MR IMAGING OF IRON DEPOSITIONAL DISEASE

INDEX

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

Abscess(es), amebic, of liver, 125, 126fungal hepatic, MR imaging of, 130–131

organisms causing, 129–130multiple fungal, in children, 152–153pericholecystic, cholecystitis and, 176pyogenic, in children, 152, 153

of liver, 121–125bacterial cholangitis in, 124

Adenoma(s), hepatocellular. See Hepatocellular adenoma.diagnosis of, MR imaging in, 146in children, 146–147MR imaging in, 147

liver cell, 7–11hepatocellular carcinoma versus, 51

Adenomyomatosis, of gallbladder, MR imaging in,170–172

Aflatoxin, and hepatocellular carcinoma, 32Amebic abscess, of liver, 125, 126Angiomyolipomas, hepatic, 3–4

Biliary hamartoma(s), 2–3, 6Biliary tract, complications of, following liver

transplantation, 89–90Biliary tree, abnormalities of, MR imaging in, 156–161Bone, metastasis to, hepatocellular carcinoma versus,

41–49

Cancer, of lung, liver metastases from, 21ovarian, subcapsular liver metastases from, 22

Candidiasis, hepatosplenic, acute, 153Carcinoma, hepatocellular. See Hepatocellular carcinoma.

of gallbladder, MR imaging in, 177–180TNM staging of, 178treatment options in, 178

Chemical shift imaging, of gallbladder, 165–167Children, abscesses in, 152–153

cirrhosis in, 155–156fatty liver in, 153–154focal hepatic disease in, 142–153hepatocellular adenomas in, 146–147hepatocellular carcinoma in, 148–149, 150iron overload in, 154liver transplantation in, 160–161MR imaging of liver of, 137–163parenchymal disease in, 153–156primary malignant tumors of liver in, 147–153

185

Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde, ofbiliary tree, 157

of gallbladder, 169MR, in biliary abnormalities, 156–161

in liver transplantation, 161of gallbladder, 167–169

percutaneous transhepatic, 157, 169Cholangitis, bacterial, in pyogenic liver abscesses, 124Cholecystitis, acalculous, 176

acute, MR imaging in, 172–177subtypes of, 175, 176–177

and pericholecystic abscess, 176chemical, 175, 176chronic, MR imaging in, 176hemorrhagic, 176–177xanthogranulomatous, MR imaging in, 180

Choledochal cysts, MR cholangiopancreatography in,159

types of, 158–159Cholelithiasis, MR imaging in, 169–170Cirrhosis, alcoholic, siderotic nodules in, 118

and fatty liver, 95dilatation of right inferior phrenic artery in, 83expanded gallbladder fossa sign in, 81, 82fibrosis in, 80–81gastrointestinal wall thickening in, 83–84hemochromatosis secondary to, 111, 112, 114in children, 155–156in hepatocellular carcinoma, 31, 32iron deposition in, 80, 81morphologic changes of liver in, 75–77, 78MR imaging features of, 75–92nodular surface of liver in, 79–80portal hypertension in, 84–86, 87progressive, 81–83regenerative nodules in, 78–79

Computed tomography, in fatty liver, 94, 98in pyogenic abscesses of liver, 121, 123

Contrast agents, extracellular, for evaluation of hepaticlesions, 16–18

hepatobiliary, 169Cryotherapy, in hepatic lesions, 61–65, 66–67Cyst(s), choledochal, types of, 158–159

hepatic, ciliated foregut, 1–2, 3solitary (nonparasitic), 1–2

hydatid, intrahepatic complications of, 126–127Cystic duct, variants and abnormalities of, MR imaging

in, 170

Echinococcal disease, MR imaging in, 125–129

186 INDEX

Echinococcosis, hepatic alveolar, hosts for, 128liver involvement in, 128MR imaging in, 128–129, 130

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, 157,169

Erythrogenic hemochromatosis, 114–115Ethanol injection therapy, percutaneous, of hepatic

lesions, 57–60

Fascioliasis, MR imaging in, 133–134Fatty liver. See Liver, fatty.Fibrolamellar carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma

versus, 49–51Fibrosis, in cirrhosis, 80–81Focal hepatic disease, pediatric, 142–153

clinical findings in, 143differential diagnosis of, 143, 144MR imaging findings in, 144

Focal nodular hyperplasia, 11–12, 146differential diagnosis of, 149hepatocellular carcinoma versus, 51in children, 146MR imaging in, 146

Fungal abscesses, hepatic, MR imaging of, 130–131organisms causing, 129–130

multiple, in children, 152–153

Gadolinium, paramagnetic chelates of, for evaluation ofhepatic lesions, 16–18

Gallbladder, benign processes of, MR imaging in,169–177

carcinoma of, MR imaging in, 177–180TNM staging of, 178treatment options in, 178

contrast agents for evaluation of, 169MR imaging of, 165–184

techniques for, 165–169perforation of, 181torsion of, 180–181

Gallbladder fossa sign, expanded, in cirrhosis, 81, 82Gastrointestional wall, thickening of, in cirrhosis, 83–84Granulomatous hepatic infections, 131–132

Hamartoma(s), biliary, 2–3, 6mesenchymal, in children, clinical presentation of,

145–146incidence of, 145MR imaging features of, 146

Heart, involvement of, in genetic hemochromatosis, 112Hemangioendothelioma, infantile, clinical presentation

of, 144–145conditions associated with, 144incidence of, 143–144

Hemangioma(s), hepatic, 4–7, 8hepatocellular carcinoma versus, 51

hepatic metastases versus, 26–27Hemochromatosis, genetic, and hepatocellular

carcinoma, 112cardiac involvement in, 111–114clinical features and diagnosis of, 109diagnosis of, 109–114epidemiology of, 108

genetics and, 107–108MR imaging in, 110pathophysiology of, 108screening/genetic testing issues in, 108–109treatment of, 114

neonatal, 114primary, in children, 154, 155secondary, 106–107

erythrogenic, 114–115in thalassemia without transfusion, 114–115to cirrhosis and diffuse liver siderosis, 111, 112, 114

Hepatitis, granulomatous, secondary to tuberculosis,132

neonatal, causes of, 158viral, and hepatocellular carcinoma, 32

Hepatitis C, hepatic iron overload from, 116siderotic nodules in, 117

Hepatoblastoma, incidence of, 147management of, 148MR imaging of, 147, 148symptoms of, 147

Hepatocellular adenoma, diagnosis of, MR imaging,146, 149

in children, 146–147MR imaging in, 147

Hepatocellular carcinoma, carcinogenesis of, 33–35stepwise and de novo pathways of, 34–35

cirrhosis in, 31, 32differential diagnosis of, 49–51, 149dysplastic or neoplastic lesions in, 34etiology of, 31–32extrahepatic dissemination of, 41–49fibrolamellar, 149, 151genetic hemochromatosis and, 112gross pathology of, 36histologic grading of, 35–36histology and gross pathology of, 35–36in children, 148–149, 150

symptoms of, 148–149in noncirrhotic liver, 49, 50large, 41–49, 50

with extracapsular growth, 41, 45with liver vein thrombosis, 41, 47with mosaic pattern, 41, 44with portal vein thrombosis, 41, 46with tumor capsule, 41, 44–45

MR imaging of, 31–52imaging features of, 36–49

regenerative nodules in, 33–34small, 40–41, 42–43treatment of, 32–33versus fibrolamellar carcinoma, 49–51versus focal nodular hyperplasia, 51versus hepatic hemangiomas, 51versus liver cell adenoma, 51versus regenerative and dysplastic nodules, 36–40with bone metastasis, 41–49with lymph node metastasis, 41–49

Hepatocellular nodular lesions, new terminology of, 33Hepatosplenic candidiasis, acute, 153Hydatid cysts, intrahepatic complications of, 126–127Hypertension, portal, in cirrhosis, 84–86, 87

Infection(s), hepatic, granulomatous, 131–132Infective lesions, of liver, MR imaging in, 121–135Iron, body, absorption of, 105

normal physiology of, 105–106

INDEX 187

focal accumulations of, MR imaging in, 115–118segmental accumulations of, MR imaging in, 116, 118

Iron deposition, in cirrhosis, 80, 81Iron depositional disease, MR imaging of, 105–120

transfusional, hemochromatosis secondary to, 114, 115Iron overload, 105–106

in children, 154MR imaging of, 106–107, 154transfusional, 154, 155

Jaundice, neonatal, causes of, 158MR cholangiopancreatography in, 158pathological findings in, 158

Laser coagulation, interstitial, of hepatic lesions, 65–67Lipoma(s), hepatic, 4, 5Liver, amebic abscess of, 125, 126

angiomyolipomas of, 3–4benign tumors of, pediatric, 143

primary, 143–147biopsy of, in hemochromatosis, 110ciliated foregut cysts of, 1–2, 3disease of, focal. See Focal hepatic disease.

pediatric, 142–153MR imaging of, 1–184

fatty, and cirrhosis, 95causes of, 93chemical-shift MR imaging in, 94–102computed tomography in, 94, 98detection of, 93–94imaging of, 93–103

boundary artifact or India ink effect in, 95spoiled gradient-echo pulse sequences in, 96

in children, 153–154incidence of, 93metastases in, 24, 25, 101mild, 95, 96moderate, 95, 97rotating delivery of excitation off-resonance in, 100severe, 95, 97short tau inversion recovery technique in, 100–102sonography in, 94ultrasound in, 98with focal sparing, 98–99

hemangiomas of, 4–7, 8infections of, granulomatous, 131–132inflammatory masses of, in children, 152–153iron deposition in, disease of, MR imaging of, 105–

120lesions of, chemoembolization in, 57, 58, 59

cryotherapy in, 61–65, 66–67infective, MR imaging in, 121–135interstitial laser coagulation in, 65–67intravenous chemotherapy in, 54–57liver transplantation in, 67–69malignant, post-treatment MR imaging of, 53–73microwave ablation in, 65percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of, 57–60radiofrequency ablation of liver in, 60–61, 62, 63resection of, 53–54, 55

lipomas of, 4, 5malignancies of, pediatric, 142–143metastases to, hyperintense, on T1-weighted images,

20–22

hypervascular, MR imaging of, 18, 23hypovascular, MR imaging of, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22in children, 151–152infected, MR imaging of, 26, 27morphologic appearances of, 21, 22–24MR imaging of, 15–29

imaging protocol for, 15–18near isovascular, MR imaging of, 18–20perilesional enhancement of, 24–26versus hemangiomas, 26–27

noncirrhotic, hepatocellular carcinoma versus, 49, 50partial resection of, and hepatocellular carcinoma, 32pediatric, MR imaging of, 137–163

imaging protocol for, 142in noncooperative patient, 142in sedated patient, 143

imaging techniques for, 137–142patient preparation for, 137

pyogenic abscesses of, 121–125bacterial cholangitis in, 124computed tomography of, 121, 123MR imaging of, 121–122, 123symptoms of, 121–122

radiofrequency ablation of, in hepatic lesions, 60–61,62, 63

siderotic nodules of, MR imaging of, 115–118solitary (nonparasitic) cysts of, 1, 2tumors of, primary malignant, in children, 147–153

TNM staging system for, 33Liver cell adenoma, 7–11

hepatocellular carcinoma versus, 51Liver transplantation, and hepatocellular carcinoma, 32

common expected findings after, 87, 88complications after, extrahepatic, 90–91

hepatic parenchymal, 90, 91involving biliary tract, 89–90MR imaging of, 87vascular, 87–89

in children, 160–161complications of, 160–161MR cholangiopancreatography in, 161postoperative MR imaging in, 160, 161

in lesions of liver, 67–69Liver vein, thrombosis of, hepatocellular carcinoma

versus, 41, 47Lung, cancer of, liver metastases from, 21Lymph nodes, metastasis to, hepatocellular carcinoma

versus, 41–49Lymphoma, lymphoblastic, in children, 152

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, 156–161,167–169

Magnetic resonance imaging, chemical-shift, in fattyliver, 94–102

features of, in cirrhosis, 75–92in abnormalities of biliary tree, 156–161in echinococcal disease, 125–129in genetic hemochromatosis, 110in infective lesions of liver, 121–135of gallbladder, 165–184of hepatic metastases, 15–29of iron depositional disease, 105–120of liver, in disease, 1–184of pediatric liver, 137–163post-treatment malignant liver lesions, 53–73

Metastatic disease, hepatic, MR imaging of, 15–29

188 INDEX

Microwaves, in ablation of hepatic lesions, 65Minimal invasive treatment, and hepatocellular

carcinoma, 32–33Mirizzi syndrome, 170, 171

Neuroblastoma, in children, 152Newborn, hepatitis in, 158

jaundice in, 158Nodular hyperplasia, focal. See Focal nodular hyperplasia.Nodular lesions, hepatocellular, new terminology of, 33Non-breath-hold single-shot echo-train spin-echo

techniques, 156

Ovarian cancer, subcapsular liver metastases from, 22

Parenchymal disease, in children, 153–156Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiopancreatography,

157, 169Pericholecystic abscess, cholecystitis and, 176Phrenic artery, right inferior, dilatation of, in cirrhosis,

83Portal hypertension, in cirrhosis, 84–86, 87Portal vein, thrombosis of, hepatocellular carcinoma

versus, 41, 46Pyogenic abscesses, of liver, 121–125

Radiofrequency ablation of liver, in hepatic lesions,60–61, 62, 63

Rhabdomyosarcoma, in children, 152

Sarcoma, undifferentiated embryonal, 149–151Schistosomiasis, causes of, 132

incidence of, 132MR imaging in, 133symptoms of, 133

Siderosis, diffuse, hemochromatosis secondary to, 111,112, 114

transfusional, 154, 155Siderotic nodules, of liver, MR imaging of, 115–118Sonography, in fatty liver, 94Steatosis, hepatic. See Liver, fatty.

Thalassemia, without transfusion, hemochromatosissecondary to, 114–115

Tuberculosis, hepatic, 131–132

Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma, 149–151

Wilm’s tumor, in children, 152Wilson’s disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma, 32

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, MR imaging in, 180