, , , Aurembiaix of Urgell , Ausculta fili (Boniface VIII) , Austria
and aristocracy , and Bohemia , , , and Fifth Crusade and Frederick II , , –and Hungary and Jews and Mongols as power centre and trade
authorityacademic aristocratic –, imperial papal , , , , ; and College of
Cardinals , ; and crusades –,; and Orthodox Church , , ;and plenitudo potestatis –, , ; andsecular rulers , –, , ,
royal , , –, , , Autier, Pere & Guillem –Auxerre cathedral Ave Maria, lay knowledge of , Averroes (Ibn Rushd) , , , Averroists , Avesnes dynasty of Hainault , , Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Avignon
and Albigensian Crusade , –and France , , as papal capital , , , , ,
Ayas, and trade , , Aymar of Valentinois-Diois Aymer, bishop of Winchester Aymon of Faversham Ayyubids
and administration and crusader states –, , , –,
, in Egypt , , , , , , ,
–, –
and Frederick II , and Mamluks , , , , –and papacy and Seljuqs , in Syria , , , , –, –, ,
–, and Zengids
al-Azraq (Muslim rebel) Azzo (jurist)
Bacon, Roger , Badoer, Marco Badr ad-Din Lulu Baeza, siege () Baiju (Baichu; Mongol general) , –bailiffs
Catalonia Flanders , , Latin empire Norway –,
bailliages
Dauphiné France –, –, Provence Savoy
Balbuino, Lanfranco Balduino, Jacopo di Baldwin I of Constantinople (Baldwin IX of
Flanders)and Byzantine tradition –capture by Bulgaria , , , and Fourth Crusade , , and Venice ,
Baldwin II of Constantinople (Baldwin II deCourtenay)
and Charles I of Anjou , , , and Ivan II Asen , , and papacy
Baldwin II de Courtenay see Baldwin II ofConstantinople
Baldwin V of Hainault, count of Flanders
Baldwin IX of Flanders see Baldwin I ofConstantinople
BalearicsAlmohad control , and Aragon-Catalonia , , –and Genoa and Pisa , , , see also Majorca
Balian of Arsuf Balian of Beirut –, Balk, Hermann Balkans
and Byzantine empire –and Charles I of Anjou –, , and Charles II of Anjou
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and Mongol invasion and Nicaean empire –, and trade , , see also Albania; Bulgaria; Serbia
Balliol, John , , , Baltic
and Danish expansion , and military Orders , , , –, ,
and Swedish expansion –see also Estonia; Finland; Lithuania; Prussia;
Rus′; Scandinavia; Teutonic KnightsBaltic trade –
and Hanseatic League , , , , and Rus′ , , and Scandinavian kingdoms , ,
Bamberg, and sculpture banking
in Barcelona –development , –, , in England , and fairs , in Flanders , in Florence , , , –, ,
Bannockburn, battle () Banu Ashqilula, and Granada –Banu Hilal Arabs , , –Banu Marin , Banu Nasr clan Banu Sulaym Arabs , , –baptism, forced , , Barberino, Francesco da Barcelona
and aristocracy –and civil war and cloth industry and rise of Aragon , , –, and Sicily , and trade , , , , , , , –and Valencia
Bardanes, George, bishop of Corfu , Bardi company , , , Bargone, Pietro di Barisone, judge of Arborea , Barnim I of Stettin Barnwell annalist , barons
Aragonese , –, , –, Austrian Burgundian , English ; and Henry III , , –,
–, , ; and John , –,–, , –; and loss of Normandy, , , ; revenues ; and Sicily
Frankish
French: and coinage ; and Louis VIII–, ; and Philip III ; rebellions–, –, ; and regency –,
Italian, signori as –Magyar , Sicilian , , , , , –, Welsh –see also aristocracy; knighthood
Bartholomew of Pecs Bartolus of Sassoferrato Basegio, Marco Batu (khan of Golden Horde)
and central Europe , , –, and Hülegü and Islam and Christianity –, and Rus′
Bavariaand aristocracy and Hohenstaufen as power centre and Rudolf of Habsburg serfdom and freedom
Baybars al-Jashnikir (Mamluk emir) Baybars, Sultan –
and crusader states , –, and crusades , and Mongols , –, , and Nicaea
al-Bayyasi (Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah) ,
Beatrice (wife of Ferdinand III) Beatrice of Burgundy Beatrice de Claustral Beatrice of Dauphiné Beatrice de Faucigny , Beatrice of Hohenstaufen , Beatrice of Nazareth Beatrice of Orlamunde Beatrice of Provence (wife of Charles I of
Anjou) , , , , , Beatrice of Savoy Beatriz of Castile Beauvais
cathedral , and royal finances –
Bede, the Venerable , bedouin see Arabsbegging, by Mendicant Orders , , , beghards beguines , , , , ,
in France , Behaim, Albert Beirut
and Mamluks , , , and trade , , see also John I of Ibelin; John II of Ibelin
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Béla III of Hungary Béla IV of Hungary
and aristocracy , –, and the Church extent of territory , and Mongol invasion , , , –
Bélibaste, Guillem Bella, Giano della –Belleperche, Pierre de Bembo, Marco Benedetta of Cagliari Benedict XII, Pope , Benedict XIII, Pope Benedictine Order –, –,
in Corsica , in Sardinia
Benevento, papal enclave Benevento, battle () , , , Bensch, Stephen bequests, pro anima Berard, Thomas Berat, battle () , , Berbers
and Almohads , , , –and Arabs –and Granada history –and Islam –and Ziyanids ,
Berceo, Gonzalo de , Berengaria, infanta of Castile Berenguela of Castile , Bergen, and trade –Berke (ruler of Golden Horde) , , , Bernard of Caux (inquisitor) Bernard of Clairvaux, St , , , , ,
, Bernard of Parma n. Bernhard IV of Saxony Berthold V of Zähringen Bible
illustrated , plate and papacy in vernaculars , ,
Bigod, Hugh Bigod, Roger, earl of Norfolk Birger Magnusson of Sweden , –, , bishops
and the arts , , Cathar –and councils , , and development of cities election , , , , –, , ,
, and Inquisition and Mendicant Orders –, , –,
and papacy , , , and religious Orders and rural society –, and universities –, –
Bisson, T.N. , , Black Death , Black Sea trade
and crusader states and Latin empire –and maritime republics –, , –,
, and Rus′ and Seljuq state , ,
Blanche of Artois , , Blanche of Castile
and Albigensian Crusade , , and Ferdinand III and Provence as regent , –, ,
Blanche of France (daughter of Louis IX) ,, ,
blasphemy , and Jews , , –
Blemmydes, Nikephoros , Blicke, P. n. blood libel Boccaccio, Giovanni Boccanegra, Guglielmo , , Boccanegra, Niccolò body, theology of –, –Boethius of Dacia Bogomil heresy , Bohemia
and Albrecht I of Habsburg –and aristocracy , , and central European kingdoms –,
and coinage and election of emperor –, ,
–extent of territory , and Germany and Hungary , and Jews and Mendicant Orders , –and monasticism and Mongols , , and new settlements and Poland , , –, –, as power centre and Prussia –and society and trade , see also Church and state; John of Luxemburg;
Moravia; Ottokar I; Ottokar II; Premysliddynasty; silver; Teutonic Knights; Vaclav I;Vaclav II; Vaclav III
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Bohemond III of Antioch Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli Bohemond V of Antioch , , Bohemond VI of Antioch-Tripoli , –,
, , , , Boileau, Etienne Boinebroke, Anton Bolesl-aw I of Swidnica-Jawor Bolesl-aw II of Mazovia Bolesl-aw III (‘Wrymouth’; Krzywousty) of
Poland Bolesl-aw the Pious of Greater Poland , Bolesl-aw (‘the Chaste’; Wstydliwy) of Cracow
, Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’; Wysoki) of Silesia Bologna, commune –, , , –Bologna University ,
Colleges of Doctors –and law school , , , , , and Mendicant Orders and ‘nations’ , organisation and students
Bonacolsi, Guido , Bonacolsi, Pinamonte , , Bonacolsi family , –, , , –Bonaventure, St
and Mendicant Orders , –, and St Francis as theologian , , ,
Boniface VIII, Popeand Aragon , , and the arts , , attacks on –, –and canon law , and College of Cardinals , , and crusades and dynastic feuds –, election , and Empire and Jews , and maritime republics and monasticism and multiple burials and Philip IV , –, , and Sicily , , and universalism see also Liber Sextus; Unam sanctam
Boniface of Montferratand Fourth Crusade , –and Thessalonika –, , ,
Boniface of Savoy, archbishop of Canterbury, ,
Bonis, Barthélémy Bony, Jean Book of Hours , book-keeping, double-entry –
Bordeauxand England , , , , , and wine trade , ,
borghi, Florence , Borgo San Donino, Gerardo di Boril of Bulgaria , Bornhøved, battle () , Bosnia
and Catharism , , and Hungary , –, and papacy
Bouchard of Avesnes bourgeoisie, and moneylending Bourges cathedral Bouvines, battle () , , , , ,
–Brabant, and cloth industry Bracton (book of laws) Brandenburg
and aristocracy and imperial electors , , and political power and Teutonic Knights –
Branner, Robert –Bremen
and military Orders –and trade ,
Brethren of the Sword of Livonia ,–
Brezeanu, S. n. Brian O’Neill, king of Tyrone , –bridges , Bristol British Isles
Celtic lands –, and the English state –see also England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales
Brittanyand John of England and Mendicant Orders and rebellion ,
Bruce, Robert Bruges
and France –growth , and manufacturing , –and Mendicant Orders and self-government and trade , , , ,
Bruno von Schaumberg of Olomouc , ,
Bulgariaand Albania and Epiros , , –, and Hellenic culture –and Hungary and Latin Church , , , ,
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Bulgaria (cont.)and Latin empire , –, –, , ,
, –, –, –and Mongols , , , and Nicaea , –, , , , –and Orthodox Church , , , and Serbia –, , see also Constantin Tis; Ivan II Asen; Kalojan
Buondelmonte family –, Burchard of Ursperg Burchard of Worms , , burgesses
crusader states , English –, ,
Burgh, Hubert de , , , , Burgh, Richard de –burghers
Flanders , Germany , , ,
Burgos, Council () Burgundy, kingdom –, –
and aristocracy, ecclesiastical –, ,–
and Arles –and Catharism and chivalry and Dauphiné , and Holy Roman Empire –, –, and house of Chalon , –, and house of Savoy , –, –and Philip IV and serfdom see also Arles; Franche-Comté; Provence
burialadoption in church by Mendicant Orders , , in monasteries , multiple refusal ,
Burnel, Robert Burns, Robert I. –, Burunday (Mongol general) –Byzantine empire –
administration –, and Albania and Balkans –cadastral register –and Charles I of Anjou –, , , ,
, , , and Charles II of Anjou , and crusades , cultural heritage –, expansion and fall of Constantinople , , , , and Genoa , , ,
and Holy Roman Empire , –, , ideology of exile , , , –, –and Orthodox Church –, –, –and papacy –, , –, recovery of Constantinople , , , ,
, , , –, , restoration of territory –and Serbia and society , , –, and taxation and threat to Latin empire –unity and Venice , , , , , , –see also Constantinople; Epiros; Latin empire
of Constantinople; Nicaea; Trebizond
caballeros
hidalgos –, villanos –,
Cabrera, Guillem, of Urgell Cabreros Treaty () Caedmon Caernarfon castle , plate Caesarius of Hesterbach , Caetani, Benedetto see Boniface VIII, PopeCaetani family, and papacy , Cahorsins, and trade Calixtus, Pope, and Corsica Callann, battle () Caltabellotta, Treaty () , , Calvi, Nicola da –, Camaldolian Order Cambridge University ,
colleges , and Mendicant Orders ,
Camino, Gherardo da , , , Campaldino, battle () Cannaregio, Giovanni Blanco da canon law
and Fourth Lateran Council –, –and Jews –, –, , –and papacy , and universities , ,
Canterburycathedral , plate and pilgrimage
Capetian dynasty –and aristocracy –, –, , and Boniface VIII –and Burgundy , –, and Dauphiné –and heretics and Hohenstaufen dynasty , and patronage , –, and peasantry and revenues –, , , , ,
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as sacred and territorial expansion , , , ,
–, , , –, , see also France; Louis VIII; Louis IX; Philip II;
Philip III; Philip IVcapital, theory of Capua, Bartolomeo da caravanserais cardinals see College of CardinalsCarinthia, and Bohemia , , Carmelites , , , Carobert see Charles Robert (Carobert) of
HungaryCarolingians
and art , and fairs
Carpini, Giovanni di Pian , , and Mongols , , –and Rus′ –, –
Carthusian Order , , cartography, development cartularies, maritime republics , , , ,
–, –Casimir II (‘the Just’) of Poland Casimir of Opole Castel del Bosco, battle () Castile –, , –
and agriculture and Almohads , , –, and Andalusia , , , –, and Aragon , , , , –and aristocracy , –, , , –and crusades and de la Cerda infantes –, –and England , expansion of territory , –, , ,
and France –, , , –and Gascony , , and Granada –, –, –, , ,
, –, , –and León , –, , , –, and Marinids , , , , , –and maritime republics , and Murcia , , , , –, , and Navarre –, –, , and papacy –, , population , and Portugal –, resources –and revenues see also Alfonso VII; Alfonso VIII; Alfonso X;
Church and state; Ferdinand III; FerdinandIV; Henry I; Jews, in Spain; Reconquista;repartiamentos; Sancho IV
Castilian language , , , , , –,
castle buildingof Edward I , –, , of Frederick II Hungary Scandinavia , –,
Castro, Pedro Fernández de Catalan, as literary language , , Catalonia
and aristocracy –corts , , and France and maritime republics , –, and record-keeping and Sardinia , and serfdom , , and Sicily , , , and trade , , , , , , –;
Levant , ; with Maghrib , , ,, ; Mediterranean , ,
see also Aragon-Catalonia; BarcelonaCatharism
and Albigensian Crusade , , –and Aragon , in Bosnia , –decline –, and Dominicans –, and heresy laws –and Inquisition –, , perfecti , , –, , –, , ,
and Real Presence revival and rural society and scholarship –, spread , and urban society , see also Bogomil heresy
cathedralsand Gothic style , , , –and Marian devotion and patronage of the arts , –schools
Catherine of Valois Caucasus, and Golden Horde , Cavalcanti, Guido Cavallini, Pietro cavalry, Scandinavia Cazola, Treaty () Celestine III, Pope
and military Orders and Sicily
Celestine IV, Pope , Celestine V, Pope , , , –, , Celestine Order –Cellites Celtic Church
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Celtic lands –and Christianity and vernaculars –,
Cepolla, Guglielmo Chaghadai khanate Champagne
and Catharism and fairs , , , , –, , , ,
, –and Jews –and nobility and Philip IV and serfdom
chancellorin England , , in Flanders
chancery, English , , chansons de geste , , , chapters, cathedral
and appointment of bishops and church building , –, and general councils and Mendicant Orders ,
chapters, monastic , –Charino, Pay Gómez charity
France and lay brotherhoods rural –urban ,
Charlemagne, and Latin Charles I of Anjou
and Albania , , , and Aragon , and the arts , , plate and the Balkans –, , , , and Burgundy , and Constantinople , , , , ,
, , , and Eighth Crusade , , –, and Empire , , –, –, and Epiros , and Flanders , and Florence –and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, , and Hainault and Inquisition and Italian crusade –, , –, and Jerusalem and Cyprus , , and Maghrib and maritime republics –, marriage , , and Marseilles and Martin IV –and Mongols and Morea , and Poitou
and Provence , –, , and Sardinia and Seventh Crusade –, and Sicily –, , , , , –,
, , , –, –, ; andpapacy –, , ; Sicilian Vespers–, , , , , , , ,
and signori , Charles II of Anjou
and Aragon , , , as Christian ruler , and Hungary –and Italy , , –and Jerusalem –and Jews , , , marriage and Morea –and Muslims , and Sicily , , , ,
Charles II of Naples see Charles II of AnjouCharles IV, Emperor Charles Martel of Anjou
and Arles –and Hungary
Charles Robert (Carobert) of Hungary –,
Charles of Salerno see Charles II of AnjouCharles of Valois
and Aragon , , , , and Flanders and Florence marriage
Chartersunder Edward I of England under Henry III of England , , see also Magna Carta
Chartres cathedral , –, , plates and Chernigov
and Mongols , and Olgovichi clan –, –
chevalerie/chevaliers –, , child murder, accusations against Jews , ,
, children, abandonment Children’s Crusade , –, China
and maritime republics –and Mongols , , , , –and trade , , , –
Chinggis Khan –, , , , , Chittolini, G. chivalry
and aristocracy –, –, , –,
and crusades , and monarchy , see also knighthood
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Chobham, Thomas de Chormaghun (Mongol general) Christ, humanity –, , Christburg treaty () , Christendom, Latin
attitudes to Orthodox Church –, ,
and the Balkans , , , , –and central Europe –, –, expansion , , and Jews –and Mongols , –, , , , –,
, –, –and new learning and religious images –and Sardinia –and Scandinavia –and slavery and superficial Christianisation –, –,
and toleration see also Church; papacy
Christendom, Orthodoxand the Balkans , , , , and Byzantine empire –and filioque clause , –, , , –,
and Hellenism –, –and Latin Church –, –and nationhood , –and papacy , , –, –, and religious images –and sack of Constantinople , –, and union of the Churches , , –,
, –, , –, , , Christian, Bishop –Christopher II of Denmark , Chronica aulae regiae , Chronica Poloniae maioris , , Chronica Turpini Chronicle of San Juan de la Peña Chronicon parmense , Church
and the arts –, –Celtic and charity and education and justice –in maritime republics and papal primacy –and reform , , , , , –, ,
, –and rural society –in Sicily and use of Latin , , –and the vernacular , –, wealth
see also bishops; cathedrals; Christendom;churches; clergy; monasticism; papacy
Church and statein Aragon in Bohemia , , –in Byzantine empire –, –, –in Castile , , , in central Europe and crusades –in Denmark , , in England , –, , , and Fourth Lateran Council in France –, , , , in Germany –, , , in Iceland in Norway , , in Portugal , , –, –in Sicily –, –, –, , , ,
–, and the signori –,
church-wardens churches
and parishes –pilgrimage rural urban , , –, see also cathedrals; Church; parishes
Cid, the Cimabue (Cenni di Peppi) Cistercian Order –
and architecture , –, , and art , –and asceticism and Catharism –in central Europe , , –, and Frederick II –, and John of England and lay brothers and Marian devotion and monastic reform and Neoplatonism and preaching and universities and urban society and women –
cities and administration and charity , in crusader states –distinctiveness –and episcopate and government growth –, –, , –, , , –and manufacturing , , , , and Mendicant Orders , –port cities –, and public health and safety –
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cities (cont.)self-governing and social exclusion and specialisation , , and trade –, , see also towns
cities, imperial , , –, , , –,–,
cities, Italian see communes, Italian; Ferrara;Florence; Genoa; Padua; Pisa; Venice;Verona; Vicenza
citizenship, urban , , , Ciutat de Mallorca, refoundation , , Clare of Assisi, St , class, social see aristocracy; artisans; peasants;
popolo
Clement IV, Pope , , plate and architecture as cardinal and Charles I of Anjou , death , election and Florence –, and Jews , –, , and Portugal –and succession and union of east and west –,
Clement V, Pope –, , Clementia (daughter of Rudolf of Habsburg)
clergy
and aristocracy , and celibacy , , and concubinage and discipline –, , and education , , –and laity –and the Mass , , plate and Mendicant Orders –, –, –pastoral role –representation secular , , –, and taxation –, , , , –, ,
, , , , –and tithes and travel , –and vernacular script see also preaching; priest
Clericis laicos (papal bull) cloth industry
Barcelona and finishing , , , –, , Flemish , , –, Florentine , France Sicilian
and trade , , , , , –, , ,,
see also woolclothing, and identity , , , , –,
Cluniac Order , , Cluny, and church building , Codex Cumanicus coinage , ,
Catalan , central European kingdoms Flanders French , , , gold , , , silver , , , ,
Colle di Val d’Elsa, battle () collegantia see commenda partnershipsCollege of Cardinals , –
and Boniface VIII , , and Frederick II –, , , and papal depositions and papal elections , –, , ,
–Collet, Aimeri du, Cathar bishop of Albi
Cologne
and archbishops , and Catharism cathedral growth and imperial electors , and trade , , ,
colonisationin east and central Europe , , , ,
–of Ireland , –, in Spain see Reconquista
of Wales , , Colonna family, and papacy , , –,
–, Comita, judge of Arborea , commenda partnerships , , , –commerce –
and agriculture , and communications –and contracts –, England –financing –, –, , infrastructure –maritime –, –and nobility –, –, and partnerships , , , , and record keeping –and regulations –see also banking; fairs; trade; and under individual
states
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commercialisation , –, Common Neo-Brittonic ‘Commune of Acre’ communes
French Italian , , ; and banking ; and civic
patronage of art ; and government ,; and military service ; population ;and rise of the signori –; and urbannobility –, –
and laity rural –, Serbian Swiss
communicationsand commerce –infrastructure –methods of transport –and towns –
communion, frequency , , , , ,
communion of saints Compagni, Dino , Comtat-Venaissin ,
and Alphonse of Poitiers , –and Raymond VII of Toulouse ,
Comyn family , Conches, Raymond de confession , , , , , –, ,
and Inquisition –and Mendicant Orders , , , , ,
Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis , confraternities see fraternitiesConfraternity of St Andrew Connacht, ruling families –, Conrad IV, Emperor
as heir of Frederick II , –, , –,
and Inquisition and Jerusalem , as king of Sicily , , , –and Louis IX and maritime republics , and Mongols and papacy
Conrad of Hochstaden, archbishop of Cologne, –
Conrad of Marburg (inquisitor) , , Conrad of Masovia , ,
and Greater Poland , and Teutonic Knights –, ,
Conrad of Montferrat , Conrad of Wittelsbach, archbishop of Mainz
Conradin of Sicilyand Charles I of Anjou death , and Ghibellines –and Jerusalem and succession to Frederick II , , ,
, consecration, forced consorterie (tower societies) , , Constance (wife of Henry VI) –, ,
–Constance of Hohenstaufen (daughter of
Manfred) , , , , , , Constantin Tis of Bulgaria Constantinople
and the arts , conquest () , , , , , , ,
–, –, , , , , and Frederick II and massacre of the Latins () , and trade , , see also Byzantine empire; Latin empire of
ConstantinopleConstantinople, patriarchate
and Fourth Crusade , , Latin , , , Orthodox –, –, –and Venice
Constitutiones pro zelo fidei constitutions, Florence , Constitutions of Melfi , consulates
Catalan , Majorcan ,
Consuls of the Sea , contado
and agriculture –Florence , , –and maritime republics , and rise of the signori , –, , , ,
and serfdom –and trade Tyre
contracts, and trade Corbeil, Treaty () , , Cordeliers
see also Franciscan OrderCórdoba
Christian conquest , , , Muslim control –
Corfuand Angevins , and Holy Roman Empire , , and Venice
Coron, and Venice ,
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Corpus Christi feast , , corsair wars, maritime republics , , ,
–, , –, Corsica –
and Cathars and Genoa and Pisa , , , , , ,
, –internal strife and James II of Aragon , , and papacy , , society –and vendetta ,
Cortenuova, battle () , , , –cortes
Aragon , , , and aristocracy –Castile Portugal
corts, Catalonia , , , Costa, Alamanno da, count of Syracuse , Costantino, judge of Torres Costanza Lancia (wife of John Vatatzes) ,
councils, general, and papacy , –,
–, –, –, county, English , –,
and administration , –, , , Courson, Robert court
and culture –, , –, and patronage of the arts –
Courtrai (Kortrijk), battle () , , ,,
courtscounty , , ecclesiastical , feudal honorial , –, , , –hundred , , , royal
Crac des Chevaliers (castle) , , Cracow
and Bohemia and German law and Greater Poland , –, –and Mendicant Orders –Mongol attack ,
craftsand education Flanders –and urban development
creditand rural economy , and trade , , , , , ,
creedand filioque clause , –, , , lay knowledge of , , ,
Crete, and Venice , , , , , , ,
Crevillente, Muslim enclave –, crucesignatus
rights –tensions –
Crusade, Eighth (-)and Edward of England , , , ,
–and Louis IX , , , –, –, ,
Crusade, Fifth (-)
and Austria –and Cyprus and Egypt –, , , , and Franciscans and Frederick II –, , , –, –,
and Hungary –, , and Innocent III and maritime republics , and Mongols –see also Damietta
Crusade, First (-) , , , , Crusade, Fourth ()
and Egypt , , financing –and Flanders and French , , and Hungary , and Latin patriarchate , and sack of Constantinople , , , , ,
–, –, , and Venice –, , , –
Crusade, Seventh (-)and capture of Damietta , and Charles I of Anjou –, and Henry VII and Innocent IV –and Louis IX of France , , , –,
, –, , –, , and Mamluks –, –, and maritime republics –and Mongols –
Crusade, Sixth (-)and Frederick II , and maritime republics
Crusade, Third (-) , , , and crusader states –
crusader states –, –, , , ,–,
and agrarian wealth and Ayyubids –, , , –, ,
and Byzantine empire and defence , , , –, and Frederick II –, , –
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and Mamluks , , , , , –,–, –, ,
and maritime republics , –, –and military Orders , , , ,
–; see also Knights Hospitaller;Knights Templar; Teutonic Knights
and Mongols –, –, and patriarchate and trade –, and truces with Muslim states , , ,
–, and urban wealth –and War of St Sabas –, –and western shipping –see also Antioch, principality; Jerusalem, Latin
kingdom; Tripoli, countycrusades , –
and art and crusader privileges , financing –, , , , –, ,
–, –, –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,
, and lay spirituality –and Mongols –, political , , , and recovery of Jerusalem , , –, small-scale , and trade , –vow , , , –, see also Albigensian Crusade; holy war;
Teutonic KnightsCrutched Friars culture
chivalric –, , court –, , , , , –, and elites –erudite and interchange –, rural –see also architecture; art
Cumansand Bulgaria evangelisation , , –, and Hungary , , , , –and Mongols , , ,
curate –curia, Flanders –, curiales, England currency see coinageCurzola, battle () –customs duties, England –, , Cyclades, conquest , Cyprus ,
and Antioch and Aragon , and Frederick II
and Hohenstaufen –and kingdom of Jerusalem , , –,
–and Mamluks , and Orthodox Church , , and Richard I , and Seventh Crusade , , , , and trade , , , –, , and Venice ,
Cyril of Alexandria, St ,
da Camino family Dafydd ap Gruffudd , Dafydd ap Llywelyn , –al-Dahmani (Sufi leader) Dalimil (chronicler) , , Dalmatia
and Serbia and Venice , , , , see also Zara
Damascusand Ayyubids , , , –, , ,
, –, and Mamluks , , Mongol capture () , –, –and trade
Damiettaconquest () , loss () , , , siege () , , , , ,
Dandolo, Andrea –Dandolo, Enrico (doge of Venice) , , ,
, –Dandolo, Ranieri (doge of Venice) Daniil Romanovich of Galicia and Volyn ,
, , and Andrei of Vladimir and Kirill II of Kiev and Mongols , –and succession
Dante Alighieri , , and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ –Commedia , , and Italian and papacy and signori , , Vita nuova ,
Danzig (Gdansk) , Dauphiné
administration –territories , , –
David, and Prester John legend David ap Llewelyn see Dafydd ap LlywelynDavid of Ashby –David of Dinant David Komnenos –, Davies, Norman xviii
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de Braose, William see William de Braosede Braose family , , de Burgh, Hubert see Burgh, Hubert dede Burgh family , , , de Lisle, Robert death and the after-life –decretals, collection Deheubarth, principality , , della Scala family see Scala, delladella Torre family see Torre, della, familyDemetrios Chomatenos, archbishop of Ohrid
, , , Demetrios Tornikes , Demetrius of Montferrat Denmark
and administration and agriculture , and aristocracy , , , , , –and castle building and culture decline , and education expansion , , , , , , , ,
internal struggles , , , –and kinship and military specialisation –, , and monarchy , and Norway , and peasants –population , , revenues , and Sweden –and taxation , , , and trade see also Christopher II; Church and state; Eric
Klipping; Eric Menved; justice; Knud VI;Scandinavia; Valdemar I; Valdemar II
de Roover, Raymond Desiderius Desio, battle () despots, in Italian communes –, devotion
Eucharistic , –, , Marian –, , , –, to saints
Dhimitër of Albania , , dialectics, and the universities , , ,
–Diego de Azebo (bishop of Osma) , , Dietrich of Meißen Dinis of Portugal , , divorce doctrine
and art –and filioque clause , –and level of conversion –
Dodecanese islands, conquest domini –, , Dominic, St , , , –, , Dominican Order
in central Europe –, –, and charity , and church building and confession and penance in Constantinople , –convents and monasteries , , and education , , , expansion in Florence , –and French monarchy –, and heresy , and Inquisition , , , , , ,
and Islam and Jews , , –, and mission , and new learning and poverty , –and preaching , –in Prussia success , –and urban society , –and women
Donati, Corso –Donati family , , , –Donation of Constantine , Donin, Robert , Dopsch, A. n. Doria family
in Corsica in Genoa , , –, , , , –in Sardinia –,
Douaiand cloth industry , fortification self-government
Douais, C. n. dualism, of Catharism , , –Dunbar, battle () , Duncan II of Scotland Durand of Huesca , , Durandus, bishop of Mende Durazzo (Dyrrachium)
and Albania , , –, and Angevins , , , and Bulgaria , and Epiros and Manfred and Nicaea and Serbia siege () and Venice ,
Durben, battle ()
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Dürnkrut, battle () , Durward, Alan Dusan, Stefan, of Serbia , , Dyrrachium see Durazzo
Easterlings Ecija, battle () , economy
central Europe –and commerce –, –cycles , expansion , –, monetarisation , rural –, , –, slowdown , and specialisation urban , –, –, –, –, ,
Edmund of England (son of Henry III)and crusade and Navarre and Sicily , , , , ,
educationChristian , , –of clergy , –and elites –expansion , , –and Latin , and Mendicant Orders , , , , and monasticism , and preaching , , , see also schools; universities
Edward I of Englandand aristocracy and castle building , –, , and court –and crusade , , , , , –,
, and Eleanor of Castile –, and Eleanor of Provence , , –,
and Empire and Flanders and France –; Philip III ; Philip IV
, –, , , and Gascony , –, and government –, and household , –, and Jews , –and justice –, –, and monasticism and papacy and parliament , –and public health revenues , –, –, –and Scotland , , , , –, ,
, –, –and Sicily
Statutes and taxation –, , –and Wales , , , , –, –,
–war expenditure , , and Westminster Abbey , plate
Edward III of England, and aristocracy Edward the Confessor –, plate
and Westminster Abbey , Edwards, J.G. Egypt , , , , ,
and Abbasid caliphate –administration , , agriculture , and Ayyubid rule , , , , , ,
, –and Fifth Crusade –, , , –and Fourth Crusade , , and Mongols –, , , and Seventh Crusade , and Sunni Islam and trade , , , –, , , ,
, , –, see also Mamluks
Elbistan, battle () Eleanor of Castile , , –, Eleanor de Montfort –Eleanor Plantagenet Eleanor of Provence , –, –, ,
, election see bishops; Empire, Holy Roman;
monarchy; papacyElias, Norbert , Elias of Cortona , , , Eliezer of Prague, Rabbi Elisabeth of Hungary, St , , , –Elisabeth of Vermandois elites, clerical, and the arts , elites, social
and conversion and culture –and education , in the Maghrib mercantile and parish councils in Scandinavia –urban , , see also aristocracy
Eljigidei (Mongol general) , , –, Emeric (Henry) of Hungary , Empire, Holy Roman
and Alfonso X of Castile –, , –and art and Burgundy –, –, and Dauphiné , decline xviiand Denmark
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Empire, Holy Roman (cont.)and election of emperor , , –, ,
–, , –, , , –and Flanders interregnum period –and papacy –, , , –, , ,
, –, , , , –; AlexanderIV , –; Boniface VIII ;Gregory IX , –, , , , ,, , , , , ; Gregory X ,, ; Honorius III , n. , ,, ; Innocent I ; Innocent III ,–, , , –, , , –
and Philip III and Sicily –, , –, , ,
–, , –and succession , , –and Translation of Empire , , see also Church and state; Conrad IV; Frederick
I; Frederick II; Germany; Henry; HenryRaspe; Otto IV; Philip of Swabia; Rudolf Iof Habsburg; William of Holland
Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne –England –,
administration , –, –, and agriculture , , and architecture , –, , –aristocracy: and crusades ; and debts ,
, , , ; and Europe ; andFrench territories ; French-speaking ;and justice , –, –, –; andknights –, , –; and monarchy, , , –, –, , ; andparliament –; revenues –, ;revolt of the barons , , –,–, , –; and Scotland ; andtaxation ; and trial by peers ,
army , , , , and art and Britain –and Castile , civil war: - , –, , , ,
; , , –, –, , and economy and France: and Burgundy –; and Edward
I , , –; Gascon war –, ,; and Gascony , , , ,–, , ; and Henry III , ,, , , , –; and Isabelle ofAngoulême , , , ; and John–, ,
and Mendicant Orders , monarchy: and aristocracy , , ,
–, –, , ; and law –; see
also Edward I; Edward the Confessor;Henry II; Henry III; John of England;Richard I
and monasticism , –, and national feeling –, and Navarre and papacy , , , , , , , peasants , population , , and serfdom –and status of women trade , , , , , , ; and fairs
and markets , universities , –; see also Cambridge
University; Oxford Universityand vernaculars –, and woollen industry , and xenophobia , –, see also Church and state; government, local;
Ireland; Jews; Plantagenet dynasty;Scotland; Wales
English language –, Enzo, king of Sardinia –, , epidemics Epiros, despotate
and Albania , –and Bulgaria , , –, and Byzantine empire , , , –,
and Charles I of Anjou , and Corfu , and Latin empire , , and Orthodox Church , , and Serbia –, , and Thessalonika and trade –and Venice , , see also Michael I Angelos Doukas; Michael II
Angelos Komnenos; Theodore AngelosDoukas
Eric, duke of Sweden Eric Klipping of Denmark Eric Menved of Denmark , , , , Eric of Sweden, St Ervennes, Treaty () Erzinjan, battle () escheats
England –, , Germany
esquires estates general , estates (Stände), Germany Este, Azzo d’
and chivalric culture , , , and the Church and Lombardy as podestà of Verona , ,
Este family , , , , –, , , Este, Obizzo II d’ –, , , , , ,
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Estensi see Este familyEstêvão Soares of Braga Estonia
and Denmark , and military Orders , and trade
Estoria de España –Etsi animarum (papal bull) Etsi de statu (papal bull) Etsi doctoris (papal bull) Etsi judaeos (papal bull) –Euboea see NegroponteEucharist
and Jews , and prayer for the dead , and Real Presence , –, and role of priest , see also Mass; Transubstantiation
Eudes of Châteauroux –, Eudochia (wife of Stefan II of Serbia) ,
Europe –
central see Bohemia; Hungary; Polandand Il-khanate –and Mongol empire –, , –,
Eusebius of Esztergom Eustache de Beaumarchais evangelisation
of Cumans , , –, European , , , , , , –and use of vernaculars ,
Evesham, battle () Evreux, Treaty () exchequer, English , , , Excommunicamus (decree of Fourth Lateran
Council) , , –excommunication –
of Alfonso III of Frederick II –, , –, , ,
, , , , , of Genoa and heresy –of James I of Aragon , of John of England , of Manfred of Michael VIII Palaiologos –of Otto IV , of Raymond VI of Toulouse , –
exempla , Exiit qui seminat (papal bull) exogamy exports
agricultural , , , –, , cloth , restriction , –wool , , , –see also commerce; trade
Ezzelino da Romano see Romano, Ezzelino II da;Romano, Ezzelino III da
Fabliaux Fadrique, Infante , , fairs , , –,
Champagne , , , , , , , ,, –
decline , English
Fakhr ad-Din ibn al-Shaykh , Falkirk, battle () , Famagusta, and maritime republics family
rural and society of kindred ,
famines , , , farmers, tenant farmers –, –, –Fasani, Ranieri –Fatimids, in Maghrib , Fawtier, Robert Felipe, Infante , Ferdinand III of Castile
and aristocracy , and the Church , and defeat of Huddite Muslims –, –and Empire , and León –and maritime republics and Reconquista –,
Ferdinand IV of Castile , Fernández, Adán Fernando de la Cerda (son of Alfonso X) ,
, , Fernando de Serpa (brother of Sancho II) Ferragudo, Pietro da Ferrand of Portugal, and Flanders Ferrara, and the signori , , , , –,
–, , feudalism
in England in Flanders –in Germany , , , in Italy –, –in Jerusalem in Latin empire , –in Scotland , in Sicily
feudsblood-feuds see vendettadynastic , –, in Scandinavia , –
Fez, and Marinids –Fibonacci, Leonardo Fifanti family , Filangieri, Riccardo , Fine, J.V.A. n. ,
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Finlandand crusade , and Russia and Sweden , –and trade
fish trade , –fitzGerald dynasty , , , –Five collections (of decretals) –Flagellants –, , Flamma, Galvano , , , , Flanders –
and administration –and aristocracy , , –, –and banking , and Catharism and Charles I of Anjou , and cities , –and communications and economy –and Empire –and England , female government –and France: Philip II –; Philip IV –,
, –, , , imperial and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , , –and nobility and population , , revenues –, and serfdom territories –textile industry –, , –, and trade , , , –,
Florence –and Angevins –, , and aristocracy , –, , –, –army , and banking , , , –, , and ‘Blacks’ and ‘Whites’ –and Cathars and coinage constitutions , and crafts and culture –defences –, and economy , –, , –, and Empire factions , –, –, , –growth –, –, , and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , –,
–, –, and guilds , , –, –and Inquisition , and manufacturing , , , and Mendicant Orders , –and militia ,
and Naples Ordinances of Justice () –and papacy –and Pisa –, , podestà –, , , , , and politics , , –, and popolo –, , –population , , –, priorate –, –and public building and trade , , –, ,
Florent of Hainault Flotte, Pierre , , , , Foix
and Albigensian Crusade , , –,
and Aragon and Philip III ,
foreignersin England , –, and permission to trade –
forest, royal , , , –Fornari, Bartolomeo di Foulques, Gui see Clement IV, PopeFournier, Jacques (inquisitor) Frame, Robin France –, –
and administration –, –, –, ,; see also sénéchaussées
and agriculture , and Aragon: and Albigensian Crusade –;
and Majorca , –; and Navarre–, ; and Provence , , ,, , ; and Roussillon andMontpellier , , , –, , ;and Sicily –, , –, , –
and architecture –, –aristocracy: and bishops ; and crusades
–, ; and inheritance –; legalstatus –, ; and monarchy , ; andnobiles and milites –; rebellion of barons–, –, ; and revenues
army , , and art , –, and bishops , and Castile –, , , –and Catharism –and communications and Dauphiné –economy and England , , ; and Burgundy
–; and Edward I , –; Gasconwar –, , ; and Gascony , ,, , , –, ; and Henry III, , , , –; and Isabelle ofAngoulême , , , , ; andJohn of England –, ,
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and Flanders: and Philip II –; and PhilipIV –, , –, , ,
and Germany: and Adolf of Nassau ; andAlbrecht I of Habsburg ; and FrederickII –, ,
and Italy and Mendicant Orders , –, –, and monasticism , , –, , and Mongols , , , , –,
–and Navarre –, , –and papacy: Louis VIII –; Louis IX
–, –, , –, , ; PhilipIII –; Philip IV , , , –, ,–, ,
and peasants population , and Scotland , , and serfdom , –taxation: and aristocracy –; of the Church
, ; of Jews , , , , ,; and warfare ,
towns and cities –, trade , , –, ; and currencies ; fairs
and markets –, ; and maritimerepublics –; and record keeping
and universities , , , ; see also
Montpellier; Paris Universityand vernaculars , see also Angevins; Anjou; Aquitaine; Arles;
Brittany; Burgundy; Capetian dynasty;Church and state; Gascony; Jews;Normandy; Paris; parlements; Provence
Franche-Comté , , , –see also Burgundy
franchise, urban Francis of Assisi , , , –
and Basilica , and Byzantine empire and poverty , , –, and preaching and stigmata , , Testament ,
Franciscan Orderand art in central Europe –, –and charity , and church building and confession and penance , , and convents and monasteries , –, and crusade expansion , in Florence , and French monarchy –and Inquisition , , and Jews , , and mission
and Neoplatonism and Orthodox Church , –and political theory and poverty , , –, –, , and preaching , , –, Spiritual , –standardisation –success and universities , –and urban society , –see also Cordeliers
Frangipani, Romano –Frankfurt, Peace of () Frankish states see crusader states; GreeceFranks
and art and ‘medieval’ Latin
fraternities , –, , –Fraticelli Frederick I (‘Barbarossa’), Emperor
and Alfonso X n. and aristocracy and Burgundy and crusades and Henry the Lion and Lombard League and royal election and Sardinia –and universities
Frederick II –and agriculture as Antichrist , The art of hunting with birds and Austria , , –, and Bohemia –and Burgundy and Cistercians –court and Cyprus –and Dauphiné death , , , , , , , and defence of the Church , , ,
–deposition , –, –, , , as Emperor , –, –, –excommunication –, , –, , ,
, , , , , and Fifth Crusade , , , , –,
–, and First Council of Lyons , –,
–, , and Franciscans , and Henry VI , –and heresy: charges –; suppression , ,
and House of Savoy –and Hungary
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Frederick II (cont.)and imperial cities –, and Inquisition and Italy , , , , –, , ,
, , , –and Jerusalem , –, , –, and Jews , , , as king of the Romans as king of Sicily , , –, , –,
–, –, , and literature and Louis VIII and Mongols , and Nicaea , , , , and papacy –, , –, , , ,
, , , ; Gregory IX , –,, , , , , , , –, ,; Honorius III , n. , , ,, ; Innocent III , –, , ,–, , , , ; Innocent IV ,–, , ,
and patronage of the arts –and Pisa , and revenues , , , and Sardinia –, and Sixth Crusade , , and succession , , –, , and Teutonic Order and Welf dynasty , ,
Frederick II (the Bellicose) of Austria and Styria, –,
Frederick III of Aragon, as ruler of Sicily ,, , ,
Frederick of Antioch , freedom
and aristocracy –, in cities , and decline of serfdom –ecclesiastical , –, , –, ,
intellectual in rural society
Frenchin Flanders as literary language , , ,
friars see Mendicant OrdersFriars Minor see Franciscan OrderFriars Preacher see Dominican OrderFriars of the Sack –, , , Friars of St Mary of Carmel Fucecchio, Treaty () fueros
Castile , , , –Navarre ,
Fulk of Neuilly , fur trade , ,
Gaibrois Ballasteros, M. Galicia and Volyn , , –
and Hungary , and Mongols , , , –, and Riurikid dynasty , –,
Galician, as literary language , galleys , , , , Galloway, rulers gallowglasses Gangalandi family , Gascon war (-) –, , Gascony
and Castile , , and England , , ; Edward I ,
–, ; Henry III , , , ,, ; John , ; trade
Gaza, battle () , Génicot, L. Genoa –
and Aragon , and Barcelona –buildings and public works and Castile and citizenship civil strife , –, and coinage and Corsica , , , –and Cyprus , and education and Empire , and Florence , and Frederick II , and Granada –growth , and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , ,
, and law codes and Mongols , –and Pisa –, , , , –, –,
–, –, , , , podestà , , , –, and politics , , , –, –, and Sardinia , , , , , –, –,
–and self-government and shipbuilding –and Sicily , , , , and Sixth Crusade –and trade –, , , , –, , –,
, –; with Armenia ; withBalearics ; with Byzantine empire ,, ; cloth trade , , ; withCorsica and Sardinia ; with Cyprus ;with Egypt –, , ; with Epiros; with Europe , –, ; and fairsand markets ; with Far East , ;
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financing ; with France , –; withLatin empire , –, ; with Levant, , , , , , , ; withMaghrib –, , , , –; withNicaea , , ; and record keeping, , ; with Spain ; and transport
and Venice , , , , –, –, Gente, Giberto da –, , , gentility, and nobility , gentry, in England , Geoffrey I de Villehardouin, prince of Morea
, , , Geoffrey II de Villehardouin, prince of Morea
–Geoffrey de Genneville Geoffrey de Langley Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia regum Britanniae
Geoffrey de Sergines , –Geoffrey de Villehardouin (chronicler) , ,
, n. George of Cyprus George of Zeta , Georgia, and Mongols Gerhard, archbishop of Mainz German Crusade (-) German language , , Germanos II, patriarch of Constantinople ,
–, –, , Germany –, –
administration and architecture –, , aristocracy: ecclesiastical , –, –,
, –, –, ; and Frederick II, , , –, ; and Henry VI–; and knights , ; and ministeriales
–, , , , , , , , ,
and art and Catharism court –and Danish expansion , , expansion of territory –, , , and France –, , , and Habsburg dynasty , –and Hohenstaufen and Welfs –, –,
, , , and kingship –, and Mendicant Orders , , and monasticism –, , and papacy –, , , –, , ,
–, , , –peasants , , and population Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , ,
–,
and Rus′ and serfdom and social change –and taxation and territorial princes –, and town-leagues , , –, , and towns and cities , –, , –,
, –, –, and trade , , –, ; see also Hanseatic
Leagueand vernaculars , see also Church and state; cities, imperial;
Conrad IV; Conradin; Empire, HolyRoman; Frederick II; Henry VI;Hohenstaufen dynasty; Otto IV; Prussia;Sicily
Gertrude of Hungary al-Ghazali Ghazan, Mongol Il-khan –, , –, Ghent
fortification and France and manufacturing , , –and Mendicant Orders and self-government and trade
Gherardesca familyin Pisa –, , in Sardinia , ,
Ghibellines and Guelfsand Angevins –, , , and Conradin –in Florence –, –, and kingdom of Naples and Manfred of Sicily in maritime republics –, –, , and papacy in Sardinia and Corsica , and the signori see also Hohenstaufen dynasty
Gil, Martim Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester , Gilbert de Tournai Giles of Rome , Giotto di Bondone , –, Giraldus Cambrensis Girolami, Remigio dei Gjin of Albania , glass, stained , , Gloucester, Statute , Godric of Finchale gold, and trade , , , , Golden Bulls
(of Eger) , (of Strasbourg) –
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Golden Bulls (cont.) of Rimini
Golden Hordeand Caucasus , and Christianity and Egypt leadership , and Lithuania and Mongols , , and Rus′ and trade , , and western Europe –see also Batu
Göllheim, battle () Gómez García of Valladolid González, J. González Jiménez, M. government
consolidation , local: in England , , –, , –;
in Norway papal –, –, , –of towns and cities , , , see also administration under individual rulers and
states; parliamentgrain
production –, , , , , , ,,
trade , , , , , , , –, grammar , Granada, Nasrid kingdom , , , –,
and Castile –, –, –, , ,–, , –
and Islam –and Jews –and trade –and Zirids , ,
Grandi non immerito (papal bull) Grandmontine Order Gratian, Decretum , , , Greece
and Byzantine identity , economy –Frankish states –, –, , , ,
Latin and Greek populations , –, –
Greek, and Orthodox Church , –, Greek philosophy , , Greenland , Gregorios Kamonas of Albania Gregorius, Master Gregory I, Pope (the Great)
and death –and Jews , , –
Gregory VII, Pope , ,
Gregory IX, Popeand Benedictines and Byzantine empire , and canon law and Castile , and College of Cardinals –, and crusades , –, , election , , and Franciscans –, –and Frederick II , –, , , , ,
, , , , , , –, , and Henry VI and Inquisition , and Jews , , and Louis IX and Mendicant Orders and Mongols and new movements and Portugal and Sardinia , , and Sicily –, and trade with Egypt –and universities ,
Gregory X, Pope , , and Alfonso X , , and Charles I of Anjou –, –, and crusade –, , , , –death , election , , , and Empire , , , and Jews –and the Mass and Mendicant Orders and Orthodox Church –, , , and Philip III and Portugal and reform –see also Lyons, Second Council; Ubi periculum
Grey, Reginald Grillo, Simone Grossa, Giovanni della Grosseteste, Robert
and Church reform , and new learning –, , ,
Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn –, –Guala (papal legate) Gualterio, Symon de –Gudiel, Gonzalo Pérez, archbishop of Toledo
Guelfs
and Angevins –, , , ‘Black’ and Charles II of Anjou and Florence , , –, –, and maritime republics –, –and papacy
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and Sardinia and signori , , see also Otto IV; Welfs
Guglielma of Milan Guglielmites , Guglielmo, marquis of Massa –Gui, Bernard (inquisitor) , –, Guibert de Nogent Guigues IV, Dauphin Guigues V, Dauphin Guigues VI, Dauphin Guigues VII, Dauphin , guild system –, , ,
and the Church –in Italy , , , –, –see also Hanseatic League
Guillaume de la Broche Guillaume de Nogaret –, , , Guillaume de Plaisians , , Guillaume de Saint-Amour , , Guillaume de Villehardouin, prince of Achaea
, –, , , Guillem de Montcada , Guillerma de Moncada Guillermo Pérez de la Calzada Gulam of Arbanon Gunther of Pairis Guy I de la Roche, duke of Athens , –Guy II de la Roche, duke of Athens Guy de Dampierre –, , , –, Guy of Lusignan , Guy des Vaux-de-Cernay Güyüg (Mongol leader) , , –Guzmán, Alfonso Pérez de Guzzolini, Silvestro Gwenwynwyn of Powys , Gwynedd –
and Edward I –, –and Henry III of England , , –and John of England , , –
Habsburg dynasty , see also Albrecht I of Habsburg; Rudolf I of
HabsburgHadrian V, Pope , Hafsid dynasty, in Maghrib , , , –,
, –, , , hagiography, royal –, , Hainault
and agriculture , and Flanders , –and serfdom
Håkon V of Norway Håkon Håkonsson IV of Norway
and the Church and crusades
and Hebrides , –and Iceland and justice
Hallam, H. Hama, Mamluk control , Hamburg, Danish conquest , håndfæstning (Danish statute) , Hanseatic League, and trade , , , , ,
, , Haro, Lope Díaz de , Haro, Mência Lopes de Hartmann of Habsburg Harvey, L.P. , Hattin, battle () , , –, Hausmacht kingship, Germany , Hayton of Gorighos (Armenian monk) health and safety issues, in cities –Hebrides
and Norway , –and Scotland , –
Heerschild, in Germany , Heimskringla Heinrich of Isny Heinrich of Kalden Heinrich of the Rhine –Helbling, Seifried Helena (daughter of Ivan II of Bulgaria) , Helena (wife of Manfred) , Hellenism, and Orthodoxy –, –Henry I of Castile , , Henry I of Cyprus –, , , Henry I of England Henry I of Navarre , , Henry II of Brabant Henry II of Cyprus Henry II of England , , ,
and law –, , , , and royal forest
Henry II (‘the Pious’; Pobozny) of Silesia ,,
Henry III, Emperor Henry III of England
and absolutism –and administration –, –and aristocracy –, , and Castile , and Charters –and the Church –, and court –, and crusades , , death and Eleanor of Provence –, –, and France ; and Gascony , , ,
; Louis IX , , , and Holy Roman Empire , and Ireland , ,
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Henry III of England (cont.)and Jews , marriage and monasticism and papacy , , , –, and parliament –, and patronage personal rule , –and public health revenues –, , , , , , revolution of , , –, –,
, and Scotland –, , and succession –and taxation , , tomb , , plate and universities and Wales , , , –, , and Westminster Abbey –, ,
Henry III of Gl-ogów Henry IV, Emperor Henry IV (‘the Just’; Probus) of Silesia –,
, , Henry VI, Emperor
and Burgundy and Byzantium and Cologne and Cyprus death , and Genoa and monasticism and papacy , and Sicily –
Henry (VII), king of the Romansand Burgundy , and Frederick II –, –ministeriales , , and papacy , , , , and regency –and Sicily –, ,
Henry of Antioch , Henry the Bearded (Brodaty) of Silesia –,
, Henry of Brunswick , Henry of Champagne , Henry of Constantinople see Henry of HainaultHenry ‘the Fisherman’, count of Malta Henry of Ghent Henry of Hainault, Latin emperor , , ,
–, Henry of Hungary see Emeric (Henry) of
HungaryHenry the Lion , Henry of Nenetyvari Henry Raspe , , Herculano, A.
heresy –‘academic’ and aristocracy , and Fourth Lateran Council , , –,
–, and Frederick II , , –, , and Henry VI of individual popes , , –and Judaism , , , and persecution –reduction in and secular powers –suppression , , , , and urban society , see also Catharism; Humiliati; Inquisition;
WaldensiansHermandad general, Castile , Hermann of Thuringia, and Philip of Swabia
hermits , , –, –, Hermits of St Augustine, Order –Hernández, F.J. Herrenstand Hethoum (Het�um) of Armenia , , ,
, , hidalgos –, hierarchy, social , , Hildegard of Bingen historiography
and central Europe –and growth of the state Marxist –and monarchy and nationhood –Reichsgeschichte and Landesgeschichte , ,
–, Scandinavian –, vernacular , –, –, ,
Hohenstaufen dynastyand Angevins –and Aragon , decline , , , , –and Jerusalem –, , and Knights Hospitaller and papacy –, , , , , ,
, and political crusades , –, power base , –, , succession issue , –, , and Welfs –, –, , , , see also Frederick II; Sicilian Vespers
Holland-Zeelandand Albrecht I of Habsburg and Flanders
Holstein, Danish conquest Holt, J.C. , , ,
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Holy Land see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latinkingdom
holy places, recovery , , –, –Holy Sacrament, feast Holy Spirit, and filioque clause , –, ,
, –, holy war
and Ayyubids , , , in Byzantine theology , and Mamluks and Spain , , see also crusades
Homs, Mamluk control , Homs, battle () –, , Honnecourt, Villard d’ , Honorius III, Pope
and Albigensian Crusade –, as cardinal and Castile and León –and Corsica election and Frederick II , n. , , , ,
and Jews and Latin empire and lay spirituality –and maritime republics and Mendicant Orders , and military Orders and new movements and papal primacy and Portugal , and Serbia and universities ,
Honorius IV, Popeand Aragon , as cardinal and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Naples
Honorius Augustodunensis honour, in England –, –, Hospitallers of the Holy Ghost Hospitallers of St Anthony Hospitallers of St Lazarus hospitals and hospices , , , , ,
–, Hostiensis, cardinal-bishop of Ostia
and crusading vow and Frederick II , and Jews and lay spirituality and papal elections
house of Chalon see BurgundyHouse of Commons , –house of Savoy see Savoy, county; Savoyardshousing, rural –
Hubert de Burgh see Burgh, Hubert deHuddites, defeat –, –Hugh I of Cyprus Hugh II of Cyprus , , Hugh III of Burgundy , Hugh IV of Burgundy , –, Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan, king of Jerusalem
–Hugh de Chalon Hugh of Cressingham –Hugh of St Victor Hughes of Digne Huguccio Hugues de Lusignan, count of La Marche ,
, , , , –, see also Hugh of Antioch-Lusignan
Hülegü (Mongol leader) , , –, ,, –, –
Humbert of Beaujeu Humbert of Romans , , Humbert de la Tour-du-Pin , Humiliati
evangelism , Third Order , and urban society
humility, and Mendicant Orders , ,–, ,
hundred, English , , courts ,
Hungary and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Angevins –, and aristocracy , –, , and Bohemia , as borderland castle building , and central European kingdoms –,
and the Church , –and coinage extent of territory and Fifth Crusade –, , and Fourth Crusade , and Latin Christendom and Magyars , , , , , –and Mendicant Orders –and monasticism , and Mongols –, –, , –,
and new settlement and Poland , and Rudolf of Habsburg and Rus′ , , –, –, and Serbia , and serfdom and Teutonic Knights
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Hungary (cont.)see also Andrew II; Andrew III; Béla IV;
Bosnia; Charles Robert (Carobert);Cumans; Jews; Laszlo IV; Stephen (Istvan)V; Vaclav III
Iakov, archbishop of Bulgaria Iaroslav Iur′evich , Iaroslav of Tver Iaroslav Vsevolodovich of Suzdal Ibn al-Ahmar (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr)
–, , –, Ibn al-�Arabi Ibn Hud al-Yadami , , –Ibn Khaldun
and defeat of al-Andalus and history of Granada , and history of the Maghrib –, –,
–Ibn Mahfud , Ibn Muhammad, Ishaq Ibn Sab�in Ibn Salu�s Ibn Tumart (Mahdi) –, , , Ibn Yahya, Aaron Ibn Yasin (Almoravid prophet) Ibn Zakariya� Iceland
and aristocracy , and Greenland internal struggles , and military system –and Norway , , , –and population and sagas and society , see also justice
Icelandic language icons, in Orthodox Christendom –identity
Byzantine , –, Christian and language –and urban growth
Ifriqiya (eastern Maghrib) –, , and Arabs , , and Tlemcen –
Ignatius (Jacobite patriarch) Il-khanate
in Iran , , , and Mamluks –, –, , , and trade , and western Europe –, –
Ile-de-France , , images
religious –, royal –, –
importsrestriction , see also exports; trade
India, trade with , , indulgence
and crusades , , , and heresy and image-relics and Mendicant Orders , and Orthodox Church and Reconquista
industry see cloth industry; manufacturing‘infangthief ’, right of infanzones , inflation ,
in England , –, in France ,
Ingeborg of Denmark , inheritance
partible –, , , , primogeniture , , , , and signori of trades
Innocent II, Pope Innocent III, Pope
and Albigensian Crusade , , –, ,
and Aragon , and the arts and Benedictines –and canon law –and Castile and León and Catharism –, and College of Cardinals –and Constantinople , and crusades –, , , , , –election , and Fifth Crusade and Fourth Crusade –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,
, , , and Frederick II , –, , , –,
, , , –and Humiliati and image-relics and Jews –, –and John of England , , and lay spirituality and Mendicant Orders , , and military Orders and new movements On the four kinds of marriage On the sacred mystery of the altar and Orthodox Church –and Otto IV –and papal primacy –and Poland
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and preaching , –and Raymond of Toulouse and reform , , –, and Sancho I , and Sardinia and Sicily –, –and Teutonic Knights and trade with Egypt –and universalism and universities , and Waldensians
Innocent IV, Popeand Alfonso X and aristocracy and Bosnia and College of Cardinals , and Conrad IV –and crusades –, , and First Council of Lyons –, ,
–, , flight from Rome , and Franciscans and Frederick II , –, , , ,
–, , and house of Savoy and Hungary and Inquisition and Jews , , –, , –, and Louis IX –, , and Mendicant Orders , , and monasticism and Mongols , , –and Orthodox Church –and papal primacy , , and Portugal –and Rus′ and Teobaldo I of Navarre and universalism
Innocent V, Pope , , Innocent VI, Pope Inquisition ,
and Cathars –, , in central Europe expenses in Germany and Guglielmites and Jews , , –, –, and mass executions and Mendicant Orders , , , and the signori and torture
insurance, and trade intellectual, emergence interregnum, in Holy Roman Empire –, interest, and usury –Investiture Dispute , investment, in trade –,
Ioakim, patriarch of Bulgaria Ioannitsa of Bulgaria see Kalojan, tsar of BulgariaIran
and Greater Seljuqs and Khwarizmians –, and maritime republics see also Il-khanate
IraqAyyubid control –and Khwarizmians , Mongol control , , , , , ,
Ireland , –
and administration –and aristocracy , –and Celtic Church English , –, , and Henry III of England , Irish , –, –, and John of England , , , –and trade see also Connacht; Munster; Ulster
Isaac II, Emperor –, n. Isabel of Hainault Isabel de Villehardouin –Isabella of Aragon –Isabella of England (second wife of Frederick II)
, –Isabella of Jerusalem –Isabella-Yolande of Brienne (first wife of
Frederick II) –, , , , Isabelle of Angoulême , –, , , Isabelle de Courtenay Ishaq (Almohad prince) Isidore of Seville , Islam
in the Maghrib –, , –and Mediterranean art and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols , , –, , , and rural communities in Spain , , , –, , and Sufism –Sunni and Shi�a see also Muslims
Italian, as literary language –, , Italy
and agriculture and architecture –, , aristocracy: as barons ; and the Church
–; and commerce –, –; andconsorterie , ; and popolo –, ,; rise of the signori –; rural –, ,
and art , , , , –and Catharism –, , and the Church, and signori –
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Italy (cont.)and communications –and Empire –, , , , , ,
, , and Frederick II –, , , , ,
–, , , –and lay spirituality –maritime republics –, –, ; see also
Genoa; Pisa; Veniceand Mendicant Orders –, , –, ,
, –and monasticism , , , –and Otto IV and the papacy –, –, , –,
, –and serfdom –and taxation and trade universities , , and urban society and vernaculars , –, and woollen industry , –see also Bologna University; Corsica; feudalism;
Florence; Genoa; Jews; Lombardy; PapalState; Piacenza; Pisa; Sardinia; Sicily;Tuscany; Venice; Vicenza
Iur′evichi clan –Iurii Vsevolodovich of Vladimir , –, ius teutonicum Ivan II Asen of Bulgaria
and Epiros , , –, and Latin empire , –and Nicaea , –, , , –and Serbia , ,
Ivo of Chartres , Iziaslavichi clan, and factional conflicts –,
, Izz ad-Din, sultan of Rum
Jacek of Poland, St , Jacobite Christianity Jacobus de Voragine, Golden Legend Jacques de Vitry
and lay spirituality , , and religious Orders , –
Jadwiga, St Jaén
and Alfonso de la Cerda Castilian conquest , ,
Jaffa, Treaty () –Jagiel-l-o dynasty see Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynastyJala ad-Din Mingburnu, Sultan James I of Aragon –
and Alfonso X –and Almohads , conquests and consulates
and corts and crusades , –, and Empire , excommunication , and Jews , , –and Louis IX , , –and Majorca , –, and Murcia –, , and Navarre , , and Provence , , , , and records revenues , –, and Spanish Muslims , and trade , , –and Valencia –, –,
James II of Aragonand Castile –and Jerusalem as king of Aragon , –as king of Sardinia and Corsica , , ,
as king of Sicily , , , , , ,
and the Maghrib ,
James II of Majorca , , –, James III of Majorca Jean de Braine of Mâcon Jean of Brittany Jean de Joinville , , –Jean Tristan (son of Louis IX) , , Jeanne of Hainault , Jeanne I of Navarre see Juana (Jeanne) I of
NavarreJeanne of Navarre (wife of Jean of Brittany) Jeanne of Poitiers (daughter of Raymond VII)
, , , , –Jerusalem, and pilgrimage Jerusalem, Latin kingdom
and aristocracy –, and Ayyubids and Charles I of Anjou and Charles II of Anjou –and crusades , , –, , and Cyprus , , –, –defeat () , , defences , , , , –, and Frederick II –, , , , and Gregory X –, and Innocent IV and James II of Aragon and Khwarizmians , , , and Louis IX , , , –, and Mongol–Mamluk conflict , –,
–, , –, –, , –and ruling dynasty –, –, –and War of St Sabas –, –see also Acre; crusader states; feudalism
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Jewsbadge –, , in canon law –, –, , –and child murder accusations , , , and the Church –in England , –; expulsion , , –;
as king’s property ; taxation , ,, ,
exclusion from office , , and forced baptism , and forced conversion , , , , and forced preaching –, , and Fourth Lateran Council , –in France –, –, , –, ;
expulsion , ; taxation , , ,, ,
and Host desecration , in Hungary , inferior status –in Italy , –, , as lacking in reason –, in the Maghrib , Mendicant mission to , and papacy , –, –, and Perpetual Servitude –, , in Poland and ritual murder accusations , , and secular authorities in Sicily in Spain , ; in Aragon-Catalonia , ,
, , –, , ; in Castile , ,, ; in Granada , –; in Majorca, , , ; in Valencia
in urban society , , –, and usury , , , , , –, see also blood libel; Inquisition; taxation
Joachim of Fiore , , , , , Joan (daughter of John of England) Joan of Constantinople –, , Joanna (daughter of Edward I of England) Jofré de Loaisa Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynasty , , Johannes Teutonicus John XXI, Pope , , John XXII, Pope , John I, Dauphin , John I of Ibelin, lord of Beirut –, John II Asen of Vlacho-Bulgaria see Ivan II AsenJohn II of Ibelin, lord of Beirut , , John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea ,
and Albania and Anatolia and Bulgaria , –, , , –and Epiros , , and Frederick II , , , and Genoa and imperial administration –
and Latin empire –, –, , –,, –
and Mongols and Orthodox Church , –and papacy –, , and Thessalonika –, , and Venice
John X Kamateros, patriarch of Constantinople,
John of Abbeville John of Arsuf –, John Bekkos, Patriarch John of Brienne
as king of Jerusalem , –, –, as Latin emperor , ,
John de Chalon-Arlay , –John de Chalon-Rochefort John Chrysostom John of England
and administration and barons , –, –, –and Canterbury election , character civil war - , –, , , ,
excommunication , and Fourth Lateran Council and France: and Anjou , , ; and
Aquitaine –, –; French territories, ; and Normandy –, ;Philip II , –,
household , and Ireland , , , –and justice –, –and law –, and Normandy and papacy , , and patronage , and revenues –, , –, , ,
, , and Scotland and taxation and Wales , , –see also Magna Carta
John fitzGeoffrey John of Hainault John of Ibelin, count of Jaffa –, , John of Ibelin, lord of Beirut see John I of Ibelin;
John II of IbelinJohn of Jerusalem see John of BrienneJohn Laskaris of Nicaea , John of Lugio John of Luxemburg John of Nesle, viscount of Bruges John Palaiologos of Nicaea John of Parma –John of Procida
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John of Salisbury , John of Thessaly , John Vatatzes see John III Doukas Vatatzes of
NicaeaJohn of Vicenza John the Wise (l’Antique) of Chalon , –Joseph I, Patriarch , journeymen Juan, Infante (brother of Sancho IV) , Juan of Osma (chronicler) , –Juana (Jeanne) I of Navarre , , –Judah ha-Cohen Judaism
and heresy , , and Mendicant Orders , see also Jews
Julius III, Pope jury trials, England justice
and aristocracy , –, –Denmark –, England –, –, –, –, –,
, Flanders –Holy Roman Empire in Iceland , –and Jews Norway –, , royal –, –Scandinavia –, , and signori , , –Sweden –
justicesof the bench , , , of the eyre , , , , , –, –of the peace of trailbaston
justiciarEngland , , , , –, Germany Ireland , Scotland ,
Kadl-ubek, Wincenty (chronicler) , , ,, ,
Kaikhaws (Kaikhaus) of Anatolia , Kaikhawsrau (Khaikusraw) Kalka river, battle () –Kalojan, tsar of Bulgaria , –, , al-Kamil, Sultan
and Fifth Crusade , , , , –and Frederick II , , , and al-Mu�azzam , –, ,
Kay Qubad, Seljuq sultan Ked-buqa (Kitbugha; Mongol general) ,
–, , , Kennedy, H.
Kézai, Simon (chronicler) , –Khitan nomads, and Mongols –Khwarizm
and kingdom of Jerusalem , , and Mongols , , –, , ,
–and al-Mu�azzam
Kietlicz, Henryk, of Gniezno Kiev
decline and Mongols , , , , and Orthodox Church –and Riurikid dynasty –, and trade –, , see also Rus′
Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks , , , , ,
Kirill II, metropolitan of Kiev , –Kitbugha (Mongol general) see Ked-buqaKitbugha al-Mansuri (al-Adil) Klokotnitsa, battle () , , –knighthood
Castile –Catalonia –chivalric –, , , England: county , –, , –; and
Edward I , –, –; and Henry III–; and John , ; royal household, ; shire –, –, –; andtaxation , –
Flanders France –Frankish , –Germany –; see also ministeriales
Italy , –, –, and local administration , , , –and military orders , and nobility –, , , –, Poland and townsmen see also aristocracy; barons
Knights Hospitaller , and charity and crusader states –, , , , ,
, –in eastern Europe –and Mamluks , membership and Mongols in Portugal , and property –and vernaculars
Knights Templar , , and Antioch in Aragon , , and eastern Europe and kingdom of Jerusalem –, –
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-36289-4 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300Edited by David AbulafiaIndexMore information
in Majorca and Mamluks and Mongols in Portugal , property –suppression , , , , ,
Knud VI of Denmark Knud of Denmark, St Kolkwin, Master Kolmer, L. Koloman of Rus′ Komnena, daughter of Nemanja of Serbia Konrad von Thüringen Konya
see also SeljuqsKöse Dag, battle () , , Kressenbrun, battle () Kristina of Norway Kruschwitz, Treaty () Küchlüg (Qara Khitan ruler) , , Kurds
and Ayyubids –and Mongols , –in Syria
La Forbie (Harbiyya), battle () , , ,
La Rochelle, Jean de La Rochelle, siege , , Ladero Quesada, M.A. Ladislas (Lazlo) III of Hungary Ladislas the Cuman of Hungary see Laszlo IV
(‘the Cuman’)laity –
and the arts and clergy –and crusade spirituality –and cult of the dead –and Fourth Lateran Council –, –,
–and Henry III of England and Jews –and literacy and Mendicant Orders –, , –,
–and monasticism –, –and papal elections –, and parish councils and pastoral offensive –and preaching –and royal service and rural religion and the sacraments –, –and superficial conversion –and suppression of heresy –and the vernacular , , see also fraternities; taxation
Lajin al-Mansuri Lambert, M. Lamberti family , land
alienation , , , and aristocracy –, –, , –clearance , –, common ownership –, –, , , –reclamation , shortage , ,
Landesherren
in Austria , in Germany
Landfrieden, Germany , , , , , ,,
Landi, Ubertino , , , –Landulf, Bishop Landvogten, in Germany , Lanfranc of Milan Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury
, , , Languedoc
and Aragon –, , and Blanche of Castile , and Catharism –, –, , , ,
–, –and cloth industry , and Jews and maritime republics , –and Mendicant Orders and rebellions and urban society
Laon cathedral Lapps, and Norwegian wars Lara, Alvaro Nuñez de Lara, Fernando Nuño González de , ,
–Lara, Juan Núñez de Largs, battle () Las Navas de Tolosa, battle () , , –,
and Alfonso VIII of Castile –, and Peter II of Aragon , and Sancho VIII of Navarre
Laszlo IV (‘the Cuman’) of Hungary , –,
Lateran Council, Fourth () , , , and Albigensian Crusade , , , –,
and canon law –and clergy –, , and crusades , –, , , and doctrine , , , and ecclesiastical liberty –and heresy , , –, –, and Holy Roman Empire , ,
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Lateran Council, Fourth (cont.)and Innocent III , –, , , , and Jews , –, and Marian devotion and Mendicant Orders and monastic reforms , –and papal elections and Polish Church and politics –, and religious duties , and Roman Church
Lateran Council, Second (), and urbansociety
Lateran Council, Third ()and doctrine and Fourth Lateran Council and Jews and papal elections and urban society
Latin and Arabic –and the Church , , , –, and historiography and the law ‘medieval’ , and translations , , and universities and vernaculars –, , widespread usage –,
Latin Chronicle Latin empire of Constantinople –, –
and Angevins , –, , , , ,
and Bulgaria –, , , –, –Byzantine reconquest () , , ,
, , , , –, , , economy –and Epiros , , fragmentation –and Frederick II and Genoa , , , Greek population –, –, , ,
lack of resources Latin population –, –, and manufacturing and Mendicant Orders , –and Nicaea –, , , , –, ,
, , and Orthodox Church –, , –,
–and papacy , , , , –and peasants –and Pisa , , society –structure and development –and trade , , , , –
and Venice –, , , , –, ;and Charles I of Anjou , , ; andGreek population ; and patriarchate ,; and podestâ –; and trade , ,, , –; see also Negroponte
see also Baldwin I of Constantinople; BaldwinII of Constantinople; Constantinople;Constantinople, patriarchate; Morea,principality; podestà; Thessalonika
Latini, Brunetto, Trésor , Latino, Cardinal Latvia see Livonialaw
Byzantine , –Catalan civil , –, , commercial English German , –, imperial Islamic –maritime in maritime republics of marque , Portuguese Roman , , , , , , , ,
Scandinavian –schools , , , sumptuary , , and the vernacular , –, , , –Welsh , , and written records see also canon law; justice
‘The Laws of Edward the Confessor’ Lazlo (Ladislas) III of Hungary Le Goff, Jacques Le Goulet Treaty () leagues (-), and nobility leather industry , Leff, Gordon Legnica (Liegnitz), battle () , Leo Gabalas of Rhodes , Leon of Armenia , León, kingdom, and Castile , –, , ,
–, Léonard, Emile Leopold VI of Austria , Lessines, Gilles de Leszek the Black of Cracow , Leszek of L- eczyca Leszek the White of Cracow , –Levant see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latin
kingdom; orders, militaryLevant trade –, , –,
with Catalonia , and Cyprus
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with Genoa , , , , , , ,
with Maghrib with Pisa , , –, with Venice , , , , , –see also Acre; Antioch; Beirut; Egypt; Tripoli
Lewes, battle () Libellus iudicum turritanorum Liber sancti Jacobi Liber Sextus (Boniface VIII) , , , Licet de vitanda , Lincoln, battle () Lincoln cathedral , plate Lisbon
capture and trade , university
literacyin Latin rural and trade , urban , in vernaculars , –
literature‘mirror’ , , , vernacular , , , –, , ,
Lithuaniaevangelisation and military Orders , –, , , and Mongols , and papacy and Poland , –, and Rus′ –, see also Jogaila (Jagiel-l-o) dynasty; Mindaugas;
Poland; Traidenisliturgy
and Latin , and Marian devotion ‘Mozarabic’ and preaching and uniformity
Livoniaand Brethren of the Sword , –and Lithuania and Teutonic Knights , –, –and trade
Lleidà (Lérida) , Llull, Ramon , , , Llywelyn ap Gruffudd , , –, ,
–, Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (‘the Great’) of North
Wales and Edward I of England , –, –,
and Henry III of England , , –,
and John of England ,
and Scotland locatores , –Lombard League, and Frederick II –, ,
, , , –Lombardy
and agriculture and Catharism and Charles I of Anjou –and exaction of revenues , –and Frederick II , , , –and Inquisition and Manfred and Otto IV , and trade , , and Venice
Londongrowth , and massacre of Jews privileges and revolution of as royal capital and trade , , ,
Longespee, William , Longjumeau, André de Lopez, Robert , Louis IV of Thuringia Louis VIII of France –
and Albigensian Crusade , –, ,–
and Frederick II and Henry III and heretics and Jews –and John of England and papacy –and Thibaut IV of Champagne –
Louis IX of Franceand administration , –, –, , and Alfonso X of Castile canonisation , , , and Cathars and charity and church building , and Crown of Thorns , and Dauphiné and Eighth Crusade , , , , –,
–, , , and Flanders foreign policy –and Franche-Comté and Frederick II –and French towns and hagiography –and Henry III , , –, , and James I of Aragon , , –and Jews , , , –Life
Index
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Louis IX of France (cont.)and maritime republics , and Mendicant Orders , , and Mongols –, , , , , –and papacy –, –, , –, ,
and peasantry personal rule –, and Provence and public service and regency , –and revenues , –and Seventh Crusade , , , ,
–, , –, , –, , ,
and usury , , and the vernacular wife , ,
Louis, son of Louis IX , Louis of Anjou Louis of Bavaria Louis of Blois Louis of Nevers –Low Countries
and Hanseatic League and monasticism –and trade , urban society , and woollen industry , , , see also Bruges; Flanders; Ghent
LübeckDanish conquest , as imperial city and military Orders –and trade , , , , ,
Lucalongo, Pietro di , Lucas of Tuy , , Lucca
and banking and education and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , and record keeping and trade ,
Luceraas administrative centre , and Muslims , , , , , ,
Luciferian Order Ludwig I of Bavaria, and Henry VII –Ludwig II of Bavaria , –, Lupichimi, Gerard Lusignans
and Henry III of England , , , ,
and John of England and kingdom of Jerusalem –
Luxemburg dynasty ,
Lyonsand Philip III , –and Philip IV –and serfdom
Lyons, First Council () –and Frederick II , –, –, , ,
and Portugal –and Seventh Crusade and Teobaldo I of Navarre
Lyons, Second Council () , –, and Church reform , and crusade –, , , and Greek Church , –, –, ,
–, , and Mendicant Orders , and Mongols , and papal elections –
Lyons, Treaty () –
Macbeth of Scotland MacCarthy dynasty of Desmond , Macedonia
and Albania and Bulgaria , and Epiros , –and Nicaea –and Serbia , , , ,
McFarlane, K.B. McKitterick, Rosamond n. Mâcon , , Maddicott, J.R. Maghrib –
administration , –, , and agriculture and Almohads , , , , –, and al-Andalus and aristocracy –, army , –, and Castile –, –and crusades , and Hafsids , , –, , –, ,
, and Ifriqiya –, –, –and Islam –, , –and Marinids , , , –, , ,
and maritime republics –, , ,
–, and trade , ; with Catalonia , –;
with Italy –, , –, , ,–; with Majorca , ; with Sicily
and tribal groups –, , , , –see also Arabs; Berbers; Jews; Morocco;
Tlemcen; Ziyanid dynasty
Index
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-36289-4 - The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume V c. 1198–c. 1300Edited by David AbulafiaIndexMore information
magicand Jews and religion ,
Magna Cartaand barons , –, and Edward I of England , and Henry III of England –, and John of England , , , –, ,
, , , , and papacy and trial by peers , ,
Magnus Eriksson of Sweden , Magnus of Norway –, Magnus of Sweden Magyars , , , , , –Mahaut of Hainault –Mahdi see Ibn TumartMaimonides Mainz, and imperial electors Mainzer Reichslandfrieden Mairano, Romano Majorca
and Aragon , ; and James I , , ,, –; and Peter II ; and Peter III,
and consulates , and knighthood and Mendicant Orders and Muslims –and Pisa and Genoa , , , –and record keeping and Roussillon , and Sicily and trade , , , , , , , ,
–see also Jews, in Spain
Maksim, metropolitan of Kiev Malatesta, Paolo Mâle, Emile Malikites
in Granada in Maghrib , , , –,
Malta , , maltote (customs duty on wool) , Mamluks –
and administration , , and armies , , and Ayyubids , , , –Bahri Salihi –, , , and Byzantine empire and crusader states , , , –, ,
, –, , –, and Egypt , –, , , , –and factionalism and Levant trade , , , , and Louis IX –
Mansuri , and Mongols , , , –, –, –,
, –, , , , –and Seventh Crusade –, –
al-Ma�mun , , Man, Isle of
and Norway , and Scotland , –
Man of Sorrows imagery , Manfred of Sicily
and Albania , and Byzantine empire –, and Charles I of Anjou , , , ,
–, , , and the Church , , and Henry III and Holy Roman Empire , , , ,
–, , and Italian communes , and maritime republics , and Savoyards
Mansel, John al-Mansur see Abu-Yusuf Ya�qub (al-Mansur)
, , –, al-Mansur Muhammad , al-Mansura, battle () , –, Mantua, and signori , , –, , Manuel I Komnenos , , Manuel II, patriarch Manuel Doukas Angelos of Thessalonika ,
, –manufacturing
and urban development , , –, see also cloth industry
manuscripts, illumination , , , , plate Map, Walter , Ma�qil (Arab tribesmen) marabout, in Maghrib –, Marco I Sanudo , Margaret (‘Maid of Norway’) , Margaret of Constantinople , , Margaret of Provence , , –, Margaret of Savoy –Margaret of Scotland Marguerite of Flanders , Mari, Anselmo de’ Maria (wife of Charles II of Anjou) , Maria of Antioch , Maria Beloslava Maria of Hungary (wife of Boniface of
Montferrat) Maria of Jerusalem María de Molina (wife of Sancho IV) , Maria of Montpellier , Mariana, J. de –Marie of Brabant
Index
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Marie d’Oignies , Marigny, Enguerran de , Marinids
administration –army in Maghrib , , , –, , , ,
, –in Spain ,
markets , see also fairs
marque, law of , Marra, Joscelinus de , Marrakesh
and Almohads –, , and Marinids and trade
marriagein church , and consent and exogamy and Fourth Lateran Council and lay spirituality , and ministeriales
Marseilles , –and Castile and Charles I of Anjou , and navy and trade , , –, , , , ,
Marshall earls of Pembroke , , , ,
Martell, Pere , , Martí, Ramon , –, Martin IV, Pope
and Aragon and Arles –as cardinal and Castile and Charles I of Anjou –, , , ,
, and crusade , and Guelfs and Ghibellines and Jews , and Mendicant Orders and Michael Palaiologos , and Naples
Martin V, Pope Martín of Astorga Martinho Giraldes of Braga –Martinus Polonus Marxism, and historiography –Mary see Virgin MaryMascherati family Masovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of MasoviaMasqueray, E. Mass –, –, ,
and commemoration of the dead ,
and popular devotion , see also Eucharist; sacraments
Massa, Chiano di Matera, Giovanni di Matha, Jean de Matilda, Empress Matilda of Artois Mauclerc, Pierre , , Maurisio (chronicler) mausolea, royal –, plate Mazovia see Bolesl-aw II; Conrad of MasoviaMecca, control Mecklenburg, and aristocracy Medici company medicine, and universities , , , , ,
, Medina, control Mediterranean see Corsica; Cyprus; Genoa; Pisa;
Sardinia; Sicily; trade; VeniceMeinhard of Tyrol Meir ben Simeon Meißen, and aristocracy Meloria, battle () , –, , , Mendes, Gonçalo Mendicant Orders –
and aristocracy , , –, and art and asceticism –, in central Europe –, –and charity and church building –, , –and convent schools and convents , –and crusades and decline of monasticism –, diversity and unity in –and economic thought –expansion and development –and Inquisition and Islam , and Jews , , –, –, , and laity –, , –, –lay brothers limitation in number and Mongols , , and penance , , and preaching , –, , , , ,
, –and secular clergy –, –, –success and Third Orders and universities , , , –, , ,
–and urban society , –, –, and women , , ,
Mercedarian Order
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mercenaries , in England in France , in Nicaea in Scandinavia , and signori see also Cumans; Kurds; Turcomans
merchantsand the Church –and currency –foreign –and justice and literacy and mechanisms of commerce –and rural society –and travel , , and urban development , and urban government , , , , see also commerce; trade
Merchants, Statute Mercia, and vernacular writing –Merovingians, and fairs Mestwin of Pomerelia –Methodius, St Metochites, Theodore Michael I Doukas of Epiros , , , ,
–, Michael II Angelos Komnenos of Epiros
and Albania , and Bulgaria and Byzantine empire , , , , and Genoa and Manfred , –
Michael VIII Palaiologos and Angevins –, and excommunication –, , and Genoa government , and isolation and Mongols and Morea and Nicaea and reconquest of Constantinople () ,
, , , , , , and restoration of empire –, –and reunion of the Churches –, , ,
, –, and Venice
Michael Asen of Bulgaria Michael Autoreianos, patriarch of
Constantinople –, middle classes
and economic demand and Mendicant Orders , –
Middle English Middle High German
Mieszko III (‘the Elder’) of Poland migration, to towns , , –Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov , –Milan
and Frederick II , growth and Guelfs and popolo and signori , , , , –, , ,
–, see also Lombard League
Milan, peace () milites
and chivalry –, and factions
Militia of Jesus Christ militias
in crusader states in Florence ,
Milutin, Stefan, of Serbia , –Mindaugas of Lithuania , –, ministeriales –, , ,
and Frederick II , and Henry VI , –and interregnum and military Orders
Minorcaand Aragon –, , , –, Muslim rule –
Minorite friars see Franciscan OrderMise of Amiens () , missions
expansion and Mendicant Orders , –and military Orders , –and travel and vernacular writing
mobility, geographic , , –, mobility, social
and aristocracy –, –, , , –,–,
and military Orders and rural society –and urban society
Modon, and Venice Molendino, Bonifacio da Molesme, Robert de monarchy
and aristocracy , , and authority , , –and centralisation and chivalry and coronation elective , –, , –, , –,
, , hereditary
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monarchy (cont.)and justice –and military specialisation and patronage of the arts –, –and representative assemblies and revenues and royal touch and succession see also papacy; saints, royal; and under individual
monarchs
monasticism –ancient Orders –and aristocracy and art and architecture , –and asceticism , –, and cult of the dead –female –, , , and laity , –, and Latin –and lay brothers , , and Mendicant Orders , and new Orders –Orthodox and reform , –, –, , and revenues , , –and rural society and studia thirteenth-century decline –, , and travel and urban society
money supply, growth , , , moneylending see banking; usuryMonferrato, Guglielmo di , , , Möngke, Great Khan , , , –, ,
, , Mongol empire –
and armies –, , and Bulgaria , , , and Byzantine empire and census , , and central European kingdoms –, –,
, –, , , and Christianity , , –, –, dissolution , , , and expansion westwards –and Khwarizmians , , –, , ,
–and Latin Christendom , –, , , ,
–, , –, –and Louis IX –, , , , , –and Mamluks , , , –, –, –,
, –, , , –and Mendicant Orders , , and Nicaea regional khanates –, and religous beliefs rise and character –
and Rus′ , , , , , –, ,–, , –
and Seljuq states , , –, , ,
and Syria , –, , , , –,, , , –, , , –
and trade , , –, see also Golden Horde; Il-khanate; Kipchak
(Qipchaq) Turksmonopolies, and trade , , , Mons-en-Pélève, battle () Montaillou, and Cathars Montaperti, battle () , , Montcornillon, Julienne de Monteagudo, Peace of () Montecorvino, Giovanni di , –Montecroce, Ricoldo da Montefeltro, Guido da , , Montefeltro family , Montenegro, and Serbia –Montevergine Order Montfort, Amaury de –, Montfort, Philip de –, , Montfort, Simon de
and Albigensian Crusade –, , , ,
as count of Toulouse , , and crusades , and Edward I of England and Eleanor of Provence and expulsion of foreigners and Gascony and revolution of –, ,
Montfort, Simon de (son of Amaury) Montgomery, Treaty () , , Montmireil, Jean de Montpellier, Guy de Montpellier
and Aragon , , , , , , ,, ,
and Catharism –and trade –, , , , , , , University , , , ,
Montségur castle, and Catharism –moral theology, and Penance Moravia
and Bohemia , , , and the Church , and Mongols , and new settlements and trade
Morea, principality , , –and administration and Angevins , , , , , and Charles I of Anjou , and feudalism –, –and Orthodox Church
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MoroccoAlmohad rule , –, , Almoravid rule and Castile , , , –Hafsid rule , , Marinid rule see Marinidsand Tlemcen
Morosini, Eufrosio Morosini, Ruggiero Morosini, Tommaso , Morrone, Pietro see Celestine V, Popemortality rates , –Mortmain, Statute mosaics , Moscow , Moses ben Nahman (Nahmanides) , Movement of the Apostles (Apostolics) , ,
Moxó, Salvador de Mozarabs, in Majorca and Spain , al-Mu�azzam, Sultan , –, , mudéjares , , al-Mughith , Muhammad I of Granada see Muhammad Ibn
Yusuf Ibn NasrMuhammad I of Tunis Muhammad II of Granada –, , ,
–Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr (Ibn al-Ahmar)
–, , –, , , al-Mu�izz Aybak, Sultan mules, and transport Mundy, J.H. Munster, and English Ireland Muntaner, Ramon , Murcia
and Aragon , , –, –, ,–
and Castile , , , , , –, ,
Muret, battle () , , al-Murtada (caliph) Muslims
and crusader states –, –, –in Italy , and Mendicant mission , in Portugal in Sicily , , sold as slaves , , , , –in Spain , , , , –, , –, ,
, and trade embargo , , , in urban society , , see also Ayyubids; Islam; Maghrib; Mamluks;
SeljuqsMussato, Albertino al-Mustansir, Abbasid caliph
al-Mustansir bi�llah (Abu �Abd Allah) –al-Musta�sim, Abbasid caliph
Nahmanides (Moses ben Nahman) , Namur, county, revenues Naples
and Angevins , , –, –, ,, ,
and art and Epiros , and Florence growth and monasticism and papacy , and Pisa , size and trade university , and Venice
Narbonneand Albigensian Crusade , cathedral , and trade , uprising ()
an-Nasir, Caliph , an-Nasir Daud an-Nasir, Muhammad (Morocco) –an-Nasir Muhammad (Syria/Egypt) an-Nasir Yusuf , , –Nasrids, in Granada , , , –, –,
, Natan Official, Debate of Rabbi Yehiel of Paris nationhood
Byzantine , –, development –,
‘nations’, in universities , –, , naturalism, Gothic , , Naumburg cathedral , plate Navarre , –
and Aragon –, , –, and Castile –, –, , and England and France –, , –see also Henry I; Henry II; Sancho VIII;
Teobaldo II; Thibaut IV of Champagnenavies
Almohad Byzantine , Catalan , , , Genoese –, –, , –Norwegian Pisan , Venetian , , , , –, ,
Neckham, Alexander nefs Negroponte , , , , Nemanja, Stefan, of Serbia ,
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Neoplatonism, and art nepotism, and papacy Nestorian Christianity , , , , Neva, battle () Neville, Ralph de (bishop of Chichester) Nevskii, Aleksandr, grand prince of Vladimir ,
, , , and Mongols , –
New Fez, and Marinids –, Nicaea, empire
administration –agriculture and Albania , and Bulgaria , –, , , , –cadastral register –economy –imperial demesne and Latin empire –, , , –, ,
, , , and maritime republics –, , and Mongols , and Orthodox Church –, and patriarchate , –and reunion of the Churches –, –and Serbia , , , and taxation –and trade –, –see also John III Doukas Vatatzes; John
Laskaris; Theodore I Laskaris; Theodore IILaskaris
Nicholas III, Popeand Burgundy –as cardinal and Castile and Charles I of Anjou and crusades and Guelfs and Ghibellines , and Jews –and Mongols and nepotism and succession
Nicholas IV, Popeand the arts and Jews and Mongols , and Naples and succession
Nicholas of France Nicholas of Verdun Nicolas de Lisieux Niebla, Muslim enclave –Nikephoros of Epiros , Niketas Choniates Nimis iniqua (papal bull) –nobility see aristocracynoblesse, and chivalry , , Noghai (Mongol ruler) ,
Nolasc, Pere Norbertine nuns –Norman Conquest, and vernaculars , Normandy
and Capetian monarchy , , , –and cloth industry English loss , , , and Henry III of England , and John of England –, and Louis IX and parishes revenues
Normansin Maghrib in Sicily , , , , , –
North Africa see Maghrib; Morocco; TunisNorth Sea, trade , , , Norway
and agriculture and aristocracy , , , and castle building , and the Church , , and court and Denmark , and education expansion , , and Greenland and Iceland , , , –internal factions , , , and kinship and local administration and military specialisation –, and monarchy , navy and peasants –, , population , revenues and Scotland and society , and state development and Sweden and taxation , war against Lapps see also Håkon V; Håkon Håkonsson IV;
justice; Magnus of Norway; ScandinaviaNorwich Notre-Dame de Paris , , , Novello, Guido , , Novgorod
and Aleksandr Nevskii , and Lithuania and Mongols , , and Riurikid dynasty –, , , and Swedish wars and trade –, , ,
Nur ad-Din �Ali Nymphaion, Council ()
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Nymphaion, Treaty () ,
O’Brien dynasty of Thomand O’Connor dynasty of Connacht –, Odo III of Burgundy , Odo of Châteauroux Odrowaz, Iwo, bishop of Cracow Ögödei (Mongol ruler) , , , –,
, Olav of Norway, St Old Church Slavonic Old French Old High German Old Irish Old Saxon Olgovichi clan
and factional conflict –, , and Mongols –
oligarchypapal urban , , , –
Oliver of Paderborn , , , Olivi, Peter (Pierre de Jean Olieu) –Öljeitü (Mongol Il-khan) –, –O’Neill dynasty of Tyrone , , ordeal, trial by , Order of Calatrava , , Order of Dobrzyn (Dobrin) , Order of Fiore Order of St John see Knights HospitallerOrder of Santiago , , , , Order of the Temple see Knights TemplarOrders, military ,
in Baltic –and crusader states , , , , –,
, –, and crusades decline membership , –officers in Palestine –, in Portugal , , power and property , , and Reconquista , see also Knights Hospitaller; Knights Templar;
Order of Santiago; Teutonic KnightsOrders, religious –
ancient see Benedictine Order; CistercianOrder
Mendicant see Dominican Order; FranciscanOrder; Mendicant Orders
see also monasticismOrdo de poenitentia –Orkney Islands, and Norway , –Orleans, law school , Orleans, Treaty () Ormrod, W.M.
Orsini family and papacy ,
orthodoxyand folk culture , and Fourth Lateran Council , and the universities ,
Osmanli (Ottoman) beylicate , Ostsiedlung Othon de La Roche, duke of Athens , Otto I of Burgundy (son of Frederick I) –Otto II of Bavaria , , Otto II of Burgundy Otto II of Meran , Otto III of Burgundy Otto IV, Emperor , ,
and John of England –and papacy , –, , –, , and Philip of Swabia –and Sicily ,
Otto IV of Burgundy –Otto of Bavaria Otto of Brunswick see Otto IV, EmperorOtto of Friesing , Otto of Lüneberg , Otto the Pious of Brandenburg , Otto of Wittelsbach Ottokar I of Bohemia
and the Church and Henry III and Henry VII as imperial elector –and Moravia , and Philip of Swabia and Poland and Teutonic Knights
Ottokar II of Bohemiaand Austria and Styria , , and the Church , and crusades and culture and Prussia and Rudolf of Habsburg , territories , , and Teutonic Knights and William of Holland
Ottokar, N. Ottokar of Moravia Ottoman (Osmanli) beylicate , Owain ap Gruffudd , Oxford University
and clergy and colleges and Mendicant Orders , and monarchy , and ‘nations’ , and political theory and Regents ,
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Oxford University (cont.)and scholasticism and science and students
Pachymeres, George , , , Padua
and rise of the signori , University
paintingfresco late antique –wall and panel , , , , ,
Pais, Julião , Palermo , , ,
and Venice see also Sicilian Vespers
Palestine see crusader states; Jerusalem, Latinkingdom
Pallavicino, Uberto da , , –, , ,
Pandulf (papal legate) , Panofsky, E. Panormitanus Pantaleone, Giacomo see Urban IV, Popepapacy –
and Aragon , , , , , , and the arts , and Avignon , , , , and Bulgaria , and Castile –, , –, , ,
–and Corsica , , and councils , –, –, –,
–, and crusader states and crusades –, , , , , ,
, –, , , and curia –decline and deposition of popes , , –and dynastic feuds , –and election –, , , , –and England see England; Henry III; John of
Englandand France see Franceand Frederick II see Frederick II and under
individual popes
and Henry VI , , , , and Holy Roman Empire see Empire, Holy
Romanand Hungary , and Inquisition , –, and Latin empire of Constantinople , ,
, , –and Mendicant Orders –, –, –,
–,
and military Orders –, –, –monarchical , , –, , , –and monasticism , –, –, –and Naples and Orthodox Church , , –, ,
–, –, –, –and Poland and Portugal –, –and primacy: Boniface VIII –; and
Clement IV –; Gregory X –, ;Innocent III –; Innocent IV –,–; and Mongols –; andOrthodox Church –, –, –,
and Sardinia , –, , and secular rulers , –, , –, –,
–, , –and secular wars –and Serbia and Sicily see Sicilyand the signori , , and universities , –, –, –,
–, and vicars of Christ , –, , , see also authority, papal; canon law; College of
Cardinals; Jews; and under individual popes
Papal State –, and Charles I of Anjou –and College of Cardinals –, and Frederick II , , –, , , ,
and Henry VI –and Otto IV –
Paphlagonia, Byzantine state , Parens scientarum (papal bull) Parenti, Patrizia Paris
and administration and architecture –and the arts growth –, and guilds and illuminated manuscripts as royal capital , , , and scholasticism –and self-government and serfdom
Paris, MatthewChronica Majora and First Council of Lyons and monasticism and Roman cultural heritage
Paris, synod () –Paris, Treaty () , , , , Paris University
and Aragon and Cathars
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and colleges , early history , –, –, and foreign students , , , growth and consolidation –and heresy and illuminated manuscripts and Jews , –and Mendicant Orders –, , –and monarchy and papacy , , and scholasticism Sorbonne ,
Paris–Meaux, Treaty () , –, , parish
councils –in France in Poland and role of Mendicant friars , –, and role of priests , , –
Parisio, St parlements, French
and Edward I and Louis IX and nobility and Philip III and Philip IV ,
parliament, Irish parliament, English , ,
and burgesses –and justice and king’s council and knights , , , and revolution of –, –, and taxation , , , , –, –see also House of Commons
Parmasiege (-) and signori , ,
paroikoi, in Latin empire –partnerships, commercial , , , , Passagians –pastoralism, and agriculture Pastoureaux , , , Pater noster, lay knowledge of , , , Patrimony of St Peter see Papal Statepatronage, artistic
and the Church –, civic –lay royal , –, –, , ,
patronage, ecclesiastical , patronage, royal, and Edward I , Paul the Christian (Pau Crestià) , , Paulinian Order , Paulus Hungarus paupers, rural Peace and Truce of God
peasantsand aristocracy –, income and rural economy and seigneuries –and serfdom –and subsistence see also aristocracy; barons; burghers;
knighthood; and under individual states and
regions
Pecham, John Pedro of Portugal, and Balearics Pedro Ximénez de Gazólaz, bishop of Pamplona
–Pegolotti, Francesco Balduccio di , Peipus, battle () Pelagius of Albano, Cardinal (papal legate) ,
, , Pelagonia, battle () , , , Peloponnese
Byzantine reconquest Frankish conquest , –, , , ,
Pembroke earldom, and Marshall family , ,
, , Penance , , , –, ,
and Inquisition –, penitence see Penancepenitents –, Pennington, K. n. Penyafort, Ramon de
and decretals , and mission to Jews , and new learning and usury , ,
perfecti, Cathar , , –, , –, ,,
Perfeddwlad –, , Perpetual Servitude –, , Perpignan
and Aragon and trade ,
Persia see Il-khanate; Iran; KhwarizmPerth, Treaty () Peruzzi company , , , Pervaneh (Seljuq chief minister) –Pescatore, Enrico, count of Malta Peter II of Aragon
and Albigensian Crusade –, and heretics and papacy revenues –,
Peter II of Savoy, earl of Richmond , ,, –,
Peter III of Aragon –and Castile , and Empire , , ,
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Peter III of Aragon (cont.)excommunication and France , , , –and Jews and the Maghrib and Majorca , and Muslims and Sicilian Vespers –, –, and Sicily –, –, , , and Valencia
Peter, St, and papal primacy –, –, ,,
Peter of Benevento –Peter of Brittany Peter of Castelnau , Peter the Chanter , Peter de Courtenay, Latin emperor , ,
–Peter Damian Peter von Duisburg (chronicler) Peter Martyr, St Peter des Roches see Roches, Peter desPeter the Venerable , Peter of Zytama, Chronica aulae regiae , Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) Philip II of France (Philip Augustus)
and Flanders , –and Frederick II –and John of England , –, and Louis VIII , and Normandy –, and Scotland and Third Crusade
Philip III of France –acquisition of territory –and administration and Aragon –, and Burgundy and Castile and Charles I of Anjou –and commerce , and court and crusade , –, , and Dauphiné –and economy and Empire , and Jews , and Navarre –, and papacy –and Provence and revenues and Sicily , , and taxation and usury
Philip IV (‘the Fair’) of France –and administration –and Aquitaine war –,
and Aragon , –and the arts , and Bernard Saissons , –and Burgundy –, and Castile and Catharism –and the Church and commerce death , and Edward I , –, , , and Empire , and expansionism –and Flanders –, , –, , ,
foreign policy –, , –and Inquisition and Jews , , , –and Knights Templar , , , , and Mongols , –and Navarre –, and nobility and the papacy , , , –, , –,
, and revenues , –, –, and University of Paris
Philip VI of Valois, and commerce Philip of Alsace , , –Philip of Anjou , , Philip of Courtenay , , , Philip of Germany see Philip of SwabiaPhilip of Ibelin –Philip of Namur , Philip of Sardinia (son of Charles I of Anjou)
, , Philip of Savoy (), and Franche-Comté ,
–, Philip of Savoy (), count of Piedmont –Philip of Swabia
and Castile and Fourth Crusade , as king of Germany , and Otto IV –and papacy
Philip of Taranto , –philosophy
Greek , , and theology –
Piacenzaand banking and popolo and signori –, , and trade
Piast dynasty –, , , , –, ,
Piazzalunga, Federico di Picardy
and architecture and aristocracy –
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population and serfdom
Pied Friars Piedmont
and Angevins , , –, –, and house of Savoy –and Manfred of Sicily
Pierre de la Broche –, piety, Eucharistic , , pilgrimage , , , ,
and mobility and monasticism –as penance –and pilgrimage churches and royal touch
Pious Friars , piracy , , , , ,
see also corsair warsPisa
and Alfonso X –and Aragon , , and Barcelona –building and public works and Corsica , , , , , , –and Empire , –, , , –and Florence –, , , , –, and Frederick II and Genoa –, , , , –, –,
–, –, , , , and Guelfs and Ghibellines –, –industries and law codes and papacy podestà , , , and politics , –, –, and Sardinia , , , –, , , ,
–, –, –and shipbuilding and Sicily , , and trade , , , –; with Armenia ,
, ; with Balearics ; with Byzantineempire ; cloth trade ; with Corsicaand Sardinia , , , , ; withCyprus , ; with Egypt –, ,; with Europe , ; with Far East, ; with France , –; with Latinempire , , , ; with Levant ,, –; with Maghrib –, ,–, , , –; with Nicaea –;with Sicily ; with Spain
and Venice , , , , Pisano, Niccolo Pistoia, and Florence , , , , Plantagenet dynasty –
and aristocracy , –, –and Europe –and government
and household increase in territory , –and justice –and law , –and loss of French territories –and papacy , , and patronage –, , , and revenues –rights and power –see also Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; John of
England; Richard IPlanudes plenitudo potestatis –, , Plesner, J. podestà
in Constantinople –, in Florence –, , , , , in maritime republics –, , , ,
–and signori , , , , , , ,
, , Poema de mio Cid , , poetry
troubadour , vernacular religious ,
Poimanenon, battle () Poitou
and Blanche of Castile , , –and Charles I of Anjou and Henry III , , –and John of England , and Louis VIII –, ,
Poland and Bohemia , , –, –, and central European kingdoms –, ,
and the Church –and coinage duchies –, and economy –and Germany –and heraldry –and Hungary , and Jews and knights and Lithuania , , and Mendicant Orders , –and monasticism and Mongols , , , –, , and new settlements , –and Prussia , –, , reunification –and Rus′ , , –, and serfdom territories and Teutonic Knights –, , , ,
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Poland (cont.)and trade see also Bolesl-aw III Wrymouth; Przemysl- II;
Silesia; Vaclav III; Wl-adisl-aw II; Wl-adisl-awLaskonogi (Spindleshanks)
Polish-Silesian chronicle politics
and First Council of Lyons –and Fourth Lateran Council , –, ,
and Mendicant Orders and the papacy –, –, –and University of Oxford in urban society –, , –, –and the vernacular
Pollanh, Pere, bishop of Carcassonne Polo, Marco , , , –, –, –,
–Polo, Niccolò & Matteo , Polovtsians
and Mongols –and Roman Mstislavich see also Cumans; Qipchaq
Pomerelia, and Teutonic Knights , –Poor Catholics , , , Poor Clares , , , , –Poor Hermits of Pope Celestine –Poor Lombards Poore, Richard, bishop of Salisbury popolo
in Florence –, , –and signori , –, ,
populationdecrease , , increase , , , –, , –, , rural , urban –, –, , –, , , ,
see also under individual states
Portella, Muça de ports, development –, Portugal , –
and aristocracy –, and Castile –, and the Church , –, –and population and Reconquista –, see also Afonso II; Afonso III; Dinis; Sancho I;
Sancho IIpoverty, evangelical , , –, , –,
–, –, , , and Spiritual Franciscans ,
powerand Mendicant Orders , papal , –; and Greek Church ,
; and the universities restructuring
of the signori , –in urban society –, , , ,
Powys , , –Prague , , , Prandota, Jan, of Cracow , prayer, for the dead –preaching
of crusade , , , , and education , , , , to Jews –, , by Mendicant Orders , –, , ,
–, , , , –revival –, , vernacular , , ,
Premonstratensians , , Premyslid dynasty of Bohemia , –, ,
Prester John legend , priest
as minister of the Word –and parish , , –and penance –and wills ,
Prim, Bernard primogeniture , , , Procida, Giovanni da Progon of Albania , propaganda
papal –, , secular , , ,
property, alienation prostitutes , , , protectionism Provençal, as literary language , , Provence, county , , ,
administration –and Albigensian Crusade , , –,
and Alfonso II of Aragon and Angevins –, , , and fraternities and James I of Aragon , , , –,
, –and maritime republics , –, and Mendicant Orders and Philip III territories –
Provisions of Oxford –, , –Provisions of Westminster , –Prussia
and Bohemia –and crusades evangelisation , and Poland , , , , and society –and Teutonic Knights , , –, and towns
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Pryor, John Przemysl- II of Poland –, , Pulsano congregation Purgatory , , , , ,
Qadi al-Nu�man Qaidu (Mongol leader) , Qalaman tribesmen Qalawun, Sultan (al-Mansur) of Egypt , ,
–Qara Khitan empire –, , –Qaraqush (Mamluk leader) Qasim Ibn Mara (Muslim revolutionary) Qipchaq see Kipchak (Qipchaq) TurksQuatrevoux, Franco-German pact () Qubilai (Mongol ruler) , , , , ,
queens, role and status , –Quia Emptores statute Quia maior (papal bull) –, –, Quirini, Matteo Quo elongati (papal bull) Qutuz, Mamluk sultan , , , –,
,
Raimundo, archbishop Rainer of Pomposa n. Rainier, St Ralegh, William Ralph of Coggeshall , , Ramon-Berenguer V of Provence , ,
–Rampini family al-Rashid , Raymond VI of Toulouse
and Catharism , –, , and Dauphiné
Raymond VII of Toulouse and Blanche of Castile –, and Catharism and Comtat-Venaissin –and Fourth Lateran Council and Louis VIII –, and Louis IX –, and Marseilles and Peter II of Aragon
Raymond of Perelha Raymond Roupen Raymond of Taranto reason
and Jews –, and philosophy and revelation ,
rebaptisers Reconquista
and al-Andalus –and aristocracy –
and Castile –, , –, –, ,–
costs –militar/lenta , and military Orders and monarchy and Church and papacy and peasantry and Portugal , –, and repopulation , –see also Las Navas de Tolosa, battle; Murcia;
Sevillerecord keeping
and commerce –, and government , and vernacular scripts
rector Regno see SicilyReichsfurstenstand , Relatio (Brevis nota) of Lyon I –relics, cult of –, , , religion, voluntary –Renaissance, twelfth-century , –Renaud III of Burgundy Renaud of Montbéliard –Renouard, Yves rentier class repartiamentos, Castile –Repgow, Eike von, Sachsenspiegel representation
in England in Germany in Italian communes , , , –in Portugal
revelation, and reason , revenge see feudsRévigny, Jacques de Rex pacificus Reynolds, Rob Rheims cathedral , –, , –, plate rhetoric , Rhine-Palatinate
and aristocracy and imperial electors , –as power centre town-league –, , and trade
Rhodesand Byzantine empire and trade ,
Ricciardi (bankers) , , Riccobaldo (chronicler) , Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’)
and crusade , , , and Cyprus , and Empire , and Normandy , ,
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Richard I of England (‘Lionheart’) (cont.)and Provence and revenues and succession
Richard of Cornwall , and crusade –, , and Empire –, –, , , , as king of Germany , n. marriage
Richard de Clare, earl of Gloucester Richard of St Victor Richard of San Germano ricos hombres , Rigaud, Eudes, archbishop of Rouen –risk-taking, in trade , Ritterstand Riurik Rostislavich of Smolensk Riurikid dynasty
- –- –and Mongols –, , –
Rivalto, Giordano da river transport –, –roads
and commerce –, –, maintenance pilgrimage roads Roman –, and tolls ,
Robert II of Artois Robert II of Burgundy , Robert of Alençon Robert of Anjou Robert of Artois –, , , , Robert de Béthune –Robert de Courçon Robert de Courtenay Robert of Esztergom Robert ‘le bougre’ Rocca, Sinucello della Roccavione, battle () Roches, Peter des (bishop of Winchester) ,
, , Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada , Rodrigo of Toledo , Roger I of Sicily Roger II of Sicily , , , Roger of Howden Roger of Leybourne Roger de Loria , Roger of Mirepoix Roger of Sanseverino Rolandino (chronicler) –, –, Roman de Fauvel Roman Empire, cultural heritage Roman Mstislavich of Vladimir –
and Kiev
Romance languages , –, , Romania see Latin empire of ConstantinopleRomano, Ezzelino II da Romano, Ezzelino III da
and the Church –and Frederick II , and Manfred of Sicily as tyrant –, , , , , and Venice
Romano, Marco Romanus, Cardinal Rome
and the arts , , –cultural heritage growth and Manfred and pilgrimage , and trade University
Roquebert, M. Rostislavichi clan
and factional conflict –, , and Mongols –
Rouen, French capture () Roussillon ,
and James I of Aragon , and James of Majorca , , , –,
and Peter III of Aragon ,
routiers, in France , Rubinstein, N. Rubruck, Guillaume de , –, –, Rudolf I of Habsburg, king of the Romans
and Bohemia , , and Burgundy , , –, and Charles I of Anjou –and crown lands –and Dauphiné , election and house of Savoy and papacy , , –and towns ,
Rudolf of the Rhine Rule of St Augustine , , , , ,
Rule of St Benedict , , Rule of St Francis , Rum see Anatolia; SeljuqsRunciman, S. n. Rupert of Deutz Rus′ –
and administration and central European kingdoms and economy and Hungary , , –, –, and Lithuania –, and Mazovia
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and Mongols , , , , , ,–, , –, , , –;effects –
and Orthodox Church , , , –and papacy and Poland , , –, population and Riurikid factions –, –and Swedish wars , , , , and trade , , , , , see also Daniil Romanovich; Iaroslav of Tver;
Nevskii, Aleksandr; Vasilii of KostromaRustichello of Pisa –, Rutebeuf (poet)
Sa�ada (Muslim revolutionary) , Sacconi, Rainier Sachets –, , , Sachsenspiegel law book , sacraments
and Cathars and Fourth Lateran Council , , , increasing importance –, –, –and role of parish priest –, and Waldensians see also Eucharist; Mass; Penance
Sacred College see College of CardinalsSahyun, principality , –as-Sa�id , as-Sa�id Berke Khan St Louis see Louis IX of FranceSt Sabas, War of , , , –, –Sainte-Chapelle, Paris , , plate Saintonge, English possession , saints
canonisation , communion of saints cults , , , relics –, , , royal , –, ,
Saisset, Bernard (bishop of Pamiers) ,–
Saladinand crusader states , , , , ,
, , death ,
Salamanca, University Salar (Mamluk emir) sales tax as-Salih Ayyub , , , , , , as-Salih Ismail , , Salimbene de Adam , ,
and Ezzelino III da Romano and Giberto da Gente , , and the signori –, , , , , and Uberto da Pallavicino ,
Salomea of Hungary, Blessed ,
salt trade , –, –, , , , , ,,
Salvemini, G. Salza, Hermann von , , Salzburg, and aristocracy , Sambonifacio, Lodovico da , , Sambor of Dirschau Samogitians of Livonia , Samson, abbot of St Edmund’s San Germano, Treaty () , , –, ,
Sanç, Fernan Sanç, Nunyo, count of Roussillon , , Sanç, of Provence, Sancho I of Portugal
and bequests and the Church , and papacy –revenues –
Sancho II of Portugaland the Church , , and Reconquista , –
Sancho IV (de la Cerda) of Castileand court intrigue –and Granada –intellectual interests and Murcia and revenues and Sicily and succession to Alfonso X –
Sancho VIII of Navarre (el Fuerte) –, Sancho of Majorca , Sancho of Toledo Sancia of Provence (wife of Richard of
Cornwall) , Sandwich, naval battle () Sanhaja Berbers , Sanjar, Seljuq sultan Sanjar al-Halabi Sanjek, F. Santarem, battle () Santiago de Compostela, and pilgrimage , ,
Sanudo, Marco , Saracens, and Frederick II Sardinia –, –
and Aragonese invasion Arborea judgeship –, , –Cagliari judgeship –, , , , –and Charles I of Anjou , and continental dynasties –economy –, –and Eighth Crusade and Frederick II –, Gallura judgeship , , , –and Genoa and Pisa , , , –, ,
, , , –, –, –
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Sardinia (cont.)internal strife –, –and James II of Aragon , , , and papacy , –, –population , , –and serfdom and silver mines , , society , –Torres/Logudoro judgeship , –, ,
–, –towns and cities –and Visconti and Gherardesco
Sartaq (Mongol leader) –, Sarum Rite Savoy, county
and administration –and Dauphiné , , territories –,
Savoyardsand Burgundy –, , –and Frederick II –and Henry III of England –, ,
Saxo Grammaticus, Gesta Danorum Saxony, and imperial electors , , Sayf ad-Din Qipchak (Mamluk emir) Sayf ad-Din Qutuz Scala, Alberto della , , , , Scala, Mastino della , , , , Scala, della, family , , , , , , Scandinavia –,
administration and the Church –and culture and ideology –and economy and society –external conflict –internal conflict –, , , , –,
–and justice and legislation –, and military system , –, , peasants –, –, , , population –, –and state development –and towns and cities see also Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway;
SwedenScania, and trade , Schiavo, Domenico Schiller, Friedrich n. scholasticism –schools
cathedral , convent grammar rural ,
Schwabenspiegel science, and universities –, , Scot, Michael
Scotland , –and administration –, and aristocracy , , –and England , , , –; Edward I ,
, , , –, , , –, –;Henry III –; John
and France , , and Hebrides , , –and Man , , –and monarchy –, –and Norway , –Wars of Independence see also Alexander II; Alexander III; Balliol,
John; GallowayScotti, Alberto , , , , scribes, and vernaculars , sculpture
and classicism , plate Gothic , plate see also statuary
scutage sea loans , , , sea transport
and trade , –, , , , , see also shipbuilding
secularism, secularisation , , Sedlmayr, Hans Segalari, Ranieri Manente di Segarelli, Gerardo seigneuries
and parishes and patronage rights rural , –and serfdom –
Seljuqsand Abbasids and Ayyubids , and Byzantine empire , , , ,
and Fifth Crusade and Khwarizmians and Mamluks –and Mongols , , –, , , and trade , , and Turcomans
Sempad sénéchaussées , , –, , , , ,
–Senlis, Nicolas de n. Sennett, Richard Serbia
and Albania , , and Bulgaria –, , –and Byzantine empire , –and Epiros –, , and Greek culture
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and Hungary , and Latin Church , , , and Macedonia , , , , and Montenegro –and Nicaea , –, and Orthodox Church , , territories –, and Venice see also Stefan Uros II
serfdom, decline , –sermons
and revival of preaching –, vernacular , , ,
Servites of St Mary Settepozzi, naval battle () Seville
reconquest () , , , , –and trade ,
Shajar ad-Durr –share-cropping –Shepherds’ Crusade , , , sheriffs
England: and Edward I –, –; andHenry III , ; and John , –,
Ireland Scotland
Shetland, and Norway , –Shi�a Assassins
and Ayyubids , , , and Mongols ,
shipbuilding, in maritime republics –shrines , , , Sicilian Vespers –, , , ,
and Angevin defeat , , , and Byzantine empire and Genoese fleet and papacy , and Peter III of Aragon –, –,
Sicily –, and administration and agriculture , and Angevins , –, –, , ,
–, –, –, –and Arabic and Aragon , , , , , , ,
, ; and Alfonso III , , , ,; and Frederick III , , , ;and James I –, ; and James II ,, , , , ; and Peter III –,–, , , –, , ,
and aristocracy , , , , Berber invasion , and Catalonia , and economy , , and Edmund of England , , , ,
, , ,
and Empire –, , –, , ,–, , –
and feudalism and Florence and Genoa , , , , and Inquisition and Jews and literature and the Maghrib , , , and maritime republics , and monasticism and Muslims , , and Normans , , , , , ,
–and Otto IV , , and papacy –, , , –, –;
Alexander IV ; Boniface VIII , ,; Celestine III ; Gregory IX –,, , , ; Honorius III , ;Honorius IV , ; Innocent III –,–, ; Innocent IV –, –;Martin IV ; Urban II
population and religious toleration and society –and taxation , and trade , –, , , –, and Venice , see also Charles I of Anjou; Church and state;
Conrad IV; Frederick II; Henry VI; Henry(VII); Manfred
Sicut iudaeis non (papal bull) , , , –Siegfried III of Eppenstein Siegfried von Feuchtwangen Siegfried of Westerburg, archbishop of Cologne
Siena
and art and banking and Florence , , , , , and trade
Siger of Brabant , signori
as barons –and the Church –, and courts –and Empire , and factions , –, and fear and feudalism –in Italian communes , –and justice , , –and love –and popolo –, , and taxation as tyrants –, , and vendetta ,
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Silesiaand Bohemia , and the Church –and new settlement and Poland , , –, , and serfdom and trade see also Bolesl-aw (‘the Tall’); Henry II (‘the
Pious’); Henry IV (‘the Just’); Henry theBearded
silk trade , , , , , , silver
Bohemian , , –, Sardinian , , and trade , , , , , , ,
simony, ban on Simson, O. von sin
and penitence , –and urban society , –
Sinucello, Sisman of Bulgaria Sit′ river, battle () , Sivéry, Gérard slave trade , , , , , , slavery
decline and Muslims , , , , –and sack of Constantinople
Slavic languages, and writing Slavs
and Germans , , –, and unity see also Bulgaria; Macedonia; Poland; Rus′; Serbia
Slovakia, and Hungary Smbat Smolensk
and Mongols , and Rostislavichi clan –,
Snorri Sturluson Sobeslav of Moravia societas contracts , society
commercialisation , –rural , –, –, , , , tribal –urban –, –, , , , –, ,
Society of the Faith Soeiro, bishop of Lisbon Soeiro, Pedro, bishop of Coimbra Soldau, Treaty () Solomon ben Ammar Somme le roi , plate Soranzo, Giovanni Sorbon, Robert de , Soria, Treaty ()
sovereignty, apostolic , Spain
Almohads in , , , , –, ,,
and Arabic –and architecture –, , and art and crusades , , , , Marinids in and Mendicant Orders and military Orders and monasticism and Muslims , , , , –, , –,
, –and serfdom and trade and universities –and use of Latin and vernaculars , , , –and woollen industry see also Andalusia; Aragon-Catalonia; Balearics;
Castile; Catalonia; Granada; Jews, in Spain;Majorca; Navarre; Portugal; Reconquista;Valencia
specialisation, military –, , –Sperandeo, Abbot Speronists spice trade , , , , , , , , –,
Spini family , , Spinola, Nicolozzo Spinola family, Genoa , –, , , ,
spirituality
Franciscan Latin lay –, –, –
Spoleto, duchy, and Frederick II , squires, and nobility , , , Stanisl-aw of Hungary, St , , , , states
and crusades –growth , –, –
statuaryportal , , plates and tomb , see also sculpture
Statutes, Edwardian Statutes of Pamiers n. Statutes of Pera Statutum in favorem principum Stefan II the ‘First-crowned’ of Serbia , ,
–Stefan Dusan see Dusan, Stefan, of SerbiaStefan Nemanja see Nemanja, StefanStefan Prvovecani see Stefan II the ‘First-
crowned’
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Stefan Radoslav of Serbia , Stefan Uros II of Serbia , Stephen II of Auxonne and Chalon Stephen VI Uros Stephen (Istvan) V of Hungary –, , Stephen of England Stephen of Hungary, St , Stephen of Lexington, Abbot Stephen of Muret, St Stilbes, Constantine, bishop of Cyzicus –Stirling Bridge, battle () Straits of Gibraltar, and trade , , , ,
studia, monastic , studium generale , –Styria
and aristocracy and Bohemia , , , , and Frederick II –and silver
Sübödei (Mongol khan) Suessa, Taddeo da , , Sufism, in Maghrib –sugar trade Suger, abbot of Saint-Denis , , Sully, Maurice de, bishop of Paris Sunqur al-Ashqar (Mamluk emir) –Super speculam (papal bull) superstition, and Christian faith , surnames, increasing use , Suzdal
and Aleksandr Nevskii and Iur′evichi clan , –and Mongols , , and trade
Svantopolk of Pomerelia Swabia, and Hohenstaufen dynasty –, ,
Sweden
and administration and agriculture , and aristocracy , , , and castle building and Denmark –, –and education expansion –, and Finland , –internal struggles –, , –and kinship and military specialisation , , , and monarchy –and Norway and peasants and population revenues and Rus′ , , , , and serfdom
and taxation see also Birger Magnusson; justice; Magnus
Eriksson; Magnus of Sweden; Scandinavia;Valdemar of Sweden
Swinka, Jakub, archbishop of Gniezno , Switzerland
and aristocracy and house of Savoy –
Symonds, J.A. –Synodikon of Tsar Boril Syria
and Ayyubid control , , , –,–, , ,
Latin see crusader statesand Mamluk control , , , –, ,
–, and Mongols , –, , –, ,
, , –, , , –Seljuq attack and trade , see also Aleppo; Damascus
Tagliacozzo, battle () , taifa (party) kingdoms , , , ,
see also Arjona; Crevillente; Granada; Minorca;Niebla; Valencia
Talmud , , –, , –, , Tancred of Sicily –, Tarragona, and trade Tatars see Mongol empiretaxation
of the clergy –, , , , –,, , , , ,
and crusades , , , , , –,–
imperial of Jews: in England , , , , ; in
France , , , , , lay –, –, and nobility –, , –, papal and parliament , , , , –,
–and representation on sales and signori
technologyaccess to , and agricultural productivity ,
Templars see Knights TemplarTemüjin see Chinggis KhanTemur (Mongol leader) , , tenure
à part de fruits in England , , , –in France –and serfdom
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tenure (cont.)and tenant farmers –, –
Teobaldo I of Navarre see Thibaut IV ofChampagne
Teobaldo II of Navarre , Teutonic Knights , ,
and Bohemia , and crusader states , , , and Frederick II , , and Hungary and Lithuania –, , and Livonia , –, –officers organisation –and Poland –, , , , and Prussia , –, –, , –and Rus′ , and trade
Theodore I Laskaris of Nicaea –and John Vatatzes , and Latin empire , and Orthodox Church –and Venice ,
Theodore II Laskaris of Nicaea , –, ,, , ,
Theodore Doukas of Epiros , , ,–, –
Theodore Branas , , , Theodosian code, and Jews , theology
Byzantine –Mendicant monastic moral pastoral and philosophy –scholastic and the universities –, , , –,
–, Thessalonika, kingdom
and Bulgaria , –, and Epiros and Latin empire , , , , and Nicaean empire –, , , ,
and Serbia
Thessalyand Albania and Bulgaria and Byzantine empire , –and Epiros , ,
Thibaut III of Champagne Thibaut IV of Champagne
and Blanche of Castile –and crusades –, , , and Languedoc
and Louis VIII –, as Teobaldo I of Navarre , –
Thomas de Clare Thomas of Savoy
as count of Flanders , , , as lord of Piedmont , , –
Thraceand Epiros and Latin empire , and Nicaean empire , , and trade and Venice
Thuringiaand Adolf of Nassau and Albrecht I of Habsburg and Knights Hospitaller
Tiepolo, Giacomo (doge of Venice) , , Tiepolo, Lorenzo –at-Tijani , , tithes
crusade , , , , payment by Jews ,
Tlemcenand Marinids , –and trade and Ziyanids –, ,
Toledo, Fourth Council () Toledo, Rodrigo Jiménez de, De rebus Hispaniae
toleration, religious , , , tolls –Tolomei company , , tombs
effigial , royal –, , plate
Torelli, Salinguerra , , Torelli family of Ferrara Torre, Martino della , , , , , ,
, –, Torre, Napo della , Torre, della, family , , , , –, –torture, and Inquisition Toulon, and trade , Toulouse
and Albigensian Crusade , , , ,–, –, –
and Inquisition –and Philip III –population and trade University , ,
Tours, Council () town-leagues, Germany , –, , towns
and administration , and aristocracy , –, –
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and communications –definition growth , –, , , , , , ,
–and manufacturing , , , , and Mendicant Orders , –new settlements –self-government –, –and social exclusion and trade –, –and urban society –,
trade –and aristocracy –, –, Balkan , , Baltic see Baltic tradeBlack Sea see Black Sea tradeand caravans , , –, , , and crusades , –financing –, –, and Italian maritime republics –, –,
Levant see Levant tradeluxury goods , , , , , , Mediterranean –, , –, , , , ,
, , and Mongol empire , –, and monopolies North Sea , , , Red Sea rural transalpine , , , , , , , and urban development –, –, –see also commerce; communications; fairs; fish
trade; merchants; protectionism; salt trade;silk trade; spice trade; wine trade; and under
individual states
trades, inheritance Traidenis of Lithuania Translation of Empire theory , , transport
costs methods –by river –, –by road –, , by sea , –, , , ,
Transubstantiation , , Trapani, naval battle () travel –
infrastructure –Trebizond, Byzantine state , –,
and trade Trencavel, Raymond , Trencavel, Raymond-Roger Trencavel viscounties , –tribalism, and Islam –Trier, and imperial electors
Trinitarian Order Tripoli, county
defences fall () , , , and Mamluks , , , and trade ,
Trit, Renier de , troubadours Troyes, Chrétien de, Ars amatoria Tunis
and Almohads , , , and crusades , and Hafsids , , , , , and Sicily , , and trade with Italy , –,
Tunis Crusade ()and Catalan fleet , and Charles of Anjou , , failure , and Genoa and Louis IX , , , , , ,
Turanshah, Sultan –, Turbato corde (papal bull) –, Turca, Rosso della Turcomans
in Iraq and Mamluks , , and Mongol invasions –
Turksand Ayyubids –and Mongols see also Kipchak (Qipchaq) Turks; Mamluks;
SeljuqsTuscany
and Albrecht I of Habsburg and cloth industry and Guelfs and Ghibellines , , , ,
, –, , , and Manfred and Mendicant Orders and Otto IV , and trade see also Florence; Pisa
tyranny, and Italian signori –, , Tyre
defences and Hohenstaufen rule –and Mamluks , , , and trade , , and Venice ,
Uberti family –, , Ubi periculum , , –Ugolino, Cardinal see Gregory IX, PopeUgolino, count of Sardinia , , Uighurs, and Mongols –
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Ukraine, and trade –Ulfilas, and Germanic alphabet Ulfjótr, law code Ulrich von Eschenbach Ulster
and English Ireland , ruling families ,
Umbria, and urban society Umiltà of Faenza, St Unam sanctam , –, –Uniate Church universalism
and art , , and papacy and universities –
universities –autonomy , , and the Church –, –, , and colleges , –as communities –, , consolidation –context –emergence , , –and foreign students , , , and masters , –, –, –, ,
and Mendicant Orders , , , –,
, , –and monasticism organisation –, , –, –, and oriental languages and preaching , and rector , and scholasticism –and science scolares , , –, –, , teaching methods –and vernaculars see also Bologna; Cambridge; Montpellier;
Oxford University; Paris UniversityUrban II, Pope , , Urban IV, Pope
and Castile and Charles I of Anjou , and College of Cardinals –and Empire and Holy Sacrament and Mongols , , and Portugal and Silesia
urbanisationand aristocracy , –, –, , central Europe as communities –and dissent England
Flanders , –Germany –increase , Maghrib –, and manufacturing , and Mendicant Orders –, and patronage of the arts Sardinia –Scandinavia , and trade –, and universities
Urgell, and Aragon , , , , usury ,
condemnation –, , , , , and Jews , , , , legitimacy –toleration see also banking
Usus Venetorum
Vaclav I of Bohemia , , , , Vaclav II of Bohemia , , , –, ,
as king of Poland , , , –, and Silesia
Vaclav III of Bohemia , as king of Hungary , as king of Poland ,
Valdemar I of Denmark Valdemar II ‘Sejr’ of Denmark , , , ,
Valdemar of Sweden –, Valencia ,
and Aragon , , , , , , –,–, ,
and Muslims , , , –siege () ,
Vallombrosan Order Vasilii of Kostroma vassalage , , –Veglione, Piero (Pietro Viglione) vendetta , , , , , Venerabilem (papal bull) Venice –
and Adrianople , , and Albania , , , , building and public works –and Byzantine empire , , –and Charles I of Anjou , and citizenship and coinage and Crete , , , , , , , and Cyprus and Dalmatia , , and doge and patriciate , and Epiros , ,
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and Fourth Crusade –, , , –and Frankish states , and Genoa , , , , –, –, growth –and industries , and Inquisition and Latin empire –, , –, ; and
Charles I of Anjou , , ; and Greekpopulation ; and patriarchate , ;and podestà –; and trade , , ,, –; see also Adrianople; Negroponte
law code and Morea , and Nicaea , , and Pisa , , , and politics and self-government , and Serbia and shipbuilding and Sicily , , and trade –, , , , , , ; with
Anatolia ; with Armenia , ; withByzantine empire , , , , ;with Cyprus ; with Egypt –, ,–, , –; with Epiros ; withEurope , , –; and fairs andmarkets ; with Far East ; with Il-khanate ; with Latin empire , ,; with Levant , , , ; withMaghrib ,
Vercelli, Giovanni di Vercelli, Guglielmo di Verdun, Treaty () vernacular –, ,
and the Bible , , and dialects , –and historiography –, –, and Latin and Latinisms –, , and the law , –, , –literary –literature , , , –, , and poetry , secular use , in sermons , , , spoken written –, ,
Veronaand Catharism , and popolo and signori , , , , , –,
Veronica, the , plate Vicente, Master (Vicentius Hispanus; dean of
Lisbon) , , Vicenza, and rise of the signori Vienne, Council () , Viglione, Pietro (Piero Veglione)
Vigna, Piero della , , villages , , –Villani, Giovanni Villano, archbishop of Pisa villeins , –villikatio Vincennes, Treaty () Vincent of Beauvais Vineam Domini , , Vineam sorec –Violante (wife of Alfonso X of Castile) , Virgin Mary
Assumption devotion to –, , , –, , ,
Visconti, Federico , Visconti, Lamberto –Visconti, Matteo , , , , , , Visconti, Ottone , , Visconti, Sigiero Visconti, Tedaldo see Gregory X, PopeVisconti, Ubaldo , Visconti, Ubaldo II , Visconti family
in Milan , , , , –in Pisa –in Sardinia –, –
Viterbo, Treaty () , , , Vivaldi brothers Vivent, Cathar bishop of Toulouse Vlacho-Bulgarian kingdom see BulgariaVladimir
and Aleksandr Nevskii –and Iur′evichi clan –and Mongols , , , , and Orthodox Church and papacy
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Volyn see Galicia and VolynVsevolod Chermnyi of Chernigov –Vsevolod Iur′evich (‘Big Nest’) –Vyve-Saint-Bavon truce ()
Wadi al-Khazindar, battle () wage labour
rural , urban ,
Waiblingen see GhibellinesWaldemar of Brandenburg Waldensians
evangelism , , and Mendicant Orders , , opposition to , –, , ,
Waldo (Vaudès), Peter Wales –,
and administration –aristocracy , –, ,
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Wales (cont.)colonisation and Deheubarth , –and England , ; Edward I , , ,
, –, –, –; Henry III ,, , , –, , ; John ,, –
and Gwynedd , , –, , –Marcher lords , , , –and Perfeddwlad –, , and Powys , –Principality –, –see also Dafydd ap Gruffudd; Dafydd ap
Llywelyn; Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn;Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; Llywelyn apIorwerth
Waley, Daniel Wallace, William Walpolt, Arnold Walter, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury ,
Walter of Tournai Wansbrough, J.E. War of Chioggia (-) wardrobe
English , , –Nicaean
Wassenburg, battle () al-Wathiq, Abu Dabbus, caliph al-Wathiq, ruler of Murcia wealth
and aristocracy , , , –and crusader states –and maritime republics –, and merchants , , in rural society
Welfsand Flanders and Hohenstaufen , –, –, ,
, see also Ghibellines; Guelfs; Otto IV
West Saxon language Westminster, Statute (II) Westminster Abbey , , , , –, , ,
plate and Edward the Confessor ,
Westphaliaand Frederick II , , and trade and Welfs and Hohenstaufen ,
Wettiner dynasty Willebriefe , William II of Morea see William II of
VillehardouinWilliam II the Norman of Sicily , William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea
, –, , ,
William III of Sicily William IV of Forcalquier William VIII of Montferrat William of Auvergne William de Braose , , William des Baux, prince of Orange , William of Champlitte William of Dampierre William of Holland, as king of the Romans ,
–, , William des Roches William of Rubruck , –, –, William of St Amour William of Savoy William of Scotland, and John of England William of Tudela William de Valence wills
and bequests to Mendicants and parish priest , religious significance
Wincenty of Kielce Winchelsea, Archbishop Winchester, Statutes wine trade , ,
and Bordeaux , , and Cyprus and Gascony
Wit of Poland, St , , Witelo (scientist) –Wittelsbach dynasty , –Wittenberg dynasty Wl-adisl-aw II of Poland Wl-adisl-aw Laskonogi (Spindleshanks) of Poland
, –Wl-adisl-aw L- okietek of Poland , , Wl-adysl-aw Odonic of Greater Poland women
and Mendicant Orders , , , and monasticism –, , and preaching , as recluses in urban society –, –see also beguines
Woodstock, Treaty () wool trade , , , , –, , , ,
and royal revenues –,
woollen industry see cloth industryWorcester, Treaty () , Worringen, battle () Wright, Roger , n. , Württemburg dynasty Wykes, Thomas n. ,
Yaghmurasan Ibn Ziyan , , Yahya, qa�id of Xàtiva
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Yahya al-Mu�tasim Yahya Ibn Ghaniya –Yehuda Ha-Hassid of Regensburg Yemen, Ayyubid control , York, Treaty () Ypres
and fairs fortification and manufacturing , , and Mendicant Orders and self-government
Yspanus, Nicholas (papal nuncio) al-Yununi, Qutb al-Din Musa Yusuf II al-Mustansir , Yves of Narbonne –
Zaccaria, Benedetto , , , , Zadar see Zara
az-Zahir Ghazi Zanata Berbers , , Zara (Zadar)
and Fourth Crusade , , , , and Venice ,
Zayyan (Muslim rebel) , Zeeland, and Flanders , Zelus fidei Zengid dynasty , –Zeno, Ranieri (doge of Venice) Ziani, Pietro (doge of Venice) , , Zierikzee, battle () Zips, Treaty () Zirids
in Granada , , in Maghrib
Ziyanid dynasty , , Zorzi, Marsiglio
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