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483

Index

abilities, 62–63, 71–72, 132cognitive abilities, 70, 72self attribution of ability, 65spatial abilities, 65

abstract language. 20. See also abstract terms; abstractness

academic performance, 100achievement, 52, 63, 96action plans, 125action programs, 115addiction. See psychopathologyadolescence, 65adulthood, 65, 70affect, 76, 78, 152, 316, 356. See also emotion

Task x person level, 386Affective Neuroscience, 112, 127affectively laden stimuli, 69affordances, 130age, 33aggregation, 63aggression, 148AI research, 141analogy, 51anger or distress

ambiguous information, 456animals

cats, 148finches. See mammalsinner world, 186–187invertebrates, 145, 181monkeys. See mammals

anthropomorphism, 116, 129antisaccade task, 104anxiety, 63

adverse effects on performance, 100attentional control, 103

brain activation, 105central executive, 106EEG desynchronisation, 102effects on performance effectiveness, 102inhibition function, 105performance effectiveness, 106prefrontal activity, 103processing efficiency, 103, 106shifting function, 104–106updating and monitoring function, 106worry, 99

appetitive reactions, 143arousal, 18, 68, 112, 116, 123, 137

global state of arousal, 120art, 71Asians, 161attention, 68–69

pain, 250attentional control, 102

anxiety, 98attitudes, 79, 394attributions, 166

group attributions, 165, 167individual attributions, 165, 167

Australian aborigines, 346autocracy. See autocratic group structureautocratic group structure, 24aversive reactions. See appetitive reactions

bees, 124behavior, 78

animal behavior, 150appetitive behavior, 118, 124, 146, 148.

See appetitive reactions autonomous activity, 185behavior programs, 125

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Index484

behavioral flexibility, 145behavioral schemes, 140biased behavior, 314concrete motor behavior, 150fight or flight, 148goal directed behavior, 77, 82, 88, 142instinctive behaviors, 276kinesis behavior, 141meternal behavior, 122motor activities, 147multi purpose activities, 147play, 148prototypic behaviors, 160public speaking, 203sensorimotor action, 150smoking habit, 203superstitious behavior, 289survival oriented behaviors, 115survival promoting behaviors, 110

behavioral programs, 138, 146behaviorism, 111, 115, 129belief, 162

belief in progress, 162changes, 162cyclical changes, 162yin and yang, 162

beliefs, 15control and agency beliefs, 387meanings, 438system of beliefs, 167

bias, 289, 297cognitive bias, 290, 295–296, 299motivational bias, 295

bicultural individuals, 166biological organization, 140biology, 173–174

autonomous rhythmicity, 182chemical mechanisms, 180chemical processes. See chemical

mechanismscompensatory reactions, 183Darwinian biology, 178–179diffusion and dissolution, 180energy conversion, 183evolutionary biology, 411gene expression, 177locomotor apparatus, 181mechanistic interpretation, 176molecular biology, 182molecules, 178morphogenesis, 178

organismic biology, 173, 179reafference, 183

bodily homeostasis, 124body maps, 120brain, 77, 215

ability, 219amygdala, 78anxiety, 227apathic mesial frontal syndrome, 88brain activating systems, 109brain activation, 102–103brain activity, 219–220brain functioning, 217brain injury, 81–82, 84cell assembly, 224. See Hebb synapsecentral nervous system, 215centromedial cortical regions, 120cingular opercular component, 77cortical neurons, 215Default Network, 460dysexecutive dorsal convexity syndrome, 88EEG, 102, 218electrical brain stimulation, 112electroencephalography (EEG), 216emotional brains, 129episodic memory, 217Extended Reticular Activating System, 119fMRI, 219, 459frontal lobe injury, 82fronto parietal component, 77Functional magnetic resonance imaging

(fMRI), 218giftedness, 222hippocampus, 146hypothalamic corridor, 118hypothalamus, 118–119, 122impulsiveness, 227information processing, 217insula, 78intelligence, 220mammalian limbic system, 124mesocortical innervation, 123mind wandering, 460MRI, 218muskuloskeletal body, 120near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 219neocortex, 215–216neocortical layers, 130neocortical neurons, 216neural efficiency theory, 221neuroaxis, 115NIRS, 219

behavior (cont.)






Index 485

nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum, 119

orbitofrontal cortex, 78orbitofrontal injury, 82pain circuits, 114parietal structures, 80periaqueductal gray (PAG), 120personality traits, 219PET, 218–219PET scanning, 459prefrontal component, 77prefrontal cortex, 78, 102–103prefrontal injury, 81prefrontal structures, 80, 84, 86semantic memory, 217social brains, 132stimulus independent thought, 460striatum, 80subcortical cortical network, 78subcortical regions, 113temporal lobe, 78thalamus, 118the behavioral activation system

(BAS), 227the behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 227triune brain, 124ventral pallidum, 80ventral tegmental area (VTA), 119ventral tegmental area to the nucleus

accubens, 118visceral body, 120visual cortex, 78

brain activation memory retrieval, 229

brain activity attention processes, 229brain arousal, 225computer game, 225diabetes, 241effects of pain, 250episodic memory, 225learning, 224Mozart’s music, 224pattern of ERD/ERS, 221personality traits, 225spatial memory, 225

brain efficiency theory brain ability relationship, 230

brain function creativity, 222

BrainMind. See MindBrainBrainMindBody. See BrainMind; MindBrain

central coordinating part fluctuating central state, 146

central nervous system sleep, 239

change confuscian theory of change, 163phylogenetic change, 179trajectory of change, 162unexpected events, 162

chess, 345DEEP BLUE, 345representations of chess positions, 282

childhood, 67chinese undergraduates, 162chronic pain

attention deficits, 249memory, 249speed, 249

CO approach. See cognitive orientationCO of creativity

themes of CO of creativity, 47CO theory. See meaningcognition, xii–1, 32, 72, 76–77, 79, 129, 131–132,

134, 141, 173–174, 192, 202abstract concepts, 334abstract or concrete approach, 54accomodation, 475acute pain, 241acute states of disease, 241aerobic health and exercise, 238affect. See emotionsalgorithms, 325applying knowledge, 192assimilation, 475attention, 77, 79–80, 83–85, 87, 123, 146,

152, 203attentional bias, 98attentional control, 101–103attentional control theory, 97, 105attentional networks, 77autobiographical memory, 82autoregulative processes, 138avoidance cognitive mechanisms, 302brain, 32causal judgements, 167causal mechanisms, 326central executive, 98CO cluster, 54cognition and emotion, 85–86cognition subserves emotion, 84cognitions, 151cognitive act, 33–34






Index486

cognitive activities, 143, 146, 150cognitive acts, 35cognitive appraisals, 112cognitive associations, 147cognitive complaints, 249cognitive contents, 34cognitive deficits, 253. See also cognitive

impairmentscognitive deliberation, 159cognitive determinants, 53cognitive developmental theory, 475cognitive effort, 70cognitive flexibility, 80cognitive functioning, 64cognitive functions, 137, 243cognitive impairment, 81, 87, 241cognitive linguistics, 411cognitive load, 166, 220cognitive performance, 54, 83cognitive processes, 34, 152cognitive processing, 69, 72, 80, 124, 127, 450cognitive programs, 54cognitive programs of curiosity, 52cognitive representations, 158cognitive revolution, 274, 321, 329, 450cognitive science, 1, 330–331cognitive styles, 72cognitive system, 53–54, 77, 127cognitive tasks, 77combinational creativity, 282complex information processing, 274comprehension of affective sentences, 82computer models, 274conceptual metaphor, 410concrete senso motor processes.

See developmentconscious deliberations, 152consciousness, 117–118, 123, 125, 138–139constituent of motivation, 33coronary health in middle age, 238creating narrative, 454creative thinking, 276, 282, 410, 462cultural cognition, 158, 168cultural differences, 158curiosity, 148, 207daydreaming, 275, 454, 461–462daydreams, 453decision making, 77, 79, 113, 129, 144, 290,

298, 307, 329, 342decision processes, 152dreams, 461

dual system process, 302effective causality, 332embodied cognition, 240embodied concepts, 335emotion, 454emotional cognition, 78ephemeral aspects, 210episodic memory, 453episodic working memory, 124, 128evaluating preferences, 192evaluations, 152evolution of the cognition apparatus, 176evolutionary origins, 131executive functioning, 100executive functions, 77, 83, 106expertise, 339fantasies, 453fear logic, 152flexibility, 148, 322folk psychological concepts, 331formal system, 327future oriented mentation, 462gain of information, 141gain of knowledge, 139gender based differences, 227gene expression, 193gene identification, 212genetic differences drive the experiences, 211genetic influences, 192, 205, 211good health in adulthood, 238group differences, 158heritability, 192if, then, 332imagery, 450imagination, 146, 454imaginative dimension, 457impact of the disease, 240impaired mental health, 239inferences, 160, 326information, 142information processing, 332information processing system, 275inhibition function, 98, 104intellectually stimulating activities, 206intelligence, 130, 205, 208intuition, 298, 334intuitive thinking, 291judgment, 165, 290judgments about severity of situations, 54level of organic processes, 139medical treatments, 240memory, 77, 79, 106, 122, 341

cognition (cont.)






Index 487

memory programs, 124mental activity, 186mental mapping, 308mental rehearsal, 457mental representations, 151mental retardation, 212metacognition, 396metonymy, 410modern evolutionary theory, 176monotonic inferencing, 410motivation, 33, 335motivations, 137, 323nonconscious non explicit level, 388normative rational models, 291normative reasoning, 298nutrition, 239organized verbal schemas, 453orientation to the possible, 453patterns of cognition, 204performance effectiveness, 97, 101–102personal experience/expertise, 338perspective taking, 461phonological loop, 100physical effects, 240planning, 33, 43, 124playing chess, 274Polygenic traits, 210pre cognitive operations, 131precision of measurement, 210predicting cognitive acts, 42problem solving, 130–131, 150, 220, 273,

290, 462processing capacity, 101processing efficiency, 97, 101–102processing efficiency theory, 97, 100processing information, 192, 331programs, 275psychopathological cognition, 258rational system, 315rational thinking, 291rationality, 149, 152reason, 326reasoning, 71, 290reasoning ability, 56schemas, 452, 455, 458scripts, 452shifting function, 98, 104sleep, 239social cognition, 78, 450social intelligence, 132spatial working memory, 100states of consciousness, 54–55, 57

stereotyping, 293symbolic behavior, 149symbolic memory, 127symbols, 138, 149–151the phonological loop, 97theory of mind, 458, 460–461thinking, 124, 130, 174, 275thinking and cognizing, 132thought sampling, 460, 463transformational creativity, 282updating function, 98verbal memory, 87verbal working memory, 100visual images, 131well defined problems, 276working memory, 97, 99–101, 126

cognitive act motivation, 56

cognitive acts. See also mental actionCO clusters, 58predicting cognitive acts, 45themes, 45

cognitive complaints chronic pain patients, 249

cognitive deficits after pregnancy, 253

cognitive functioning anxiety, 257bio psychological data, 258cortisol, 246denial, 257depression, 257estrogen and progesterone levels, 254facilitatory effects of cortisol, 247gonadal hormones, 247health psychology, 258homone replacement therapy, 247inhibiting effects of cortisol, 247menstruation, 254mental state, 258physical disorders, 257preoccupation with the disease, 257sleep, 254states and processes in the brain, 258worry, 257

cognitive functions type 2, diabetes. See diabetes

cognitive heuristics anchoring and adjustment, 300

cognitive impairment age related macular degeneration, 252allergic rhinitis, 245






Index488

Alzheimer’s disease, 241anemia, 244antihistamins, 256antihypertensive medication, 256asthma, 245blindness, 252brain tumors, 241breast cancer, 247cancer types that directly involve

the CNS, 247cardiac surgery, 255cardiovascular disease, 242celiac disease, 244chemotherapy, 247, 256cholesterol, 242chronic lung disease, 245chronic pain, 249. See also painCOPD, 245coronary heart disease, 242cushing disease, 246decresed motivation and interest of chronic

pain patients, 251dementia, 241diabetes mellitus, 243diseases that affect the brain, 241drugs with anticholinergic properties, 256elevated blood pressure, 243epilepsy, 241, 248fibromyalgia, 251haptic deficits, 253hearing loss, 252heart failure, 242Helicobacter pylori, 244Huntington disease, 241hypothyroidism, 246infections with HSV-1 and the COMT

Val158Val genotype, 251irritable bowel syndrome, 244lyme disease, 248major depression, 246medical treatments, 255multiple sclerosis, 248obstructive pulmonary disease, 245olfactory sense, 253overweight, 254pain, 248pain intensity, 250Parkinson’s disease, 241pollen allergic people, 245poor kidney function. See renal failurepost operative cognitive dysfunction, 255

pregnancy, 253psoriasis, 251renal failure, 244risk factors or correlates of cardiovascular

disorders, 242sensory disabilities, 252statins, 256stemcell transplantation, 247stroke, 241subclinical hypothyroidism, 246surgery with general anesthesia, 255tinnitus, 253treatments of cancer, 255

cognitive motivational factors four belief types. See also giftedness

cognitive or intellectual abilities, 63cognitive orientation. 35. See also CO model;

CO theory; CO approachbehavioral intent, 39behavioral program, 35, 40, 43beliefs, 39–40, 45, 52beliefs about goals, 39, 41, 43beliefs about norms, 39, 41, 43beliefs about others and reality. See general

beliefsbeliefs about self, 39, 41, 43changing beliefs, 439CO cluster for cognition, 42CO clusters, 39, 52, 55–58CO clusters for cognitive functions, 57CO clusters for different kinds of thinking, 57CO clusters for specific cognitive

functions, 42CO clusters for specific domains of

thinking, 42CO for a specific cognitive act, 57CO for cognition, 57CO for specific domains of contents, 57CO model, 38CO model of cognitive functioning, 58CO of analytical thinking, 55CO of chaotic thinking, 50CO of chess playing, 49CO of clinical or experimental

psychology, 49CO of clinical psychology, 49CO of creativity, 47–48, 55CO of curiosity, 46CO of experimental psychology, 49CO of intolerance of ambiguity, 50CO of intuitive thinking, 48, 55CO of inventiveness, 48

cognitive impairment (cont.)






Index 489

CO of mathematics, 49CO of memory, 47CO of ordered thinking, 55CO of planning, 49CO of rigidity, 50CO of specific cognitive acts, 49CO questionnaire, 43–45, 58CO questionnaire of cognition, 46CO questionnaires for cognitive styles, 50CO questionnaires of specific domains of

contents, 48cognitive acts, 35, 41cognitive orientation model of cognitive

acts, 57cognitive programs, 42, 51, 55–58four stages, 37general beliefs, 39, 43input identification, 41motivational disposition, 35, 38, 40, 42–43,

50, 52, 55–57orientativeness of the beliefs, 39predicting a cognitive act, 57predicting behaviors, 42prediction procedure, 44program conflict, 41programs for implementing cognitive acts, 52programs in the cognitive sphere, 50self development, 443themes, 43themes for cognitive acts, 45themes of CO of cognition, 46

cognitive orientation (CO), 35cognitive orientation of giftedness

acting under uncertainty, 443contribution to society, 443demanding from oneself, 443freedom in acting, 443inner directedness, 443inner world, 443non functionality, 444one’s own uniqueness, 443restricted openness to the environment, 443self expression, 444

cognitive orientation theory beliefs about self, 438general beliefs, 438goal beliefs, 438motivationally relevant cognitions, 438norm beliefs, 438

cognitive processes emotional motivational bases, 137neocortical functions, 137

cognitive processing abilities, 387knowledge, 387metacognition, 387

cognitive sciences, 137, 323, 325cognitive styles, 52, 56cognitive traits

cognitive engagement, 63cognitive/intellectual abilities, 65cogniton

cognitive processes, 131cognitive revolution, 137

collative variables, 360collectivism, 168command emotional systems

SEEKING. See SEEKINGSEEKING system, 119. See SEEKING

communication, 328, 343, 369acoustic system of communication, 346communicative systems, 410semiotic systems, 414

computationalism, 324, 331, 333conditioned response, 39conflict, 27conflict situations

reconciliation of contradictions, 163confucian societies, 161consciousness, 34, 144, 174, 176, 450

affective consciousness, 119, 128assignment of meaning, 452autonoetic consciousness, 128body mechanism operation, 452channel capacity, 452cognition, 451cognitive orientation, 451cognitive orientation system, 452conscious awareness, 130, 462conscious imagery, 464conscious sequences, 453dreams, 450global state of consciousness, 119higher order consciousness, 127imagery modalities, 452information processing, 451inner speech, 452ongoing consciousness, 451perceptual consciousness, 452physical manifestation, 451primary consciousness, 127reflective processing, 451self directed consciousness, 456stream of consciousness, 451–452






Index490

theater model, 452unconscious processes, 130unconsciousness, 451visual imagery, 452working memory, 452

consensus implies correctness heuristic, 23constructive realism, 173contrast effects, 166control of cognition

deliberate regulation of cognition, 389deliberate use of cognitive strategies, 389

coping strategies, 85creative thinking

Alternative Uses task, 284external incentives, 284extrinsic motivation, 283, 285incentive effects, 284insight problems, 284intrinsic motivation, 283, 285regression in the service of the ego, 283reinforcement, 284

creativity, 57achievement through conformity, 477achievement through independence, 477adaptability, 475aha moment, 475alcohol, 469anxiety, 468attitudes, 477behavioral view, 473being needs, 470brain correlates, 223childhood abuse, 469cognition, 478cognitive orientation, 444cognitive orientation question of

creativity, 444combining unrelated structures, 222controlled by contingencies, 473conventionality, 477deficiency, 470depression, 468–469determination and persistence, 476discretion, 476drive for self actualization, 470drives, 477EEG, 223ego strength, 468emotions, 477–478everyday creativity, 474

existential crises, 469exotelic and autotelic, 473extrinsic constraint, 471extrinsic incentive and reward, 473flow, 473generativity theory, 474humanistic perspective, 470inborn drive to understand, 478independence, 477insight, 475intentions for creative effort, 476intrinsic motivation, 470intrinsic orientation, 471intrinsic reinforcement, 474mood disorders, 469motivation for creativity is very specific, 476motivational tendencies, 468multiple links with motivation, 477needs, 477original interpretation of experience, 474original interpretations, 476originality, 470, 476–477personal creativity, 474personality approach, 476personality traits, 477playfulness, 476psychoeconomic theory, 471psychological health, 470psychopathology, 468–469psychosis, 468right hemispheric process, 222self destructive acts, 469self determination, 471self determination theory, 472serendipidity, 476speed, 472stable intrinsic motivation, 472strategic effort, 476substance use, 469the operant view, 473unconscious incubation, 472unconventionality, 470underlying conflicts, 470wide interests, 470wish fulfillment, 468

culture, 151–152, 158–159, 339American culture, 165Chinese culture, 165cognitive consequences, 168cognitive effects, 158–159cognitive traits, 158, 168

consciousness (cont.)






Index 491

cultural context, 173cultural development, 188cultural differences, 472cultural evolution, 346–347cultural factors, 175cultural frames, 165cultural icons, 165cultural identities, 166cultural psychology, 322cultural worldviews, 167–168culture priming, 166different norms, 163home culture, 167host culture, 167Indonesian culture, 168knowledge items, 164motivational structure, 163

cybernetics, 274

DA. 125. See dopamineDA activity. See dopaminedaydreaming, 40

personality correlates, 462decision making

acceptable solutions, 323anticipated emotions, 316bolstering, 313cognitive dissonance, 312cognitive prototype gestalt factors, 313decision conflict, 313Decision Support Systems (DSS), 321Diff Con theory, 313Expected Value (EV) theory, 309four different kinds of decisions, 309goals, 315level 1, 309level 2, 309level 3, 309level 4, 309MAUT model, 311motivating differentiation and consolidation

processes, 313motivations, 311, 315multiattribute utility theory (MAUT), 310need for cognition, 311need for cognitive closure, 311personal involvement, 309plan, 315post decision processes, 312process theories, 311psychological stress, 313

regret, 313risk avoidance, 311SEU theory, 314social psychological motives, 317structural theories, 311Subjective Expected utility (SEU)

model, 309Subjective Expected Utility (SEU)

theory, 310Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, 311–312

declarative knowledge, 51deep underlying meanings. See deeper layer

meaningsDefault Network

self focus, 461self relevant stimuli, 460temporal lobe, 460

Default Network system longterm memories, 464

defined problems forward search, 276

denial, 302depression

frontal lobe dysfunction, 83development, 64, 79

affective development, 457brain development, 458intelligence, 207neural development, 122ontogenetical development, 182ontogeny, 149, 152phylogenetic and ontogenetic

development, 141phylogenetic development, 148sensorimotor period, 150social development, 456

development of interest phase of emerging individual interest, 371

diseases akinesias, 123Alzheimer’s, 461autism, 461coping mechanisms, 240emotional reactions, 240Huntington’s Disease. See also geneticslife style changes, 240mental diseases, 211mental illness, 469Parkinson’s disease, 122schizophrenia, 461

distraction, 103






Index492

dopamine, 109, 118–119, 121, 126, 133anticipation of rewards, 124DA pathways, 121DA receptors, 121excitatory and inhibitory functions, 122mesocortical mesolimbic (MLMC)

pathways, 123mesocortical pathway, 123–124mesocortical system, 126mesolimbic pathway, 124movement. See movementsNigrostriatal Pathway, 122planning, 123receptor sites, 121reward, 122temporal organization, 123Turberoinfundibular pathway, 122

drive pressures, 455dual task co-ordination, 107dual task design, 100dual task paradigm, 99

ecology, 177economic success, 322Edelma, Gerald, 127–128education, 132

cognitive education, 131emotional education, 132

EEG DCM, 218ERP, 218

effort cognitive effort, 70

electroencephalography binding phenomenon, 217event related desynchronization, 217event related potentials (ERP), 217low resolution brain electromagnetic

tomography (LORETA), 217emotion, 1, 76–77, 79–80, 88, 115, 134, 141, 220,

316, See also affect affective action state, 110affective experience, 125affective experiential states, 133anger, 455anticipatory affect, 122anxiety, 56, 100, 102control emotional expression, 455effect of anxiety on processing efficiency, 97emotion processing, 84emotional control, 78, 85emotional dysfunction, 81

emotional experience, 455emotional impairments, 83emotional motor expression, 115emotional stimuli, 78, 82experience, 127facial expression, 104fear terror, 455feeling tone, 145homeostasis, 142interest excitement, 455joy, 455motivational role, 454negative emotions, 55, 78overconfidence, 299–300pleasure, 147positive affect, 55, 116sadness-distress, 455setting production function, 55shame humiliation-guilt, 455social feeling, 123

emotion command systems psychobehavioral integrative system, 124SEEKING, 122, 124–126

emotion motivation cognition enteractions kinesis reaction, 141

emotion motivation cognition interactions, 141

instincts and related primary emotions, 141taxis reaction, 141

emotional command systems, 112. See also emotions; emotional motivational command systems

CARE system, 114FEAR system, 114LUST system, 114motor subroutines, 112neural systems criteria, 112PANIC system, 114PLAY, 113, 133PLAY system, 114RAGE system, 113SEEKING, 113, 115–117, 120–122, 132–133

emotional intelligence pattern of ERD/ERS, 222

emotional motivational command systems. See also emotion

SEEKING system, 109emotionality, 453emotions, 32, 33, 35, 37, 55, 113, 116, 143, 149–151,

153, 163, 303, 341, See also emotional tendencies

adjunctive evaluative function, 55






Index 493

affective experiences, 129affective qualities, 151affective states, 68, 121anxiety, 68, 114, 240basic affects, 147core emotional feelings, 112emotional behaviors, 112emotional command systems, 127emotional evaluations, 322emotional experiences, 152emotional networks, 112emotive circuits, 144emotive systems, 144evaluation, 145executive systems, 144existential terror, 158, 167fear of death, 167–168feeling of confidence, 293feeling of knowing, 293hope, 454instinctual emotional behaviors, 129mood states, 69, 79perception of emotions, 78pleasure/pain spectrum, 120primary emotions, 143–144relative hierarchy of moods, 148social emotions, 114, 118states of consciousness, 55Task x Person level, 386trait anxiety, 386

empathic civilization, 133empathy, 21encephalography

dynamic causal modeling (DCM), 217endocrine variables, 86endogenous opioids, 119environment, 183–185, 192environmental press, 63, 71–73.

See also situational press epistemic motivation, 16epistemology, 174, 187

evolutionary epistemology, 177, 184genetic epistemology, 475

ethics, 328ethology, 140, 144, 146, 148

innate releasing mechanisms, 140Euclidean geometry, 333European Americans, 161evaluation, 79event related potentials, 103evolution, 110, 122, 138, 140, 182, 199

adaptationist view, 187

evolution of mental and cognitive abilities, 187

genotypes, 201natural selection, 194phenotypes, 201phenotypic changes, 202

Evolutionary Epistemology, 138evolutionary theories

adaptation, 175biological adaptation, 176competition, 175Darwinian evolutionary theory, 175–176environmental pressures, 176evolutionary changes, 178genetic changes, 176natural selection, 175selection by the environment, 177synthetic theory, 176–177techniques of breeders, 175the fittest, 175the theory of organismic constructions, 179,

183–184The Theory of Organismic

Constructions, 178expertise

deliberate practise, 282sharing expertise, 323

explicit performative utterances declarative tags, 423

exploration, 52extraversion

cortical arousal, 226EEG, 226seeking or avoiding stimulation, 226

facial expressions, 84fear

extreme novelty, 456feedback, 401feelings, 63, 149, 151, 153, 340. See also emotions FFM

delta and theta band, 227flexibility, 64flow

regulatory compatibility experience, 473freezing. See seizing and freezingfunctional neuroimaging, 103

gender based differences brain activity, 228emotional intelligence, 228ERP latencies, 229






Index494

event related gamma responses, 230intelligence, 228NIRS, 230physiological parameters of cortical

activation, 229spatial ability, 228verbal ability, 228visually and auditory evoked potentials, 229visuo spatial ability, 228

General Systems Theory, 139dynamic equilibrium, 139regulative processes. See regulative activities

genes, 193biological functions, 193low activity MAOA allele, 200short allele of the serotonin transporter, 200

Genetic Epistemology, 138genetics, 193

additive genetic affects, 197adoptees, 207biological relatedness, 196chromosomal heterozygotes, 200chromosomes, 195DNA, 195, 197dormant genetic variance, 202environmental control of genetic

expression, 200environmental influences, 204environmental variance, 197epistatic affects, 196fruit flies, 200gene alleles, 198gene environment interactions, 201, 203genes, 195, 197, 206, 208, 211–212genetic diversity, 194genetic influences, 204genetic loci, 194genetic polymorphisms, 210genetic variance, 196–197genetic variation, 199, 202heritability, 195–198, 202, 204, 211heritability of viability, 200heritable variations, 195individual differences, 200, 202, 211intelligence, 212law of independent assortment, 194law of segregation, 194laws of inheritance, 194measurement error, 198, 204mendelian genetics, 194molecular genetics, 210

monozygotic and dyzygotic twins, 196mutations, 195natural selection, 194population genetics, 194, 346population variance, 201recessive genes, 194SES parents, 207shared environmental influences, 205statistical analysis, 199twins, 204zygote, 196

giftedness achievement motivation, 442asynchrony gap, 434available incentives, 441chance, 440chess music and mathematics, 223child as divergent, 440cognitive motivational correlates, 444cognitive motivational factors, 443cognitive orientation of giftedness, 443curiosity, 442educational opportunities, 440educational programs, 441environmental catalyst, 440environmental circumstances, 444external environmental factors, 440family atmosphere, 440feeling different, 442high moral standards, 442independence, 442inner directedness, 445interests, 442intrapersonal catalyst, 440IQ, 434, 440learning, 440mental age, 439motivation, 440motivational factors, 444natural abilities, 439need for solitude, 442non conformism, 442openness to the environment and inner

directedness, 444organizational encouragement, 442overload of stimulation, 443perfectionism, 442personality tendencies, 442–444psychological disorders, 443right hemisphere, 223risk taking, 442self, 444

gender based differences (cont.)






Index 495

socioeconomic circumstances, 440–441stigma, 441support provided by the family, 440talent, 440tolerance for ambiguity, 442underachievement, 441

goals, 34goal hierarchy, 275multiple goals, 275structural dimensions, 274supergoals, 274Test Operate Test Exit (TOTE) units, 274

grammatical functions benefactive, 412dative case, 413meanings, 412

group in group, 168

group norms, 25

habitual behavior, 33health, 71health care, 70heritability

narrow sense heritability, 197trait, 210

heuristic, 51, 290–291, 294, 297, 300, 317activation of heuristics, 301affect heuristic, 294affective heuristic, 316anchoring, 292anti looping, 292availability, 292bigger is better heuristic, 293choice tasks, 292choosing by default, 294choosing by liking, 294contagion heuristic, 292diversification, 292diversification heuristic, 295efficient processes, 297epistemic motivation, 301hill climbing, 292illusion of control, 295juridical thinking, 293language comprehension, 292latency heuristic, 294maladaptive results, 300metacognitive processes, 293motivational heuristics, 296, 301–302planning, 292problem solving, 292

representativeness, 292–293take the first heuristic, 299the evolutionary school, 298warm glow heuristic, 293

homeostatic code, 142host clause

communicative function, 421host clause verbs, 421

humor. See also laughterhypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical

system, 87

imperative tags condensed indirect speech act, 428metonymically linked, 424mitigating function, 427

in group behaviors. 21. See in groupin group favoritism, 27

individual differences, 62–64, 66, 71–72, 79–80, 96

individualism, 168industrial revolution, 162information

complexity, 454contextual information, 160pragmatic information, 412transmission of information, 346

instinct, 144, 153. See also emotionsbehavioral part, 147central coordinating part, 145innate releasing mechanism, 144perceptive component, 144

intellectual activities, 70intelligence, 33, 62, 433, 445

artificial intelligence, 329childhood, 209cognitive habits and skills and

knowledge, 207cognitive processes, 220cognitive skills, 433emotional intelligence, 220–221exceptionality, 433exploration, 208family environment, 209genetic and shared environmental

influences, 208genetic influences, 205, 209giftedness, 434heritability, 208High ability, 220information processing, 433intelligence tests, 209, 433






Index496

IQ, 433IQ points, 207learning ability, 433memory, 433mental retardation, 434parieto frontal integration (P-FIT)

model, 221problem solving, 433shared environmental influences, 209superior intellectual ability, 435

interest, 1, 67, 70, 116, 127, 352, 394achievement goals, 361affect, 362attention, 360cognition, 353, 357cognitive processing, 358, 363curiosity, 362development of attention, 358development of interest, 353, 370, 375dispositional interest, 386feelings, 362feelings of competence, 360fewer cognitive resources, 359goal oriented, 364identity development, 361inquiry oriented science workshop, 356interest development, 356, 362, 365, 367, 369,

374–375interest generation, 364interest object, 359knowledge, 353, 358, 363learner attention, 352learners processing, 353learning environment, 363mastery goals, 360meaning, 353meaningfulness, 360metacognitive strategies, 352motivation, 358, 361musicians, 361patterns in phenomena, 357persevere to work, 359personal significance, 363play, 359prior knowledge, 363problem solving, 360reading of text, 359recall memory, 358role of experience, 363science, 356seeking behavior, 353self generated curiosity, 356

sexual interest, 69shifts in focal attention, 358situational interest, 353, 357, 360skill development, 361social interactions, 361stored knowledge, 362stored value, 362sustained engagement, 360sustaining interest, 364talent development, 361triggers of interest, 356types of interest, 363uncertainty, 356value, 358, 363

interest and excitement explore the novelty, 456

interest development a well developed individual interest, 373affect, 376cognition, 357, 365, 367curiosity questions, 369, 375developing expertise, 363emerging individual, 364emerging individual interest, 369, 373four phases, 364heightened affect, 366interactions with others, 374interactions with the environment, 374knowledge building, 376learning environments, 372–373learning environmentss, 375–376maintained situational, 364maintained situational interest, 367–369, 373personally meaningful topics, 367support, 374triggered situational interest, 364–366, 373well developed individual interest, 364, 372well developed interest, 371

interests, 62internal state, 145internal states, 143

internal organismic state, 143interpersonal interactions, 71introverts

higher levels of arousal, 226intuitive thinking, 57. See also CO of intuitive

thinkinginvestment theories, 67isomorphism, 174

job demands. See job requirementsjob performance, 72job requirements, 70

intelligence (cont.)






Index 497

job satisfaction, 70judgments

adaptive judgments, 299aesthetic judgments, 293biased judgments, 291causality judgment, 293judgments under uncertainty, 291

kinesis, 142–143knowledge, 159, 173, 184, 321, 332

a constructivist view, 188accessible knowledge, 164background knowledge, 329–330, 334, 338,

340–344, 357body of knowledge, 203causal knowledge, 335cognitive knowledge, 341common sense knowledge, 338, 340constructed knowledge, 322cultural knowledge, 158, 165–168declarative knowledge, 158–160emotional knowledge, 133, 323epistemic presuppositions, 328experiential knowledge, 336, 340experiential special knowledge, 336expert knowledge, 285expertise, 321experts knowledge, 338experts system, 345explanatory knowledge, 341–342external knowledge, 347folkloristic knowledge, 341genetic knowledge, 347implicit knowledge, 340knowledge activation, 166knowledge management, 321–323knowledge situations, 341knowledge structures, 71, 159language and reality, 343meta/model knowledge, 338neocortical origins, 131new and old knowledge, 344operative knowledge, 342partial knowledge, 291practical knowledge, 328pragmatic incompleteness, 330principle of applicability, 165prior knowledge, 347procedural knowledge, 158–159, 164reflective knowledge, 323relevant knowledge, 346replication of knowledge, 347scissors of knowledge, 340

scissors of knowledge and life. See scissors of knowledge

sharing knowledge, 323social knowledge, 114, 163tacit knowledge, 339–340temporal accessibility, 165vernacular (background) knowledge, 346

knowledge formation, 15, 17, 27inference rules, 15new knowledge, 15

language, 131, 138, 151, 326, 458conceptual motivation, 413discursive modes. See symbolsFrench language, 408German, 408Germanic languages, 416grammatical functions, 413metaphoric or connotative connections, 326morphemes, 409natural languages, 408, 412natural sounds, 415phonetic cues, 151phonologic dimension, 151Romance languages, 416semantic dimension, 151semantics, 322signs, 326, 343symbol, 149syntax, 322word. See also symbols

laughter. 114. See also humorlay epistemic theory, 20learning, 123, 126, 133, 145, 383

achievement goal orientations, 385autonomy, 385cognitive processing, 387competence, 385co-regulation, 400emotions, 386, 394expectancy value beliefs, 385feelings, 384inborn teaching mechanisms, 147knowledge acquisition, 385learning processes, 152metacognition, 385motivation, 384–385persistence, 385self motivated learners, 132self regulated learning (SRL), 383task related experiences, 384volition, 385

linguistic intergroup bias, 20






Index498

linguistic signs conventionality, 409extralinguistic factors, 410motivation, 409

linguistics, 341, 407anaphoric pronoun, 418cognitive linguistics, 409communicative motivation, 414conceptual (semantic) content, 410content and form, 414conventionalists, 407cross linguistic variation, 415declarative and imperative clauses, 417declarative sentences, 422declaratives and imperatives. See declarative

and imperative clausesdiachronic processes, 429economy of coding, 409–410, 417generative grammar, 409, 411–412grammatical form, 416grammatical functions, 412grammatical markers, 412grammatical structure, 409historical linguistics, 412host clause, 417iconicity, 410, 414inference, 414, 417interjection, 415interrogative clause, 418intonation, 417language independent factors, 410lexical concepts, 412linguistic change, 412linguistic competence, 413linguistic source, 410–411linguistic target, 410meaning bearing units, 414metonymy, 414, 417modals, 423morphemes, 414morphology, 410motivating factors, 410motivation, 409, 429motivational relations, 413naturalists, 407perceptual motivation, 415phonology, 410pragmatic (communicative) function, 410pragmatic function, 418principle of arbitrariness, 408question tags, 410, 417referential identity, 418

semiotic relations, 410, 414sentence clitic, 418speech act function, 417structuralist linguistics, 407synchronic level, 413syntax, 410, 412tag, 417tagged declarative sentences, 418translinguistic factors, 410, 414, 427Universal Grammar, 412vowels and diphthongs, 415

LIR (language/information/reality), 327

logic, 332Aristotelian logic, 332, 334formal logic, 325natural logic, 341syllogistic logic, 335

mammalian species, 115mammals, 120, 125. See mammalian speciesmanipulatory exploration, 52MARL model

basic tenets, 391metacognition, 392person x task level, 392self regulation of affect and effort, 392the person, 391the task, 391

MASRL model Person level, 384, 391Person x Task level, 384Task x Person level, 391

math. See mathematicsmathematical thinking

mathematical/structural presuppositions, 326mathematics, 57, 67. See also CO of

mathematicsmaximal performance, 63–64, 66, 73meaning, 35, 153, 293, 297, 322, 324, 327–328,

330–332, 335, 337–338, 342–343, 345–346, 409–410, 419, 453–454

affective meaning, 113causative meaning, 413components of meaning, 344conceptual frames, 419construction of meaning, 321, 324, 326deep underlying meanings, 39egocentric interpretation, 292emotional significance, 78emotional state, 54exemplifying illustrative, 53






Index 499

explanatory encoding of meaning, 345formation of meaning, 325implicit meaning, 149initial meaning, 38interpersonally shared meaning, 35, 39interpersonally shared mode of meaning, 53,

55. See also interpersonal meaninginterviewing about meanings, 43meaning assignment, 35meaning environments, 347meaning generation, 39meaning making, 324meaning of a word, 346meaning of messages sent by drums, 345meaning of the identified input, 41meaning structures, 456Meaning test, 51meaning units, 35, 53meaning value, 53meaning variables, 35–36, 53–54meanings can evolve, 345metaphoric symbolic, 53modes of meaning, 53personal subjective meaning, 37, 39, 53personal subjective mode of meaning, 55.

See personal subjective meaningprofile of cognitive processes of planning, 51referent, 53significance, 77signs, 332states of consciousness, 54, 58the referent, 160

meanings, 330measurement precision

aggregation, 210memory

affective memory, 146cultural memory, 152long term memory, 462pain, 250physical exercise, 239

mental events, 112mental illness

writers, 469mental retardation

adverse social experiences, 436behavioral traits, 435beliefs, 435cognitive orientation of responses to success

and failure, 438cognitive orientation of responsiveness to

tangible and intangible rewards, 438

cognitive orientation of rigidity, 438cognitive orientation questionnaires, 438cognitive performance, 435cultural familial, 434cultural familial etiology, 437decline in behavioral rigidity, 439environmental factors, 435environmental stimulation, 435–436external environmental factors, 435frequency of failures, 436high expectancy of failure, 437interactions of cognition and motivation, 439IQ, 434learned helplessness, 437low degree of risk taking, 437low effectance motivation, 437low expectancy of success, 437maternal directiveness, 436mental age, 434mentally retarded label, 436motivational disposition, 435motivational factors, 435motivational tendencies, 439motivationally orienting beliefs, 439negative reaction tendency, 437organic etiologies, 434outer directedness, 445outerdirectedness, 437overstimulation, 436parenting style, 435personality tendencies, 435–437positive reaction tendency, 437reinforcer hierarchy, 437rigidity, 437–438self concept, 437social deprivation, 435task extrinsic motivation, 437weak tendency of delay gratification, 437

mental states, 110, 115mesocosmos, 177metacognition, 293, 384

affect, 385, 387, 398–399analytical knowledge, 398attributions, 397attributions about ability, 391causal attributions, 391cognition, 399cognitive processing, 398collaborative learning, 399conscious awareness, 387control of cognition, 389effort, 398






Index500

epistemic beliefs, 388feeling of difficulty, 390fluency, 390goal, 384interpersonal relations, 400knowledge states, 398learning, 399metacognitive experiences, 388metacognitive feelings, 388–390metacognitive goal knowledge, 388metacognitive judgments/estimates, 388, 390metacognitive knowledge, 388metacognitive skills, 389metacognitive strategy knowledge, 388metacognitive task knowledge, 388metaloop, 389motivation, 385, 387, 394, 400negative affect, 390normative information, 390online task specific knowledge, 388person characteristics, 399regulation of cognition, 398self concept, 393self representation, 398social cognition, 390trouble shooting, 398

metacognitive experiences achievement goal orientations, 393affect, 396effort regulation, 394feeling of difficulty, 393, 397negative affect, 396outcome related metacognitive

experiences, 389performance avoidance goal orientations, 393performance avoidance goals, 394person level, 400positive affect, 395, 397self concept, 392, 396–397self system, 397task processing, 396task x person level, 400

metacognitive knowledge declarative knowledge, 388socially shared theories of cognition, 388

metaphors. See also symbolsmind/brains, 133MindBrain, 110–111mindfulness, 324molar behavior, 42mortality salience, 167–168

motivation, xii–1, 17, 34, 62–63, 76–77, 79–80, 83, 85, 88, 106, 110–112, 118, 121, 123, 130, 140, 142, 144, 168, 192, 275, 300, 307, 322, 340–341, 383

accountability, 317accuracy motivation, 301achievement goals, 360activation states, 125affect, 316affect system, 142affective motivation, 318affiliation, 453aggression, 454analysis of complex linguistic

expressions, 408Anticipated post decision regret, 316appetitive motivational system, 113attachment, 453autonomy, 453, 455body wide activations of motivation, 130cognitive acts, 34cognitive functioning, 445cognitive motivation, 317cognitive orientation theory, 438cognitive performance, 439cognitive predicament, 478conflict situations, 162conflicting goals and motivations, 203conscious processing, 463construct original interpretations, 475creative thinking, 283culturally accepted (collective) motives, 338curiosity, 457defence motivation, 301deliberate practise, 282drive theories, 34drives, 110effectance motivation, 283emotion, 315emotional motives, 71endogenous build up excitability, 146enduring motivations, 281epistemic motivation, 303epistemic needs, 169existential needs, 169expert thinking, 281expertise, 282expertise in the chosen domain, 283explanatory or assumed motives to predict

behavior, 338extrinsic motivation, 80, 471feedback theories, 35

metacognition (cont.)






Index 501

feelings, 316flow experience, 283fundamental motivation, 315fundamental needs, 308genetic influences, 192goal, 308goal theories, 35goals, 158, 160, 273group affiliation, 455habit formation theories, 35heritability, 193heuristic thinking. See heuristicsimpression motivation, 301initiating an action, 123instinct theories, 35internal needs, 185internally motivated processes, 130intrinsic motivation, 80, 470learned industriousness, 284linguistic motivation, 410locomotor activity, 142mammalian motivations, 132maximize or satisfice, 311maximize utility, 291motivated to adapt, 475motivated to understand, 475motivation for cognition, 33motivation to avoid depreciation, 472motivation to explore, 122, 132motivation to reduce the dissonance, 312motivation to satisfice, 291motivational effects, 33motivational forces, 153motivational gains, 296, 300motivational processes, 150motivational states of the body, 128motivational systems, 124motivational threat, 303motivational urges, 125motive, 273motor acts, 34music, 282need for affect, 79need for belongingness, 158need for closeness, 457need for cognition, 79–80, 273need for firm answers, 167need for mastery, 283need for privacy, 457need for self definition, 457need to belong, 168need to please others, 308

organize and integrate novelty, 454person level, 385personal intimacy, 455personal motives, 338problem directed thinking, 285process and fundamental motivation, 314process and outcome motivation, 317Process and representation motivation, 317process and representation needs and

motivation, 308process and structural motivation, 314processing motivations, 301punishment, 147regulative activities. See regulative processesregulative processes, 140reinforcement, 111, 115, 119, 147representation motivation, 315representation need, 314reward, 126, 147reward and punishment systems, 147self actualized individuality, 455self realization, 453self representation, 453sense of control, 456sexuality, 454social needs, 169spend as little energetic effort as possible, 312survival needs, 111task x person level, 385to act in an adaptive way, 300transitive relation, 429uncertainty, 158utility, 314visceral motivation, 316

motivational factors question tags in declaratives and

imperatives, 417motivational heuristic

naive optimism, 296motives, 143motor system, 122

N back task, 105need for closure, 17–22, 24–27

accountability variable, 18group centrism, 23group decision making, 23quest for uniformity, 24scale for assessing need for closure, 18specific closure, 17time pressure, 18transference effect, 19






Index502

need for cognitive closure. 16. See also need for closure; closure motivation

negotiation behavior, 22, See negotiation nervous system, 140, 145, 183

central nervous system, 181, 215neurons, 182plasticity, 225

nervous systems, 181, 187neural networks, 87neural systems, 77, 113neurobiology, 137neurochemistries, 120neurological disorders, 85neurophysiology, 137nigrostriatal pathways

movements, 122norm representation

norm of cooperation, 165norms, 63

octopamine, 124onomatopoeia, 415ontogeny, 138, 141optimism, 162organisms, 174–176, 178–179, 182, 184–186, 188

autonomous organisms, 188biological organisms, 174constructional constraints, 180emancipation, 187energy converters, 179excitations and irritations, 183head capsules, 187hydraulic systems, 180inner spaces, 187locomotor apparatus, 183machines, 175motorium, 181musculature, 181organismic autonomy, 186organismic complexity, 187organismic constructions, 181–182, 184rhythmical activity, 180, 183sensorium, 181sensory organs, 184vertebrate eyes, 183

orienting response, 39out group behaviors, 21

perception, 78, 80, 142–143background, 159focal objects, 159–160network of perceptions, 186

object constancy, 150–151perceptual illusions, 291perceptual systems, 290signal detection, 461social perception, 161three dimensional construction of

space, 184perceptual defense, 69period of enlightment, 175person representations

relative accessibility, 161personality, 1, 33, 35, 50, 62, 64, 70, 96

anxious and explosive personality, 203dispositions, 161extraversion, 225five factor model of personality (FFM), 227individual differences, 311introverts, 225neuroticism, 226personal attributes, 161self esteem, 297sense of SELF, 121the self, 160traits, 203value system, 308

personality cognition overlap, 66personality disorders, 64personality traits, 56–57, 62–66, 68, 70–73,

79, 85agreeableness, 65conscientiousness, 65introversion/extroversion, 65meaning variables, 56neuroticism, 65

P-FIT model processing of sensory information, 221solutions to a given problem, 221structural symbolism, 221

philosophy, 173analytical philosophy, 339constructivism, 187natural philosophy, 188polarity, 175Whitehead’s concepts, 188

phylogenetic approach, 138, 141phylogenetic perspective, 138phylogeny. See phylogenetic approachphysical health, 33, 198physics, 111, 327, 331physiological homeostasis, 141physiological processes, 138plants, 130–131






Index 503

play capacity for self entertainment, 459creativity, 459imaginative play, 458make believe or pretend play, 456, 459make believe world, 457private games, 457role playing, 459verbal fluency, 459

political attitudes, 25anti immigration attitudes, 25conservatism, 26right wing, 25right wing authoritarianism, 25

positive affect coasting, 395

precision measurement reliability, 210

probability theory intuitive statistician, 290

probe technique, 101problem solving

chess, 281chess experts, 281complex conceptual space, 283detour, 277epistemic resolution level, 340evaluation functions, 279expert problem solving, 281, 285expertise, 281extrinsic motivation, 276feelings, 384forward search, 277General Problem Solver, 274General Problem Solver program, 279goal processing, 274goals, 276hill climbing, 277Hobbits and orcs task, 277ill defined problem, 276insight tasks, 277knowledge lean tasks, 281means ends analysis, 279memory guided search, 277novices, 281plans, 274possible/acceptable solution, 338problem directed thinking, 281problem recursion strategy, 281problem reduction, 279–280problem reduction processes, 274rules, 340

search for solutions, 276SOAR, 279solution space, 336subgoals, 279Tower of Hanoi, 279Water Jars, 277X ray tasks, 279

procedural knowledge, 51country differences, 159environmental affordances, 164motivational environment, 160

programs aspiration achievement, 275behaving programs, 146discouragement, 275mechanisms for terminating, 275satisficing, 275

prolactin, 122prosaccade tasks. See also antisaccade tasksprosody, 82psychoevolutionary theory, 143psychopathology, 64, 79, 86–87, 203

anxiety disorders, 86attention dificit hyperactivity

disorders, 115depression, 81–85, 87, 123depressive symptoms. See depressionDSM-IV, 87hallucinations, 123ICD-10, 87obsessive compulsive disorder, 86psychiatric disorders, 86schizophrenia, 86, 123

psychosis. See also psychopathologypsycopathological behavior, 33

quality of life, 276

rationality, 290algorithmic processing, 291allais paradox, 290bounded rationality, 291, 303cognitive illusions, 290ecological rationality, 298normative rationality, 291probability theory, 290rules of logic, 290

reaction times, 101re-afference, 147reality sharing, 23receptor organs, 146reductionism, 111, 138






Index504

regulative activities cognitive regulations, 140endocrine system, 139functional integration, 140functional regulations, 140structural regulations, 139

religion, 167christian religion, 175

representation, 290, 343authority over behavior, 163goal representation, 273metarepresentations, 458

representations, 160, 174, 184, 273accessibility, 161associative features, 160cognitive unit, 161cultural norms, 163event representations, 161group as a causal agent, 161mental representations, 458norm representations, 163–164person representations, 160–161, 164representation of the self, 164self-as-a-causal-agent, 161

resolving conflicts negotiation game, 163

retrograde amnesia, 82reward, 82

reward predicting stimuli, 126Ritalin, 132Rorschach, 54

science, 71sciences, 174

empirical sciences, 174mechanistic science, 175natural sciences, 179physics, 179

SEEKING dopamine, 121neurobiology of SEEKING, 118

SEEKING system exploration, 116

seizing and freezing phenomena, 18self, 128, 450

actual ideal discrepancy, 463actual ought discrepancy, 463actual self, 463causal agent, 161conscious thought, 463depressive or agitated anxious moods, 463dreaded self, 463

emotional states, 463ideal self, 463idiographic selves, 128ought self, 463personal self, 128self esteem, 463social identity, 168

self concept, 65, 67, 71, 387self efficacy, 387self esteem, 387task x person level, 387

self regulation, 148, 396affect, 397negative affect, 396

self thoughts, 106semantics

multidimensional semantics, 344semantic tableaus, 329situation semantics, 341Tarskian semantics, 345

semiotics, 322, 341Saussure’s semiotics, 414

sensory systems, 112shared reality, 25–26signs. See also symbols

linguistic signs, 407meaningful signs, 327–328, 331

situational press. 63–64, 67, 70. See environmental press

skepticism, 117skill acquisition, 66–67skills, 51, 62sleep, 86sleep apnea, 245social cognition, 76social isolation, 160social judgments, 26social relationships, 293social signals, 89social situations, 82socio cultural atmosphere, 53sociology, 152space, 184speech act, 419

assertive illocutionary acts, 419assertive scenario, 421assertive speech act, 419conceptual frames, 419condensed indirect speech acts, 427declarations, 422direct and indirect speech act, 419direct request, 424






Index 505

directive scenario, 427directive speech acts, 423explicit performative utterances, 422–423illocutionary acts, 422illocutionary paradox, 426inferential motivation, 425metonymic links, 419obligation, 426question tags, 420sincerity condition, 426speech act scenario, 419speech acts scenarios, 418truth related tags, 420

SRL, 398affect, 397cognitive processing, 383effort regulation, 384learning, 400learning situations, 383metacognition, 383Metacognitive and Affective model of

Self Regulated Learning (the MASRL model, 383

metacognitive and affective regulatory loops, 384

metacognitive experiences, 384motivation, 383, 400person characteristics, 383Person level, 385positive affect, 395role of metacognition, 398short and long term SRL, 383Task x Person level, 385

states of consciousness, 35stimulation theory, 144stimuli

external stimuli, 185olfactory stimulation, 143releasing stimuli, 151tactual sensations, 147

stop signal paradigm, 102strategies for coping, 88. See also coping

strategiesstress, 97supernatural clockmaker, 188survival, 110, 114, 125, 129–130, 143, 145, 175, 290

survival demands, 120survival needs. 124. See also motivation

susceptibility to persuasion, 21symbols, 186. See also signs

discursive symbols, 149presentational symbols, 149

symbolic forms, 186symbolic system, 186symbolic systems, 150, 152

symmetry, 182bilateral symmetry, 184

syntax syntactic generalizations, 412

tag acceptability and canonicity, 421affirmative and negative form, 425assertive tags, 426canonical tags, 418–419, 425conditionality, 421content to content, 427economically coded, 425economy or brevity, 418economy principle, 425English tags, 429form to form, 427hearer addressed tags, 427illocutionary tag, 426imperative tag, 423mental or emotional attitude, 423negative tag, 426pragmatic inferencing, 425speaker referring tags, 427tagged declarative sentences, 427tagged imperatives, 423

target person, 16, 18–19task irrelevant thoughts, 98taxis, 142–143

phototaxis, 142technical training, 70test performance, 96the circle of functions, 186The MASRL model, 400theories, 162

behaviorism, 450behaviorists, 274biological evolution, 162constructive realism, 179, 187Darwinism, 177evolutionary theories, 174–175, 199Frankfurt Evolutionary Theory, 179mechanical theories, 175method of strangification, 178models of nature, 174Modern Evolutionary Synthesis, 193, 195,

197–198, 211organismic constructions, 187–188psychoanalytic models, 461






Index506

psychoanalytic theories, 302strangification, 188synergetics, 178terror management theory, 167theory of organismic constructions, 179

therapies, 463cognitive behavioral treatments, 463psychoanalysis, 463waking dream therapies, 463

thinking conscious thought, 455current concerns and wishes, 455directed thinking, 275experiential mode, 302, 453intrusive thoughts, 455magical thinking, 292mathematical thinking, 324metarepresentational mode, 458metarepresentational mode of

thought, 458narrative thought, 453paradigmatic thought, 453rational form, 453rational mode, 302stimulus independent thoughts, 459task unrelated images and thoughts, 459undirected thinking, 275

threat related stimuli, 104time. See also time course

affective present, 128cognitive present, 128durational present, 128present, 128psychological time, 127remembered present, 127

Tower of Hanoi problem reduction, 280

trait, 16, 35, 50, 62ability traits, 66affective traits, 62, 65clerical/conventional trait complex, 66cognitive traits, 62–63, 67

conative or volitional traits, 62conative traits, 65, 68conscientiousness, 67, 70–71impulsives, 68intellectual/cultural trait complex, 65introversion/extroversion, 64motivational traits, 66neuroticism, 67–68, 85openness to experience, 67, 71science/math trait complex, 66social trait complex, 65, 70test anxiety, 69, 96trait anxiety, 96trait anxiety and performance, 97trait complexes, 66trait markers, 88

trait anxiety working memory resources, 99

translinguistic factors economy of coding, 428inferences, 427metonymy, 427speech act function, 427

triggers for interest novelty of the information, 360

Turing machines, 325typical behaviors, 62, 67, 73

unicellular organisms, 141

values, 71virtual reality, 328vocational choice, 67vocational interest, 65vocational training, 70volitional control, 387

well defined problems problem reduction, 276

work, 70working memory

attentional resources, 99writers, 469

theories (cont.)






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