index [application.wiley-vch.de] · 2017. 9. 27. · acute kidney injury (aki) 1301 acute lung...
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Index
aabatacept 1343Abl-family tyrosine kinase
inhibitor 1586absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) 31
like receptor 997types 138
acetylcholine (ACh) 1486neuronal receptors 1499T lymphocytes 1487
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)inhibitors 1495
acetyltransferase 233acidosis 224, 894ACKR1/DARC expressed by
erythrocytes 635activated partial thromboplastin time
(aPTT) 834activated protein C (APC) 464, 739, 838activating transcription factor 3
(Atf3) 1448activation-induced cell death
(AICD) 1055activator protein 1 (AP-1) 231, 975,
1473acute inflammation 695
conditions, geneticsusceptibility 1331
inflammatory responses 1447acute kidney injury (AKI) 1301acute lung injury (ALI) 790, 796, 797acute-phase proteins 1350acute-phase reactants 1542acute-phase response (APR) 861, 1350
Acute Physiology and Chronic HealthEvaluation (APACHE-II) 847
acute rejectionantibody-mediated 1157caused by T lymphocytes 1157
acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) 795
ADAMTS13 activity 837adaptive immunity 785, 876, 1147
antigen recognition by T cell 1005B-cell activation 1012central and peripheral tolerance
mechanisms 1004complement, role in 790immune cells, activators of 791immune responses 9, 273, 818, 947,
1092, 1147, 1316to allografts, immediate 1155inflammation triggered 1666
immune systems 1583immunoglobulins 1014other B-cell functions/B-cell
subsets 1015regulatory T cells (Tregs) 1010rheumatoid arthritis patients 1113
B-cell 1114T cells 1113
T cell subsets 1006T follicular helper cells 1010Th1/Th2 paradigm 1006Th17 cells 1009Th22 cells 1010Th9 cells 1010Th2 immunity 347
1691
Inflammation: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to the Clinic, First Edition.Edited by Jean-Marc Cavaillon and Mervyn Singer. 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
adaptive lymphocytes 342adaptive responses to transplants 1156adenosine A3 receptor 957adenosine diphosphate (ADP) 973
ribose moiety 87ribosylates Rho 87
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 999,1283, 1313
ATPase 1306dependent sodium pumps 1302
binding cassette transporters 1280demand 1318dependent molecular
chaperones 817adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA 85adherens junctions 442
components 470adherent platelets 423adhesion molecules 1154, 1521
on colonic endothelial cells 461adipocytes 327, 1228adipokines 922, 1235adiponectin 924
dendritic cells 924lymphocytes 924macrophages 924neutrophils 924NK cells 924
adipose-derived stem cell 1205adipose inflammation
impact on local biology 1205obesity complications 1206
adipose tissue 1199, 1226, 1227inflammation, in obesity 1202
adipsia 861adjuvants
adjuvant system 3 (AS03) 147aluminum compounds 144combinations 157for human use 144induced peripheral
inflammation 655ADM. see adrenomedullin (ADM)ADP. see adenosine diphosphate
(ADP)adrenergic receptors (ARs) 1497β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) 1500
adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) 917, 1430, 1488,1489
adrenomedullin (ADM) 1549antibody 1595MR-proADM, elevated levels 1550
advanced glycation end product(AGE) 1239
AGE-RAGE axis 1239aeroallergen 185afferent neuronal signals 873afferent vagus 873age-related macular degeneration
(AMD) 1354aging 713, 1226
IL37-tg mice 506physiological process of 696
Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome 188AIM2. see absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)airway epithelium, response to
allergens 998airway hyperresponsiveness 504Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB)
1230, 1231, 1672aldehyde dehydrogenase 292aldolase 818aldosterone 917alkylthiyl radicals (R-S•) 706alkyne-containing jadomycin 1675allergen sensitization 1000allergen-specific IgE antibodies 996allergic asthma 292allergic disorders 375, 995allergic inflammation 374, 996, 997,
1004antigen recognition by T cell 1005B-cell activation and fate 1012central and peripheral tolerance
mechanisms 1004cytokines 1015–1017immunoglobulins 1012, 1014inflammatory response,
mechanism 996other B-cell functions and B-cell
subsets 1015regulatory T cells (Tregs) 1010T cell subsets 1006
1692 Index
T follicular helper cells 1010Th9 cells 1010Th17cells 1009Th22 cells 1010Th1/Th2 paradigm 1006
allergic rhinitis 347, 559allergic sensitization 798, 999allergy, classical 995alloantigens 1151allodynia 676alloimmunity 1054, 1150allosteric effects 633alpha-1-antitrypsin 749
anti-inflammatory properties 490alternatively activated macrophage
(AAM) 345alternative pathway (ACP) 1354alum 144aluminum phosphate 144aluminum salt combination (AS04)
adjuvant 145alveolar macrophages 185, 949Alzheimer’s disease 1489, 1502
patients with AChE inhibitors 1502American College of Rheumatology
(ACR) 555aminoalkyl glucosaminide 4-phosphate
(AGP) 154amino-hexoses 22aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio
index 676AMP-activated protein kinase
(AMPK) 1384amphibians 1517amphiregulin 345amplification pathway 787amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits 1258anabolic pathways 976anakinra (IL-1 receptor
anatagonist) 482anaphylatoxin 10, 786–791
C3a 63anastomosis 229Androctonus australis hector
venom 106androgens 919angioedema 803
angiogenesis 229, 457, 465, 1118LPA and S1P, role of 674
angiogenin (ANG) 4 441stimuli 467
angiotensin II 1233ankylosing spondylitis 1116anoikis 738anorexia 657, 861anthrax 8antiallergy treatment 662antiapoptotic
factors 529signals 592
anti-B and T lymphocyte attenuator(BTLA) 1596
antibiotherapy 265antibiotics 1584
treatment 1545antibodies (Abs) 1592
allergen-specific IgE 996anti-APC 464anti-HMGB1 60anti-HSP60 IgG-type 818anti-IFNγ 37anti-OX40 539C5 blocking 803complement, activation 801dependent cellular cytotoxicity 995,
1015mediated autoimmune diseases 367production 792
anti-CD25-mediated TREG
depletion 1398anticitrullinated peptide antibodies
(APCA) 1107anticytokine 482antifibrotic effects 1355antigen-presenting cell (APC) 84, 144,
659, 791, 792, 1112, 1151,1379
on inflammation 839antigens 439, 824
Ag-presenting molecules 154Ag-specific humoral immunity 156Ag-specific T-cell 155Ag uptake 147allergen-specific memory 996
Index 1693
antigens (Continued )B-cell selection, in germinal
centers 1391driven expansion 319expression of transplant 1148glucose-lipid 21independent activation
mediators 1152nonspecific inflammation 1147,
1148presentation
in context of MHC class I 1007in context of MHC class II 1008transplant 1150
self 818shuttling 792specific adaptive immune
responses 1147specific CD8+ T-cell (CTL)
responses 151specific self-tolerance 1094
anti-IL2Rα (Daclizumab) 352anti-inflammatory 795
activities 1001, 1668, 1670, 1673,1674
adipokine 1227cytokines 12, 229, 496, 499, 1163,
1363, 1429, 1488, 1524soluble cytokine receptors 1369soluble decoy toll-like
receptors 1371soluble ST2 1371soluble TREM-2 1372toll-like receptor-mediated
immune responses 1369drug 265, 1674growth factor 467master 1228mechanisms 1372
genes/proteins 1351mediators 1523monocyte subsets 1524properties 499, 601responses 1500stimuli 234
antimicrobialactivities 727
chemotherapy 1584itaconate 955peptide 175, 400, 441, 1092proteins 57
antineutrophil cytoplasmautoantibodies (ANCA) 260,264
antinuclear antibodies (ANA) 1073antioxidant
activity 870free radical scavengers 710harmful or beneficial 712response element 712supplementation 712
anti-programmed cell death ligand(PDL1) antibody 1596
anti-T-cell immunity 820antithrombin (AT) 837, 838
adaptive immune cells 1203levels 837macrophage infiltration 1201, 1203,
1212neutralizes coagulation enzymes 837
antithymocyte globulin 1163antivirulence factor therapies 1584anti venom 111
inflammation 110–111Myrmecia genus 111
anxiety 861APC. see antigen-presenting cell (APC)apocynin 1265apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
deficient mice 486null mice 665
apoptosis 299, 738, 917, 949, 959, 1314associated speck-like protein 138differentiation program 262inhibition 1321
apoptosis-associated speck-like proteincontaining CARD (ASC) 31
knockout 145apoptotic cells 228, 789, 1305, 1351A proliferation-inducing ligand
(APRIL) 1076BLyS receptors transmembrane
activator 1076arachidonic acid 869, 1449
1694 Index
metabolism 791pathway 1672
area postrema (AP) 1487, 1489arginase activity 956L-arginine 459aristaless-related homeobox (Arx) 442β-arrestin 635, 790arthritis 1447
ischemia-reperfusion experimentalmodels 60
arthritogenic alphaviruses 1354articular diseases 1105aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear
translocator (ARNT) 133asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) 735aspartic acid (D20)
in exon 1 503Aspergillus fumigatus 36, 181, 504,
1353, 1354Aspergillus versicolor 1587aspirin 1672asthma, allergic 292astrocytes 530, 776astroglia 1256, 1257AT. see antithrombin (AT)atherogenesis 1283atherosclerosis 457, 715, 818, 1199,
1229, 1279–1281macrophage inflammatory pathways
in 1291mediators of inflammation 1283
chemokines 1286cytokines 1283interferons 1285potential of dietary changes
1286targeting inflammation 1286
mouse models of 1280pharmacological intervention 1288
activating transcription factor 31292
anti-TNF therapy 1290CANTOS 1290CIRT 1290ENTRACTE clinical trial 1290JUPITER trial 1289statin therapy 1289
targeting IL-1β withCanakinumab 1290
atopic dermatitis 347, 643, 1099ATP. see adenosine triphosphate (ATP)Atractaspis engandensis 102AT1R/AT2R activation 1235ATX-LPA-LPA1,4,6 axis 674atypical chemokine receptors
(ACKR) 632, 635atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
(aHUS) 1354autoantibodies 799, 818, 1316autoimmune 821, 1053, 1054, 1094,
1380, 1382, 1391diseases 329, 482, 785, 819, 918,
1055, 1066, 1074monocytes and
macrophages 1071disorders 799, 1677hemolytic anemia 995and inflammation 300, 1053injury 1256polyendocrinopathy candidiasis
ectodermal dystrophy 1057regulator 1057tissue injury 1053, 1068, 1073
B lymphocytes 1069immune complexes 1068lymphocytes 1069monocytes/macrophages 1070systemic autoimmune diseases 1073tertiary lymphoid organs
(TLO) 1071T lymphocytes 1069
autoimmune regulator (AIRE)protein 1057
autoinflammation 1053, 1054diseases 1365syndrome 482
autonomic homeostatic reflexes 1490autophagocytosis 817autophagosome 137, 817autophagy 137, 817, 1314
associated HLA-B27 misfolding 1120chaperone-mediated 817macroautophagy 817microautophagy 817
Index 1695
autophosphorylation 589autoreactive lymphocytes 1393autosomes 137avidity 1151AXD consensus sequence 504azoxymethane-dextran sodium sulfate
treatment 659
bBacillus anthracis 84, 193, 1587Bacillus subtilis 423bacterial
antigens 820DNA 156flagellum 28infection 1396, 1545lipoproteins 1588membrane and endosomal Toll-like
receptors 32mRNA 32proteases 734replication 187toxins
genetics and pathobiology ofinfections 81
pathogenicity bymicroorganisms 81
bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC) 1393
bacterial PAMPs. See pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs)
bacteriophage therapy 1584bacteriotropin 6Bacteroides fragilis 552BALB/c mice (BMDCs) 825, 1398,
1399B- and T lymphocyte attenuator
(BTLA) 1163barotrauma 795basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) 442basophils 293, 634, 971, 1001B-cell 292, 315, 341, 342, 365, 533,
536, 550, 785, 792, 927, 1225,1226, 1229, 1230, 1233, 1236,1316, 1343
activating factor 536
checkpoint mechanisms 1064clonal deletion of 1056deletion 1064developmental stages 1013dysfunction 1232failure 1229, 1233growth factor 590, 1232immune-mediated targeting of 714maturation factor 536receptor 792, 1004, 1063, 1666tolerance 1059
B-cell-activating factor (BAFF)receptor 536transgenic mice 536
β-cell dysfunction 1232bees, inflammation induced by
venoms 110–111biglycan 66, 1588
deficient mice 66bioassays 1675biochemical signal transduction
pathways 424bioenergetics 929
dendritic cells 929lymphocytes 930macrophages 930neutrophils 930
biofilm 1584bioinformatics 1330bioluminescence resonance energy
transfer (BRET) 502biomarkers 1190
for inflammation 1541, 1542panels of combined of 1551
bleomycininduced lung fibrosis 667induced pulmonary fibrosis 663, 675
blocking tissue factor activity 835blood-borne cytokines signal 1489blood-brain barrier (BBB) 538, 771,
772, 862, 870, 1255, 1488blood circulation 3BLT1 deficiency 665BLT2 inflammation, and tissue
homeostasis, role in 665blunt leukocyte–endothelial cell
adhesion 463
1696 Index
body mass index (BMI) 1226body temperature 861bone marrow 1065
B-cell progenitors 506derived mast cell 276stromal cells 598
bonemorphogenetic protein (BMP) 1121Bordetella pertussis 84Bothrops snake 103
bitten victims 100Bothrops asper snake venom 101,
104Bothrops jararaca 102Bothrops moojeni venoms 102venom 100, 102, 103
induced inflammation 105induced leukocyte 102
BoTXC3 676Bowman’s space 1078bradykinin 803brain
cholinergic muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor (mAChR)-mediatedsignaling 1495, 1501
communication 1501controlled symptoms 861derived immunoregulatory
mechanisms 1491endothelial cells 872function 1494neurotransmitter systems,
dysfunctions 1495nitric oxide synthases 1673plasticity 1526processing of febrile signals in 874
Braun’s lipoprotein 27briakinumab 352, 407broad-spectrum antibiotics 795brodalumab 408, 555, 557bronchial hyperresponsiveness 375bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 675
fluid 795brown adipose tissue (BAT) 865, 922
cC3a/C5a receptors 797, 798
antibodies 803
biological roles 798complement factors 1316convertase 1320convertase formation 786dependent rapid production 873
E-cadherin 733cadherin-related family member 3
(CDHR3) 999Caenorhabditis elegans 814, 1492Ca++ influx 896calcitonin gene-related peptide
(CGRP) 110, 1493calcium 703
diffusion neutralizes 440mobilization 789phosphate 145
calmodulin 703calprotectin 64calreticulin 789Campylobacter jejuni 28cancer 1199, 1393
immune evasion 229immunosurveillance 1393
Candida albicans 36, 181, 376, 1330,1397, 1426
infection 1397yeast cells 508
candidiasis 186carbon monoxide 1319carboxypeptidase A3 278cardiopulmonary bypass 1317cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) 575cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1
(CLCF1) 575cardiovascular disease (CVD) 1199,
1279, 1285, 1286, 1674cartilage proteoglycans 820caspases 82, 529
activating and recruitmentdomain 28
domains 32caspase-1 1364
activation 1519deficient mice 486, 491inflammasome 488
caspase-11 82toxins modulating 82
Index 1697
Castleman disease 578, 582catecholamines 1372, 1489, 1500cathelicidins 278, 446
LL-37 expression 446cathepsin 787
cathepsin G 732–734cathepsin L 735cathepsin S 735
Caucasians 662C4b binding protein (C4bBP) 786, 839C57BL/6-DEREG mice 1398C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) 1282CCP. see classical complement pathway
(CCP)CCR-7
axis 636expression 917
CD-related inflammation 551CD3-CD56+ cells 317CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs 1096CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells 1203CD4+ T cells 530, 633, 1151, 1368,
1372helper T cells 534naïve T cells 1381OX40-OX40L signaling in 536population 398
CD8 coreceptor, on cytotoxicT cells 1150
CD8 memory 1398T-cell pool 1396
CD8+ T-cell memory 152, 280, 323,530, 595, 1397
CD11c stain:CD11c+ myeloid dendriticcell accumulation 1093
CD14++CD16+ monocytes 1001CD14/CD14 receptors 1547CD14-dependent fashion 26CD14 expression 920CD18-ICAM-1 interactions 463CD18 immunoblockade 463CD25+Foxp3+ cells 1383CD25-targeted diphtheria toxin 1394CD25+Foxp3- thymocyte
precursors 1379CD28 expression 1380CD28 homodimer interface 1598
CD36 expression 1291CD40 antibody 660CD56bright NK cells 317CD62 ligand (CD62L) 1064CD64, neutrophil expression 1550,
1551CD64 values 1551CD80, to T-cell-expressed CD28 590CD94-NKG2A heterodimers 324CD103, in Balb/c mice 1398CD146, endothelial expression of 470cDNA cloning 487cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 27, 60celecoxib 658cell
activation 651adhesion molecules 461, 715, 1549apoptosis 916contact-dependent
suppression 1060death 1313, 1314demise 1313forming BBB 871function 1313hypoxia 129immune response 587integrity 1284interaction 404mediated abnormal wound
healing 675necrosis 706penetrating peptides 1590proliferation 175respiration 131signaling pathways
in inflammation 1667schematic representation 1664
sources 484stress 814
markers of 813surface antigens 26surface markers, and signature
transcription factors 316cell-cell contact 733, 735cell-cell interactions 1111central nervous system (CNS) 1255,
1485
1698 Index
centruroides noxius 106cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1372C1 esterase inhibitor 802C3 exoenzyme of Clostridium
botulinum (C3bot) 87c-Fos mapping 657C3 glomerulonephritis 799C3 glomerulopathy 800chaperones 813, 816Charcot’s joints 1567ChAT. see choline acetyltransferase
(ChAT)chemoattractant 57, 257, 279, 619,
627protein 792receptor CRTH2 344
chemokines 60, 175, 223, 227, 256,366, 404, 554, 619, 626, 628,631, 732, 875, 962, 1233, 1256,1486, 1520, 1521
CCL1-CCR8 axis 641CCL20 functions 1096, 1097CC receptor (CCR)7 1386CCR6 expression 1097, 1388CCR9 ligand 636clusters 628CXCR2, on neutrophils 107dual function 628family 1520glycosaminoglycan
interactions 1524inflammatory 627, 628ligand (CCL) 3 and 4 1552monomer, ribbon diagrams 630motif ligand 2 (CCL2), matrix 1201organ development 636receptors 219, 629, 632, 633, 639,
640, 642, 1486activation, two-step model 633expression by T-cell subsets 629nomenclature systems 626schematic depiction 632
recognition site 1 633scavenger 635superfamily, clinical applications 642synthesis 1523
chemotaxis 7, 619, 1549
inhibitory protein ofstaphylococci 958
ChemR23, expressing cells 1453chikungunya virus 1354chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)
1399Chlamydia-infected cells 65Chlamydia pneumoniae 191, 958
HSP60 31chloride ion secretion 439cholesterol 1279, 1280
containing membranes 82crystals 1283
in vitro 1283hypercholesterolemia 1190, 1451transport 1280
choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 1499expressing 1491
cholinergicanti-inflammatory 1491signals 1490
chondroitin sulfate 277chromatin
immunoprecipitation-sequencing 232
remodeling 1431structure, and function 974
chromoblastomycosis 195chromosome 1q23.2 locus 1351chronic granulomatous disease
(CGD) 1266chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) 953, 1173accelerated aging and inflammation
in 1188associated with
chronic inflammation 1173indoor air pollution 1174
central role of alveolar macrophagesin 1178
defective resolution of inflammationand repair 1187
accelerated aging 1188airway fibrosis 1189proresolving lipid mediators 1187
eosinophilic inflammation in 1180future implications 1189
Index 1699
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) (Continued )
inflammasome activation in 1184inflammatory cells 1175
dendritic cells 1182eosinophils 1180epithelial cells 1175lymphocytes 1181macrophages 1176neutrophils 1179
inflammatory mediators 1183chemokines 1185cytokines 1183inflammasome 1184lipid mediators 1183proteases 1185
lymphocytes in 1182mucus hypersecretion and
hyperplasia in 1177oxidative stress, as a major driving
mechanism 1185pathology of 1174systemic inflammation in 1187
chymases 733chymotrypsin 733ciliary neurotrophic factor
(CNTF) 575circulating
neutrophils 1201pyrogens 871
citrate metabolism 955Citrobacter rodentium 193, 1397citrulline 703, 956
specific B cells 1114c-Kit inhibitor 1118classical complement pathway
(CCP) 1354deposition 1355
claudin 4 666clonal deletion 1056, 1057Clostridium botulinum 86Clostridium difficile 88, 193, 1334
associated colitis 1593clumping factor A (ClfA) 423cmv-1 gene 322coagglutination system 787coagulant 739
coagulationabnormalities 847
treatment during severeinflammation 847
modifications 862proteases 841proteins 845
coagulopathy, associated 833colitis
associated colon cancer 659chronic, T-cell transfer model 460enhanced thrombogenic
response 465mice deficient in IL-1R8 502
collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) 556, 657colonic arterioles 460colony-stimulating factor-1
(CSF-1) 220colorectal cancer (CRC) 659Colubridae (sensu lato) 100commensal microbiota 292common helper ILCP (CHILP) 342common lymphoid progenitor
(CLP) 342compensatory anti-inflammatory
response syndrome(CARS) 1428
complementactivation 785, 786, 791, 795
anaphylatoxin receptors 789antibodies 801opsonin receptors 788
adaptive immunity and chronicinflammation 792
adaptive inflammatory response, rolein 791
cascade 870continued 792fragments of 794
C5a 869in human diseases, role of 799
vasculitis 799innate immunity and acute
inflammation 790innate inflammatory response,
role in 791intracellular, evidence 793
1700 Index
pathways 785, 786alternative 786classical 786lectin 786
products 787, 788receptors for 788
proteinsC3 732fragmentation of 787
receptors 788, 792, 793strategies to block 802system 785, 1238uncontrolled 792
complementary and alternativemedicine (CAM) 1661
complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) 146compstatin 802computational networks 1677computed tomography 1567confidence interval (CI) 848connective tissue growth factor
(CTGF) 676constitutive production of CCL27
(CTACK) 1092contact hypersensitivity (CHS) 283conventional dendritic cells (CD11b�
and CD11b+) 1143conventional imaging techniques 1567conventional myeloid dendritic cells
(cDC) 1112convertases 786Coombs test 995COPD. see chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)coreceptor IL-1R3 499coreceptor neuropilin-1 467cortical thymic epithelial cells, self-
peptide/MHC complex 1065corticosteroids 1189
biosynthesis 1468pathways 1468
corticosterone 1430corticotropin releasing factor
(CRF) 655, 899receptor 899
corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH) 1470, 1488
induced IL-2 receptor expression 918cortisone 1470Corynebacterium parvum 1426COX. see cyclooxygenase (COX)C-reactive protein (CRP) 10, 482, 768,
1349, 1351, 1352, 1354, 1542,1543
CRP gene 1351values 1543
Crohn’s colitis 461Crohn’s disease (CD) 65, 352, 374, 400,
403, 445, 457, 460, 493, 537,661, 1141, 1336, 1399, 1478
immunodeficiencies in phagocytes ascause 1143
missing heritability 1141patients 446
Cromolyn 283Crotalus atrox snake venom 104crown-like structure 1203CRP. see C-reactive protein (CRP)cryoglobulinemia 1069cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
(CAPS) 482cryopyrinopathies 193crypt base columnar (CBC) 438Cryptococcus neoformans 1397cryptopatches 344, 348crystallographic studies 1149crystal structures of GPCRs 643C-terminal pentraxin domain 1352CTLA-4-dependent regulation 1392C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) 144,
181–183, 225, 997, 1263, 1369dendritic cell-specific intercellular
adhesion molecule-3-grabbingnon-integrin(DC-SIGN) 181
mannose receptor 182signaling pathway 187surfactant protein-D 182
cutaneous anaphylaxis 666cutaneous lymphocyte antigen
(CLA) 376, 1091CLA+ recirculating T cells 1092
C-X-C motif (CXC) ligand 1chemokines 445
Index 1701
cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP) 459, 789
intracellular levels, toxinsmodulating 84
signaling pathway 84, 660PKA-CREB/CRTC2 pathway 660
cyclic guanosine monophosphate(cGMP) 459
cyclooxygenase (COX) 228, 1451, 1672chemokines 630, 631CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis 632CXCL12-CXCR4 interactions 636CXCL12 gradient 636CXCL8 secretion 603CXCL12/Stromal Cell Derived Factor
(SDF-1) 1520cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) 538,
868, 1588dependent manner 1457enzyme system 104expression, cytokine-induced 658PGE2 production 872
inhibitors 701, 874, 877pathway 106targeting, using NSAIDs 1267
cyclophilin ligand interactor 536cyclosporine A 1673, 1674
triggered cAMP signaling 85CysLT receptors 664
acute and chronic inflammation,role in 666
cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) 707cysteine 619, 707
signal transducing element 709cysteinyl leukotrienes (CsyLT) 185,
965cystic fibrosis (CF) 265cystic fibrosis transmembrane
conductance regulator(CFTR) 440
cytochrome C 131cytochrome P450 700
myeloperoxidase 916cytokines 11, 175, 227, 366, 395, 465,
469, 573, 587, 590, 593, 862,868, 869, 875, 915, 921, 963,1283, 1331, 1364, 1521
binding 573and chemokines related to Th17
cells 399chemotactic 103dual-function 506gene expression 261inflammatory 257, 1523interleukin-1 family
IL-1α dual-function 484IL-1 superfamily 479
interleukin-12 family of 149, 539,1368
like factor 576missense coding mutations 508production 365receptors 589, 1369
interactions 588signal 589
secretion 365storm 798synergizing 587synthesis inhibitory factor
(CSIF) 601type I 961type II 961
cytokine superfamilies 589common beta chain 592
granulocyte colony-stimulatingfactor (G-CSF) 594
IL-3 593IL-5 593
common gamma chain 589GM-CSF signals 594granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(GCSF) 598interferons 599
type I IFNs 599type II IFNγ 600type III IFNλ-1/2/3 600
networks in cellular immunity 603orphan type I cytokines 596
IL-13 597IL-14 597IL-32 597IL-34 597macrophage colony-stimulating
factor 598
1702 Index
type 1 cytokine superfamily 589, 961type II superfamily 598, 961
cytomegalovirus (CMV) 34, 322cytoplasmic receptors, bacterial DNA
and RNA 33cytosine plus guanine (CpG)
oligonucleotide 61cytosolic free radicals 132cytotoxic
CD90.1-specific antibody 823lymphocytes 996necrotizing factor 88NK cells 318proteins 259soluble factors 1255T cells 144, 148, 534, 1062
antigen 4 1065response 235
dDaboia russelli snake venoms 104damage-associated molecular pattern
(DAMP) 20, 57, 105, 175,821, 922, 956, 997, 1152, 1153,1304, 1423, 1485, 1583, 1587,1588
adenosine triphosphate 63agents targeting host
responses 1589biglycan 66danger signal receptors 58eosinophil-derived neurotoxin 66heat shock protein 61heme 65heparan sulfate 66high-mobility group box 1 60histones 62hyaluronan 65immunology, definition of 57interleukin-1α/interleukin-33 64mitochondria 62to modulate immune responses to
transplants 1153molecule 1591necrosis vs. apoptosis 58peroxiredoxin 67RNA/DNA 62
S100A8/ S100A9 64uric acid crystals 63
DAMP. see damage-associatedmolecular pattern (DAMP)
danger-associated molecular pattern(DAMP) 137, 791, 1279,1369, 1541
Darwinian evolution principles 971DC. see dendritic cell (DC)death domain (DD) 179, 529, 533decay-accelerating activity (DAA) 787decay accelerating factor (DAF) 786decision-making processes 587deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 464defensins 1587degradation pathway, for LPA and
S1P 674dehydrocorticosterone 11demethylase 233dendritic cell (DC) 177, 179, 226, 289,
295, 322, 347, 401, 404, 530,628, 629, 636, 640, 793, 824,876, 971, 996, 999, 1061, 1092,1094, 1096, 1150–1152, 1351
activation, CTLA-4-dependentsuppression 1378
in allergic inflammation 292, 298for effector Th2 immune responses to
allergens 294immunoreceptor 185induce Th2 immunity, different
subtypes 293inflammatory 1096, 1151
FcϵR1+ DCs 298medullary 637necessary and sufficient for induction
of Th2 immunity 292subsets 290T-cell
interaction 1112polarization 291
denitrification 704dense deposit disease 799, 800dephosphorylation 674, 813depletion of regulatory T cell 1379DEREG model 1397DEREG mouse strain 1393
Index 1703
dermatitis 376Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 375dermis 1091developmental endothelial locus
(Del) 1524developmental steps, of new imaging
agents 1579dexamethasone 222dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) 460,
484, 552, 663colitis 464, 494, 557
diabetes mellitus 714, 1199, 1229,1488
metabolic syndrome 505type 1 714, 1225type 2 1225, 1226, 1228,
1231–1233, 1672inflammation causing vascular
disease in 1234nonpharmacological management
of inflammation in 1240obesity associated inflammation
in 1236diacylglycerol (DAG) 1666diaminopimelate (DAP) 28diapedesis 6, 627dicarbonyl compounds 1239dietary antioxidants 710dietary polyphenols 711dietary thiols 708diet-induced obese (DIO) mice 1202digoxin 408dimerization 178diphenylene iodonium 1265diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) 144diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) 1378disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
(DMARD) 557disintegrin 631disseminated intravascular coagulation
(DIC) 425, 833DNA
binding protein 1592binding transcription factor
RBPj 445binding trimer 814damage 318
decondensation 732methylation 1189repair mechanisms 707sensing molecules 193–195
cross-talk between PRRs 195signaling components of DNA
sensing molecules 194vaccine encoding HER2/neu
adjuvanted 155DNAX accessory molecule-1
(DNAM-1) 318DNAX activation protein 12 kDa in size
(DAP-12) 1372, 1591docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) 1457dopamine receptor D2 767dopamine signals 1500dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) 1490
of the vagus 1487dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) 865double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 178Drosophila melanogaster 30drug development
antivirulence factor therapy/quorum-sensing inhibitors 1586
defensins/antibacterialpeptides 1587
engineered liposomes to clearexotoxins 1586
new antibiotic combinations 1586PAMPs 1584tyrosine kinase inhibitors 1586
dupilumab 1098dysbiosis 441
eearly ILC progenitor (EILP) 342EC. see endothelial cell (EC)ectopic fat 1227ectromelia virus 317Eculizumab 803edema factor (EF) 84edema formation, PGI2-IP pathway
role 654edema toxin (ET) 84effector memory T cells (TEM) 639effector phase 790efferocytosis 6, 366
1704 Index
EGFR. see epithelial growth factorreceptor (EGFR)
eicosanoid oxidoreductase (EOR) 1453eicosanoid production 791eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 1451elastase 732, 733electron paramagnetic resonance
(EPR) 696electron spin resonance (ESR) 696electron transport chain (ETC)
129reactive oxygen species, formation
of 130electrostatic interactions 633emphysema 1188emulsions
IFA and CFA 146MF59 146
encode erythropoietin (EPO) 1321ENCODE project 1142endocannabinoids 875endocarditis 1567endocytosed bacteria 278endocytosis 635endogenous
adjuvants 143antinociceptive mechanisms 899antioxidants 711cytokine inhibitors 1523opioid receptor ligands 898protease inhibitors 730pyrogens 862, 875, 1425
β-D-endoglucuronidase heparanase 66endometriosis 230endopeptidases 727endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 88, 974,
1207, 1227endosomal/cytoplasmic receptors viral
DNA and RNA 34endosomes 635endothelial barrier function 1595endothelial cell (EC) 5, 257, 460,
1150adhesion glycoproteins 461adhesion molecules 461
transcription-dependentexpression 462
dysfunction 457, 458, 464endothelial cell NOS 703, 1672organ-specific responses 844proliferation 466
endothelial derived relaxing factor(EDRF) 702
endothelial differentiation gene 2(EDG2/LPA1) 668
endothelial dysfunction 1235, 1239endothelial-leukocyte adhesion
molecule 1(ELAM-1) 1474endothelial-mesenchymal transition
(EndMT) 1118endothelial nitric oxide synthase
(eNOS) 459, 703endothelial protein C receptor
(EPCR) 840endothelin 875
endothelin-1 276, 459, 1189endothelium-dependent 458
hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) 459pathways 460
endotoxemia 62, 1233endotoxin 4, 20
biochemical characteristics 21cell activation 25chemical structures 22clinical settings 24detection 23historical background 20natural ligands 24
shock 61tolerance 21, 26, 234, 1432
signature 1428translocation 23
enterobacteriacae 22envenomation 109environmental conditions 861, 863enzyme acetyltransferase arrest-
defective-1 (ARD1) 134enzyme-substrate combinations 1675Eomesodermin (Eomes) 316
NKp46+ cell subset 316eosinophil 293, 322, 345, 347, 634,
971, 980, 1001, 1204cationic protein 1002derived neurotoxin 1002
Index 1705
eosinophilia 996, 997esophagitis 374inflammation 292
EP2/EP4-cAMP-PKA signaling 660EP3-expressing MnPO neurons 874epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-
activating factor (ETAF) 12epidermal growth factor (EGF) 230,
439, 734, 840epigallocatechin-3-gallate
(EGCG) 1671epigenetics 971
based inflammation treatment 984,985
dysregulationacute inflammation with 978chronic inflammation with 979
and immunometabolism 980, 981language 973memory 977poised enhancer-promoter
regions 975principles 972successful inflammation 974, 977unsuccessful inflammation 978, 979
epinephrine (EPI) 1488, 1489epithelial cells 437, 438, 998
activation 345archetypal epithelial barrier 438cell fate
absorptive lineage 438enteroendocrine cells 441goblet cells 439paneth cells 441secretory lineage 439
lining 437, 442membranes 443, 1593mucosal barrier protection 1592
epithelial growth factor receptor(EGFR) 1177
amphiregulin ligand 344genes 673
epithelial homeostasis 443inflammation-induced
alterations 445Notch signaling pathway 444Wnt signaling pathway 443
epithelium 442epitopes 818
mapping 820EP3 receptor genes 874E protein family 342EP3-selective agonist 662Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 34, 194, 324,
595eritoran 796, 1320erythrocytes 255, 788erythrodermic psoriasis 1094erythro-myeloid progenitor
(EMP) 220erythropoiesis 224erythropoietin 1321esalamine (5-aminosalicylate) 465Escherichia coli 83, 191, 278, 423, 672,
732, 816, 839, 1143, 1353,1424
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli(EHEC) 706
Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) 89estrogen
decreased production ofneutrophil 919
increase bone marrow progenitorB cells 919
eukaryotic cellsactomyosin cytoskeleton 87proteases 728
eukaryotic translation initiation factor4E-binding protein(4E-BP) 1384
exocytosis 259, 277exogenous opioid (EO) 899exogenous pyrogen 862, 866, 868,
869exopeptidases 727exotoxins 278experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis(EAE) 186, 492, 660
experimental fever in rats, schematicillustration 867
expressed sequence tag (EST) 628extracellular matrix 1525
proteins 663
1706 Index
extracellular signal-regulated proteinkinase (ERK) 179, 1065, 1205
extracellular vesicles 1151
ffactor-inhibiting HIF (FIH) 134
hydroxylates asparagyl residues 134familial Hibernian fever (FHF) 265familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) 264FAS-associated death domain-containing
protein (FADD) 180, 529Fas receptor 533fatal autoimmunity 1378fat cells
anti-inflammatory cytokine 506fat distribution 1226
fatigue 861fatty acids 1232
nitrated fatty acids (NO2FA) 705omega-3 polyunsaturated 1452saturated 1233short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) 1004,
1380unsaturated 1287
febrigenic signals 871febrile response 861Fenton mechanism 713fever 861
beneficial or harmful 876clinical aspects 875defined 862experimentally induced 866inducing agent 862inflammation 3physiological and neuroanatomical
considerations 862of unknown origin 1567
fibrin degradation products(FDP) 425, 845
fibrin formation 836, 844fibrinogen 420, 836, 846, 1349fibrinolysis 1549fibrinolytic pathways, during
inflammation 837fibrinolytic proteases 739fibrin-rich inflammatory matrix
PTX3-dependent promotion 1356
fibroblast 675, 1526derived extracellular matrix
proteins 1528growth factor 467, 657like synoviocytes 1109transdifferentiate into
myofibroblasts 1527fibrocytes 5fibrogenic growth factors 1527fibronectin 1349fibrosarcoma, MCA-induced 1394fibrosis 675, 1189ficolins 786flagellin 28, 1588flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 703flavin mononucleotide (FMN) 703flaviviridae, 5’-triphosphate ssRNA 34flightless I homolog (Fliih) 1431Fluarix influenza vaccine 156fluid resuscitation 795fluorescence optical imaging (FOI) 1580focal adhesion kinase (FAK) 468Foerster resonance energy transfer
(FRET) 502follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) 640
cells 640follicular dendritic cell (FDC) 792follicular Th (Tfh) cells 1069Fonsecaea pedrosoi 195fontolizumab 352food allergy 374, 377Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) 21, 1211, 1677Forkhead box family (Foxo)
proteins 1188phosphorylation 1383
FoxC2 transcription factor 468Foxp3 expression 1390
Foxp3-deficient mice 1387Foxp3-driven diphtheria toxin
receptor 1378Foxp3-driven TREG phenotype 1378Foxp3DTR knock-in mice 1393Foxp3DTR transgenic models 1379Foxp3 essential mechanisms 1379FOXP3 gene 1011Foxp3 genetic deficiency 1060
Index 1707
Foxp3+ TREGS 1378control of immunity to self-
tissues 1391Francisella tularensis 194free fatty acid (FFA) 1205, 1206free radicals 696
induced damage 696mediated injury 715production, mitochondrion, role
of 699Friend retrovirus (FV)
infection 1396functional
abnormalities 464capillaries 1235imaging, to monitor disease
activity 1578fungal infections 1397
C. albicans 1427Fusobacterium nucleatum 317
ggamma amino butyric acid
(GABA) 865, 1256GABAergic neurons 655
gamma/delta T-cell activation 492gammaglobulin, hypergammaglobuli
nemia 578gasotransmitters 702gastrointestinal
function 485surgery 1543tract 438, 439, 1672
GATA-binding protein 3(GATA-3) 342
deficient TREGS 1387transcription factor 395
GC. see glucocorticoid (GC)GDP-GTP exchange factor (GEF) 634gene expression 232
profile 439score 1553
gene loci associated with susceptibility torheumatoid arthritis 1340systemic lupus erythematosus 1339ulcerative colitis 1337
gene markers 916
gene profiling 136genetically modified organism
(GMO) 1675genetic engineering 1663genetic susceptibility
for acute inflammatoryconditions 1331
general considerations 1335meta-analysis 1334
to homogeneous studypopulations 1331
patients with same predisposingcondition 1333
patients with same underlyinginfection 1331
genetic variant rs1059703 of IRAK-1,X chromosome 1334
genome-wide association studies(GWAS) 661, 1067, 1142,1257, 1330
genomic, inflammatory activation 872genomic loci, with autoimmune
diseases 1067geranyl geranyl pyrophosphate
(GGPP) 1588GH. see growth hormone (GH)ghrelin 925glia-derived neurotrophic factor
(GDNF) 1258glimepiride 1212glomerular basement membrane
(GBM) 800glomerular filtration
barrier 1302, 1303of proteins 799rate 1302
glomerular injurycomplement-mediated 800
glomerular mesangial cells 802glomerular sclerosis 802glomerulonephritis 264, 995glomerulosclerosis 799glucocorticoid (GC) 11, 869, 917, 1472
adversely affect NK cell activity 918genomic effect of 1471glucocorticoid receptor 1470historical perspective 1467
1708 Index
induced leucine zipper 1430, 1473induced tumor necrosis factor
receptor 1385mechanism of action 1471, 1472nongenomic effect of 1473overview 1467pharmacokinetics 1470pharmacological effects 1474
adaptive immunity 1474immunomodulation 1474innate immunity 1474other effects 1475
proinflammatory cytokine productionsuppression 1489
receptor antagonist RU486 1430therapeutic use of 1475
adrenal insufficiency 1477allergy and asthma 1476infectious diseases 1477miscellaneous 1477preventing graft rejection 1477principles 1475renal diseases 1476rheumatic disorders 1476
upregulate Th2-inducedproduction 918
glucoseD-glucose 22metabolism 1320
glucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase 917
glucose 1 transporter (GLUT1) 982glucotoxicity 1232glutamate 1493glutamatergic neurotransmission 767glutathione 711
peroxidase 1186glycans 36glycemia, hyperglycemia 714, 1232,
1233, 1239glycerophospholipid metabolic
pathway 674glycinergic synaptic transmission
655glycolipids 30glycolysis 956, 982
aerobic 1383
enzymes 1383metabolism 130
glycoproteins 182, 440, 462, 533, 536,788, 1353
glycoprotein A repetitionspredominant (GARP) 1015
glycoprotein-130 receptor 1546glycosphingolipid (GSL) 30O-glycosylated serine 440glycosylphospatidylinositol (GPI)
24, 35glycolipid 35linked protein 1549
glycyrrhizic acid 60goblet cells 439, 440
synthesize 439Goodpasture disease 995gouty inflammation, acute 263GPR. see G protein-coupled receptor
(GPR)G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying
K+ (GIRK) channels 896G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)
GPR120 deficiency 1288Gpr18 gene 1456P2Y2 receptor 957
G protein-coupled receptor kinases(GRKs) 635
G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs) 619, 651, 874,1212, 1287, 1450
LGR5 438for prostaglandin D2 639
G-protein-dependent cAMP-proteinkinase A (PKA)-mediatedsignaling 1497
G proteins 633, 789antagonist 1368coupling 790inhibitors 579
graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) 1378graft vs. host rejection 530granule-mediated cytotoxicity 315granulocyte macrophage colony-
stimulating factor(GM-CSF) 38, 109, 220,751, 1429
Index 1709
granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF) 150, 592, 594
granulocytes 1498granulomatosis 264granzyme B 787, 1552
mediated killing 1378GroES (HSP10) molecules 816growth factor-independent 1 342growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
(GRB2) 1065growth hormone (GH) 921
lymphocytes 922macrophages 921NK cell activity 922
GTPase-activating protein (GAP) 635GTPase RhoA-dependent cytoskeletal
derangements 1595GTPase signaling 1595guanine-nucleotide exchange factor
(GEF) 1666guanine triphosphate deoxynucleotide
(CpG) 31gut
associated lymphoid tissue(GLAT) 324
epithelial cells 996inflammation, chronic 460injury 59microbiome 1238
guttate psoriasis 1094
hHaber–Weiss reaction 713Haemophilus influenzae 957, 1179HapMap 3 project 1142hapten 2,4,6-
trinitrochlorobenzene 283haptotaxis 257Harpagophytus procambuns 1673health assessment questionnaire-disability
index (HAQ-DI) 555healthy obese phenotype 1227heart disease 499heat shock element (HSE) 814heat shock factor (HSF) 814
monomeric nature of 814
heat shock proteins (HSPs) 30, 61,813, 821, 824, 956
anti-inflammatory protective effectsof 820
biological function of 813chaperone functions of 816in chronic inflammatory
diseases 824coinducer 823endogenous upregulation 823families in mammals and typical
microbial homologues. 814HSP60 818
molecule 816, 820mycobacterial 818
HSP70chaperone 817peptide B29 823as prominent peptide donor for
MHCII ligandome 817protective effect of 820T-cell cross-reactivity 819
HSPH (HSP110) molecules 817HSP90 inhibitors 61immunology of 817as inflammatory mediators 821peptides 822, 824
dendritic cell (DC) 824prokaryotic, immunodominance
of 817self-HSP, cross-reactivity with 818specific CD4+ T cells 825
heat shock response 815molecular basis of 814triggers for 815
Helicobacter pylori 28, 178, 957infected gastric tumor 659
Heligmosomoides polygyrus 1391mouse infection model 1399
helminthimmunity 372infections 345
helper T cell 395, 1058hemagglutinins 317, 323, 1353hematological tumors 642hematopoiesis 1546hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) 593
1710 Index
heme oxygenase-1 65hemodynamic management 1301β-hemolysin 83hemolytic purpura 801hemolytic uremic syndrome
(HUS) 800, 801hemopexin 65hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis 497Hemophilus influenzae 1353hemorrhagic shock 1317hemostasis 1212hemostatic systems 425hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) 1056heparan monomers 1588heparan sulfate 631heparin 277
chitosan complexes 282enhances DNA-I-dependent
chromatin degradation 1077induced thrombocytopenia 424
hepaticCD49a+ NK cells 319encephalopathy 1495iNKT cells 1492stellate cell 1206
hepatitis A virus (HAV) 144hepatitis B virus (HBV) 144, 324
vaccine 157hepatitis C virus (HCV) 33, 1069hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 467,
1176activator 467
hepatocytes 1227herd immunity 143herpes simplex virus (HSV)
glycoproteins of 34Herpesviridae 322hexokinases 982HIF. see hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol 1233high endothelial venule (HEV) 637,
677high-fat diet (HFD) 1201high flux electron transfer
pathways 699
high mobility group box-1(HMGB-1) 31, 821, 999,1062, 1153, 1518, 1591
high molecular weight B cell growthfactor (HMW-BCGF) 597
high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) 1675
high-throughput screening (HTS) 1676histamine 283, 375histocompatibility 60 (H60) family of
proteins 318histone 796, 842
acetylation 1431acetyltransferase (HAT) 1472deacetylases (HDACs) 823, 1472extracellular 1590H3K9 histone methyltransferase
G9a 1431H5N1 infection 1260H1N1 nucleoprotein antigen 148H7N9 strains 1354Hodgkin’s cells 533homeostasis 184, 344, 395, 538, 927,
972, 1142, 1520chemokines 627, 628, 1072molecular and cellular events 816protection 971
homodimers 180hormone-GR complex 1472horror autotoxicus 1377horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)
hemolymph of 23host cell motility, toxins affecting 87host-environment interfaces 273host-pathogen
interactions 956systems 81
host proteasesfunctions, in inflammation 731
antigen presentation, andprocessing 735
antimicrobial functions 732coagulation 739complement system
activation 741fibrinolysis 739immunoglobulin cleavage 734
Index 1711
host proteases (Continued )inflammatory mediator
processing 732junction molecule
degradation 733matrix remodeling 736mucus 734receptor activation 736surfactant protein cleavage 734
identified in inflammation and 729and inhibitors, origin and
distribution 727inflammatory cells 728resident cells 728
mechanisms of action of 731house dust mite (HDM) 790HSF. see heat shock factor (HSF)HSPs. see heat shock proteins (HSPs)human adipose tissue 1228human alpha-defensin (HD)
HD-5 446HD-6 expression 446
human blood monocytes 503human CD161+ ILC1 subset 317human chemokines 620
receptors 623human chromosome 6 532human endothelial cells (HUVEC) 109human genome sequencing 816human herpesvirus 5 (HH5) 322human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) 34, 324type 1 1549
human leukocyte antigens(HLA) 1148
locus 1055human maternal cells 1055human neutrophil elastase (HNE) 1185human papillomavirus (HPV) 144
vaccine 145human polymorphisms 191human rhinovirus (HRV) 999humoral immunity 639, 792, 1120hyaluronan 65, 11533-hydroxy-kynurenine 773hydrogen peroxide 700, 701hydrogen sulfide 706, 707, 1319
N-hydroxy-L-arginine 70318-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid
(18-HEPE) 1451hydroxyl ions 7013-hydroxy, 3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A
(HMG-CoA) 158815-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase
(15-PGDH) 145311 β-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase 1470hymenoptera venoms 111hyperaggregability 464hyperalgesia 654, 676, 861hyperdynamic sepsis 1307hyperoxia 1317hyperresponsiveness 559hypersensitivity reactions
type II 995type III 995type IV 995, 996
hyperthermia 106hypomethylated CpG sequences 62hypoperfusion 1317hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) 1486, 1487axis 654, 917, 1469
hypothermia 861, 877hypothyroidism 916hypoxia 129, 1227
acute vs. chronic hypoxia 136and antigen presentation 953causes of 130chemotaxis in 951include erythropoiesis 129and innate immune cell
survival 950molecular sensor signaling 131nuclear factor κB 135oxygen sensing 130phagocytosis in 952physiological response to 949pulmonary vasoconstriction 1319in regulating innate immune cell
function 949role in bacterial killing 952secretory function in 952tissue 263
1712 Index
hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 133,922, 1314
HIF-1α 981phosphorylation 134
HIF-1 acetylation 134HIF-1α/HIF-1β dimer 133target genes 134
iIBD. see inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
(IPF) 675IFN. see interferon (IFN)Ig. see immunoglobulin (Ig)ignorant conventional T cells
(Tconv) 298IkappaB kinase beta (IKK-β) 1230
deletion 490IL. see interleukin (IL)ILC. see innate lymphoid cell (ILC)imaging
modalities, comparison betweendifferent 1569
of myocardial inflammation, imagingof 1577
of systemic infections 1575imiquimod 155immune
activation 1549adherence clearance 788cell activation 790cell death, subversion of 958cell recognition, pathogen avoidance
of 957cell trafficking 788, 789
neural regulation 1496deficient nonobese diabetic mice 61inflammation
Th17 expansion, role of 661network, type I 328reconstitution inflammatory
syndrome 1596response 1031
to infection 322responsive gene 1 (Irg-1) 955stimulating complexes
(ISCOMs) 144, 148
system 818aberrant activation 1070defined 19
immune tolerance 1054APC-presenting autoantigen,
tolerogenic signals of 1061B-cell tolerance 1057bystander activation 1068central tolerance 1056costimulation activation 1068dead cell clearance defects 1068environmental factors 1067immune privilege sites 1062induced Tregs (iTregs) 1061infection/tissue injury 1067molecular mimicry
by adjuvants 1067by antigens 1067
natural Tregs (nTregs) 1061peripheral tolerance 1058regulatory T cells 1059self-antigen, modification of 1068T-cell anergy 1059T-cell tolerance 1056
immunization 818, 1265immunodeficiencies
mice 460in phagocytes 1143
immunodominantantigens 820proteins 820
immunodulatory cytokines 281immunodysregulation,
polyendocrinopathy,enteropathy, X-linked(IPEX) 1392
immunogenic nucleic acids 60immunoglobulin (Ig) 222, 225, 317,
457, 589, 734CAM family members PECAM-1/
CD31 469gene 1056immunoglobulin G (IgG) 422immunoglobulin A (IgA)
nephropathy 1069producing plasma cells 640
immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Index 1713
immunoglobulin (Ig) (Continued )antibodies 275dependent mast cell responses 366FcϵRI activation 279mediated hypersensitivity 995production 591, 996
immunoglobulin G (IgG)antibodies 786immune complexes 796
immunoglobulin M (IgM)antibodies 786
immunological disorders 861immunology, definition of 57immunometabolic
coupling 982imbalance 980
immunometabolismand acute inflammation 981and chronic inflammation 980
immunomodulation 1597, 820immunopathology 1394immunoproteasome 735immunoreactivity 818immunoreceptor tyrosine-based
activation motif (ITAM) 317immunoregulation 219, 223, 228immunostimulants 530
ligands 143, 157properties 57regimens 1596
immunosuppression 226, 229, 232,664
drug 677protocols 1147
immunotherapy 824Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) 146
oil-in-water emulsions 147indocyanine green (ICG)–enhanced
fluorescence optical imaging(FOI) 1580
indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase(IDO) 773, 1112
indomethacin-treated wild-typemice 655
induced Tregs (iTregs) 1061inducible T cell costimulator
(ICOS) 1386
ICOS-ICOSL interactions 348infection 8, 341
agents 795suspected systemic, and local
infections 1574inflammasome 192, 742, 792, 796,
1184, 1205, 1237, 1283activation 138
mitochondrial and cytoplasmicactivities 137
pathway 145toxins modulating 82
inflammation 1, 6, 8, 319, 322, 341,342, 457, 626, 785, 787, 874,915, 1147, 1199, 1210, 1226,1313, 1372, 1545, 1567, 1673
inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) 348, 373, 445, 457,533, 549, 659, 734, 818, 1116,1136, 1486, 1488, 1674
anti-TNF-α 558central angiogenic stimulus 466delivers
microvascular permeability 468immunoblockade experiments in
animal models 464lymphatic transport function 468patients 460
morbidity and mortality 463inflammatory disorders 437, 739, 785,
815C5a, C5aRs and C3aR, role in 795chronic, genetic predisposition
for 727, 792, 1336psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic
arthritis 1338rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 1340systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) 1339models 666
HSP in 819inflammatory mediators 107, 654, 817,
959, 962cytokines and chemokines 961microvesicles 965oxidants 959
inflammatory signals, peripheral 874
1714 Index
inflammatory skin diseases 1092, 1098alopecia areata 1099atopic dermatitis 1098
influenza A 317inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2)
expression 342inhibitory receptors 317innate immunity 175, 425, 479,
713, 785, 790, 876, 947,997, 1315
adaptive immunity, cross-talkbetween 1112
γ δ T cells 1113antigen presentation 958complement, role in 790damage-associated molecular
patterns activate 956function
impact of host-pathogeninteractions 956
microenvironmental factors inregulating 948
helper 2 cells 344IL-1 superfamily 479immune cells 785, 790, 996, 1203
activators of 791in acute inflammation 794
innate defense regulator 1591manipulating phagocytosis 958metabolic intermediates in
augmenting 955recruitment, preventing 957responses 102, 273, 956, 1147, 1148
inflammation triggered by 1664lipid mediators in 964
system activation 1315innate lymphoid cell (ILC) 315, 341,
591, 996, 997, 1002, 1094, 1111ILC2 and ILC3, therapeutic
harnessing of 351inositol triphosphate (IP3) 1666insulin 1230
hyperinsulinaemia 1229receptor 1230
signaling 1226, 1230substrate (IRS) 1205, 1207, 1230,
1231
resistance 1199, 1207, 1225, 1230,1231, 1233, 1239
adipocytes 1232insulin receptor substrate (IRS)
mRNA expression 1233proteins 1230, 1231
integrin (ITG) 1315activation 1518VLA4 627
intensive care unit (ICU) 1331intercellular adhesion molecule
(ICAM)-1) 1203interferon (IFN) 82, 1092
cytokines 178IFN-γ 341, 735, 916, 1425
prevented colitis induction 1388production 28receptor, IFNGR1 knockout 599,
600transcription factor 1097
interferon (IFN) α and β 1285, 1286IFNAR1 targeted deletion 600
receptor-dependent secondary geneexpression 1076
regulatory factor 179, 231, 232, 366,975
signature 188interleukin (IL) 834
IL-1 21, 1363family member 7 501functional role 508receptor antagonist 480, 658, 1523receptor family member ST2 498receptor type I 479, 482subfamily, of receptors 480superfamily 479–483
IL-1α 1518cell sources 484deficient mice 486dual-function cytokine 484endothelial cells 485as growth factor 485in healthy/disease cells 484historical background 483membrane 485, 486mouse cDNA cloning 483nuclear translocation 484
Index 1715
interleukin (IL) (Continued )precursor 484, 485systemic effects in humans 483
IL-1β 492, 654, 732, 862deficient mice 490, 491historical background 486immunoblockade 465LPS-induced synthesis 489NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent
processing 488noncaspase-1 processing 489precursor 489–491production by human
platelets 424production, regulation 487P2X7, inflammasome
activation 489regulatory regions 487systemic effects 487transcription/translation/
synthesis 487IL-1R
associated kinase 1430family 1365
IL-1R8 481deficient mice, primary
macrophages and DCs 502IL-1Ra anakinra, anti-inflammatory
potency 1365. See alsoanakinra
IL-1RI, deficient mice 495IL-2 149, 590, 1058
anti-inflammatory propertiesof 1366
derived from T cells 347IL-3
receptor α chain 593IL-4 395, 590
promote generation of Th2cells 365
secreted by Th2 cells 366IL-6 103, 573, 822, 1366, 1519,
1542, 1546biological activity and signaling
system of 573blockade therapy 579, 580blockade treatment strategy 580
clinical application of membersof 578, 579
dependent signaling 1366gene 1366IL6-receptor (IL-6R) 1257, 1285
complex associated withgp130 574
inhibitors, clinical application ofmembers 578
and its family of cytokines 573new members 575original members of 575and receptor components 575, 576receptor deletion 872receptor system, nonsignaling and
signaling receptorcomponents 574
redundant and nonredundantfunctions 578
soluble forms of nonsignaling andsignaling receptors 577
IL-7 591, 1203α chain 591receptor 317, 342
IL-8 89, 103IL-9 591
receptor α chain (CD129) 591signaling 345transgenic airway mouse model 375
IL-10 1366anti-inflammatory properties
of 1367subfamily receptors 600, 601
IL-11 575IL-12 492, 594, 1285
cytokine family 1367IL-12p40 deficiency 1285stimulate the generation of Th1
cells 365subfamily cytokines 594, 595
IL-15 150, 592essential for NK cell
homeostasis 327IL-17
blockers, therapeutic in CD 553clinical findings 556cytokine family 549, 557
1716 Index
cytokines, cell sources of 549, 552cytokines, in normal and inflamed
intestine, production androle 551
cytokines in psoriasis 553and its activity, secretion of 404neutralization, therapeutic efficacy
of 555in pathogenesis of autoimmune
diseases 492receptor 492, 550receptor A subunit 1098in rheumatoid arthritis 552, 556
IL-17Aglycoprotein 549in psoriatic arthritis 555
IL-17B, IL-17C, and IL-17Din immune-inflammatory diseases,
role of 557IL-18 492, 1284
binding protein 490, 493, 495blocking 493concept of 496coreceptor 1284deficiency 495, 1284genes 491in heart disease 494hemophagocytic syndromes 497human, natural neutralization 497IFNγ 492and inflammation 493precursor by caspase-1 491proinflammatory properties 493as protective cytokine 495receptor (IL-18R) 494, 1284signal transduction 491
IL-18 binding protein (BP) 494discovery 495gene 1365in immune responses 496regulation 496
IL-18Rdeficiency 1284
IL-18Rα 502chain 1364extracellular IgG-like
domains 481
IL-19 601IL-20 602IL-21 592
receptor-deficient animals 592IL-22 602
signals 602IL-23 595
and/or IL-1β stimulation 344receptor 550
IL-24 602IL-25
mediated promoting effects on Th2cell responses 558
production by commensalbacteria 558
production constitutive in humanand mouse liver 558
significantly ameliorates renalfunction and 558
IL-25R, expressing lamina propriadendritic cells 558
IL-26 603IL-27 595, 1367IL-33 499
binding 499discovery 498heterozygous mice
expressing 500in human disease 500nuclear function 499precursor 498, 499receptor 1389shares 499
IL-35 596, 1367producing regulatory T cells 1368
IL-36background 500receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra) 480role of 500
IL-37 502, 1364aging 506background 501binding studies 502crystallization 503disease models 504experimental colitis 505genes 491
Index 1717
interleukin (IL) (Continued )in human disease 507ischemic and damage models 505metabolic syndrome 505mRNA levels 506precursor 489, 507processing and release 503production 503protein 503, 508recombinant effects 504requirement for Smad3 507signaling complex 501spinal cord injury 505tg deficient, in IL-1R8 502tg mice 502, 505, 507translocation of 506
IL-37bfull-length precursor cDNA
of 504IL-38 508
dose-response suppression 508IL-1 family member 10, functional
role of 508ILCs
in adult tissues, maintenanceof 344
development, model for 343ILC2 (innate lymphoid cells)
activation 347in acute and chronic
inflammation 345and chronic inflammation 347deficiency 347expansion 345human, expresses 344in infection and chronic
inflammation 346and metabolic disorders 348and parasitic infection 345and viral infection 347
ILC3activated by IL-1β and
IL-23 344in acute and chronic
inflammation 348chronic inflammation, and
cancer 350
in clinic, targeting 351and commensal or pathogenic
bacteria 348during gut infection and
inflammation 349lineage 342vs. B/T development 342
International Association for the Studyof Pain (IASP) 891
intestinalepithelial cells 440immune system 640inflammation 447injury 1317lumen 447
intracellular adhesion molecule1(ICAM-1) 1474
expression 463intracellular nucleoside
triphosphate 63intracellular nucleotide oligomerization
domain (NOD)-likereceptors 1315
intracellular signal transduction 597intracranial aneurysm (IA) 658intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) 592,
641intraperitoneal thyroxine 916invariant natural killer T cells
(iNK T cells) 1524irritable bowel syndrome 1674ischemia-reperfusion 1152, 1155,
1313, 1317, 1318antioxidant therapy 1319clinical studies 1317injury 715, 803, 1313pathophysiology 1314phenomenon 1317therapeutic gases 1319therapeutic perspectives 1318tissue injuries 1316upregulate the MHC antigens
expression 1150ischemia tolerance, improving 1320ischemic conditioning 1318ischemic stroke 877isoforms Rho-A 88
1718 Index
itaconate 955Ixekizumab 408, 555, 557
jJanus kinase (JAK) 366
activation 1065enzymes 1671inhibitory peptide 1211JAK3 signal transduction
capability 590signal transducer and activator of
transcription (STAT)pathways 589, 592, 1671signal cascade 1430
junctional adhesion molecule(JAM) 257, 443, 469
kKaposi sarcoma-associated
herpesvirus 575Kc-derived PGE2 873kelch-like ECH-associated protein
(Keap1) 712keratinocytes 400, 554, 1092, 1094
activating mechanism 602trigger innate 1096
ketotifen 283kidney
injury 1078ischemia 1365normal, anatomy and
physiology 1302tubules and peritubular capillaries
inflammatory effects on 1304killer immunoglobulin-like receptors
(KIR) 183, 318molecules 319
killer lectin-like receptor subfamily Gmember 1-positive(KLRG1) 1386
kinin-kallikrein system 740Klebsiella pneumoniae 191, 732, 1353Krebs cycle 954, 955Kupffer cells 5, 224, 789, 870, 873,
1206, 1207kynurenine amino transferase
(KAT) 774
pathway, in schizophrenia 774kynurenine mono-oxygenase
(KMO) 774pathway in major depressive
disorders 774
llaboratory of genetics and physiology 2
(LGP2) 188lactoferrin 259lamina propria (LP) 1387Langerhans cells 154, 641, 949, 1096
in psoriasisimmunopathogenesis 1096
langerin 1092lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) 865LCE genes 1338Lebrikizumab (anti-IL-13) 352Legionella pneumophilia 191Leishmania infection 149
Leishmania donovani 182Leishmania lipophosphoglycan 36models 1398
leptin 867, 869, 923, 1200, 1207, 1233CRP interactions 1207deficiency 923lymphocytes 923macrophages 923neutrophils 923NK cell 923receptor 923
lesional IL-17-producing T cells 1094lethal bacterial infections 1424lethal factor (LF) 84leucine-rich protein 66leucine-rich repeat (LRR) 176leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) 575leukocyte reprogramming 26, 1423, 1431
anti-inflammatory cytokines 1429clinical relevance 1427cross-tolerance 1425endotoxin tolerance 1423, 1426
affect anti-infectiousimmunity 1427
epigenetic 1431glucocorticoids 1430macrophage plasticity 1432
Index 1719
leukocyte reprogramming (Continued )microRNAs (miRNA) 1431regulatory signaling downstream
TLR 1430reversal 1429
leukocytes 102, 258, 425, 619, 626,1154, 1494, 1521
adhesion 263endogenous regulators of 462
endothelial cell adhesion 462extravasation, multistep model of 627HMGB1 promotes 60recruitment, during IBD 463reprogramming (See leukocyte
reprogramming)rolling (E-selectin) 462trafficking 1496
leukotaxine 8leukotrienes (LTs) 103, 277, 279, 374,
619, 965inflammation, role in 664leukotriene A4 (LTA4) 653leukotriene B4 (LTB4) 653, 923, 965,
1212, 1449hydrolase 1452receptor 664
leukoctiene C4 (LTC4) 653leukotriene D4 (LTD4) 352receptors 664, 669
Lewy body-like neuronalinclusions 1261
Lgr5-positive stem cells 439, 444daughter cells 438
ligand-protein interactions 1676ligand-receptor relationships 628, 629limulus amebocytes 419
limulus amebocyte lysate 23mammalian platelets,
comparison 420α2-3-linked N-glycolylneuraminic
acid 89lipid A releates to bacteria 22lipids
hyperlipidemia 1212, 1239lipid peroxyl radical (LOO•) 701lipid phosphate phosphatase
(LPP) 674
mediators 964, 1372, 1449biosynthesis, degradation, and
receptors of 652synthesis 1385
lipocalin-2 expression 1428lipopeptide adjuvanted vaccine
(LYMErixTM) 151lipopeptides adjuvant 151lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 19, 151,
177, 221, 422, 771, 862,916, 1257, 1351, 1424, 1426,1588
activated macrophages 955binding protein 1546fever model 870induced PD models 1260induced TNF 26in vitro capacity of 1425LPS binding protein (LBP) 24, 1333,
1426nonresponding strain 1425stimulation in human blood
monocytes 487tolerance 1331tolerized macrophages 1428
lipoproteins 177lipoprotein receptor-related protein
(LRP) 443liposomes 148
nano/microparticles 148lipoteichoic acid (LTA) 27, 1369lipotoxicity 1232, 1284lipoxins 228, 348, 1449, 1451
biosynthesis 1450lipoxin A4 (LXA4) 352, 965, 1449lipoxin B4 (LXA4) 965
lipoxygenase (LOX)enzymes 1449, 1451expression 12095-lipoxygenase 1454, 1672pathway 791
Listeria monocytogenes 82, 325, 706,1397, 1398
listeriolysin O (LLO) 82liver failure 837liver fibrosis 675liver injury 64, 1364
1720 Index
liver kinase B1 (LKB1) 1384deficient T cells 1385
LN. see lymph node (LN)locus coeruleus (LC) 1487, 1490low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 715,
1279cholesterol 1233LDL-LDL receptor complex 1468receptor (LDLR) 1280
low-grade inflammation, inhuman 1210
LOX. see lipoxygenase (LOX)Loxosceles spp.
envenomation 109venoms 108, 109
LPA. see lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)LPS. see lipopolysaccharide (LPS)LTs. see leukotrienes (LTs)lung dendritic cells
activated by epithelial cells 296lung injury 504, 1356lung lesions 795lupus nephritis 802, 1073
in kidney 1076aberrant tissue repair 1078chemokines recruit leukocytes 1077immune complex
glomerulonephitis 1076toll-like receptor activation 1077
morphology of 802Ly49 complex 318lymphangiogenesis 230, 457, 465lymphatic system 1154lymph endothelial cells 663lymph node (LN) 324, 344, 1072,
1112, 1151, 1154resident 289
lymphocytes 626, 918activating factor 11, 483activation gene 3 819, 1163with antigen 1058circulation
S1P/LPA, role of 676trafficking 425
lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus(LCMV) 1395
lymphoid lineage 593
α-lymphoid precursors 342lymphoid progenitor
cells 591and expression 341
lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi)cells 343, 344
lymphopoiesis 636lymphotoxin 365
alpha/beta (LTα/β) 344lysine 27
N-terminus 504lysolecithin. see lysophosphatidylcholine
(LPC)lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) 667
LPA6 674LPA-LPA1 signaling 675production
by ATX 672by phosphatidic acid-selective
phospholipase A1 (PA-PLA1α) 673
receptors for 668, 670S1P, pathophysiological roles 674structure 668synthetic, degrading, and action
of 672synthetic pathways and enzymes 671
lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 667,676
lysophosphatidylethanolamine(LPE) 667
lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) 667lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 667lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) 671lysophospholipid 667lysosomal hydrolases 182lysosomes 635, 817
mMac1. see macrophages, antigen
complex 1macrophages 219, 224, 289, 327, 328,
347, 366, 401, 788, 916, 917,947, 949, 956, 1000, 1150,1151, 1227, 1228, 1233, 1283,1351, 1498, 1525
activation syndrome 497, 1598
Index 1721
macrophages (Continued )antigen complex 1 228, 1263
activation 803chemotactic protein-1 665, 1282colony-stimulating factor 594, 834dendritic cell precursor 219immunoregulatory properties 224infiltration 658inflammatory protein 8M1-type 1000in obese adipose tissue 1201phenotypes 222polarization 232tissue macrophage (TM) 228, 949
macrophages chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) 658
macropinocytosis 789macrovascular disease 1234magnetic resonance imaging 1567,
1573major basic protein 1002major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) 590, 735, 1106, 1148,1596, 1666
class I, antigens 1149expression of 1150inhibitory receptors 317
class II antigens 822, 1149expression of 1150like “Y box 532
MHC-I-deficient environment 319MHC-I receptors 319molecules 1149, 1151
malaria 148, 426, 1398induced thrombocytopenia 426
mammalian nitrogen oxide cycle 704mammalian platelets 419mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR) 954, 1188, 1205pathway 1672
mammalian tissue mast cells 102manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-
SOD) expression 715mannose-binding lectin (MBL) 786,
1155, 1349lectin 2 1333
mannose receptor (MR) 182
mannosyl fatty acids 185MAPK. see mitogen-activated protein
kinase (MAPK)maraviroc 642markers, of coagulation activation 848mass spectrometry (MS) 1675mast cells 273, 662, 788, 790, 1001,
1204, 1496activation (see mast cell activation)in adaptive immunity 279
antigen presentation 280DCs and effector T cells to sites
of infection, recruitmentof 280
dendritic cells and T cells todraining lymph nodes,recruitment of 280
as effectors of adaptiveimmunity 279
biology of 273degranulating (MCD) 111, 667, 995degranulating peptide (MCDP) 111enhancement of immunity by
boosting 281activators as novel vaccine
adjuvants 281synthetic granules 281
during immune responses, potentiallydetrimental roles 282
negative modulation of immunityby 283
overactivation 282in immune surveillance 275
activation by endogenous dangersignals 276
degranulation and secretoryresponses to pathogens 277
direct recognition ofpathogens 275
indirect recognition ofpathogens 276
strategic peripheral location 275in innate immunity 278
direct bactericidal activity 278induction of immune cell
trafficking to sites ofinfection 279
1722 Index
resistance to exo- andendotoxins 278
release prestored granules uponactivation 274
mastocytosis 375matrigel sponge 663matrix metalloproteinases
(MMP) 228, 469, 803, 1109MMP 3 555MMP-1 expression 666
matrix-synthetic myofibroblasts 1526MBL-associated serine proteases
(MASP) 786mechanistic target of rapamycin
complex (mTORC)mTORC2 complexes 1384
phosphorylation 1384mTORC1, T-cell biology 1381
medial preoptic area (MPO) 865median preoptic nucleus
(MnPO) 865medicinal herbs 1670medullary thymic epithelial cell
(mTEC) 1057, 1380melanocortin receptor (MSH) 927
MC1 and MC3 927melanocortins 927
lymphocytes 927macrophages 927neutrophils 927NK cells 927
melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) 927
melanoma differentiation-associatedgene 5 188
melanoma differentiation-associatedprotein 5 35, 62
melatonin 711melittin 112membrane attack complex
(MAC) 787, 1316membrane-bound precursor
(tmTNFα) 530membrane cofactor protein
(MCP) 793membrane-type PGE synthase
(mPGES) 654
membranous glomerulonephritis(MGN) 799
idiopathic 800memory/effector T cells 289, 639memory inflation 323mepolizumab (anti-IL-5) 352meprin-β 734mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
(MST) 707Merkel cells 1091mesangial cells 1305mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) 505,
1596mesenteric lymph nodes 348, 1017metabolic disorders 1674metabolic stress 322metabolism, and nutrient
availability 953metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) 1587metalloproteinases (MMP) 264, 402,
530, 631, 733, 1201methacholine 375methionine 707
enkephalin peptides 348methotrexate therapy 556N-methyl-D aspartate (NMDA)
receptor 773methylene blue 870methylglyoxal (MGO) 1239methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,6-
tetrahydropyridine(MPTP) 1262
MPP+ neurotoxicity 1264MF59 adjuvanted flu vaccine 147MHC. see major histocompatibility
complex (MHC)mice deficient
in caspase-1 490in NLRP6 494, 495
microarray technology 1676microbe/pathogen-associated
molecular patterns(MAMPs/PAMPs) 137
microbial invasion 1349microbial pathogens 175microbial pattern recognition
997
Index 1723
microbial proteases 753effects on
barrier function 744complement proteins 746cytokine/chemokine
production 746vascular permeability 745
and inflammation 742microbial recognition 1353microbial virulence factors 82microbicidal proteins 422microbiota
in allergic inflammation 1003induced gut inflammation 177
micrococcus prodigiosus 8microfold cells (M cells) 640microglia cells 530, 539, 1256, 1257
activation 776Mac1 receptor
and NADPH oxidase, couplingof 1264
microgliosis 1264microorganism/microbe associated
molecular pattern(MAMP) 19
microphages 6microRNAs (miRNAs) 234, 1142,
1371microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1
(mPGES-1) 868microvascular dysfunction 1235, 1314microvascular endothelium 1154microvascular function 1239microvascularization 1315microvascular thrombus formation
in vascular beds 464migration inhibitory factor (MIF) 11,
1063, 1551milk fat globulin (MFG) 225misshapen-Nck interacting kinase-
related kinase (MINK) 1065mitochondria-derived peptides 957mitochondrial-associated membrane
(MAM) 188mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 58, 62,
1384mitochondrial dysfunction 1317
mitochondrial enzyme complexcytochrome c oxidase 129
mitochondrial growth stimulantactivity 1596
mitochondrial oxygencontrolled reduction to water 700sensing, cytochrome oxidase 131
mitochondrial respiratory chain 699mitochondrial ROS (mROS) 960mitochondrial superoxide dismutase
(mtSOD) 132mitochondrial transition pore
(mPTP) 1314mitogen-activated protein (MAP) 635,
789mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) 134, 152, 550signaling pathways 86, 1667, 1671signaling, toxins modulating 85
synergy between ET/LT 86modified vaccinia virus Ankara
(MVA) 1396molecular mechanism 219molecular trafficking 699monoclonal antibody 1098
SAP antibody 1355monocyte chemotactic protein
(MCP) 1228MCP-1 89, 109, 1203
monocytes/macrophage 219, 233, 401,530, 626, 628, 631, 949, 999,1000
activation and polarization 221CD14+ cells 1200functions 222–230
antigen presentation 226cytokine production and
inflammation 223immunoregulation 228migration 227phagocytosis 224vascular functions 229
molecular pathways and mechanismsregulating response 230–235
epigenetic regulation 232micro-RNAs 234signaling pathways 230
1724 Index
nonclassical 632origin and differentiation 219recruitment 956
monogenic autoimmunediseases 1066
Mono-Mac-6 cells 1429mononuclear cells 657
specific chemokines 1522monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) 21,
144, 145, 153monosodium urate (MSU)
crystals 63mouse chemokines 620mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) 319
infection, acute 323mouse mast cell protease 6
(mMCP6) 279mouse MHV coronavirus
infection 1395mouse T-cell line 483mRNA transcription 599MUC2 gene 446mucin (MUC) 734
domains 440granules, exocytosis 440proteins 439
Muckle-Wells syndrome 482mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT) 1061mucosal-associated invariant T
(MAIT) 1070mucosal immunity 344, 636
CCR6+ and NCR+ ILC3 344and chemokines 640
mucosal ischemia 1592multicomponent receptor systems 573multidrug-resistant (MDR) 1584multidrug-resistant protein 1
(MRP1) 653multiple cellular functions 1673multiple sclerosis (MS) 659, 661, 793,
819, 1264, 1392, 1671, 1674multiplexed molecular markers 1552multiplicity of infection (MOI) 959multitarget drug discovery 1662muramyl dipeptide (MDP) 191, 1427muramyl tripeptide (MTP) 1427
murine alveolar macrophages 1429murine chromosome 17 532murine endosomal TLR7 32murine Ptx3 genes 1351musculoskeletal disorders 1567mycobacterial antigens 820mycobacterial lipomannan 25Mycobacterium avium subspecies
paratuberculosis 1143Mycobacterium bovis BCG
infection 1397Mycobacterium leprae 1397Mycobacterium tuberculosis 181,
325, 492, 503, 706, 819,958, 1586
HSP71 31Mycoplasma fermentans 27MyD88. see myeloid differentiation
primary response-88 (MyD88)myeloid cells 193, 329, 593, 788,
1367degranulation in 788dendritic cells 1096expressing 6-sulfo-LacNAc 1096
myeloid-derived suppressor cell(MDSC) 1163
myeloid differentiation primaryresponse-88 (MyD88) 1364,1430
adapter molecule 1430associated pathway 59binding 501dependent pathway 1426dependent receptor 83dependent signaling 179, 1371
by IL-1R8 for TLR signaling 501dimerization 1590homodimeric formation 1590in inflammation 105knockout mice 105protein 1590
myeloid inhibitory C-type lectin(MICL) 185
myeloperoxidase (MPO) 705, 1201myocardial infarction (MI) 715, 793,
1313myofibroblasts 675
Index 1725
myosin light chain kinase(MLCK) 459
Myrmecia genus ant venom 111
nN-acetylcysteine 1320N-acetyl-glucosamine (N-AcGlc) 27,
28N-deacetylase-N-sulfotransferase 1
(Ndst1) 1286N-acetylmuramic acid (N-AcMur) 28N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-
isoglutamine 28N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine
(NAPQI) 712α7nAChR agonists 1503NADPH oxidase (NOX) 696, 700, 916,
917, 1186, 1264, 1265activations 1265, 1314enzyme isoforms 700therapeutic targeting 1265
NAD+-sensing protein with lysinedeacetylase activity 983
nanotransducing regulatoryelements 709
nasal-associated lymphoid tissue(NALT) 281
natural antibodies 818natural cellular process 714natural cytotoxicity receptors 317
NKp46 (in mice and man) andNKp44 (in man) 344
natural killer (NK) 30, 183, 227,315–319, 322–324, 341, 400,492, 530, 534, 550, 592, 916,971, 1003, 1111, 1315
activation 318, 322, 920activating and inhibitory signals
regulate 321in men 919
CD27+CD11b- 320education/licensing 318gene complex-associated
CLRs 183–187activation receptors 183CLR signaling 186inhibitory receptors 185
and group 1 ILCs, in inflammation/infection 322
cells and other viralinfections 324
effector functions of 320evidence for distinct subsets
of 319Influenza virus 323Listeria monocytogenes 325memory 326mouse cytomegalovirus 322mycobacteria 325as partners in type 1 network 327Salmonella typhi 324
of human 316maturation 319receptor CD161 344T cell 600, 1003, 1070transcript 4 597
natural LPS ligands 25natural products 1661–1663, 1674
derived bioactive compounds 1668use of nanotechnology 1677
navamepent 1453necrotic cells 224, 1155, 1517Neisseria meningitidis 916, 1353neoplastic growth 861neovascularization 1118net filtration pressure (NFP) 1302neural pathways 874neural transmission 874neuraminidase 323neurodegeneration 1255–1257, 1264,
1265disease-modifying therapy 1265inflammation-related models
of 1259novel anti-inflammatory therapy
for 1265progressive, inflammatory
mechanisms of 1262neuroendocrine 915neurohumoral immunomodulatory
pathway 1489neuroimmune
communicatome 1486–1488bioelectronic medicine 1503
1726 Index
brain function in peripheralinflammation 1494
immune cells 1499trafficking, neural regulation
of 1496inflammation, neural sensing
of 1493inflammation resolution, neural
regulation of 1498nervous system 1492, 1496neurogenic inflammation 1493neurotransmitters, in neuronal
circuits controllinginflammation 1497
peripheral inflammation focusing oncholinergicmechanisms 1501
pharmacological anti-inflammatoryapproaches 1503
points of interaction 1492translational exploration 1502
neuroinflammation 1255–1257, 1488,1493, 1496
beneficial effects of 1258detrimental effects of 1258dysregulated 1262modulation of 1265reflex 1372
neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein(NAIP) 28
neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) 703
neuronal thermoregulatorycircuitries 864
neurons 866, 1257derived self-compounds and
microglial Mac1 bridgesmicrogliosis and chronicneurodegeneration,interactions 1263
injured, form a self-perpetuatingvicious cycle drivingneurodegenerationprogression 1262
median preoptic nucleus(MnPO) 866
neuropathic pain 676
neuropeptide Y 927, 928, 1493neurotensin 278neurotransmitters 130, 862neurotrophic factors 1256neutralizing antibodies 145, 795, 1098neutrophil elastase (NE) 265, 734
elastase 2 1552neutrophil extracellular trap
(NET) 85, 103, 175, 423,425, 732, 796, 842, 843, 1111,1427, 1522, 1590
neutrophil gelatinase-associatedlipocalin (NGAL) 1524
neutrophils 104, 261, 278, 279, 325,327, 328, 401, 425, 536, 626,628, 732, 788, 790, 876, 915,916, 947, 949, 956, 966, 980,1097, 1154, 1315, 1524,1543
adhesion/migration 255–258to endothelial wall 256traffic 255transendothelial 257
apoptosis 261characteristics 253cytokine synthesis 260–261
IL1 and IL-1 receptorantagonist 260
IL-8 as model of chemokines 261modulation of cytokine expression,
and production byneutrophils 261
TNF-α 260derived catepsins 634functions 962glucocorticoids (GCs) increased
blood level 918hematopoiesis 254in pathology 262–265
autoimmunity against neutrophilcomponents 264
bacterial infection 263crystal-induced inflammation 263cystic fibrosis, neutrophil-mediated
tissue damage 265cytokine-induced inflammation,
rheumatoid arthritis 263
Index 1727
neutrophils (Continued )genetic disorders regulations,
hereditary periodic feversyndromes 264
tissue injury-inducedinflammation, ischemia-reperfusion injury 263
phagocytosis anddegranulation 258–260
degranulation 259phagocytosis 258
sequestration 263sources of oxidants in 960transepithelial migration 258
New Delhi metallo-beta lactamase(NDM-10) 1587
next-generation sequencing(NXS) 1330
NF. see nuclear factor (NF)NFκB RelB-dependent silent
heterochromatinformation 983
NF-κB. see nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)
nicotinamide adeninedinucleotide 700
Nippostrongylus brasiliensis 345, 558nitric oxide (NO) 37, 459, 462, 463,
697, 702, 923, 1230, 1428, 1672deficiency 460enzymatic and nonenzymatic
production 703H2S cross-talk 708indirect anti-inflammatory
effects 706interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-induced
production 706mRNA expression 845reactive intermediate (RNI)
peroxynitrites 104synthases (NOS) 697, 822, 868,
1314, 1544, 1672cNOS, defined 703
inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) 703, 705, 917, 959,1203, 1432, 1672, 1673
nitrogen dioxide (•NO2) 697, 704
nitrotyrosine (NO2Tyr) 705NK. see natural killer (NK)NKG2D ligands 318NKp46 activation 317, 323NLR. see NOD-like receptor (NLR)nociception 112, 891, 893NOD-like receptor (NLR) 28, 137,
144, 188–193, 225, 441, 997,1423, 1488, 1518
classification and signalingpathway 190
family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) 58, 1237
NLRC4 missence mutationThr337Ser 483
NLRP3 inflammasome 63, 66, 83,788, 798, 1237, 1239, 1283, 1284
activation by dopamine 1501NLRP3 knockout cells 138NLR proteins (NLRPs) 138, 192NOD1 and NOD2 191
signaling 192pyrin-domain containing 3 33
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1199noncanonical inflammasome
pathway 82noncanonical NFκB signaling 660nonclassical MHC-I molecules 318non-ELR CXC chemokines 631non-Hodgkin lymphoma 637nonlymphoid tissue-resident TREGS
1389non-MHC-I-based self-receptors 319non-NK hematopoietic cell types 315nonpermissive promoters 233nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) 863nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) 654, 877, 1257nonthyroidal illness (NIST)
syndrome 916norepinephrine (NA) 862
preoptic area, role of 874norepinephrine (NE) 1488, 1489normal skin
immune organ 1091inflammation by polarized T-helper
cell subsets 1092
1728 Index
Notch intracellular domain (NCID)445
Notch signaling 444Notch transcription factor RBPj 445novel antibacterial agents 1586novel sulfido lipid mediator
conjugates, in tissueregeneration 1457
NOX. see NADPH oxidase (NOX)noxious stimulus 1517nuclear erythroid 2-related factor
(Nrf2) 712nuclear factor (NF) 550, 1366
activated T cells (NFAT) 1162interleukin-3 (NFIL3) 342kappa B 868
cascade 1519pathway 223, 446, 836
kappa-light-chain-enhancer 1667nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
activation 58, 462, 466, 920inducing kinase (NIK) 192signaling 957, 1285translocation 1590
nuclear imaging 1567nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) 1675spectroscopy 1553
nuclear medicine techniques 1574nucleosome remodeling 232nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-
rich repeat pyrin containingprotein-3 (NLRP3)inflammasome 491
nucleotide-binding oligomerizationdomain (NOD) 59, 189
containing protein 1 (NOD1) 1427NOD2 risk haplotypes 1143receptors (See NOD-like receptor
(NLR))nucleotide pyrophosphate
phosphodiesterase(NPP) 672
nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) 873,1487, 1489, 1490
nuocytes 344nutraceuticals 1212, 1670
oobesity 499, 505, 1199, 1213, 1226, 1488
associated inflammation in type 2diabetes 1236
associated low-gradeinflammation 1226
associated type 2 diabetes 1229induces inflammation in diverse
organs 1206phenotypes, and therapeutics 1210as profibrotic disease 1208
obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 136occludins 733oil-in-water emulsions 144, 147oligomerization 188oligonucleotide (ODN) 156Omics technologies 1552oncogenesis 1546oncostatin M (OSM) 575open canalicular system (OCS) 419opioids 875, 901
peptides 899receptors
plasticity, and signalingpathways 896
and signaling 896opsonins 225, 786, 787, 789–791, 1543
antibodies 1584receptors 225, 789, 791
orexinsmacrophages 929neutrophils 929
organ function, loss of 3organogenesis 219organ-specific inflammation 1161organ transplantation 1147, 1313organum vasculosum laminae
terminalis (OVLT) 871orphan type I cytokines 596
G-CSF signals 598orthomyxoviridae
5’-Triphosphate ssRNA 34orthopoxviruses 324osteoarthritis (OA) 1674osteoclasts 221, 1115
regulation 598osteomyelitis 1567
Index 1729
osteopontin 918, 1203, 1525outer membrane protein A
(OmPA) 27deficient mutants 27
outer-surface protein A (OspA) 151OVA. see ovalbumin (OVA)ovalbumin (OVA) 292
induced allergic asthma model 662oxidative damage 701
DNA damage 710oxidative injury 916oxidative phosphorylation
(OXPHOS) 954, 1383oxidative metabolism 915
oxidative stress 695, 697, 698, 961,1186, 1212
antioxidant gene expression, roleof 712
biomarkers of 701oxidized LDL (oxLDL) 1283
derived cholesterol 1291OX40 ligand 280OX40L-OX40 536oxygen
delivery 1318diffuses 131hypoxia, cascade demonstrating levels
of 950sensing 130
transcription factors 133
ppain
basic concepts of 891excitatory mechanisms 892inhibitory mechanisms 895
clinical concepts of 899analgesic drugs 900biopsychosocial concept and
multidisciplinarymanagement 900
translation of basic research intoclinical applications 902
paleopathology 1Pam2Cys lipopeptide 151PAMP. see pathogen-associated
molecular pattern (PAMP)
pandemrix 147paneth cells 438, 439, 441, 446pannexin-1 489panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) 959paracoccidoides brasiliensis 1353paramyxoviridae
5’-Triphosphate ssRNA 34parasitic infections 1398paraventricular hypothalamus
(PVH) 655paraventricular nucleus (PVN) 1487,
1489Parkinson’s disease 1489paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
(PNH) 803PASI 75 scores 555passive ligand 257pathogen, agents targeting 1585pathogen-associated microbial
proteases 743pathogen-associated molecular pattern
(PAMP) 19, 57, 105, 175,223, 275, 654, 791, 821, 862,868, 956, 974, 997, 1032, 1152,1351, 1369, 1423, 1486, 1541,1583, 1585, 1587
agents targeting hostresponses 1589
bacterialDNA 31fimbriae 30flagellin 28glycogolipids 30heat shock proteins 30, 822lipoproteins 26lipoteichoic acid 27peptidoglycan 28RNA 32
CD28 costimulatory signal peptideinhibitors 1598
epithelial membrane barriers 1592extracellular/intracellular signaling
inhibitors 1590fungal 36hemoperfusion systems 1584high mobility group box 1
(HMGB1) 1592
1730 Index
histone inhibitors 1590immune reconstitution
strategies 1596immunomodulators 1595interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
(IL-1ra) 1598mesenchymal stem cells 1596mitochondrial sparing agents 1596parasitic infection 35proresolving agents 1592receptor for advanced glycation end
products (RAGE)inhibitors 1591
recombinant gelsolin 1591statins 1588vascular endothelium in acute
inflammatory states 1594viral PAMPs 33
pathogens 956clearance 785initiated innate immune
responses 58opsonization 787removal 785
patrolling monocytes 219pattern recognition molecule
(PRM) 1349pattern recognition receptor (PRR) 19,
58, 82, 175, 223, 275, 441, 996,1237, 1281, 1369, 1423, 1485,1541, 1588
C-type lectin-like receptor 175distribution 176nucleotide-binding oligomerization
domain (NOD)-likereceptor 175
retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like(RIG-1) receptor 175
sensing necrotic cells 59toll-like receptor (TLR) 175
PCT. see procalcitonin (PCT)PDE4 inhibitor 1190pellino-3b deactivates IRAK-1 1431pentose phosphate pathway
(PPP) 982pentraxin 3 (PTX3) 1352, 1354,
1542–1544
coated surfaces 1355deficiency 1356deficient mice, in skin and liver
damage 1356deficient remodeling cells 1356general scenario 1349protein 1352resistant mutants 1354
peptide hormones 442peptidoglycan (PGN) 19, 25, 28, 191,
192, 959chemical structure 29peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein
(PAL) 27peptidoglycan recognition protein
(PGRP) 30peptidyl-arginin deiminase 1108peptidyl isomerases (PPIases) 27periodontitis 1233, 1447peripheral lymphoid organs 677peripheral nerves 1491
injury 676peripheral tolerance 1054perivascular macrophages 918peroxisome proliferative activated
receptor (PPAR) 982, 1227,1390
γ (PPARγ) 106, 231, 446, 668, 705,954, 1205, 1236
activation 1237peroxynitrite (ONOO-) 697, 704, 705,
713, 1265persistent critical illness (PCI) 1592,
1593Peyer’s patches 344, 348, 551, 637, 640
of carvacrol-treated animals 823PGF2α-FP signaling 663PGN. see peptidoglycan (PGN)PGs. See prostaglandins (PGs)phagocytes 5, 6, 262
microglia 1256professional 224
phagocytosed bacteria 791phagocytosis 4, 223–225, 366, 419,
789, 802, 916, 1155, 1307,1544
induced cell death 958
Index 1731
phagosomes 192, 224, 259PHD. see prolyl hydroxylase
dehydrogenase (PHD)phenol-water extraction 26Phoneutria nigriventer venom
causes paralysis 110phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
(PMA) 1426phosphatase and tensin homolog
(PTEN)activation 1385catalyze 1382
phosphatidic acid (PA) 671phosphatidic acid-selective
phospholipase A1
(PA-PLA1α) 673phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
(PI3K) 1230, 1231, 1371,1672
activation 789Akt/mTOR pathway 1385, 1672pathway 1382phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ
(PI3 kinase γ) 635phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-
triphosphate (PIP3) 1381phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1
(PDK1) 1381phospholipase C dependent 488phospholipases 100, 257
phospholipase A2 (PLA2) 651, 671,869
on membranephospholipids 1672
phospholipase C 635phospholipase D 671
phospholipid cardiolipin 299phospholipomannan 37phosphorylated insulin receptor 1230phosphorylation 195, 259, 366, 813,
1205, 1431phosphorylcholine (PC) 1353phytohemagglutin (PHA) 483pioglitazone 1237pituitary gland (PitG) 1488pituitary hormones 920
arginine vasopressin (AVP) 920
lymphocytes, and macrophages 920NK cells 920
placental growth factor (PlGF) 466plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) 156,
599, 1092, 1112derived IFN-α 1096
plasmacytomas 1366plasma kallikrein-kinin system 741plasma proteins 457plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
expression in endothelial cells 845plasminogen-plasmin system 844Plasmodium cynomolgi 1428Plasmodium falciparum 426plasmodium infection 1398platelets 836
activating factor 619bacteria, interactions 422bacterial endotoxin (LPS)
adherent 422consumption 834human platelets 420, 424and inflammatory disorders 425inflammatory processes 421integrins 424leukocyte aggregates 423, 424leukocyte interactions 423Limulus polyphemus 419membrane glycoprotein (GP)
Ibα 423microparticle 421, 425nonhemostatic components 421platelet-activating factor (PAF) 106platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) 467platelet endothelial cell adhesion
molecule-1 (PECAM-1) 257,466, 1203
recruitment 463role in immune responses 425signaling 426toll-like receptors, expression
of 422white blood cells, interactions 423
PLCγ cleaves phosphatidylinositolbisphosphate (PIP2) 1666
pleckstrin-homology domains 1381
1732 Index
pleiotropy 573Pneumocystis carinii 182pneumolysin 83podocytes 799, 800polarization 627poliovirus 178polyangiitis 264polyclonal 1151polyglycolic acid (PGA) 1677polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
(poly I:C) 60, 152, 1426polyketides 1676polymorphic protein-1 (PMP-1) 422polymorphisms 177, 185, 1120polymorphonuclear (PMN)
infiltration 1452leukocyte (PML) 423, 791, 1447
poly lactic-co-glycolic acid(PLGA) 1677
polysaccharidic moiety 22polyubiquitination 192Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS 1426positron emission tomography
(PET) 1257, 1568post-translational modifications 789,
954power Doppler ultrasound
(PDUS) 1580Poxviridae family 324p50p65 NF-κB heterodimer 1431preadipocytes 1205, 1228preepigenetic sensing, and
signaling 974preimmunization 819preoptic area (POA) 655, 864presepsin (soluble CD14
subtype) 1547p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1
(S6K1) 1384primary lymphoid organs, and
chemokines 636primary percutaneous coronary
intervention (PCI) 1318PRL. see prolactin (PRL)proapoptotic signaling 529procalcitonin (PCT) 1542, 1544
guided algorithms 1545
induction 1544levels 1544production 1544values 1545
progesteronereduce NK cell activity 919suppresses antibody production 920
programmed cell death protein 1(PD1) 1163
proinflammatorycytokines 37, 60, 188, 193, 223, 505,
592, 654, 788, 815, 838, 842,920, 1315
responses 1498genes 179, 180, 658and immunoregulatory factors 341leukocyte influx 1523mediators 557T cells 1228
T helper 17 cells 1367prolactin (PRL) 921proliferation 457
signals 592prolyl hydroxylase dehydrogenase
(PHD) 134enzymes 1320on HIF 132inhibitors 1320
promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger(PLZF) 343
Propionibacterium acnes 491, 1426proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9
(PCSK9) 1592proresolving lipid mediators, in
resolution of acuteinflammation 1448
prostaglandins (PGs) 102, 229, 348,619, 651, 654, 917, 1449
anti-inflammatory actions 663autoimmune and allergic
inflammation, role in 659as cytokine amplifiers 657degrading enzyme 664positive feedback loops of
inflammation, role in 657prostacyclin (PGI2) 459, 463
IP pathway 654
Index 1733
prostaglandins (PGs) (Continued )mediated amplification 658
prostaglandin E2 862, 964CXCL1 pathway 659EP2 signaling 658EP3 signaling 662EP4 signaling 657, 659induced edema formation 654in MnPO, role of 874
prostaglandin E synthase 869prostaglandin H2 459receptors for 669roles in nervous system 656, 657Th2-mediated allergic inflammation,
role in 661Th1/Th17-mediated autoimmune
inflammation, role in 660tissue remodeling 663
prosthetic valve 1567protease-activated receptor
(PAR) 734, 997, 1595activation on cells, inflammation-
related effects of 737proteases 732, 736
hyperactivity 727inhibitors 729, 1350as targets in inflammatory
pathologies 747airways 748gut 747joints 751pancreatitis 752skin 750traumatic brain injury 752
proteasome 192protectin 1452
protectin D1 (PD1) 1498protective antigen (PA) 84protein
alterations 813docking, computer algorithms 1676folding 88modifications 814structure 1352synthesis 1385
proteinases 727proteinase-3 732, 734
protein C 1316activation 839pathway 838system 837, 839, 844
protein kinases 1666dependent signal transduction 589protein kinase A 655protein kinase C 186, 635, 655, 789,
960, 1230, 1666γ-isoform 676
protein kinase G 702proteolysis 577, 1549proteolytic
activity 727, 733cleavage 787
proteomics 100prothrombin time (PT) 834prothrombotic state 837protocadherin (PCDH1) 999protocatechuic acid 1288Protonectarina sylveirae venoms
112proximity ligation assay (PLA) 502PRR. see pattern recognition receptor
(PRR)Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4, 191, 706,
959psoriasis 1092
anti-IL-17 therapy in 554area and severity index 554, 1097psoriatic arthritis 555, 1116clinical and histological
features 1093molecular features 1092
guttate 1094immunopathogenesis 1091lesions 1093plaque 1094pustular 1094skin 1093
adaptive immune responses 1096biopsy 1093dendritic cells interplaying with
T cells 1096IL-12p40 1097IL-23/TH17 1098inflammation 1094, 1095
1734 Index
inflammatory molecules fortargeted treatment 1097
keratinocytes triggeringinnate 1096
neutrophils 1097T cells 1094TNF-α 1098
skin lesions 1096vulgaris 1091, 1094
PTEN. see phosphatase and tensinhomolog (PTEN)
PTX3. see pentraxin 3 (PTX3)pulmonary edema, acute 107pulmonary embolism (PE) 464pulmonary fibrosis 347putative proteinase maturation protein
A (PpmA) 27putative pyrogens, possible sites of
action for 864P2X7 receptor 957
Glu496Ala loss 489pyocyanic bacillus 4pyocyanin 959pyrin domain (PYD) 1370pyrogenic cytokines 868pyrogens 874
interfere 864pyrogenic zone 865
pyroptosis 138, 195pyrotoxina 4, 21
qquantitative D-dimer assay 846Quillaia saponins 148
rRA. see rheumatoid arthritis (RA)RAG-complementation analyses 1382Rag-independent innate
lymphocytes 316RANK ligand 344, 1110, 1115rapamycin 794Raphe pallidum neurons 655rapid signal transfer 873rapid thermoregulatory responses 864RAS/MAPK pathways 593, 1230RC-529 adjuvanted vaccines 154
reactive free radical 710reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 697,
702anti-infectious agents, as 705general properties 698metabolism 704
reactive oxygen species (ROS) 104,132, 175, 260, 278, 695, 697,700, 791, 815, 916, 1177, 1189,1205, 1258, 1314, 1522
biomarkers of 701general properties 698redox interconversion of 708
reactive sulfur species (RSS) 706general properties 698
receptor 4-1BB 533receptor for advanced glycation
end-products (RAGE) 60,1518
receptor for hyaluronan-mediatedmotility (RHAMM) 1154
receptor interaction protein (RIP) 180receptor retinoic acid (RA) 341receptor tyrosine kinase signal
transduction 465recombinant human APC
(rhAPC) 840redox code 697, 698
health and disease, use in 713principles 699
redox diseases 713redox-related switch-off signal 713regulatory T cells (Treg) 292, 299,
366, 395, 407, 505, 640, 819,1094, 1203, 1212, 1377, 1423,1524
accumulation 1204adipose tissue 1389canonical genes 1380clinical perspectives 1399in context of infections 1394depletion 1396effector 1386intestinal 1390molecular mechanisms 1380natural Tregs (nTregs) 1060nonlymphoid tissue-resident 1389
Index 1735
peripheral-induced 1390populations 1388subpopulations 1379subsets 1060suppressor 1377, 1378thymus-derived vs. peripherally
derived 1379rejection, chronic 1159renal
allografts 1154biopsies, human 800blood flow (RBF) 1302, 1303damage 1320dysfunction 802, 803isografts 1154response to systemic
inflammation 1304changes in renal
hemodynamics 1307endothelial activation 1304glomerular filtration barrier
changes 1305tubular injury 1306
transplantation 1320vasodilation 1307
renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) 1235aldosterone system 915
reperfusion 263, 1155, 1314reprogramming 1428resistin 926
resistin-like molecule β(RELMβ) 345
resolvin D1 (RvD1)RvD1 1454
resolvin E1 (RvE1) 1451RvE1 formation 1452RvE1 signals 1452
respiratory burst 713respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 34resveratrol (RES) 1211reticulo-endothelial system 5retinoic acid-inducible gene-I
(RIG-I) 32, 62receptors 1315, 1541
retinoid acid-related orphan receptor(ROR) 549
alpha 315
gamma 397retinopathies 230reverse cholesterol transport
(RCT) 1280reverse pharmacology 1662rhabdoviridae
5’-Triphosphate ssRNA 34rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 65, 263,
496, 530, 578, 659, 792, 918,1105, 1106, 1392, 1488, 1671,1674
clinical phenotype 1106endothelial cells 1111etiology 1106fibroblast-like synoviocytes 1109inflammatory cells and mediators
driving 1109innate immunity and stromal
cells 1109innate lymphoid cells 1111monocytes and macrophages 1110neutrophils and mast cells 1111structural changes in
cartilage damage and boneerosions 1115
rhinosinusitis, chronic, associated withnasal polyps 347
rhodopsin-like family of GPCRs 632Rho GTPases family 87RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) 137,
187–188, 997, 1369signaling 188, 189
rituximab 802RNA
derived markers 1552ribosomal 1385
single-stranded (ssRNA) 178RNase A-type ribonucleases 66RNS. see reactive nitrogen species
(RNS)RORc expression 404ROS. see reactive oxygen species (ROS)Ross River virus 1354rostral raphe pallidus nucleus
(rRPa) 865rostroventrolateral medulla
(RVM) 1487, 1490
1736 Index
rotational thrombelastography(ROTEM) 846
sS. agalatiae 423salivary gland (SVG) 320Salmonella enterica 30, 1354Salmonella typhi 917Salmonella typhimurium 83, 192, 957,
1353Salmonella typhosa 1423salsalate 1211SAP. see serum amyloid P (SAP)sarcoidosis 1576scavenger cells 788
macrophages 788monocytes 788neutrophils 788
scavenger receptors 1281class A (SR-A) 1280
sCD40 ligand 466schistocytes 800Schistosoma mansoni 36, 420, 1398
egg 36Schwartzman reaction 21scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus 106scorpion venoms
inflammation induced 105–107inflammatory action, schematic
representation of 108SEB-induced toxic shock 1590secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) 637secretory mucin-containing
granules 440Secukinumab 408, 553–556segmented filamentous bacterium
(SFB) 551selectins (Sel) 1518
E-selectin 280, 461, 1154P-selectin 462, 1154
dependent reaction 836glycoprotein ligand-1
(PSGL-1) 256, 957, 1154selective PPAR-γ modulators
(SPPARMs) 1237self-induced ligands 184self-nucleic acids 178
seminal experiments 1392senescence 1189sense perturbations 131sensitization 999
phase 996sensory circumventricular organs
(sensory Cvos) 871sensory neurons 1493sepsis 795, 947, 1031, 1331, 1488,
1542acute mortality 1032clinical management 1037DAMPs 1033dendritic cells 1035epidemiology 1031
incidence 1031host immune response 1032illness concepts updated definitions
and clinical criterialimitations of previous
definitions 1037Sepsis-3 1037, 1038
immune cell abnormalities in 1034induced mortality 177lymphocytes 1035macrophages 1034mechanisms of organ dysfunction
in 1037metabolic alterations in 1036mitochondrial function in 1036monocytes 1034natural killer cells 1035and neutrophils 1034pattern recognition receptor 1033polymicrobial 795, 798, 803transduction of danger signals
1033Sepsis-related Organ Failure
Assessment score (SOFAscore) 1038
septic shock 1038serine and threonine kinases 1231serine proteases 786, 1316serine-rich repeat (Srr) 423serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B
(PKB/Akt) 1381serine/threonine-phosphorylation 1231
Index 1737
serotonin 1497producing enterochromaffin cells 442
Serratia marcescens 8, 21serum albumin 711serum amyloid A (SAA) 965, 1282serum amyloid P (SAP) 1352
component 1349deficient mice 1355protomers 1351
serum sickness 995serum therapy 1584severe sepsis-induced ADAMTS13
deficiency 837sex hormones 918sexual dimorphism 918SH1-containing inositol-5´ phosphatase
(SHIP-1) 1430Shiga toxins (Stxs) 88Shigella dysenteriae 1424Shigella infection 801SHIP-deficient mice 1383short consensus repeat (SCR) 788short-hairpin 1454sialic acid 323
binding immunoglobulin-like lectin9 1579
sickness behaviors 861encompasses fever 1494
sickness-induced lethargy 657signaling chains 589signal regulatory protein-alpha
(SIRPα) 225signal transducer and activator of
transcription (STAT)pathway 366, 963, 1097
signal transduction 587–589, 596, 600,634
signal transducers 921signal transducing receptor 573
silent mating-type informationregulator-2 (Sir2) 983
single IgG domain of IL-18BP is similarto IL-1R8 (SIGIRR) 496
single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) 661, 1329, 1331
for acute and chronic inflammatorydisorders 1342
associated with susceptibility to thedevelopment of sepsis 1332
and functional genomics 1330homozygosity 1339selection of 1331
single photon-emission computedtomography (SPECT) 1568,1572
Singleton-Merten syndrome 188siRNA treatment targeting
HMGB1 60Sirt1 epigenetic-based homeostat for sepsis
inflammation treatment 986sirtuins 983
in inflammation 984Sjogren’s syndrome 329skin
associated lymphoid tissue 1091homing immunity 1092homing T cells 1091immunity and chemokines 641inflammation
T-helper subtypes 1093keratinocytes 484
SLE. see systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)
sleep disturbance 861Smad3 protein 507α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) 675,
1526smooth muscle cell (SMC) 791snakebite envenoming constitutes 100snake venoms
induced edema 101inflammation 99–105proteomics 100
SOD. see superoxide dismutase (SOD)soluble decoy TLRs 1371soluble egg antigen (SEA) 36soluble mediators 370soluble triggering receptor expressed on
myeloid cells-1(sTREM-1) 1548
soluble urokinase-type plasminogenactivator receptor(suPAR) 1549
levels 1549
1738 Index
specialized proresolving mediators(SPM) 965, 1448, 1488
specific receptors and biologicalactions 1450, 1457
sphingosine (Sph) 673sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) 667
receptor 637, 670, 671, 1524structure 668synthetic
degrading, and action of 672pathways 673
sphingosylphosphorylcholine(SPC) 673
spidersbrown 108venoms
inflammation induced 107–110spinal protein kinases pathways 112spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) 183spondyloarthritis 1116
adaptive immunity 1119bone remodeling in 1121cells and mediators driving 1117clinical phenotype 1116cross-talk between innate and
adaptive immunity 1118dendritic cell (DC) 1119iNKT cell 1119MAIT cells 1119γδT cells 1119
etiology 1116innate immunity and stromal
cells 1117endothelial cells 1118fibroblast-like synoviocytes 1117innate lymphoid cells 1118monocytes and
macrophages 1117neutrophils and mast cells 1118
spondyloarthritis (SpA) 1105S100 proteins 1092Src homology 2 domain-containing
inositol-5-phosphatase(SHIP1) 1382
Src inhibition 469Src-kinase tyrosine
phosphorylation 469
SRR adhesins 423Staphyloccocus aureus 83, 326, 422,
732pore-forming toxin 959
Staphylococcus epidermidis 31, 486,1575
starfish larvae 4statin-induced 13-series
resolvins 1457STAT proteins 366
STAT1, activation 596STAT3
deficient TREGS 1388dependent mechanism 550protein 404signal transduction 595
sterileliver 1356
steroidshormones 917natural/synthetic, relative potencies
of 1471sterol regulatory element-binding
protein (SREBP) 1384Streptococcus
group B Streptococcus (GBS) 83Streptococcus agalactiae 83Streptococcus pneumoniae 10, 83,
191, 420, 732, 1179, 1353Streptococcus pyogenes 21, 1353,
1426stress responses 815stroke 1280stromal cells 591stromal vascular fraction (SVF) 1199
cells 1200Strongyloides venezuelensis 345SubAB-mediated suppression 89subcapsular sinus (SCS) 226subfornical organ (SFO) 871substance P (SP) 110subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) 89successive redox reactions 699succinate 954sulfhydryl
free groups 709sulfur-based radicals 706
Index 1739
sulfur-containing amino acids 707sulfur oxidases (SOX) 707superantigens 1068superoxide 459, 700superoxide dismutase (SOD) 137, 696,
916, 1319SOD1 1264SOD3 1186
suppressor-of-cytokine signaling(SOCS) 232, 1371, 1523
surface markers 370surfactant proteins 734
protein D 182Surviving Sepsis Campaign
(SSC) 1037synaptic plasticity 767synthetic dipalmitoylated
lipopeptide 27systemic autoimmunity 1388systemic hypotension, sepsis-
induced 1307systemic inflammatory response 836,
1200, 1583, 1597syndrome 106, 1037, 1301, 1428
systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) 186, 426, 792, 802,995, 1054, 1392, 1476, 1674
aberrant cell death 1075adjuvant mimicry leading to
pseudoantiviralimmunity 1075
autoreactive lymphocyteclones 1076
environmental factors promotingsystemic lupus erythematosusactivity 1076
erythematosus 580pathomechanisms 1075
systemic onset juvenile arthritis(sJIA) 497
systems pharmacology 1676
ttachykinin NK1 receptors 111tacrolimus 1673TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) 180T-bet 341, 366, 406
T-bet+ ILC3s 344T-box transcription factor 366T-cell 61, 280, 315, 341, 342, 396, 533,
536, 539, 629, 633, 638, 639,785, 921, 947, 954, 971, 1150,1151, 1228, 1279, 1316, 1343
anergy 299autoantigen 1097clonal deletion of 1056clones 365compartments 1154effector and regulatory 529factor 1 (TCF-1) 342growth factor 590immunity 792immunoglobulin domain and mucin
domain 3 (TIM3) 1431mediated inflammatory
disease 1099memory 529Naïve T cells 289polarization 365receptor 637, 659, 1004, 1056,
1076, 1666induced clonal deletion 1379induced expression of members of
the TNF superfamily(TNFSF) 1385
ligation 1384signaling 366transgenic mice 1059
suppression 226transfer 460vaccination 819
Tconv cells 299tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) 1072testosterone, reducing TLR-4
expression by macrophageand monocytes 919
tetanus toxoid vaccine 146tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) 703TF. see tissue factor (TF)T follicular helper cells 366Th1 cell 365, 366, 639, 659
cytokines 469IL-1-β 103
differentiation
1740 Index
PGE2-EP2/EP4-mediatedfacilitation, role of 661
effector CD4+ T cells 299master regulator transcription
factor 639mediated signals 553polarization 1097
Th2 cell 365, 366, 634, 659, 996, 1203cytokines 469, 558, 665, 1070
response 496differentiation 374driven allergic-induced asthma 559immunity 293mediated allergic inflammation 366,
663produced IL-5 increased circulating
eosinophils 366TH2-associated innate and adaptive
immunity 345Th9 cell 375
associated cytokines andchemokines 371
associated effector molecules 381differentiation 374, 377
cytokines and costimulatorsrequired fordifferentiation 377
Th9 biology, factors required forpromotion of 380
transcription factors fordifferentiation 379
in disease helpful and unhelpful 371driven allergic-induced asthma 559function of 369inducing
cell surface ligands 369cytokines, additional 368
introduction to 367responses, therapies potentially
beneficial in modulating 378targeting therapeutically 377
Th17 cell 395, 396, 551, 555, 640, 659,1475
during chronic inflammation 405clinical targeting of 407cytokines acting on 401
IL-23 401
IL-27 401cytokines and chemokines produced
by 399CCL20 400IL-21 400IL-22 400IL-17A and IL-17F 399
differentiation of 396circulating vs. tissue
phenotypes 398in humans 397in mice 396pathogenic Th17 cells 398
effector CD4+ T cells 299and inflammatory diseases 401
arthritic diseases 402inflammatory bowel diseases 403multiple sclerosis 403psoriasis 402TH17-associated cytokines 341,
344phenotypes 399
during chronic inflammation,differentiation, recruitment,and maintenance of 403
plasticity of 405, 406polarization 1092
T-helper cell 341, 1094lineage memory cells 591subtype participation in
autoimmunity 595therapeutic interventions 1210, 1265thermal hyperalgesia 655thermoafferent pathway 865thermoregulatory 863
effectors 863system 863thresholds 864
thermosensors 864thiazolidinediones (TZDs) 1210
adipose effects of 1236insulin sensitizing effect 1236
thioredoxin (TRX) 138thiyl radicals (R-S•) 706threonine amino acid residues 440threshold temperatures 863thrombelastography (TEG) 846
Index 1741
thrombin 733, 1595activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
(TAFI) 840thrombocytopenia 425, 426, 800, 995thrombocytosis 425thrombolysis agent 1317thrombomodulin (TM) 840, 1590
bound thrombin 841TM-1 1525
thrombotic microangiopathies 801thromboxane A2 (TxA2) 459
induced vasoconstriction 461synthase 460TP signaling 663
Thr308, phosphorylation of 1381Thr37 residue of Rho 88thymic DC 1062thymic regulatory T cells (tTreg) 298,
1378thymic self-ligands 1378thymic stromal lymphopoietin
(TSLP) 996thymocytes 224thymus 1057, 1065
derived TREGS (tTREGS) 1379thyroid hormones 915, 916thyroxine (T4; 3,5,3´,5´-
tetraiodothyronine) 915tie-2-mediated phosphorylation 467timeline of autoantibody-positive
rheumatoid arthritis(RA) 1108
TIR. see toll-interleukin receptor (TIR)TIR-containing adapter protein
(TIRAP) 1370tissue damage 787, 915, 1363tissue factor (TF) 464
eomesodermin 341inhibitors 1316pathway inhibitor 732, 837protease inhibitor (TFPI) 739, 841
tissue ILCs homeostasis 345tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1
(TIMP1) 1208tissue injury 629tissue metaplasia 663tissue remodeling 663
tissue repair 1355, 1517anti-inflammatory cytokines 1523cellular effectors of resolution 1524chemokines regulate leukocyte
recruitment 1520complement cascade 1519extracellular matrix 1525fibroblast activation/scar
formation 1526inflammatory response 1517leukocyte adhesion cascade 1523leukocyte recruitment 1521macrophages 1521negative regulation of cytokine
signaling 1523pathways 790postinfarction inflammation 1523proinflammatory cytokines 1519repression/resolution of
inflammation 1522role of neutrophils 1522tissue-specific events leading to
regeneration 1525Tityus serrulatus venom 106TL1A/DR3 interaction 534TLR. see toll-like receptors (TLR)TNF. see tumor necrosis factor (TNF)tocilizumab 407, 580, 1343tofacitinib 1343tolerance 1159
and accommodation of blood groupmismatched transplants 1160
tolerogenic dendritic cells 596, 825,1062
toll-interleukin receptor (TIR) 479,1430, 1590
toll interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducinginterferon-β (TRIF)pathway 59
toll-like receptors (TLR) 24, 105, 138,150, 176–181, 220, 275, 441,468, 551, 594, 796, 821, 974,997, 1097, 1152, 1232, 1281,1282, 1315, 1351, 1423, 1488,1518, 1541, 1590, 1664
agonists 144
1742 Index
cell surface-bound TLRs 177endosomal TLRs 178humans TLR4 expression 1153ligands 145, 296, 479, 602, 916MyD88-dependent signaling
pathway 179signaling 601
pathway 1370, 1371signaling pathway 180TLR signaling 179TLR2 34, 58, 151, 1426, 1474
mediated cell activation 34stimulation 1264
TLR3 152, 153ligands/immunogenicity 152dependent signaling 1264
TLR4 153deficient mice 64inhibitors 1320MyD88 signaling pathway 105,
1353TLR5 154TLR 7/8 154, 155
tolerizes cells 1426TLR9 156, 157
agonist CpG ODN 147clinical activity 156ligands 156safety 157transfected HEK cells 31
TRIF signaling pathway 179vaccine adjuvants targeting
clinical activity 151, 153, 155innate immune system 150safety 152–155
toxins blocking protein synthesis 88Toxoplasma gondii 36, 178, 768, 1426TOX protein 342traditional Chinese medicine
(TCM) 1661transcription activators 532, 921transcription factors 315, 341, 366,
395, 1315transforming growth factor
(TGF) 262, 549, 734, 1328,1385
TGF β 467, 676, 1368
activated kinase 179, 1385, 1430TGFβ/BMP signaling 1121
transgenic mice expressing humanIL-37 (IL37-tg) 501
transient receptor potential V1(TRPV1) 668
transit-amplifying cell (TAC) 438transmembrane activator calcium
modulator 536transplantation 1203
modulating inflammation toimprove 1163
treatment 1162azathioprine 1162CTLA4-Ig 1163cyclosporine A 1162monoclonal antibodies 1163
Δ10-trans-RvD2 isomer 1456transsulfuration pathway 707traumatic brain injury 1150Treg. see regulatory T cells (Treg)trehalose dimycolate (TDM) 185triacylated lipopetide 25Trichuris muris 345, 558trigeminal nerve 864triggering receptor expressed
on myeloid cells-1(TREM-1) 38, 1548, 1591
upregulated expression 1548triglycerides 1207, 1227trimethylamine-N-oxide
(TMAO) 1288trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
(TNBS) 552, 661induced colitis 494
Tripterygium wilfordii 1677Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F 1674TRX interacting protein (TXNIP) 138Trypanosoma cruzi 550
infections 35trypanosomatidae DNAs 62TSH administration 916T suppressor cells 1377tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1381tubular cell apoptosis 1307tubulin 818tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) 676
Index 1743
tumorantigen MAGE-3 157associated macrophages 229immunity 372progression 220regression 235, 1394
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 21, 103,109, 274, 397, 530, 732, 768,791, 834, 837, 862, 1000, 1096,1176, 1199, 1330, 1425, 1428,1519, 1543
biological roles 530converting enzyme (TACE) 34, 530gene 1330
molecule, characterization of 532IFN-γ 1228immunoblockade 465induced gene expression 658mechanisms of action 531promoter 1338related apoptosis-inducing ligand
receptor 1371role in neuronal inflammation 538role on inflammatory bowel
diseases 537signaling 1590soluble 530superfamily
actions of 531members 540
synthesis 1520tumor necrosis factor receptor
(TNFR) 529, 530, 532,1385
associated factor 550interactions 538superfamily 529, 532
BAFF-R-BAFF 536DcR3 535Fas ligands 534GITRL 537OX40 or ACT35 or CD134 or
TNFRSF4 536TL1A 533TRAIL 535TWEAK 535
TNFR-1 531
TNFR-associated death domain(TRADD) 529
TNFR-associated factor(TRAF) 1371, 1430
TNFRSF interactions 538TNFRSF1B encoding
receptor 1331TxA2. see thromboxane A2 (TxA2)typhoid vaccine 4tyrosine 186
autophosphorylation 1231phosphorylation 1230, 1231
uubiquitin E3 ligase 822ulcerative colitis (UC) 374, 400, 457,
460, 537, 540, 1336ultrasound 1573ultraviolet and/or ionizing
radiation 696uncoupling proteins 699unfolded protein response (UPR) 89unilateral ureteral obstruction
(UUO) 675uric acid 185, 711ustekinumab 352, 407, 555uveitis 499UV-inactivated virus 11UV-treated fibroblasts 63
vvaccination
with HSP60-derived peptidep227 824
immunogenicity 143against tumor antigens 1394target toll-like receptors 150
clinical activity 151, 153, 155innate immune system 150safety 152–155, 157TLR2 151TLR3 ligands/
immunogenicity 152TLR4 153TLR5 154TLR7/8 154, 155TLR 9 156
1744 Index
vaccinia virus (VV) 317vagus nerve 864
stimulation (VNS) 1491valine 46 503vascular adhesion protein 1 792, 1578vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
(VCAM-1) 1207, 1474vascular disease, in type 2
diabetes 1234vascular endothelial (VE)
cadherin (cadherin-5) 469vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) 109, 220, 274, 465,657, 1118, 1428
depleting antibodies 465proteolytic modification 466receptor 466receptor 2 468
activity 467VEGF-A isoforms 466VEGF-A-mediated angiogenic
signaling 468VEGF/VEGFR complexes 466
vascularization 636vasculitis 792, 799, 802, 1567, 1575
detected by [18F]FDG PET/CT 1576lesions of 799
vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP) 1496
vasodilation 112vasomotor dysfunction 458–460
angiogenesis/vasculogenesis 465endothelial cell-dependent
vasoactivity 459endothelium-dependent vasoactivity
in IBD 460enhanced thrombosis 463junctional 468leukocyte–endothelial cell
adhesion 461vascular smooth muscle contraction/
relaxation 459VEGF. see vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF)venom-induced inflammation 99venomous animals 99
scorpions 105
venous congestion 1308ventilator-associated pneumonia
(VAP) 1335vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) 34vespids
inflammation induced byvenoms 110–111
venoms 111vessel wall inflammation,
chronic 792Vibrio cholerae 83
vaccine 146Viperidae family 100viral IL-6 575viral IL-18BP, natural
neutralization 497viral infections 1395, 1398virosomes, nano/microparticles 148virtual screening 1676virulence factors 1584virus-associated inflammatory PD
models 1260virus-induced
immunopathology 1396visceral adipose tissue (VAT) 322,
1389endothelial cells 1205
visceral epithelial cell (VEC) 800visceral fat 1226visfatin 926vitamin A deficiency 347vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 710vitamin D 347vitamin D3 (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin
D3) 825vitamin K deficiency 846von Hippel–Lindau protein
(VHLP) 134tumor suppressor gene 134
von Willebrand factor 836, 845, 1154cleaving protease 837
wWarburg effect 135, 1383warts, hypogammaglobulinemia,
infections, and myelokathexis(WHIM) syndrome 636
Index 1745
Waterhouse-Friderichsensyndrome 833
WEHI164 clone 532Weibel-Palade storage granules 1154West Nile virus (WNV) 317white adipose tissue (WAT) 922
mast cells 1204Willebrand factor 836
multimers 1595Willow tree 1672Wnt agonist R-spondin-1 444Wnt/beta-catenin 1212
signaling pathway 538Wnt inhibitory factor (WIF) 444Wnt-receptor complex 443Wnt signaling 444
pathway 438
wound healing, resolution of 1455WSXWS amino acid motif 598
xxanthine oxidase 700, 716, 976, 1314XIAP gene mutations 497Xigris 796
yyellow fever virus 33
zzeta chain-associated protein kinase 70
(Zap70) deficiency 1065zinc metalloproteinase (Zmp) 957zonula occludens (ZO) 469, 733zymosan-induced peritonitis 1498
1746 Index