index...

Index

1984, 2612CV, 252, 322, 328, 3737–11, 4458th Army, 249

Aachen Fire Insurance Company,111

AB Atlas, 319, 382AB Separator, 318Abadan, 147Abbott Laboratories, 491Abdul Hamid II, 121Aberdare, Henry Austin Bruce, Baron,

95–6ABN AMRO, 454, 458, 533Abs, Herman J., 358ABSA, 452, 457Abushiri, 97Accion Democratica, 401Accounting and Tabulating

Corporation of Great Britain, 297Accumulatoren-Fabrik (AFA), 129,

168, 176, 514Acer, 494–5, 537Achnacarry Agreement, 229Adamson, Bell, 70, 113Adelaide, 180, 250Aden, 310Adenauer, K., 186Administracion Nacional de

Combustibles, Alcoholes y Portland(ANCAP), 226

Admiralty, British, 137, 140, 146–8advertising, 166, 182, 209, 215, 218,

234, 236, 291, 303, 329, 367, 369,404, 439, 570

AEG-Telefunken, 297, 376Aeon, 461aerospace, 288, 290, 319, 322, 335,

342, 437Aerospatiale, 325

AES, 465Aetna Life and Casualty, 361, 527AFC, 323Afghanistan, 74, 147, 156, 376, 477Africa, 10, 19, 27–9, 32, 34–6, 40,

43–5, 48, 51–5, 58, 60, 65, 73–4,93–6, 98–101, 110, 119–20, 123,148, 150–1, 153–4, 156–7, 159–60,163–5, 172, 184, 190–2, 194, 203,207, 211–14, 216, 218, 220–3, 230,249, 254, 255, 260–2, 268, 270–1,292–3, 307–9, 315, 330, 336, 338,346, 348–9, 351–3, 356, 363, 367,369, 379–80, 382–3, 385–6, 394,399–400, 408, 412–13, 417, 419,424, 427–8, 444–5, 452, 456–7,460, 463–6, 469, 472–6, 480–2,488, 494, 496–7, 500–2, 506,512–13, 517–18, 526–7, 541–5,548–9, 553, 555, 560–1, 565

African and Eastern TradeCorporation, 164, 211

African Steamship Company, 93Afrika Korps, 249, 252Afrikaansche Handels-Vennootscap

(AHV), 98Agadir Crisis in 1911, 147Agfa, 198, 203, 546AGFA-Gevaert, 343Agnelli, G., 166, 189agriculture, 6, 16, 19, 35, 37, 39,

46–7, 51, 53, 57–8, 61, 65–7, 70,72–3, 78–9, 81, 83–6, 89–91, 95,97, 99–100, 102, 115, 139, 150–1,157–9, 164, 177, 179, 189, 191,194, 198, 211–12, 218–21, 231,240, 243, 250–1, 253, 255, 265,269, 274, 317, 322, 334, 336, 338,349–51, 354–5, 375–6, 382, 392,399, 403, 432–3, 435–6, 442, 445,467, 477, 503, 526, 538

573

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574 Index

AIC Corporation, 496AIG, 360, 451, 453, 458, 459, 518,

527, 534Aikawa, Y., 240Air China, 445Air France, 444Air Hong Kong, 445Air Touch, 462Airbus Industrie, 325, 524Airco, 308aircraft, 165–6, 171, 193, 230, 234,

249, 251, 322, 325, 341, 391, 458,490, 496

airlines, 214, 330, 341, 350, 354–5airships, 166, 193Akosombo hydro-electric dam, 399Akron, 166, 193, 514, 517, 522AKSO, 313Aktobe Oil Company, 476AKU, 205, 313–14, 382AKZO, 314Alaska, 310, 380, 469, 472, 481Albania, 370–1, 373, 463Albany, 127Albert Heijn, 366Alberta, 333, 476Alberta Oil, 334Alcan, 222, 229, 295, 335, 382, 479,

518, 523, 525, 536Alcoa, 87, 222, 229, 295, 335, 342,

518, 523Alcoa of Australia, 337Alcon Laboratories, 316Alfa-Laval, 318–19Alfred Booth & Company, 85Alfred Holt & Company, 70Algeria, 323, 363, 383, 386, 397, 466,

468, 477Algiers, 252Algom group, 309Alka Seltzer, 327All Nippon Airlines (ANA), 341Allende, President Salvador, 379,

410–11Allgemeine Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft

(AEG), 60, 108, 126, 129, 131, 176,214, 229, 291, 318–19, 328, 525

Allianca Commerciale de Anilinas,327, 407

Allianz Dazhong, 459Allianz Insurance Company, 111, 362,

458–9, 528, 534, 540Allied Chemicals, 204, 285, 327Allies, 16–17, 96, 158, 164–5, 167,

169–70, 172–4, 176, 178, 190–1,219, 249, 251–2, 258–62, 264,276–7, 279, 310, 325, 327, 329,358, 369–70, 381, 498, 505, 522

Allis, 328Alrose, 478Alsace, 231Alsop & Co., 85Alsop, Wetmore & Co., 85Aluminium Alliance, 229Alusuisse, 295Amalgamated Copper Mining

Company, 88, 512Amazon, 218, 481Amazon, region, 72, 490, 550AMCI Holdings, 481Amdahl Corporation, 294American & Foreign Power, 214, 307,

377, 383, 405–6American Asiatic Underwriters (AAU),

214American Bayer, 170American Bell Telephone Company,

124–5, 132–3American Can, 202American Casualty Company, 362American Civil War, 66, 110American Cynamid, 287American Express Company, 346American Family Corporation, 361American International Group (AIG),

360American International Reinsurance

Co. Inc. (AIRCO), 360American International Underwriters

(AIU), 214, 360American Locomotive Company,

114American Metal Company, 129, 170,

222American Radiator, 133, 168American Smelting and Refining

Company (ASARCO), 88, 222, 404,512, 518






Index 575

American Tobacco Company, 134–5,209

American Tobacco Company ofCanada, 134

American Trading, 75American Union Telegraph Co., 123American Viscose Company (AVC),

135, 169, 205, 247Amerikanskaya Torgovlye (Amtorg),

188, 226, 516Amnesty International, 472Amoco, 144, 397, 470–1Amoseas, 397Amstel, 315Amsterdam, 357, 561Amtrak, 369Anaconda Copper Company, 88, 222,

403, 406, 410, 512, 531Anatolia, 121Anatolian Railway, 121Andean Community, 435Andean Pact, 435Andersen & Co., 73Andersen, H. N., 73, 512, 529Anderson’s College, 112Andre & Cie, 346Anglo-American business, 11, 17, 147,

368, 453, 459, 536, 557Anglo-American Corporation, 222,

229, 400, 478, 480–1Anglo-American Council on

Productivity, 302Anglo-American Iron Company, 88Anglo-American Oil Company, 139Anglo-American plc, 481Anglo-Austrian Bank, 109Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 71Anglo-Egyptian Bank, 104Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields, 393Anglo-German Brewery Company,

168Anglo-German Fellowship, 235AngloGold Ashanti, 478Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC),

241–2, 310, 377, 388–90, 395Anglo-Oriental, 221Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC),

147–8, 169, 174–5, 177, 222–4,229, 241–2, 246, 502, 516, 523, 530

Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907,147

Anglo–Russian Treaty of 1907, 156Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company,

143, 174, 177Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk

Company, 136–7Anglo-Thai, 349, 351Angola, 99, 347Anheuser-Busch Inbev, 483Annam, 73Ansei Treaties, 113Anshan Iron and Steel Works, 191Antwerp, 132, 202ANZ Bank, 356, 559ANZ Banking Group, 356–7, 384, 559Aon, 361, 527Arab Spring, 462Arabian Gulf, 67Arab–Israeli War of 1967, 397Aramco, 242, 378, 385, 387–8, 390–1,

395, 398, 472, 474, 520, 530ARBED, 320Arcelik, 495Arcelor, 483, 495Arcelor Mittal, 483, 495ARCO (Atlantic Richfield), 470–1,

512, 531Ardnacrusha, 196Argentaria Caja Postal y Banco

Hipotecario, 455Argentina, 49, 53, 86–7, 104–5,

107–8, 111, 120, 123–4, 126,135–6, 159, 183, 193–4, 207, 210,213, 225, 231–2, 242–4, 247, 250,270, 272, 286, 320, 323, 326, 328,331, 354, 362, 377, 400, 405–7,409–10, 425, 435, 436, 444, 455,458, 464–6, 474, 496, 506, 519,538, 546, 557, 563, 565, 571

armaments, 47, 86, 112, 138, 162,165, 172, 187, 195, 197, 246, 373,554

Armco Steel, 333Armstrong, 107, 538Arnhem, 312Aron Hirsch & Sohn, 129Arracan Company, 71, 73Arthur Anderson, 368






576 Index

Arthur Young, 368Asda, 461ASEA, 133, 369ASEAN, 11, 436, 571ASEAN Free Trade Area, 11, 436Ashland Oil and Refining, 395Asia, 10, 19, 27–9, 32–3, 38–40, 43–4,

48, 50–1, 53, 55, 58–60, 65–6,68–9, 73–4, 76, 79–81, 103–6, 110,113, 115–6, 123, 134, 139–44,148–51, 153–4, 156–7, 163, 165,185, 204, 208, 212–13, 217, 223,245–6, 251, 254–5, 260–2, 270–1,275, 284, 312, 319, 338, 343, 346,348, 353, 379–83, 386, 394, 400,412, 415, 417, 419–20, 424–5,428–9, 433–4, 439, 445–6, 448,452–4, 456–7, 459, 461, 463–5,469–70, 472–6, 478–9, 481, 484–5,488–90, 494, 497, 500–2, 506,512–13, 539–40, 543–6, 548, 557,568, 571–2

Asia Pacific Oil Company, 147–8Asian Crisis of 1997, 416, 444Asiatic Petroleum, 142–3, 147Asnieres-sur-Seine, 187aspirin, 170, 325Assad, Hafez al, 396Assicurazioni Generali, 362, 459, 528,

534Assicurazioni Generali and Riunione

Adriatica di Sicurta (RAS), 362Associated National Insurance, 363Astra, 173, 175, 370, 491, 537Astra Romana, 173, 175Astra Romano, 370Astra Zeneca, 491Aswan Dam, 123, 391AT&T, 167, 201–2Ataka, 117, 341Atlantic Fruit, 219Atlantic, ocean, 26, 36–7, 43, 49, 52,

80, 90, 149, 158, 165, 208, 214,263, 279, 371, 384, 412, 487, 565

Atlantic Richfield, 310, 397Atlas Chemical, 308Atlas Copco (Compagnie Pneumatique

Commerciale), 319Atlas Steels, 333Atlas white goods, 318

Audi, 186Augustine, Heard & Co., 69Augustus Hemenway, 85Ault and Wiburg Company, 203Auschwitz, 251, 253Austin Motors, 95, 181, 190, 237,

281, 297, 517, 541, 559, 568, 571Austin Seven car, 237Australasia, 67, 163, 271, 351Australia, 39, 49, 52–5, 67, 80, 85,

103, 105, 115, 131, 134–5, 137,145, 159, 162, 165–7, 173, 180,183–4, 191–4, 203, 207–8, 213,222, 228, 230, 246, 250, 255, 261,268, 270–1, 275, 277, 288–90,292–3, 307–11, 314–16, 318, 324,328, 331, 333, 335–8, 340–1,350–2, 356, 361–6, 368, 380,383–4, 419, 424–5, 428, 444–5,447, 459, 462, 466, 479–81, 488,497, 506, 515–16, 534, 539, 559,563

Australian Barley Board, 354Australian Motorists Petrol Company

(Ampol), 336Australian Wheat Board, 354Austria, 75, 109–10, 129–30, 135–6,

175, 181, 236, 253, 266, 284, 330,362–3, 365, 383, 456, 495, 540

Austria-Hungary, 75, 108, 129, 133–4,136, 138, 156, 175, 223

Auto Union, 186, 252Automobile Manufacturing Industries

Act 1936, 238automobiles, 20, 127, 129–30, 136,

165, 171, 179–86, 189–91, 193,195, 197, 211, 217, 231, 233,237–8, 250–1, 255, 262, 278–80,282, 285, 287, 295, 297, 303, 308,318–19, 325–6, 328, 335, 349–50,353, 364, 373–4, 407–8, 412, 431,441–2, 482, 488, 490–1, 494, 496,529

Automobiles Ford Societe AnonymeFrancaise (SAF), 187, 231, 252,280–1

Automotive Products Trade Agreement1965, 334

Autostrade Italiane, 359Aventis, 491






Index 577

Avis car rental, 290, 410Aviva, 460, 534AXA, 363, 457, 460, 528, 534Axel Johnson, 211Axis pact, 249Azerbaijan, 470, 473Azerbaijan International Mining

Company (AIOC), 470Azienda Generale Italiana Petroli

(Agip), 393

Ba’ath Party, Iraqi, 396Ba’ath Party, Syrian, 396Baden, 172, 541Badische Anilin und Soda-Fabrik

(BASF), 127, 168, 171, 176, 198,203, 327, 514–15, 538

Baghdad, 60, 107, 109, 121, 387,389

Baghdad Railway, 60, 107, 109, 121Bahrain, 225Bahrain Petroleum Company

(BAPCO), 241Baker, L. D., 89Baku, 137–8, 141, 146, 173, 176Balfour Williamson, 40, 58, 69, 85,

144, 169, 211, 349, 351Balfour, Guthrie, 85Balikpapan Forest Industries, 340Balkankar, 375Balkans, 156, 455, 494, 541Baltic, region, 73, 138, 181, 455Baltimore, 404banana republic, 92bananas, 61, 89–91, 93, 218–20, 240,

390, 402–3, 413, 541, 558Bananera, 220Banca Antonveneta, 454Banca Commerciale Italiana, 121Banco Confia, 451Banco Continental, 455Banco de Bilbao, 455Banco de Vizcaya, 454Banco di Roma, 359Banco Hispano, 359Banco Nacional Ultramarino, 100,

513Banco Real, 454Bangalore, 415, 437Bangkok, 73–4, 106

Bangladesh, 462Banillo, M., 92Bank fur Chile und Deutschland, 107Bank of America, 458Bank of Austria Creditanstalt, 457Bank of China (BOC), 456Bank of Chosen, 106Bank of International Settlements, 248,

520Bank of London and South American

(BOLSA), 213, 351Bank of Nova Scotia, 456Bank of Taiwan, 106Bank of Tarapaca and London, 104Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi, 457Bankers Trust, 453banking, 33, 40–1, 50, 53–9, 69, 72,

77–8, 84, 88, 90–1, 97, 100–10,117, 121–3, 125–6, 130, 139, 142,151, 154, 169, 210, 213–14, 216,219, 230, 248, 280, 296–7, 307,320, 330, 333, 339, 344–6, 355–60,372, 374–5, 384–5, 392, 404, 429,438–40, 445, 448–59, 476, 479,498, 539, 554, 558, 567–8

Banque Balkanique, 109Banque Belge pour l’Etranger, 105,

122Banque Commerciale Roumaine, 109Banque d’Indochine, 105Banque d’Outremer, 100, 108, 513Banque de Bulgarie, 109Banque de Congo-Belge, 105Banque de l’Afrique Occidentale, 106Banque de l’Indochine, 122, 213, 559Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas

(Paribas), 126, 357Banque Franco-Chinoise pour le

Commerce et l’Industrie, 213Banque Franco-Japonaise, 111Banque Imperiale Ottomane, 100, 108,

121Banque Industrielle de Chine, 123, 213Banque Italo-Belge, 105Banque Lazard, 213Banque Nationale de Paris (BNP), 357,

518, 527Banque Nationale pour le Commerce

et l’Industrie (BNCI), 357Banque Sino-Belge, 105, 122






578 Index

Barauni, 372Barber Asphalt and Paving Company,

89Barcelona, 205, 281Barcelona Traction, Light and Power

Ltd (BTLP), 320Barclays, 213, 357, 384, 452, 454,

456–7, 533Barclays Bank DCO, 213, 356Barclays Bank International, 357Barclays National Bank, 480Baring, 105Barlow, R., 203Baroncini, Gino, 362Barreiros Diesel, 283Barrow Island, 336Basle, 203, 248Basle AG, 203Basra, 121, 146BAT China Ltd, 209Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij

(BPM), 143, 177Batavia, 36, 77–8, 141Batavian Bank, 84Bathurst Trading, 164Batopilas Mining Company, 87Battle of Jutland, 165Batu, 143Batum, 138–40, 173bauxite, 87, 222, 295, 309, 335, 337,

399, 479Bayer, 61, 127, 168, 170–1, 198, 203,

325, 327, 407, 514–15, 524Bayerische Hypo- und Vereinsbank

(BHV), 457BBV, 455BBV Bancomer, 455BBVA, 455, 533Beacute, Claude, 459Bear Stearns, 458Bechuanaland Railway, 119Beecham Group, 450, 491Beetle car, 280, 328–9, 386, 408,

488Behn, H., 201Behn, S., 201–2, 234, 248Beijing, 38, 82, 105, 128, 213, 354,

463, 493Beira Railway, 119Beirut, 372

Bekasi Industrial Complex, 447Beko, 495Belgian Congo, 86Belgium, 54, 86, 94, 99–100, 105,

109–11, 118, 120, 124, 126–7, 129,132, 135–6, 153, 162, 165, 171,176, 188, 190, 192, 202–3, 206–7,214, 220, 231, 270–1, 273, 290,292, 298, 312, 318–21, 323–4, 329,353, 357, 359, 361, 363, 365, 367,374, 393, 404, 424, 454, 456, 458,473, 513, 546

Belgrade, 373Bell Company of Canada, 125Bell Laboratories, 290Bell Telephone Manufacturing

Company, 202Bellel, 342Benelux, 454Benson, Robert, 357Bergen Bank, 358Berlin, 48, 79, 93–6, 98, 103, 123,

128, 182, 185, 210, 223, 234, 248,259, 278, 328, 343

Berlin Blockade, 362Berlin Conference, 98Berlin Wall, 415, 458Berlusconi, Silvio, 476Bermuda, 360, 428Bernhard of the Netherlands, Prince,

312, 341Bertelsmann, 328Bertrand, F., 92Bessarabia, 91Bestfoods, 292, 523Bethlehem Iron Ore Company, 88Bethlehem Steel, 400, 404Bettencourt, Liliane, 316Bharti Airtel, 464Bhilai, 372Bielsko-Biala, 375Bien Hoa, 217Big Bang, London, 449, 452Big Bang, Tokyo, 456Bilderberg Conference, 312Bilderberg Group, 433Binny’s, 66Bird & Co., 66, 81, 348Birds Eye, 246, 292, 407Birmingham, 92






Index 579

Birmingham Tyre and Rubber (BTR),308

Bismarck, Otto von, 5, 79, 94, 96,121, 502

BL, 297Black Sea, 73, 138, 560Blackstone, 456Blair, Tony, 463Bleichroder, 107Blitz, Gerard, 367Blue Funnel line, 70BMW, 329BNP Paribas, 454Boeblingen, 289Boeing, 325, 341Boers, 101–2, 236Bofors, 188Bohemia, 146Bokaro, 372Bolivia, 41, 85, 87, 107, 169, 221–2,

229, 243–4, 257, 377, 399–400,404–5, 435–6, 446, 466, 474, 505,555

Bolivian Gulf, 405Bolsheviks, 172, 176, 187Bombay, 39, 66–7, 71, 75, 104, 115,

147, 183, 205, 562Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation,

71, 81Bonilla, M., 91Booker Brothers, 69Booker Brothers, McConnell, 350–1Booker Group, 351, 527, 532Booker McConnell, 351, 444, 527,

532Booz Allen Hamilton, 368Bordeaux, 187Borden, 136Borneo, 40, 74–6, 78, 141, 153, 351,

512, 557Borneo Company, 40, 74, 76–7, 104,

348–9, 351, 383, 512Borneo-Sumatra Handelsmaatschappij

(Borsumij), 79, 212, 352Boror and Madal, 100Borregaard, 319Bosch, 168, 197, 249, 491Boston Consulting Group, 368Boston Fruit Company, 89–90Botany, 208

Botswana, 460, 480Bougainville Copper, 338Boulanger, J. B., 231Boulanger, P. J., 252Boussois Soucha Neuvesel (BSN)

Groupe, 323Boustead, Edward, 34, 39, 72, 140,

348, 532Boustead Brothers, 67, 72Bowater, 293, 308, 352, 523Bowater-Scott, 293, 523Bowring Treaty, 39Boxer Rebellion, 105, 141Braden Copper Company, 88Braden, Spruille, 88, 402Bragge, W., 120Brandenburg, 248, 277brands, 20, 61, 78, 82, 86, 119, 127,

130, 135–6, 140–1, 143, 170, 173,179, 206–9, 211, 223, 232, 234,247, 255, 278, 283, 287, 291–2,303–5, 307–8, 311–12, 316, 318,323, 330, 335, 366, 385, 407, 410,412, 432–3, 447, 461–3, 472, 483,485–6, 490, 493–6, 499

Brascan, 407Brasilianische Bank fur Deutschland,

107Brassey, T., 119, 123Braudel, Ferdinand, 21, 541Brazil, 17, 36, 49, 53, 85, 87, 99, 104,

107–8, 123–4, 135, 159, 173, 183,190, 194, 207, 217, 230, 232,242–3, 270, 272, 286, 290, 292,307, 317–20, 323, 327–8, 331, 335,343, 349, 361–2, 364, 366, 377–8,394, 403, 405–10, 416–17, 424,428–9, 435–6, 454–5, 464–7, 474,476–81, 494–6, 515, 547–9, 551,557, 559, 565

Brazilian Traction, Light and PowerCompany (BTLPC), 124, 405, 559

Brazza, P. de, 94, 118Bremen, 80, 117, 236Brentford, 193Bretton Woods, 263–5, 380, 411, 539Brezhnev, Leonid, 371, 374–5Bridgestone, 194Brinson Partners, 453Brisbane, 137






580 Index

Britain, 5, 11, 16–17, 26–31, 36–40,42–56, 58–61, 65–8, 70–7, 79–85,87–105, 107–14, 116–37, 139–40,142–9, 153–4, 156–9, 161, 163–70,172–8, 180–6, 190–6, 202–10, 213,215–17, 220–5, 227–30, 234,236–7, 240–1, 243, 245–7, 249–53,259–63, 266, 268–9, 273–5,279–86, 288–93, 295–7, 302–3,305–11, 313, 315–19, 323–4, 328,331, 335–6, 338, 344, 346–52,356–7, 361, 363–9, 377, 382–6,388–92, 395–7, 400, 404–6, 420,425, 444–5, 448–54, 457–8, 461–3,466, 469–71, 473, 481, 483, 495–6,502, 504–5, 507, 509, 512–16, 518,523, 526, 530, 536, 539–40,542–51, 553–8, 560–7, 570–1

British Aerospace, 325British Airways, 444British Aluminium, 296British American Tobacco (BAT), 82,

134–5, 209, 251, 307, 377, 514,523, 545

British and African Steam NavigationCompany, 93

British Bank of West Africa, 104,110

British Borneo, 473British Broadcasting Corporation

(BBC), 463, 532–6British Can, 202British Dyes Ltd, 168–9British Dyestuffs Corporation, 169,

204, 515British Empire, 133, 228, 240, 246,

249, 347British Guyana, 89British India Steam Navigation

Company, 67British Leyland, 282–3, 297British Match Corporation, 210British Motor Corporation (BMC),

281British Motor Holdings (BMC), 297British North Borneo Company, 76–7British Overseas Airways Corporation

(BOAC), 214British Oxygen Company (BOC), 308,

385

British Petroleum (BP), 143, 147, 175,223, 284–5, 310, 327, 389–90, 393,397–8, 469–73, 475–6, 478, 481,512, 516, 523–4, 530–1, 535

British Petroleum Company, 169, 175,539, 548

British Rubber Growers Association,215

British South Africa Company, 101,119–20, 513

British Tabulating Machine (BTM),297

British Thomson-Houston, 131–2British Tube Mills, 250British Westinghouse, 132British-American Tobacco (BAT), 377Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP), 308,

336, 478–80, 536Bronfman, S., 207Brooke, C., 75Brooke, J., 74, 76, 569Brooklyn, 366Brown, Gordon, 67, 209, 333, 369,

372, 400, 404–5, 463, 529, 541,553

Brown and Williamson, 209Brown Boveri, 369, 372, 405, 529,

541Browne, John, 470Brunei, 74–6, 340, 568Brunner, Mond, 204Brussels, 99, 103, 107, 194, 290Bryant & May, 210Bryce & Co., 86BSkyB, 463Buckley, P., 62–3, 541Buenos Aires, 49, 85, 106–7, 120, 126,

183, 213, 243Buenos Aires & Pacific, 121Buenos Aires Western Railway, 120Buesche & Muller, 129Buffalo, 194Buffalo Insurance, 362Buganda, 96Buick, 342Bukit Timah, 251Bulawayo, 119–20Bulgaria, 253, 342, 361, 370, 373,

375, 393, 463Bulgarian Foreign Trade Bank, 372






Index 581

Bulgarian National InsuranceCompany, 110

bumiputra, 474Bunge and Palashkovsky, 138Bunge y Born, 243, 354Burmah, 39, 67, 70–5, 140, 143,

145–7, 153, 185, 221, 241, 377–8,541, 545, 560, 562

Burmah Castrol, 470–1Burmah Oil, 67, 140, 146–7, 310, 382,

545Burroughs Corporation, 312Burton, Parsons, 316Busch, G., 244Bush, President George W., 477business groups, 56, 66–7, 84, 191,

339, 364, 447, 495business history, 3, 22, 63business networks, 19–20, 64–6, 81,

341, 345business organization, 2, 11–13,

19–20, 22–3, 41, 56–8, 60, 65, 137,151–2, 218, 233, 238, 255, 262–3,267, 277, 290, 299–301, 304, 306,309, 320, 347, 368, 372, 387, 398,413, 446, 486, 492–3, 497, 500,503, 510

business strategy, 2–3, 10, 12–15,18–20, 22, 25, 29, 44, 49, 56, 58,60, 62, 64, 97, 118, 127, 132, 137,143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 157, 161,167, 173, 179, 181–2, 193, 195,201, 204, 211, 223, 225, 228, 233,235, 269, 275–6, 278, 280–1, 285,287–9, 291, 296, 298–301, 304,310, 318, 325–6, 339, 343–5, 354,362, 368, 370, 372, 380, 384, 389,398, 400, 411, 413, 416, 425, 430,437, 439, 447, 454, 459, 469–71,477, 483, 485–6, 488, 490–5,497–500, 503, 507, 566

Butterfield & Swire, 68–70, 81–2, 350,377

Bwana Mkumba, 120

C&A, 366, 528C. Illies & Co, 197C. Itoh, 341, 525C. Lorenz, 202C. Lorenz AG, 234

C. T. Bowring, 361cables, 49, 123, 128, 135, 167, 194,

200, 331, 342Cabot, Thomas Dudley, 402Cabrera, M. E., 90, 92Cadbury, 100, 207, 211, 307Cadbury-Fry, 207, 307Cadbury-Rowntree-Fry, 211Cadbury-Schweppes, 308Cailler, 207Cairo, 102, 119–20, 391, 563Calcutta, 38–9, 49, 59, 65–7, 69, 74,

81, 104, 128, 139–40, 203, 236,511

Calcutta Power Electric SupplyCorporation, 214

California, 41, 69, 85, 144, 211, 241,336, 340, 343, 357, 366–7, 455,489, 541–2, 562, 569

California Oilfields Limited, 144California-Arabian Standard Oil

Company (CASOC), 241Caltex, 284, 336Calve, 206Cambodia, 73Cambridge, MA, 135, 555Cameron, David, 463Cameron Brothers, 134, 514Cameroon, 96–7, 107, 212, 308, 324,

385, 386, 474Cameroons, 240Campbell, Jock, 27Campbell Soup Company, 292, 522,

542Canada, 17–18, 40, 45, 51, 53–5, 59,

61, 70, 103, 105, 110, 123–5,130–5, 144, 148, 159–60, 162–3,166, 171, 180, 185–6, 191–3, 195,205, 207–8, 222, 228–9, 232, 246,255, 260, 265, 268–73, 275–8, 282,284, 286–9, 291–3, 295, 303,306–7, 309, 311, 317, 319–20, 323,326–7, 331–6, 340, 343, 350, 357,360, 363–7, 370, 375, 377, 380,384, 400, 407, 412, 424, 428, 432,435, 450, 452, 456, 460, 461, 464,467, 472, 480–1, 487–8, 494,497–8, 504, 508–9, 512, 516,521–2, 538, 547, 557, 561

Canadian Copper Company, 88, 512






582 Index

Canadian International Power, 406Canadian Wheat Board, 354Canary Islands, 93, 204Canico Resources, 481Cannstatt, 210Cape Colony, 101Cape York Peninsula, 337capitalism, 8–9, 16–17, 30, 32, 101,

141, 150, 159, 188–9, 227, 240,257–8, 260, 292, 351, 369–72, 374,396, 453, 541–3, 550–1, 554, 557,569

Caracas, 120, 407, 410Cardenas, L., 244–5Cargill, 304, 346, 353–4, 374, 376,

444, 529, 532, 540–1Cargill-Tradax, 304Caribbean, 35, 90, 201, 214, 261, 272,

336, 428, 478, 538Caribbean Community (Caricom),

436Caribbean Single Market and

Economy (CSME), 436Carlisle, England, 166Carlsberg, 445Carnegie Steel, 114Carr, E. H., 4Carranza, V., 178Carrefour, 365, 528cartels, 143, 167, 172, 201, 203–4,

212, 229–30, 238–40, 286, 317,359–60, 363, 387, 395, 565

Casement, Sir Roger, 86, 99Caspian Sea, 138, 342, 470Casson, M., 62, 92, 269, 273–4, 307,

541–2, 552, 563Castelo Branco, President Humberto

de Alencar, 406Castro, Fidel, 392, 403, 406Castrol, 311Caterpillar, 195, 290, 407, 517, 522Cathay Pacific, 350, 445Caucasus region, 137–9, 141Cayman Islands, 356, 358–9Cazenove, 296Celtel, 464Cemex, 483, 493, 495, 537Central America, 48, 89–90, 107, 118,

154, 204, 214, 218, 390, 402–3,413, 419, 506, 561

Central America Free Trade Agreement(CAFTA), 436

Central and South American CableCompany, 123

Central Argentine Railway, 120Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),

219, 312, 389, 402, 409, 411Central Powers, 165, 172, 174Central Selling Organisation, 222Cerro de Pasco Corporation, 404Ceylon, 35, 53, 55, 67, 70, 163–4,

215, 229, 271, 563Chaco War of 1932–5, 244Chad, 474Chamberlain, J., 92–4, 102, 543Chambishi Copper Smelter, 481Chang Pi-Sheh, 83Charoen Pokphand (CP), 354chartered companies, 30, 35, 37, 40,

45, 76, 79, 93, 95–6, 100, 104, 119,139, 153, 371, 433

Chase Bank, 234, 356, 519, 533Chase Manhattan, 450Chavez, Hugo, 474Chelyabinsk, 195chemicals, 20, 82, 85, 88, 117, 127,

135–6, 166, 169–73, 176, 190, 192,197–8, 203–4, 211, 229, 238–40,262, 267, 284–5, 287, 295, 307,310, 313–14, 316–18, 323, 325,327, 335, 340–2, 351, 354, 371,376, 386, 407, 412, 441–2, 444,467, 469, 482, 494, 566

Chemins de Fer Katanga, 120Cheung Kong Holdings, 350, 448,

463, 466, 527Cheung Kong Infrastructure Holdings,

448Chevrolet, 180–1, 336, 342, 373Chevron, 144, 390, 471–2, 474, 477,

522, 535ChevronTexaco, 472Chiang Kai-shek, 307, 377Chicago, 196, 357, 450, 453, 529,

540, 553, 559, 564Chile, 41, 85–8, 104, 107, 120, 124,

126, 136, 159, 222, 232, 242, 272,322, 331, 340, 354, 379, 400,403–6, 409–10, 413, 425, 455, 458,465, 474, 478, 480–1, 541






Index 583

Chilean Telephone Company(Chiltelco), 410

China, 8–9, 16–17, 30, 35, 37–9, 41,44–5, 49, 53, 55, 67–77, 79–84, 90,100, 105–7, 111, 115–16, 121–3,131, 136, 139, 141, 144, 153, 156,163, 165, 168–9, 172, 188,199–200, 206, 209, 213, 221,238–40, 250–1, 270–1, 289, 294,307, 311, 344, 348, 350, 354,371–2, 376–7, 391, 394, 411, 415,417–19, 421, 424, 427–9, 436, 445,447–8, 451–2, 456, 458–61, 463,466, 469, 473–7, 479–82, 485,487–97, 502, 509, 533, 536, 539,541, 543–4, 548, 553, 556–7, 563,567, 569, 572

China Association, 76China Development Bank, 452, 456China Electric, 201China International Trust and

Investment Corporation (CITIC),445

China Investment Corporation, 431,456

China Merchants’ Steam NavigationCompany, 82

China Minmetals Company, 479China National Offshore Oil Corp.,

474China Navigation Company, 68, 70China Nonferrous Metals, 481China Ocean Shipping Company

(Cosco), 448Chinalco, 479, 481Chinese Eastern Railway, 116, 122Chinese Steel Corporation, 343Chiquita, 403, 512, 530Chirac, President Jacques, 466Chita, 116chocolate, 100, 136, 207, 292, 307,

316, 355Chocolats Suisses, 207Choshu, 112, 114Choshu Five, 112, 114Christiani & Nielsen, 59, 123Chrysler, 180, 184, 189, 237–8, 283,

296, 331, 334, 340, 408–9, 516,522

Chrysler (Australia) Ltd, 184

Chrysler Canada, 184Chrysler Europe, 283, 323Chrysler France, 283Chrysler-Richards, 250Chubb & Son, 361, 364, 528Chuquicamata, 403, 410Churchill, W., 137, 147–8, 215, 251,

262Ciba, 136, 172, 176, 203, 305, 317,

515, 524Ciba-Geigy, 305, 491, 515, 524cigarettes, 82, 127, 134, 209CII-Honeywell-Bull, 298Cincinnati Chemical Works, 203Cisco, 489Citibank, 213, 356, 544CITIC Bank, 456Citicorp, 449–50Citicorp-Travelers, 451Citigroup, 449, 451, 457–9, 533Citroen, 166, 189–90, 231, 322–3,

328, 373, 516, 522Citroen-Hispania, 32, 282, 330City of London, 296, 356–7Civil War, American, 46Clay, L. D., 277Clinton, President William J., 445Club Mediterranee, 367, 528CNOOC, 469, 477CNPC, 469, 476, 536Coahuila, 88coal, 49, 58, 66, 78, 85, 95, 113,

115–16, 136–7, 173, 197, 239–40,284, 296–7, 310, 320, 325–7, 329,340, 347, 355, 382, 447, 467, 469,480–1

coalmining, 58, 67, 79, 85, 112,129

Coats, J. & P., 135, 168, 176, 514Coca-Cola, 232, 234, 246–7, 291,

385, 445, 520, 522, 550cocaine, 128, 166Cochin, 73cocoa, 61, 99, 100, 207, 211, 218,

356, 399, 413Codelco, 478coffee, 31, 36, 39, 66, 72, 77, 79, 81,

85, 87, 90–1, 97, 99–100, 159, 190,210, 220, 246, 292, 338, 348, 353,356, 407, 413, 444, 460






584 Index

Coffin, C. A., 131Cold War, 1, 17, 22, 153, 161, 227,

258–9, 261, 266, 275, 278, 280,288, 294, 371–2, 377, 379, 381,384, 389–92, 402, 411, 413, 498,508, 521, 550, 557

Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, 206collaterized debt obligations (CDOs),

451Colman, John S., 312Cologne, 186, 205, 233, 248, 279–80,

282Colombia, 86, 89–90, 118, 220, 331,

362, 405–6, 435, 446, 465, 496Colonial Office, British, 76Colorado, 367Colt, 130Combined International Corporation,

361Commerce Group, 363Commercial Life Insurance, 363Commerzbank, 358–9, 459Commonwealth, The, 167, 222, 307,

309, 331, 515Commonwealth Aluminium

Corporation (Comalco), 337Commonwealth of Independent States

(CIS), 419, 428–9, 441–3, 478, 494,496

Commonwealth Oil Industries, 222Commonwealth Shipping Line, 167,

515Communism, 17, 29, 195, 217–18,

227, 258–9, 263, 266–8, 276, 284,289, 294–5, 307, 312, 328–30,350–1, 353, 359, 362, 369–75, 377,379, 381, 386, 392, 406, 409, 411,416, 427, 455, 458, 467, 484, 492,508, 558

Communist bloc, 17, 259, 263, 266,284, 295, 307, 329, 353, 372, 379,386, 411, 416, 467, 484

Communist Manifesto, The, 29, 558Compagnie Continentale, 128, 130Compagnie de Raffinage, 285Compagnie des Francais Petroles,

213Compagnie des Lampes, 229Compagnie Financiere de Suez, 392,

465

Compagnie Francaise de l’AfriqueOccidentale (CFAO), 212, 353, 518,527

Compagnie Francaise des Petroles(CFP), 224–5, 285, 325, 326, 390,392, 395, 397, 472

Compagnie FrancaiseThomson-Houston (CFTH), 131

Compagnie Generale de Chemins deFer et Electricite, 124

Compagnie Generale des Eaux, 462Compagnie Internationale Pirelli, 194Compagnie Internationale pour

l’Informatique (CII), 298Compagnie Lyonnaise l’Indo-Chinoise,

106, 513Compagnie Universelle du Canal

Maritime de Suez, 60, 392 (see alsoSuez Canal)

Companhia Agrıcola de Cazengo, 100Companhia de Mocambique, 100Companhia de Seguros Argos

Fluminense, 361Companhia Industrial do Brasil, 217Companhia Siderurgica Mannesmann,

327, 407Companhia Siderurgica Nacional

(CSN), 495Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (Vale),

478–9, 481, 536Compania Alemana Transatlantica de

Electricidad (CATE), 213Companıa Barcelonesa de Electricidad,

126, 405Compania Hispano-Americana de

Electricidad (CHADE), 213, 320,405, 406

Companıa Telefonica Nacional deEspana (CTNE), 201

competitive advantage, 13, 18, 60, 63,166, 213, 299, 329, 417, 433, 447,493, 496, 510

Compex, 357Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels, 205Comptoir National d’Escompte de

Paris, 111, 357concessions, 41, 58, 60, 85, 87, 89,

101, 117, 120–1, 125, 139, 141,145–7, 155, 174, 177, 216–17, 224,241–2, 255, 257, 282, 377, 383,






Index 585

387–9, 392, 395–6, 401, 413, 498,506, 508

Concessions Syndicate Ltd, 146Concordia Rumanische

PetroleumIndustrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft, 173

Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe, 376

Confucianism, 8Congo, The, 94, 97–100, 105, 118,

120, 129, 153, 212, 220–1, 320,348, 352, 367, 379, 394, 400, 446,481, 514, 548

Congo Free State, 94, 98Congo Society, 94Congress, US, 247, 265, 378–9Congress, Venezuelan, 401Conoco, 471ConocoPhillips, 475Conrad, J., 99Conservative Party, British, 297Consolidated Kansas City Smelting

and Refining Company, 87Consolidated Petroleum, 143Consolidated Riotinto of Australia

(CRA), 309, 337–8, 478, 523Consolidated Zinc Corporation

(CZC), 309, 337Consolidated Zinc Proprietary (CZP),

337Constantinople, 121Constitution of 1917, Mexican, 178,

225Construcciones Aerospatiale (CASA),

325construction, 8, 35, 59, 117, 119, 122,

125–6, 145, 151, 188, 195, 197,211, 231, 252–3, 290, 319, 330,335, 338, 342, 369, 399, 440–2,462, 482, 494, 496, 539, 557

Construtora Norberto Odebrecht, 496Conti Chia Tai International (CCTI),

354Continental, 123, 193, 329, 354, 525,

527, 546, 550, 554, 560, 565, 568Continental Baking, 410Continental Can, 202Continental Corporation, 361Continental Gas Company, 123Continental Grain, 354, 374, 376

Continental Insurance, 361, 364Cooper, D., 89, 235–6Cooper Brothers, 367Coopers & Lybrand, 367–8Copenhagen, 73, 181, 188, 205, 365copper, 66, 69, 85, 87–8, 120, 129,

220, 222, 309, 333, 340, 356, 379,399–400, 404, 410, 446, 469,478–81, 563–4

Copper Belt, 120Cork, 185, 187, 315Corn Products Refining Company,

208, 292Cornwall, 34Corporacion Venezolana de Petroleo

(CVP), 401Corporation for Austrian and

Hungarian Mineral Oil Products(OLEX), 223

Corus, 495Coryton, 284Cosmote, 463Costa Rica, 89, 90, 218, 240, 242,

436, 487–8Costco, 489cotton, 36–7, 39, 45–6, 58, 66–70, 77,

84, 86, 114–17, 126, 191–2, 211,238, 346, 348, 352, 354, 444

Council for Mutual EconomicAssistance (Comecon), 266, 370–2,376

Council for Scientific and IndustrialResearch, 192

Countway, F. A., 206Courtaulds, 61, 135, 169, 205, 247,

544Courtaulds (India) Ltd, 205Coventry, 129Cowasjee, 38, 80, 511CPC International, 292Crawford, Joan, 291Credit Lyonnais, 110, 138, 346, 357,

359, 527Credit Suisse, 107, 121, 126, 236, 248,

319, 453, 520Creole Petroleum Company, 226, 388,

401, 519Crespo, Joaquın Sinforiano de Jesus,

89Cressbrook Dairy, 137






586 Index

Creusot-Loire, 324, 376Crimea, 128Crisco, 232Croatia, 463Croce, Bendetto, 4, 545Crosse & Blackwell, 316Cuba, 86, 89, 92, 120, 170, 232, 259,

371, 378, 392, 405–6, 409, 411Cuban Revolution, 378Cuban-American Telephone and

Telegraph Company, 201Cultivation System, 77, 98culture, 4, 6, 8, 11, 24, 27, 31, 388,

415, 460, 472, 485, 486Cunliffe-Owen, H., 209Cunningham, E., 68Custodian of Alien Property, US, 170Custodian of Public Property, British,

169, 174–5Cutter, V. M., 218–19Cuyamel Fruit, 91–2, 218–19Czech Republic, 456, 488, 490Czechoslovakia, 181, 206, 231–2, 236,

252, 327, 342, 362, 370, 372, 383,391, 402

D’Arcy, W. K., 145–6Dar es Salaam, 97DAF, 318Dagenham, 186, 233, 249, 279, 281–2Dai Ichi Life Insurance, 293Daiichi Bussan, 339Dai-ichi Kangyo Bank, 456Daiken Company, 341Daimler, 129, 166, 248, 297Daimler Benz, 325–6, 329, 355DaimlerChrysler, 488Dai-Nippon Brewery, 168, 515Daiwa, 457, 534Dalgety, 67, 351, 545, 569Dalian, 116, 239Dalian Nisshin Oil Mills, 447Dalmine, 129Dampf-Kraft-Wagen, 186Daniel Ancel et Fils, 353Danish East Indies Company, 34Danske Bank, 73, 455, 533Danube Basin, 59Darby, H., 73, 81, 512, 518, 526Dardanelles, 164, 173

Dat Jidosha Seizo Company, 237Datsun car, 237Dautieng, 217David Sassoon, 39Davos, 433Daystrom, 324De Beers Company, 101, 222, 229,

480de Gaulle, Charles, 298De Tomaso Industries, 323Dearborn, 279–81Deepwater Horizon, 470Defense, Department of (USA), 249,

275–6, 288, 324, 518, 523Dejima, 69Delhaize Freres-Le-Lion, 365Deli Bank of Medan, 84Deli-Maatschappij and

Tabaksmaatschappij ‘Arendsberg’,78

Deloitte Haskins & Sells, 367Deloitte, Plender, Griffiths & Co., 367,

546Delta Lloyd, 364Deng Xiaoping, 463Denikin, A. I., 176Denmark, 34, 36, 38, 46, 59, 73–4,

110, 123, 157, 206, 232, 253, 315,317–19, 348, 355, 358, 365, 448,455, 473, 491, 556

Denso Corporation, 491Dent, J. S., 38–9, 69, 75–6, 81, 104,

511Dent, Sir A., 76Department of Justice (USA), 91, 167,

286, 305Department of State (USA), 218–19,

224, 378–9, 388, 402, 411, 557dependency school, 381Desmarest, Thierry, 472Deterding, H., 142–4, 148, 174–6Detroit, 181, 186, 279, 334–5, 570Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, 107–8, 122,

511Deutsche Airbus, 325Deutsche Bank, 107–10, 121, 126,

128–9, 143, 147–8, 169, 173–5,213, 253, 355, 358–9, 452, 458–9,502, 511, 515, 527, 533, 550, 553,555, 562






Index 587

Deutsche Edison Gesellschaft (DEG),128–30

Deutsche Erdol, 173, 223, 325, 516Deutsche Gold und Silber

Scheideanstaldt (Degussa), 128, 168Deutsche Handels- und

Plantagengesellschaft, 79Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen

Gesellschaft mbH (Dehomag), 249Deutsche Petroleum Aktiengesellschaft

(DPAG), 173Deutsche Petroleum-

Verkaufsgesellschaft (DPVG), 223Deutsche Telekom, 463–4Deutsche-Asiatische Bank, 107, 111,

122Deutsche-Ueberseeische Bank, 516Deutsche-Uberseeische

Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft (DUEG),108–9, 126, 129, 213

developed economies, 7, 56, 61, 154,161, 192, 268–9, 288, 299, 301,314, 346, 355, 379, 416, 420, 425,432, 435, 438, 450, 452, 467, 482,484–5, 489, 493, 496–7, 499

developing and transition economies(DTEs), 427, 429–30, 469, 493–4

developing economies, 54, 56, 65, 155,257, 265, 329, 380, 383, 414, 432,434–5, 437, 439, 474, 478, 482,493, 499–500, 508

developmentalism, 403, 408Dexia, 458Diamond Match, 210diamonds, 60, 101, 222, 229, 309,

367, 400, 479–80diasporas, 80–2Dıaz, P., 87, 124, 145Diethelm-Keller, 211Dikuluwe, 481Dillon Read, 453Dillon, Read, 280Dingley Act, 46Disconto-Gesellschaft, 106–7, 110,

173Distillers Corporation-Seagram Ltd,

207Djibouti, 106Dnieper Aluminium Plant (DAZ), 196Dnieper River, 188, 195

Dodge and Seymour, 184–5Dodwell, Carlill, 67, 70, 511Dodge Brothers, 184Dodwell & Company, 116Dodwell, G., 27–8, 70, 511Doha trade negotiations, 433Dole Food Company, 91Dollfus, M., 187, 252, 280Domaine Prive, 98Dominican Republic, 436, 465Donawitz steel, 266Donetz basin, 58Dongara, 336Dow Chemical, 89, 203, 285–6, 324,

376, 522Dow Chemical International, 285Dowell Schlumberger, 324Doyle, A. C., 99Doyle Dane Bernbach, 329Dr C. Otto & Company, 197, 517Dragon Air, 445dragon multinationals, 485, 509Drake Brothers, 86Draper, W., 280Dresdner Bank, 110, 325–6, 358, 459Drexler, Millard ‘Mickey’, 461Du Pont, 88, 134, 195, 204–5, 215,

239, 286, 327, 354, 471, 512, 517,522, 567

du Pont Copeland, L., 286Dubai, 349Dudley, Bob, 402, 470, 471Duke, J. B., 209Dulles, Allen, 219, 402Dulles, John Foster, 219, 220, 402Dumbarton, 71Duncan, Val, 309Duncan Fox, 349Dunlop, 61, 73, 135, 168, 194–5, 230,

235, 247, 251, 512, 517, 559Dunning, J., 2, 18, 34, 52–5, 63–4,

162–3, 269–70, 272–4, 302, 546–7,566

Durant, W. P., 180Dusseldorf, 338, 357Dutch East Indies, 34, 36, 56, 58, 67,

73, 75–9, 83–4, 98, 103, 105, 113,139, 141–3, 153, 164, 185, 201,212, 215–18, 225, 229, 240–1, 245,250, 311, 352–3, 395, 556






588 Index

Dutch East Indies Company, 34Dutra, President Eurico Gaspar, 408Dyer, H., 112, 547, 560dyestuffs, 127–8, 168–70, 172, 176,

190, 198–9, 203, 229, 239, 286,317, 565

Dyno Industrier, 319, 524

E. Fischer & Co., 113E. Johnston & Sons, 85E. D. Morel, 99East Africa, 35, 119, 153East African Community, 436East African Company, 96–7East Asia, 8, 11, 18, 35, 39, 70, 72–4,

78, 83–4, 105–6, 115, 139, 153,184, 190, 197, 201, 240, 250,260–1, 294, 315, 336, 350, 384–5,419, 425, 427–8, 457, 541

East Asiatic Company, 73–4, 512East India Company (English), 37–40,

71, 74, 101, 543East Sumatra Tobacco Company, 141Eastern Bank, 108Eastern bloc, 375Eastern Europe, 108–9, 210, 258, 262,

272, 331, 370, 394, 429, 453, 455,463, 467, 484

Eastern Telegraph Company, 49, 123,511

Eastman Kodak, 134, 514Easyjet, 444Ebro Irrigation and Power, 320EC Cubed, 438Economic Cooperation Act of 1948

(USA), 276Economic Cooperation

Administration, 262, 266economic development, 4, 8, 10, 17,

19, 43, 76, 86, 115, 119, 256, 345,371, 391, 393, 399–400, 482,492–3, 503–4, 506, 509–10, 545,554, 558, 568

economic history, 6, 227, 529Economic Recovery Agency, 302Economos, 109Ecuador, 362, 435Eden, Anthony, 391Edenor, 465Edesur, 465, 535

EDF, 465–6Edinburgh, 454Edison, T., 3, 124, 128–31Edison and Swan United Electric

Company, 130Edison General Electric, 131Edison Illuminating Company, 130Edison Telephone Company, 124Egypt, 94, 104, 110, 117–18, 120,

176, 213, 271, 330, 363, 373, 383,390–1, 393, 395–6, 427, 462, 464,473–4, 476, 495, 497–8, 502–3,541, 562

Egyptian General PetroleumCorporation, 393

Eisenhower, D., 276, 277, 312, 389,391, 402

El Salvador, 91, 220, 410, 436El Teniente, 88, 410Elder Dempster & Company, 93, 104,

164, 211, 240, 545Elders and Fyffes, 93, 220, 513electricals, 3, 20, 60, 124–5, 127–8,

130–3, 135, 165, 195, 199, 229,238, 317, 331, 353, 483, 490, 556

Electricidad de Argentina, 465electricity, 58, 60, 67, 87, 124–5, 129,

136, 150–1, 179, 191, 195–6, 200,208, 229, 232, 250, 297, 319–20,333, 343, 369, 383, 399, 405, 409,429, 441–2, 464, 466, 476, 481–2,563

electrification, 24, 125, 214, 382Electrolux, 318, 524Electronic Data Systems Corporation

(EDS), 386electronics, 202, 288, 293, 295, 297,

321–2, 324–6, 341, 343, 437–8,441–2, 462, 482, 488, 490, 494

Electrosila, 195Elektra, 318Elektrizitatsgesellschaft (SEG), 202Elementis, 444, 526, 532Eletrobras, 406Elf Aquitaine, 394–5, 397, 471, 473Elizabethville, 120Elliot Lake, 333Embraer, 496Empain, 124, 324Empain, Edouard-Jean, 324






Index 589

empire, 16, 25, 29, 31–2, 52, 92,99–101, 121, 218, 347, 355–6,541–2, 555

Employers’ Liability AssuranceCorporation, 111

employment, 12–13, 17–19, 25, 27,34–5, 41, 46–7, 62–3, 71–2, 76, 84,86–7, 90, 98–100, 117, 140, 149,151, 162, 165, 169, 179, 183, 196,208, 216–18, 220–1, 242–3, 245,248–9, 251–2, 255, 264, 280, 286,288, 296, 299–300, 302, 317, 328,334–5, 344–5, 355, 381–2, 404,406, 409, 427, 447, 461, 468, 474,476–7, 480, 484, 487, 489, 499,503, 547

Empresa Nacional de Electricidad(Endesa), 464–5, 467, 535

Empresa Nacional de Navegacao, 99Enemy Property Control Law

(Japanese), 250Energomashexport, 372, 529Enersis, 465Engels, F., 30–1, 558engineering, 3, 47, 59, 108–9, 117,

120, 123–5, 128–9, 132–3, 151,157, 165, 169, 176, 179, 187, 191,195–7, 209, 211, 239, 308, 317,319, 324, 328–9, 342, 350, 355,358, 369, 372, 431, 444, 448, 453,466–7, 469, 496, 539

England, 27, 34, 36, 66, 110, 132,168, 182, 185, 193–4, 208, 289,352, 363, 540, 550

English Condensed Milk Company,136

English Electric, 297English, Scottish and Australian

(ES&A), 356ENGTEK, 491Enka, 205, 314Enron, 451Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI),

393–5, 397, 473, 476, 530, 535,563

Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Electtrica(Enel), 464, 466–7, 535

entrepreneurship, 8, 16, 18–20, 35, 57,65–6, 72–3, 83, 89, 145, 180, 186,188, 191, 217, 279, 306, 502

Entreprise de Recherches et d’ActivitesPetrolieres (ERAP), 394–5

E-On, 467, 535Eppley, 366Ericsson, 125, 133, 172, 176, 201,

210, 230, 247, 318, 407, 489–90,515, 524

Ericsson, L. M., 133Erste Allgemeine, 362Escondida, 480Essen, 86, 188, 197, 252Esso, 144, 336, 397Establishments Ch. Peyrissac, 353Estonia, 195, 487Etablessements Pierre Lemonnier, 292Ethiopia, 362Eurasbank Consortium, 453Eureka vacuum cleaners, 318euro, 262, 435Eurobonds, 359, 450Eurodollar, 359, 372, 448Europaische Petroleum Union (EPU),

175, 223Europe, 1, 4–5, 7–8, 11–12, 16–17, 19,

25–9, 31–7, 39–46, 48, 50, 52–5,57–9, 61, 64, 66, 78, 80, 86–7, 89,92–5, 97–9, 102, 105–6, 109–10,114, 116–19, 122–7, 129–30, 134,136–41, 143–4, 148–50, 152, 154,156–64, 168, 172–3, 175, 177–9,181, 183, 186, 190, 192–5, 201,203–5, 207–9, 212–14, 218–20,223–4, 226–8, 233–4, 236, 244–6,248–9, 251, 253–5, 257–66,268–77, 279–83, 285, 287–93,295–6, 298–300, 302–3, 305–6,308–25, 327, 329, 331, 333, 337–8,340, 343–4, 346, 351, 353–5,359–60, 362, 364–6, 368–75, 377,381–4, 386, 389, 392, 394, 411–13,415–17, 419–20, 424–5, 428–30,439, 441–5, 449–50, 452–3,455–61, 463, 465–6, 468, 470, 473,475, 478, 483–5, 488, 493, 495,497–8, 501–2, 504–8, 534, 537–44,546–50, 554–6, 559–61, 565–8,570

European Central Bank (ECB), 453European Common Market, 265, 297,

313, 315






590 Index

European Community, 314, 459, 464,482, 483, 486

European Economic Community, 266,282, 298, 303, 307, 314–19, 321,386, 435

European Free Trade Area (EFTA),303, 316–17, 319

European Payments Union, 266European Petroleum Union (EPU),

143European Productivity Agency, 266European Recovery Program, 262European Union, 418–21, 425, 431–2,

434–6, 439–40, 444, 454, 462, 466,473, 490

Evergreen, 448, 533Exmouth, 336explosives, 165, 168, 170, 173, 191,

198, 240Export Trade Organizations, 375Export-Import Bank (USA), 276, 385,

404Exportkhleb, 354, 374, 529Exxon, 144, 242, 284, 397, 471–2Exxon Valdez, 472Exxon-Esso, 397ExxonMobil, 469, 471–2, 535

Fabricacion de Automoviles SociedadAnonima de Valladolid (FASA), 322

Fabryka SamochodowMałolitrazowych (FSM), 375

Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych(FSO), 375

Fairchild Semiconductor, 290, 324Faisal, King, 398Falck steel, 266Fanta, 247, 291Farouk, King, 391FASA-Renault, 322, 330Fascism, 244, 260, 281, 329, 377, 393Fawley, 284Federal Republic, 280Federal Reserve, 449–50, 458Federated Malay States, 72Felixstowe docks, 448Fengtian, 191, 239Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Mexico,

245fertilizer, 86, 198, 204, 239, 342, 394

feudalism, 16Fiat, 189, 231, 249, 252, 302, 323,

328–31, 373–4, 382, 408, 514,528–9

Fiat 126p, 375Fica, 373Fifth Republic (French), 298film studios, 462finance, 3, 6, 10, 12, 14–17, 19–20,

25, 27, 29–30, 32, 42, 47, 49–50,57, 59–60, 62–4, 67–8, 72, 80–2,85–7, 90, 98, 102, 104–10, 113–15,117–21, 123–6, 138, 143, 146–7,149–52, 158–9, 165, 177, 201, 209,220, 233, 235, 245, 253, 261–2,264, 269, 276–8, 281, 283, 295,299, 308, 310, 319–20, 324, 338–9,344, 346, 350, 355–60, 364–5, 367,372, 384, 390, 394, 396, 398, 410,415–16, 423, 425, 427, 431,438–42, 446–60, 476, 481, 483,493–5, 497, 503–6, 508–10, 549,561

Financial Services Group, 458FinansSkandic (UK), 358Finanzierungsgesellschaften, 126Findlay, T. D., 37, 40, 71, 512Findus, 316Finland, 128, 206, 319, 358, 372Finlay, Fleming & Co., 140, 145–6Finsider steel, 266, 343Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company,

459Firestone, 166, 193, 195, 216, 249,

517, 557Firestone, H., 216Firestone Tire and Rubber Company

of Canada, 193First Anglo-Burmese War, 70First Bulgarian Insurance Company,

111First National City Bank, 346First National City Corporation, 361First War of Independence, 40First World War, 24, 50, 52, 72, 103,

105, 111, 124, 127, 130, 136, 152,154–62, 164, 168, 171, 174–6,178–81, 184, 186, 189–94, 197–9,202–4, 207–10, 212–14, 216,221–3, 227, 237, 245, 253, 255–7,






Index 591

359, 374, 412, 420, 497, 504–5,507, 562

Firth-Vickers Stainless Steels, 235Fisher, Admiral J., 146, 148fishing, 85, 235, 441–2, 467Fiume, 138Fjell, Olav, 473Flextronics, 490Flick, F., 280, 355Flick, Karl Friedrich., 355Flick Kommanditgesellschaft (KG),

355Flores, 120flour, 66, 70, 85, 116, 191Flymo, 318Focke-Wulf, 234Fokker VFW, 325Foo Chee Chun, 82food, 27, 31, 43, 48, 74, 84, 92, 98,

112, 127, 136, 159, 191, 202–3,206, 208, 218, 239, 243, 246, 255,287, 292, 307, 312–13, 316, 318,350–1, 353, 366, 374, 407, 412,441–2, 444, 447, 461, 482

Ford, 61, 130, 133, 180, 184–6,188–9, 193, 195, 217, 231, 233–4,237–8, 247–51, 276, 278–83, 304,328, 330–1, 334, 336, 349, 377,407–8, 488, 516, 522, 540, 547,550–1, 560–1, 570–1

Ford, Edsel, 185Ford, Henry, 133, 185–8, 234, 279Ford II, Henry, 279Ford AG, 185Ford Australia, 184Ford Canada, 184–5Ford Europe, 282, 304Ford Foundation, 312Ford India Private Ltd, 185Ford Malaya, 251Ford SAF, 252Fordlandia, 217Fordney-McCumber tariffs, 179Ford-Werke, 186, 279Foreign Exchange Regulation Act 1973

(Indian), 347, 382–3Foreign Investment Law 1950

(Japanese), 294Foreign Legion (French), 218Foreign Office, British, 146, 148

Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR, 372Forestal Land, Timber and Railway

Co., 86Fortis, 454Fowler-Waring Cables Co., 132Fox Broadcasting, 462Foxconn, 485, 490France, 5, 29, 34, 36–8, 40–1, 44, 46,

49–52, 54, 59–61, 71, 73, 76, 86,94–6, 100, 102–3, 105–6, 108–11,113, 115, 117–18, 121–3, 126–9,131–3, 135–6, 138, 147, 153,155–6, 158, 161–6, 170–2, 174,181, 187–90, 192–4, 199, 202–3,205–7, 210, 212–13, 217–18,222–4, 228, 231, 236, 240, 245,247, 249–50, 252, 262–3, 266, 268,270–1, 273, 276, 278, 280–1,283–6, 289–93, 295, 297–8, 300,302, 307, 311, 315–16, 318–27,329–30, 347, 353–5, 357, 359–63,365, 368, 383–4, 389, 391–2, 394,396–7, 420–1, 424–5, 428, 452–3,456, 458–9, 461, 463, 465–7, 472,483, 490, 494–5, 504–5, 507, 509,535, 539, 542, 549–50, 556, 559,563–4, 570

France Telecom, 462–4Franco, General Francisco, 5, 50, 111,

118, 126, 187, 213, 281–2, 290,309, 320, 365, 549

Franco-Algerian Oil Agreement of1965, 397

Franco-American Union, 118Franco-Prussian War, 5Frank Brothers & Co., 89Frankfurt, 358–9, 450, 453free-standing companies, 56–7, 60, 78,

102, 124, 221, 503free trade, 30, 39–40, 45–6, 160,

253–4, 265–6, 303, 312, 411Free Trade Area of the Americas, 436French Congo, 118French East Indies Company, 34Fresca, 291Freyn Engineering Company, 196Fribourg, 323fruit, 27, 84–5, 89–90, 92, 191, 218,

316, 392Fry, 207






592 Index

FTSE 100, 446Fuhrerprinzip, 246Fuji Electric, 198, 238Fuji Heavy Industries, 342Fuji Photo Film Company, 291, 343Fuji steel, 341Fuji Tsushinki, 238Fuji Xerox, 291, 522, 549Fujian, 82–3, 474Fujitsu, 238, 293–4, 297, 342, 520,

523Fujitsu Fanuc (Fuji Automatic

Numerical Control), 342Fujitsu-Hitachi M-series, 294Furukawa, 193, 238, 526Furukawa Aluminium Company, 342Furukawa Electric, 198Fuzhou, 83

G20, 416, 509G7, 416, 419, 425, 428, 509Gabon, 212, 474, 481Gaddafi, Muammar, 331, 395, 397,

476Galicia, 223Galp Energia, 474GAP, 461, 534gas supplies, 60, 123–4, 136, 197, 223,

249, 297, 310, 332–4, 336, 360,441–2, 447, 464, 466–9, 472, 478

Gaz de France (GDF), 466, 513, 533,535

Gazprom, 467, 469–70, 475Geelong, 184Geneen, Harold, 409, 410Geigy, 136, 172, 203, 317, 515, 524Gelsenberg, 325Gelsenberg Benzin, 325Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks (GBAG),

325–6Gemini, 336, 342General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 11, 265–6, 303, 380,411, 418, 432

General Agreement on Trade inServices (GATS), 432

General Electric, 3, 129, 131–2, 167,197, 199–200, 214, 229, 238, 247,291, 298, 303, 314, 322, 328, 369,480, 483, 514–15, 522, 563, 570

General Electric Company (GEC)(British), 132, 229

General Foods, 246, 292, 355, 407,523–4

General Headquarters (GHQ), 293,338–9, 341

General Motors, 180–4, 186, 189,193, 215, 231–4, 237–8, 247–50,274–5, 277–9, 281–3, 286, 303,331, 334–6, 342, 386, 405, 407–8,488, 516, 521, 525–6, 559–60, 565,568

General Petroleum, 143General Tire, 249Generali Belgium, 362Generali France, 362Generali Lebensversicherung, 362Geneva, 3, 265, 289, 544, 551, 554Geneva Conventions, 3Genissiat hydroelectric project, 266Gennevilliers, 232George Wehry, 79, 352German East Africa, 97Germany, 3–5, 26–7, 29, 43, 45–7,

49–52, 54, 58–61, 69, 71, 75–6,79–80, 93–7, 101–4, 106–11, 115,121–3, 125–37, 143, 147–8, 153,155–8, 160–76, 178, 180–3,185–90, 192–9, 202–8, 210, 212,214, 223, 227–8, 230–1, 233–6,240, 244–9, 251–2, 254, 256, 258,260–1, 263, 266, 268, 270–1, 273,277–82, 284–6, 289, 291–3, 298,300, 303, 307–8, 311–12, 314–19,321, 323, 325–30, 343, 351, 354–5,357–8, 360–3, 365–6, 368, 370,377, 383, 396, 404, 407, 419–21,424–5, 428, 449, 452, 455–6, 459,461–3, 466–7, 473, 483, 491,494–5, 502, 504–7, 509, 515, 538,549–50, 555, 559, 562, 565, 568,571

Gervais Danone, 323Gesellschaft fur Elektrische

Unternehmungen (Elektrobank),126, 214, 319

Getty Oil, 397Ghana, 97–8, 212, 308, 343, 349, 373,

384–5, 399, 482Ghent, 123






Index 593

Gibbs & Sons, Anthony, 41, 84–5, 87,102, 349, 352, 511, 558

Gilmans, 104ginseng, 84Gipromez, 372, 383, 517, 529Glade air freshener, 293, 407Gladstone, 324Gladstone, W. S., 37, 40, 76Glanzstoff-Courtaulds, 205Glasenberg, Ivan, 446Glasgow, 37, 69, 71, 74, 130, 140,

147, 512, 514, 526, 547, 549glass, 46, 135–6, 182, 195, 230, 309,

323Glass-Steagall Act, 449–50Glaxo, 203, 545Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK), 491, 537Glaxo Wellcome, 491Glencore, 346, 446, 478, 480, 526,

532Glencore International, 446globalization, 2, 7, 9–12, 17, 22–4, 31,

415–17, 433–4, 452–3, 456, 459,461, 466, 484–5, 487, 499–500,509, 538, 540, 542, 546, 550, 566,569

Glover, T. B., 68, 111–12Glover & Co., 68, 111GM (Australia), 184GM-Holden, 184, 250, 335–6Godiva Chocolatier, 292Goering, H., 234–6gold, 31, 36, 60, 72, 75, 87, 97,

100–2, 145, 192, 222, 228–9, 248,253, 399, 479–80

Gold Coast, 97, 100Gold Standard, 47, 228‘Golden Age’, 259, 387, 417Golden Horn Rubber Estate, 72Goldie, G. T., 94–6Goldman Sachs, 451, 453, 458,

533Golf, 329, 488Gomez Chacon, J. V., 226Gonzalez Amendment, 379Goodrich, B. F., 166, 193, 195, 247,

249, 517Goodyear, 164, 166, 193–5, 216, 231,

240, 249, 290, 300, 323, 407, 514,517, 522

Goodyear International Corporation(GIC), 300

Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, 193Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod

(GAZ), 189, 516Gorky, 188government, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10–11, 13,

17–19, 21–7, 30–2, 34–8, 40–1,45–50, 52, 58, 60, 62–5, 68, 71,74–8, 80–5, 88–109, 111, 113–22,124–5, 127–8, 130–3, 137–8, 140,145–50, 152–6, 158, 160–2,164–82, 185, 190–3, 195, 197–202,204, 209–10, 212–17, 219–20, 222,224–31, 233–8, 240–50, 253–8,260–1, 263–6, 275–7, 279–81, 283,286, 288–90, 293–301, 303, 306–7,309–10, 312, 318–21, 323–31, 335,337–41, 343–52, 354–7, 359–61,363–4, 367, 369–73, 375–9, 381–2,384–416, 427–9, 431, 433–8, 440,445, 447–54, 458, 463, 465, 467–9,471–4, 476–7, 479, 481–2, 484,486, 488, 492–5, 498–510, 513,539, 544, 546, 551–2, 572

Government Pension Fund,Norwegian, 431

Grace, Peter, 354–5Grace, W. R., 86, 211, 354–5, 512,

518, 523, 527, 529, 544Grace & Co., 86Grace National Bank, 86, 354Grahams, 40grain, 46, 49, 58, 82, 85, 87, 164, 208,

304, 346, 353–4, 374, 376, 444Gramophone Company, 168Grand Carajas, 481Grasselli Chemical Company, 170–1Grasselli Dyestuffs Corporation, 171,

515Gray Dawes, 67Gray Mackenzie, 349Great Depression, 1873–96, 46–8,

192, 227, 230, 257Great Depression 1929–32, 159–60,

178, 182, 184, 186–7, 189, 193–4,197, 200, 202, 204, 212, 219, 226,228, 230–3, 238, 240–3, 268, 497,507

Great Grain Robbery, 376






594 Index

Great Kanto earthquake, 197, 200Great Venezuela Railway, 107Greece, 59, 111, 194, 253, 324, 362,

367, 451, 463–4, 467, 551, 560Grenzach, 172Griesheim-Elektron, 198Groningen, 311, 550gross domestic product, 28, 42, 52, 61,

159, 179, 197, 267–8, 287, 313,320–1, 418, 422–3, 473–4

Groupe Ancienne Mutuelle, 363Groupe Unies Mutuelle, 460Grubel, Oswald, 454Grundig, 495Grupo Financiero Banamex-Accival,

451Guadeloupe, 367Guaira, 120Guanaco, 88guano, 35, 41, 86Guaranty Scheme (USA), 384Guatemala, 90, 92, 154, 218, 220,

362, 377, 381, 388, 390, 402–3,413, 436, 508, 546

Guest Keen and Nettlefords (GKN),308, 523

Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 392, 402,512

Guggenheims, 87–8, 130, 512Guinea, 79, 94, 324, 378, 386, 392,

479, 481Guinness, 308, 315, 349, 385, 530Gujarat State Fertilised Company of

India, 342Gulbenkian, C., 174, 177, 225Gulf of Mexico, 470–2Gulf of Sidra, 476Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company

(Gupco), 393Gulf Oil, 242, 284, 389, 405, 472Gunther, 86Guo Chunyang, 83Gutehoffnungshutte Aktienverein

(GHH), 329Guthries, 39, 40, 58, 72, 221, 348,

351, 526Guy Barbier, 368Guyana, 222, 350, 527Guzman, J. A., 402Guzman Blanco, A. L., 88, 120

Haber-Bosch process, 198Hagemeyer, 212, 352Hague, The, 27, 79, 143, 206, 320,

389, 433, 472Haier, 495Hakka, 75Haldex, 371Halifax, 318Halifax, Lord, 234Halifax Bank of Scotland (HBOS), 458Halliburton, 471Haloid Company, 290Hambros, 296Hamburg, 103, 107–8, 110, 284Hamilton, A., 45, 551, 565Hamilton, H., 89Hammer, A., 188Hammersley mines, 309, 337Handels-Vereeniging Amsterdam, 78Hanjin Shipping Company, 448, 533Hanna Company, 409Hanoi, 213Harare, 119Harbin, 116, 184Harlan, J., 74HarperCollins, 463Harrisons & Crosfield, 67, 69, 72,

221, 348, 351, 444Harrow, 134Hartford, CT, 172Haskins & Sells, 367haute banque, 109, 357Havana, 265, 365Havana Conference, 1948, 432Hawaii, 85, 350, 555Hawker-Siddeley, 325, 350Hawthorne Works, 200Hayward, Tony, 471Heath, Edward, 351Heineken, 315Heinrich Koppers, 197, 517Heinz, 208, 292, 316, 331, 407, 518,

522Heinz II, H. J., 292Heligoland Zanzibar Treaty, 96–7Hellmann’s, 292Hemsheim & Co., 79Henan Haode Mozambique Industrial

Park, 482Hennessy, P., 281






Index 595

Henry, O., 92Hercules, 287Hero, 445heroin, 166, 170Hershey, 308Hertfordshire, 208Hesse, 182Hewitt, Ogilvy, Benson & Mather,

369Hickenlooper Amendment, 378Hikma Pharmaceuticals, 491Hillman Minx car, 342Hilton, 366, 528Hindustan Vanaspati Manufacturing

Company, 207Hirobumi, Ito, 112, 116Hitachi, 294, 342, 489, 526Hitler, A., 97, 233–5, 252, 548, 555Hitler Youth, 351Hoadley & Company, 90Hobsbawm, Eric, 5Hobson, J. A., 32, 552Hoechst, 127, 171, 198, 203, 327,

491, 524Hoffman, P. G., 136, 172, 262, 515Hoffman La Roche, 136, 172, 314,

515Hokkaido, 240Holden, E., 180Holden & Frost, 180Holden’s Motor Body Builders

(HMBB), 180, 183–4Holding Companies Liquidation

Commission 1947, 339Holiday Inn, 366Holocaust, 5, 234, 249, 251, 253, 548Holt, John, 49, 70, 80, 85, 211, 553,

571Holt-Swire, 85Holts, 349, 351Holzman, 59, 123Homelight Oil, 143Honduras, 91–2, 154, 218–19, 402–3,

436, 556, 558Honeywell, 289, 298, 522Hong Kong, 38, 45, 69–70, 75, 83–4,

106, 108, 184, 211, 214, 270–1,338, 350, 356, 359, 367, 384, 421,424, 428, 438, 448, 450, 452, 463,475, 490, 493–4, 543, 555, 567

Hong Kong and Shanghai BankCorporation (HSBC), 104, 452, 511,513, 533

Hongkong and Kowloon Wharf andGodown Company, 350

Hongkong Bank, 81, 104, 106–8, 110,122, 352, 384, 452

Hoover, H., 196, 215Hoover Dam, 196hospitals, 88, 90, 120, 166, 317, 388,

401, 476, 481–2Hostess snack foods, 292House of Representatives (USA), 477housing, 98, 196, 242, 401, 403, 453,

476Houston, 131, 324, 546Howe Sound Inc., 324HP Singapore, 487Huambo, 120Hubbard, W. H., 58, 91Huddersfield, 168Hudson’s Bay Company, 40, 365, 511,

528, 553Huerta, V., 145Huggies, 293Hughes, Billy, 167Hughes, J., 58Huileries du Congo Belge (HCB), 220Hungary, 129, 135–6, 181, 223, 230,

253, 361, 370–2, 374, 458–9, 461,463, 487, 541

Hunt Oil, 397Hupeh Textile Company, 82Hutchinson Whampoa, 350, 448, 463,

493Hyderabad, 438Hymer, S., 62–3Hyundai Corporation, 447, 532Hyundai Heavy Industries, 343, 447,

526Hyundai-Kia, 494

Iberia airline, 444IBM (International Business

Machines), 234, 247, 249, 288–90,294, 297–8, 303, 331, 376, 382,386, 437–8, 522, 532

IBM Global Services (IGS), 438IBM Japan, 295IBM World Trade Corporation, 288






596 Index

Ibn Saud, King, 241, 388Ibrahim, Mo, 464Idris, King (Libya), 396–7IG Farben, 198–9, 203–5, 234–5, 239,

247–9, 252–3, 284, 325, 327, 550,556

IKEA, 365, 445, 528Imperial Airways, 214Imperial Bank of Persia, 104, 108Imperial British East Africa Company,

96–7Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), 82,

203–5, 239, 286, 308, 376, 445,515, 523, 563

Imperial College of Engineering, 112Imperial Direct West India Mail

Service Company, 93Imperial Economic Conference, 228Imperial Oil, 333, 472Imperial Smelting Corporation, 337Imperial Telegraph, 82Imperial Tobacco, 134, 307Imperial Tobacco Company of

Canada, 134imperialism, 1, 16, 19, 22, 24–7, 29,

31–8, 40–1, 43–6, 48–50, 52–4, 56,58–60, 65–6, 68, 70, 72–4, 76–80,83–4, 92–9, 101–10, 113, 115–16,118–20, 123, 129, 132–4, 137–59,161, 164–5, 174–5, 183–4, 186,191–4, 197, 199, 203, 213–18,220–5, 228, 239–41, 243, 245–6,249–51, 253–5, 257, 259, 261–3,269, 274–5, 299, 308, 331, 346–8,350, 352, 357, 362–3, 374, 379–82,384, 387, 389, 391, 395, 397–400,403, 410–11, 413, 416, 448, 468,476, 497–8, 502–8, 513, 515, 517,523–4, 538–9, 542, 546–9, 551–4,556–8, 562–4, 568, 570–1

Inchcape, 27–8, 34, 211, 348–9, 357Inchcape, James Mackay, Earl of, 67,

526, 532, 554indentured labour, 35, 41, 72, 100India, 17, 30, 34–41, 45, 49, 53, 55,

58, 65–8, 70–2, 74, 79–81, 93,96–7, 101, 104, 108, 115, 117, 119,121, 123, 139–40, 145–7, 149, 156,159, 163, 169, 172, 174, 184–5,188, 191–2, 203, 205, 207, 210–14,

228–30, 240, 246, 251, 270–1, 292,308–9, 314, 319, 324, 330, 335,347–8, 350, 352, 372–3, 377,381–3, 385, 394, 417, 424, 428,435, 437–8, 445, 458, 460, 462,464, 474–5, 483, 494–5, 515, 517,538, 540, 543, 556–7, 560, 563–4,568

Indian Institute of Science, 437Indian Ocean, 35, 80–1, 97, 538, 557,

560, 563Indo-Burma Petroleum Company, 81,

140Indo-European Telegraph Line, 128Indochina, 212–13, 217–18, 240, 245,

250, 412Indonesia, 56, 204, 207, 271, 313,

340–1, 343, 347, 352, 363, 373,377, 379, 383, 399, 417, 424,444–5, 447, 460–1, 466, 470, 474,489, 515, 538, 546, 563, 569

Industrial and Commercial Bank ofChina (ICBC), 456

industrial policy, 296industrial revolution, 19–20industrialization, 1, 7–8, 18–19, 22,

24, 27, 35, 47, 65, 78, 87, 111, 113,115, 129, 151, 157–8, 161, 178,180, 188–90, 192–3, 196, 199, 238,240, 243, 250, 253, 255–7, 263,268–9, 275, 294, 332, 335, 337–9,341–5, 375, 381, 399, 407, 418,427, 439, 446–7, 475, 484, 487,492, 497, 499, 509, 557, 560

Industrias Mecanicas de Galicia(Indugasa), 282

inflation, 47, 162, 171, 206, 405, 408,410, 427

influenza epidemic of 1919–20, 158Infosys Technologies, 437–8, 494, 532infrastructure, 6, 19, 29, 33, 47–8, 50,

55, 59, 64, 78, 81, 106, 120, 130,145, 150–1, 200, 218, 220, 226,246, 249–51, 253, 257, 283, 324,344, 369, 381–2, 388, 401, 414,430, 439, 445, 468, 476, 479,481–2, 484, 487, 496, 503–4

innovation, 9–10, 49, 62, 77, 169,172, 179, 290, 294, 298, 489

Inoue, K., 114, 117, 561, 572






Index 597

Instituto Nacional de Industria, 329,330

insurance, 53–4, 57, 59, 67, 69, 72,84–5, 110–11, 113, 154, 165, 181,214, 322, 333, 339, 350–1, 360–4,372, 438, 444–5, 449, 458–9

Integrated Microelectronics Inc. (IMI),496

Interatominstrument, 371Inter-Continental, 366interdependence school, 381Interfood, 317Internal Revenue Service (USA), 385internalization (within the firm), 63–4Internatio, 79, 212, 352–3, 383Internatio-Muller, 353International Air Transport

Association (IATA), 440, 532International Association of the

Congo, 94International Bank for Economic

Cooperation, 372International Bank for Reconstruction

and Development, 264International Banking Corporation,

106, 122International Centre for Settlement of

Investment Disputes, 379, 436International Chamber of Commerce,

263, 379International Computers and

Tabulators (ICT), 297International Computers Ltd (ICL),

297International Court for the Settlement

of Investment Disputes, 465International Court of Justice, 320International Criminal Court (ICC),

11, 389, 433International Development Act of

1950, 276, 384International Egyptian Oil Company

(Ieoc), 393International General Electric, 200International Harvester, 61, 133, 168,

176, 195, 353, 382, 517, 542international history, 6–7, 12, 23, 416International Investment Agreements

(IAAs), 436International Investment Bank, 372

International Match Corporation, 210International Monetary Fund, 10–11,

264–5, 277, 282, 355, 411, 433–4International Organization for

Standardisation, 433International Petroleum Company

(IPC), 403International Power Company, 405–6,

466International Railway of Central

America, 90, 92, 219–20International Rubber Regulation

Agreement (IRRA), 240International Salt, 314International Standard Electric, 200–1,

251International Telephone & Telegraph

(ITT), 200–2, 214, 230, 234, 247–8,281, 290, 366, 376–9, 403, 409–11,517, 522, 542, 557–8, 566

International Telephone Company, 88International Trade Organization, 265International Western Electric, 200International Westminister Bank, 357Interspar, 461Intersputnik, 371Intertekstilmash, 371Investment Guaranty Program, 276Ionian Bank, 104Ipoh, 72Iran, 69, 153, 241, 250, 310, 326,

340, 346, 361, 372, 381, 386,388–90, 393–4, 396, 402, 413, 445,472–3, 475–6, 495, 502, 506, 508,540, 553–4

Iran–Iraq War, 340Iran Japan Petroleum Company, 340Iran Pan American Oil Company, 394Iranian Oil Participants Ltd (IOP),

389, 390, 393–4Iraq, 39, 104, 174–5, 223–4, 340, 378,

387, 389, 395–6, 464, 475–6, 498,506, 518, 555, 565

Iraq National Oil Company (INOC),396

Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC),224–5, 241, 395–6, 518

Ireland, 86, 88, 92, 110, 175, 185,196, 230, 271, 286, 308, 315, 335,488, 491






598 Index

iron, 58, 86, 115, 134, 136, 191, 211,240, 250, 252, 309, 332–3, 337,340, 404, 409, 479, 481, 494

Iron Curtain, 261, 324, 376Iron Ore Company of Canada, 333Irrawaddy, 39, 71, 512Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, 71Ishibashi, S., 194Ishikawajima Automobile

Manufacturing, 237Islamic Revolution (Iranian), 386–7Isle of Man, 351Israel, 338, 387, 391, 396, 398, 428,

483, 488Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale

(IRI), 359Isuzu, 238, 336, 342, 520, 526Italy, 46, 54, 75, 87, 90, 110, 125,

129, 134–6, 159, 162, 189–90,192–5, 205, 207, 222–3, 247, 252,262, 266, 268, 270–1, 273, 276,284, 289, 292–3, 298, 300, 315–16,318, 323, 329–31, 341, 343, 355,361–2, 365, 367, 374–5, 377, 393,397, 408, 419, 421, 424, 428, 454,456–8, 460, 462, 464, 466–7, 473,490, 509, 560

Ito-Yokada, 461ivory, 31, 36, 98Ivory Coast, 353Iwadare, K., 132Iwai & Co., 341Iwakura Mission, 112Iwasaki, Yataro, 117

J. F. Sick & Co., 352J. P. Morgan, 88, 91, 110, 130, 450,

519J. P. Morgan Chase, 450–1J. W. Schlimmer & Co, 79J. Walter Thompson, 182, 215, 236Jacobs Suchard, 317, 514Jacobson & Van Den Bergh, 79Jaguar, 297Jaluit Company, 79Jamaica, 89–90, 92–3, 220, 240, 308,

385, 410Jamaica Produce Company, 92James, Finlay, 40, 140, 145–6, 221,

348–51, 383, 526, 549

Jameson Raid, 101Japan, 7–9, 16–17, 25, 35–6, 39, 45,

53–5, 58, 68–70, 74, 76, 79, 83–4,106, 111–17, 119, 122, 131–5, 139,147, 153, 155–6, 159–60, 162–3,165, 168–9, 172, 175, 184, 190,193–4, 196–201, 210–12, 223, 228,230, 233, 237–40, 245, 247, 250–1,255–6, 260, 262–3, 270–1, 273,277, 279, 282, 285–6, 289–90,292–5, 297, 310–11, 314, 319, 321,328–9, 335–45, 360–1, 364, 366–8,377, 381, 392, 417–21, 424, 425,428–30, 432–3, 439, 446–50,456–8, 460–2, 470, 482–6, 488–9,491, 493, 497–8, 502–4, 506, 509,513, 517, 525, 530, 532, 538–9,549, 551, 554–6, 558, 560–1, 563,565, 567–8, 570–2

Japan Petroleum Trading Company,394

Japanese–German Commerce andNavigation Treaty, 199

Jardine Fleming, 377Jardine Matheson, 30, 38–40, 68–70,

76, 81–3, 104, 107, 111–12, 121–2,139, 145, 350–1, 445, 511, 527, 540

Jardine Rothschild Asia Capital, 445Jardine Schindler, 445Jardine Skinner & Co., 69Java, 39, 70, 77–9, 230Javasche Bank, 77Jell-O, 292, 407Jews, 39, 104, 147, 235–6, 249, 251–2Jiangsu, 494Jidosha Seizo, 237JinLing (Tianjin) Logistics Company,

447John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance,

361, 457, 527John Walkden’s, 164Johnson, L. B., 293, 407, 409, 523,

538Johnson, S. C., 293, 385, 407Johnson’s Wax, 293, 407joint ventures, 10, 62, 67, 111, 116,

129, 131–6, 168, 171, 184, 193–5,197–9, 205, 207, 210, 222, 231,237–8, 256, 278, 284–5, 289–90,293, 300–1, 305, 308, 314, 317,






Index 599

322, 324, 326, 328, 331, 336–7,340, 343, 349, 354, 357, 365–6,385, 393–4, 397, 408, 430, 438,445, 447, 457–9, 461, 463, 470–5,477, 480–1, 488, 491, 493–6, 506

Jones, A., 2, 36, 37, 39–41, 56, 59, 66,68, 76, 93, 104–6, 108, 110, 121,125–6, 129, 140–1, 143–5, 148,167, 178, 195, 230, 236, 305, 313,383–4, 512, 538, 540, 545–6,548–50, 552–4, 558, 560, 564–5,567–8

Jordan, 491Joseph Nathan & Co., 203Jurgens, 78, 136, 173jute, 66–7, 74, 191

Kadett, 342Kaiping Coal Mining, 82, 121Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical

Corporation, 295, 337, 380,399–400

Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, 79Kajima, 342Kalimantan, 78Kama Truck Plant (KamAZ), 375Kamprad, Ingvar, 365Katanga, 120, 518Katanga Mining, 446, 481Katowice Coal Mines, 371Kawasaki Heavy Industries, 340Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (K-Line), 340Kawasaki Steel Corporation, 340–1,

343, 526Kawazaki, 198Kazakhstan, 429, 472–3, 476–7, 494KazMunaiGaz, 476keiretsu, 339Keith, M. C., 89–91Kellogg, 208, 292, 331, 385, 407, 518,

529Kendall and Company, 131Kennecott, 88, 222, 333, 403, 406,

410, 478, 512, 525Kennedy, John, 259, 266, 399, 409Kennedy, Joseph, 234Kenya, 97, 340, 349, 352, 444, 460,

541Kenya Telekom, 463Kerdijk and Pincoffs, 98

kerosene, 67, 78, 82, 84, 137–8, 141,143, 175

Kessler, B. A., 141Keswick, John, 350Keswick, W., 38, 69, 111, 555Keynes, J. M., 24, 32, 555KFC, 460KGHM Polska Mledz, 478Kharkov, 195, 252Khaw Soo Cheang, 84Khedive, 117Khomeini, Ayatollah, 386Khrushchev, N., 258–9, 292, 371,

374–5, 391Kiaochou peninsula, 168Kibon ice-cream, 292Kiel Canal, 97Kigoma, 97kigyo shudan, 339Kimberley, 101, 523Kimberly-Clark, 293, 331–2Kimberly-Clark de Mexico, 293King, C., 74, 82, 98–9, 128, 164, 216,

241, 511, 513, 552, 555, 561, 565King’s of Bristol, 164Kisen Kaisha, 340Kisumu, 97Kleenex tissues, 293K-Line, 340, 448, 533KLM, 215, 444Klynveld Main Goerdler (KMG), 368Knorr, 208, 292Knox, P., 91Kobe, 69, 113, 135Koc, 495Kodak, 343, 514Kohl, Chancellor Helmut, 466Kohler, 207Koiali, 372Kongokonferenz, 94Koninklijke Ahold, 366, 528Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij

(KLM), 215Koninklijke Pakertvaart Maatschappij,

78Korea, 25, 84, 106, 115–16, 132, 199,

259, 270–1, 289, 320, 343–4, 381,411, 424, 448, 457–8, 488, 493–4,534, 552, 556, 569

Korea First Bank, 457






600 Index

Korean War, 288, 339, 341, 350, 389Kosygin, Alexei, 371, 374Kowloon-Canton, 122Kragujevac, 330, 373Kramatorsk, 252Kreft & Siegas, 318Kremlin, 374, 402Kreuger, I., 209–10, 230, 561Kristallnacht pogrom, 236Krupp, 86, 107, 187, 197, 240, 326,

516–17Krupp, A., 70, 75–6, 85, 93, 138–9,

252, 280, 553, 559Krupp, G., 188, 252Kuala Lumpur, 72Kuching, 74Kuhn, Loeb & Co., 108Kurume, 194Kutei, 141Kuwait, 225, 326, 387, 389, 394, 398,

464, 468, 506Kuwait Investment Authority, 431Kuwait Investment Office (KIO),

469Kuwait Oil Company, 242Kwangtung, 82Kwangtung Army, 240Kweichow Ironworks, 82KZO, 314

L. E. Tels & Co., 352–3L’Oreal, 316L’Urbaine-Incendie, 363La Ceiba, 91La Companıa de Petroleo, 145La Concorde, 362La Corona, 177La India Company, 292La Senza, 490La Sequanaise, 363La Soie Artificielle de Calais, 205Labour Party, Australian, 166, 250Labour Party, British, 296Lada, 375Ladd & Co., 85Lake Victoria, 97Lancashire, 66Landerbank, 109Landore, Wales, 129Landsmandsbanken, 73

Lane, F., 139–40, 142–3, 555Lane and Macandrew, 140Lanfang Republic, 75Langkat, 141Laredo National Bank, 455Lasmo, 473Latin America, 16, 29, 33, 35, 40–1,

43–4, 50, 52–3, 55, 58–60, 65,84–8, 90, 103, 105–6, 109, 120–1,123–6, 144–5, 148–52, 154–5, 160,163, 165, 167, 170, 172–3, 183,202, 205, 207–8, 210–14, 221, 226,233, 242–4, 247, 254–5, 257, 261,270, 272, 284, 287, 290, 292–3,300, 309, 311, 314–15, 319, 327–8,330–1, 342, 349, 352, 354, 358,361–2, 366–7, 379–80, 385, 390,400, 403, 405–7, 409, 412–13, 419,424, 427–9, 435, 452, 455–6, 459,463, 465–6, 469, 473, 478, 480–1,488–9, 494–7, 502, 504–5, 512,538, 542, 544, 549, 557–8, 560,562–3, 565–6, 568, 571

Laurentian Hotel Company, 366Lausanne, 346Lavalco, 318Lawson, H., 129Lawson stores, 447Lazard, 110, 235Le Mans, 190Lea Valley, England, 166lead, 15, 17, 27, 45, 52, 62, 80, 85, 87,

93–4, 116, 119, 125, 129, 134–5,167, 179, 215, 222, 255, 262, 264,278, 282, 287, 289, 298, 305, 313,316, 319, 321, 323–4, 326, 333,356, 412, 416, 433, 438, 445, 450,461, 468, 481–2, 498, 510

League of Nations, 216, 224, 226,241, 498

leather, 191, 211, 441–2, 482Lee, Higginson & Co., 210Lee Cheng Yan, 81Legal and General, 364, 528Lehman Brothers, 452, 458, 522–4Lend-Lease, 247Lenin, V., 32, 177, 556Leningrad, 188, 195Leningrad Putilov factory, 188Lenovo, 495






Index 601

Leopold II, 4, 94, 96, 98–9, 118, 548,552–3

Les Files de Calais, 205Les Provinces Reunies, 363Lesseps, F. de, 117–18, 511, 539Levant Company, 34Lever, William, Lord Leverhulme, 61,

99, 164, 168Lever Brothers, 61, 99, 135, 164, 168,

173, 206, 211, 220, 232Lever Brothers India Ltd, 207Levi Strauss, 477, 489Levinstein Ltd, 169Lewis and Marks, 100, 513LG Electronics, 493–4Li & Fung, 490Li Ka Shing, 350, 448Liaodong Bay, 474Liaodong Peninsula, 115–16Liaoning, 191, 239Libby, 316Liberal and Country League, South

Australia, 250Liberal Party, British, 32, 92Liberal Party, Canadian, 334Liberia, 216, 249, 400, 495, 542, 545,

566Libya, 326, 331, 362, 384, 476, 530Libyan General Petroleum

Corporation (Lipetco), 395–6Libyan National Oil Company

(Linoco), 395, 397licensing, 12, 62, 64, 125, 130–2,

180–1, 190, 196–8, 204, 234,237–9, 283, 285, 289, 291, 300,308, 315, 318, 322, 330, 335, 342,362, 364, 366, 369, 375, 394, 450,458, 486, 491

Lichenstein, 205Liebig’s Extract of Meat Company, 86Lifebuoy soap, 135, 206, 232Likhachev Automobile Factory, 374Lima, 41, 85, 250Lima Light, 406–7Limited Brands, 490Limon, 90Limpopo River, 101Lindeteves, 79Lingotto, 166, 189Linz steel, 266

Lippman, W., 261, 557Lipton, T. J., 246, 312Lipton Inc., 311List, F., 45, 557Lithuania, 466Liverpool, 37, 40–1, 49, 59, 69, 71–2,

85, 110, 117, 127, 553, 558living standards, 1, 17, 23, 27, 29, 35,

46–7, 149, 157, 178–9, 206, 254,268, 316, 367, 403, 412, 417, 420,487

Livingstone, Dr D., 94Lloyds Bank, 110, 213, 346Lloyds Bank International, 351, 357Lloyds of London, 361, 445Lloyds TSB, 458LNG, 340–1, 448Lobitos Oil, 145Lockheed, 325Lockheed bribery scandal, 341London, 16, 24, 40–1, 49–50, 59–60,

66–7, 69, 72–5, 79, 85–8, 90, 95,97, 101–2, 104–8, 110–11, 115,117, 119, 124, 126, 128, 130, 134,139–40, 142–3, 145, 175, 177, 182,186, 193, 206, 221–2, 234, 246,279, 309–12, 346, 356–9, 363, 365,368–9, 395, 445, 450, 452–3, 455,458, 461, 481, 511–13, 517, 526,538–60, 562–71

London, City of, 66, 86–7, 106, 122,124, 126, 142, 201–2, 208, 296,346, 356–7, 359, 361, 365, 403,449–50, 545, 551–2, 559, 565

London and Brazilian Bank, 104, 110,213

London and Rhodesia Mining andLand Company (Lonrho), 351, 445,527, 532

London and River Plate Bank, 104,110, 213

London County & Westminister Bank,110

London Electricity, 466London Stock Exchange, 102, 349,

449, 472London Tin Company (LTC), 221Londonderry, 286, 555Long Island, 145, 366Lonmin, 445, 532






602 Index

Lord and Thomas, 215Lornex Copper, 309, 333Lorrach, Germany, 136Lorraine, 136Los Angeles, 214, 357Loudon, H., 142Louis Dreyfus, 354, 527Lower Burmah, 71Lower Irrawaddy, 71LSD, 317Lucas & Aird, 60, 123Ludendorff offensive, 174Lukoil, 475–6, 536Lushun, 116Luther, Martin, 3Luton, 182Lux soap, 135, 206Luxembourg, 270–1, 320, 356, 358,

372, 424, 454, 462, 480, 483Lybrand, Ross Brothers and

Montgomery, 367Lyon, 110, 136Lyons, J., 146, 366

M. Guggenheim’s Sons, 87M. Samuel & Company, 139MacArthur, Douglas, 293Macedonia, 463Machines Bull, 297–8, 322Mack Trucks Ltd, 322Mackinnon McKenzie, 39–40, 67–8,

97, 549Mackinnon, Mackenzie & Co., 39,

549Macondo oilfield, 470Madagascar, 322Madero, F., 145Madrid, 248Maersk, 448, 533Mafia, US, 392magnetos, 168mail, 67, 80mail order, 365Maintz & Co., 353Maison Deves et Chaumet, 353Majlis, 147, 388Majorca, 367Malacca, 70, 72–3, 81Malacca Plantation Company, 70Malawi, 351

Malaya, 35, 39, 53, 67, 71–4, 76, 81,83, 140, 142, 153, 164, 185, 194,214–15, 217–18, 221, 229, 240,352, 383, 474, 546, 567, 571

Malaysia, 58, 211, 270–1, 308, 348,377, 383, 385, 399, 404, 424, 435,444, 466, 474, 485, 487, 490,494–6, 518, 538, 546, 568

Mali, 353Manchester, 40, 49, 78, 132, 208Manchukuo, 239–40Manchuria, 106, 116, 122, 132, 184,

199–200, 237, 239, 506Mandarin Oriental, 445Manhattan, 366Mann Egerton, 349Mannesmann, 129, 168, 327, 386,

407, 462–3, 514, 524Mannheim, 135Mansfield & Co., 70, 81Manulife Financial, 457, 460, 534Mao Zedong, 377Marc Rich & Co. AG, 445March, Juan, 320Marconi, 125, 167, 511, 515, 539Marcopolo, 496Marcus Samuel & Co., 113margarine, 31, 47, 61, 78, 99, 136,

173, 206–7, 220, 235, 312Margarine Unie, 206, 211Margram rolling mill, 266Marine Midland, 86Marine Midland Bank, 452marines, 167marketing, 3, 12–15, 20, 22, 27, 33–4,

51, 55–6, 58, 61–7, 77, 78, 81–2,87, 90, 106, 116, 127, 129–30, 133,135–40, 142, 144, 146–7, 151, 162,169–70, 172–3, 175, 181–5, 190,192, 198, 200, 203–12, 215, 217,219–20, 223–4, 232, 234, 236–7,239, 246, 256, 278–9, 282–7, 289,291, 294, 297, 299–301, 303–5,307–8, 310–12, 314, 316–17, 319,322, 327, 330, 339–40, 343, 345–6,348, 350, 353–4, 364, 366, 368,382, 385–7, 390, 392, 394, 397–8,400–1, 406, 412, 421, 425, 427,430, 438–40, 444–6, 460, 466,468–70, 473, 477, 479–80, 482,






Index 603

485–6, 488–9, 491, 497–8, 504,506, 510, 533

Marques Goulart, President JoaoBelchior, 406, 408–9

Marracuene, 482Mars, 303Marshall Aid, 262, 266, 276, 279,

283, 290Marubeni Corporation, 117, 341, 447,

526Marubeni-Iida, 341Maruzen, 117Marwick Mitchell, 368Marx, Karl, 30–1, 558Mary Kathleen mine, 309, 337Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg

(MAN), 329, 525Maserati, 322–3Mashamba West, 481Mashonaland, 119Mashonaland Railway, 120Masjid-i-Suleiman, 146mass consumption, 24, 26–7, 215Massachusetts, 438Massey Ferguson, 335, 376, 525Massey-Harris, 335Massimo Dutti, 461Mast Industries, 490Matabele, 101matches, 84, 210Matford SA, 231Mather & Crowther, 369Matheson, J., 112Matheson & Co., 69, 102Mathis, 231Mathura, 372Matsushita, 343Mattei, Enrico, 393Maxim gun, 101Maxim Gun Company, 101Maxwell House, 292, 407Maxwell-Chalmers, 184Mazola, 292McClone, John, 409McCloy, J. J., 280McDonald, Currie, 367McDonald’s, 366, 460McDonnell Douglas, 341McKenna duties, 181McKinley tariff, 46

McKinsey, 313, 368, 529McLaughlin Motor Company, 180McLean McCarthy, 453McNamara, R., 276, 540Mecca, 224, 242, 388Medina, 224, 242Mediterranean, 103, 124, 139, 147,

366, 541Meiji emperor, 112Meiji Restoration, 112, 539Mekong delta, 73Mekong River, 217Melbourne, 319, 336Mellons, 87Mendoza, 465mercantilism, 16, 34, 40, 44–5, 76,

104, 149–50Mercedes-Benz, 186, 407merchant, 34, 36–41, 47, 49, 57–9, 65,

68–9, 71, 74–5, 77, 80–4, 86, 99,102, 104, 113–14, 117–18, 140,144, 149, 164, 296, 341, 351–2,357, 364, 383, 450, 502

Merck, 168, 515Merck, E., 128, 170Merck, G., 170Merck & Co., 168, 170, 515Mercosur, 435Mercure, 365mergers and acquisitions (M&A),

430–1, 443, 457, 465, 493Merowe Dam, 476Merrill Lynch, 458Mesopotamia, 123, 147, 174, 184Messageries Maritimes, 115Metal Box, 202, 517, 563Metal Box India, 203Metallgesellschaft, 60, 129, 169–70,

514Metro AG, 461Metropolitan Banking and Trust

Company, 457Metropolitan Police, 236Mexican Cable Company, 123Mexican Coal and Coke Co., 87Mexican Eagle, 145, 148, 178, 244,

569Mexican Light and Power Company,

124, 405–6Mexican Revolution, 145, 177, 225






604 Index

Mexican Telegraph Co., 123Mexican Tramways, 377Mexican–EU trade agreement, 488Mexico, 51, 53, 87–8, 106–7, 124–5,

129, 131, 145, 176–8, 222, 225,231–2, 242, 244, 247, 249, 257,270, 272, 292, 318–19, 327–8, 331,340, 372, 377, 394, 400, 406–8,425, 429, 435, 450–1, 455, 461,466–8, 470, 472, 483–4, 488–9,494, 496, 505, 559, 568

Mexico City, 145, 365, 403Mexico Tramways, 405M-form, 299, 305, 368Miami, 436Michelin, 136, 166, 194–5, 217–18,

231, 323, 386, 407, 515, 524,557

Michigan, 343Microsoft, 438, 532Middle East, 101, 103, 105, 121, 145,

157, 163, 174, 186, 212, 223, 225,241, 254–5, 261, 272, 277, 283,310, 329, 336, 343, 352, 362, 369,384, 388–9, 391, 395, 397, 401,413, 419, 452, 461, 466, 469, 472,505, 549

Midland Bank, 235, 452Miike Mine, 115Milan, 117, 362Miles Laboratories, 327militarism, 24, 260military, 1, 4, 7, 16–17, 21–2, 25, 27,

32–3, 39, 66, 74–5, 77–8, 82, 94–5,119, 122, 131, 149, 153, 156–7,164–6, 168, 171–2, 176, 178, 187,191, 200, 214, 218, 223, 226, 230,233, 235, 237–9, 241, 243–4, 246,248–9, 251, 256, 258–61, 276–7,279, 285, 288, 290, 293, 328,338–9, 341, 347, 355, 359, 379,382, 384, 390–1, 395, 397, 401–6,408–9, 411, 416, 479, 496–7, 502,507–8

Milka chocolate, 136Miller Brewing, 496Milltown, NJ, 136Minas Gerais, 87, 331, 408Mineworkers Union of Zambia

(MUZ), 481

Ministry of Agriculture, Industry andCommerce (Chinese), 82

Ministry of Communications(Japanese), 132

Ministry of Finance (Japanese), 361,364, 536

Ministry of International Trade andIndustry (MITI), 294, 339, 341–2

Minneapolis-Honeywell, 289Minorco, 480Mirafiori, 231Mississippi, 68Mistui Bussan, 116Mita, 200–1Mitsubishi, 58, 112, 117, 199, 212,

237, 364, 513, 525, 532, 534, 554,571

Mitsubishi Bank, 456Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, 239Mitsubishi Corporation, 340, 446–7,

513, 525, 532Mitsubishi Electric, 199Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, 343, 447Mitsubishi Kaiun KK, 340Mitsubishi Mining, 197, 239Mitsubishi Motors, 342Mitsubishi Shoji, 117, 339–41Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, 457,

534Mitsui, 58, 83, 114–17, 131–2, 190,

197, 199, 212, 237, 517, 520, 525,528, 530, 554

Mitsui & Co., 339, 447Mitsui Bank, 115, 199Mitsui Bussan, 114–17, 212, 339Mitsui Marine and Fire, 364, 528Mitsui Mining, 190, 197, 239–40Mitsui OSK Lines (MOL), 340Mitsui Steamship Co. (MS), 340Mittal, Sunil Bharti, 464, 537Mittal Steel, 494Mix & Genest, 202Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing

Company, 199MMC, 361Mobil, 144, 242, 284, 397–8, 470–2Mobile Telecommunications Company

(MTC), 464mobile telephones, 462Mobil-Gelsenberg, 397






Index 605

Molotov steel works, 252Mombasa, 97Mongolia, 371monopoly, 12, 17, 32, 34, 36–8, 40–1,

45, 76–7, 79, 82, 88, 93, 96,98–100, 104–5, 125, 137, 140, 143,150, 153, 164, 167, 175, 204,209–10, 215, 220, 238, 298, 308,338, 388, 390, 395, 403, 459, 463,466, 473

Monroe Doctrine, 43, 89Monrovia, 249Monsanto, 310Monte Bellos Islands, 336Montenegro, 463, 560Monterey Railway, Light and Power,

406Montevideo, 107Montreal, 124, 207, 554, 557Morales, President Evo, 474Morgan Grenfell, 453Morgan Stanley, 457Morocco, 123, 136, 147, 156, 330,

394morphine, 128Morris Motors, 190, 249, 281, 297,

517Mosconi, E., 226, 243Moscow, 125, 172, 176, 188, 258,

357–8, 372, 374, 556, 558Moscow Trade Fair, 292Moses, C. L., 75Mossadegh, Mohammed, 310, 389Mosul, 121, 174, 224Motor Columbus, 405–6Motorcycle Diaries, 402movistar, 463Mozambique, 97, 100, 347, 445, 496MSI-Cellular Investments, 464MTN, 464, 535Mubarak, President, 462Muglad, 476Mukden railway, 191Muller, H., 28, 86, 98multidivisional organization, 299, 368Multilateral Agreement on Investment

(MAI), 435Mumbai, 183, 313Munich, 111, 328, 362, 540Munich Fire Insurance Company, 111

municipalities, 50, 123–4munitions, 139, 157–8, 165–6, 171,

181, 197, 204, 248–50, 252, 254,275

Munitions Company Law (Japanese),251

Murai Brothers, 134Murdoch, Rupert, 462Murphy, James J., 315Muscovy Company, 34Mussolini, Benito, 359, 393Mutari, 119Mutual Life Assurance Society, 460Mutual Life Insurance Company of

New York, 361Mutual Security Agency, 276Mwanga II, 96Myanmar, 474, 477

Naberezhnye Chelny, 375Nabisco, 208Naftaproduktionsbolaget Broderna

Nobel (Branobel), 175Nagasaki, 69, 111Naguru, 482Namibia, 97, 309, 400, 460Nanjing, 38, 250Nanterre, 189, 231Napoleon III, 5Napoleonic Wars, 39–40, 76Narodny Bank, 372NASDAQ, 438Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 363, 373, 391,

396National African Company, 95National Bank of India, 81, 104, 108National Bank of Turkey, 147National Broadcasting Company

(NBC), 167National Cash Register, 134National City Bank, 106, 122National City Bank of New York, 106,

122, 201, 356National Iranian Oil Company

(NIOC), 340, 389–90, 393–4, 469,473

National Lead, 221, 286, 522National Revolution 1952, Bolivian,

244, 404National Socialist Labour Front, 233






606 Index

national sovereignty, 1, 11, 18, 23, 26,30, 33, 35, 122, 149, 153, 155, 216,227, 257, 259, 263, 295–6, 332,378–9, 381, 384, 387, 391, 397,399, 412, 414, 433–5, 448, 465–6,468, 498

National Starch, 316National Steel, 333National Steel Corporation, 409National Telephone Company, 132National Westminister, 357Nationale Life Insurance Bank, 363Nationale-Nederlanden, 363, 528nationalism, 3–4, 7, 26, 31, 47, 89,

129, 131, 142, 156, 175, 182, 187,200, 224, 226, 237–8, 241, 243–5,257, 259–60, 298, 338, 355, 380,382, 388, 391, 395–7, 403–4, 409,412–13, 498, 505, 508, 541, 547

nationalization, 172–3, 176–7, 179,226, 230, 244–5, 250, 255, 257,297, 308, 310, 313, 320, 331, 347,350, 352, 355, 362–3, 370, 376,378–9, 382–3, 388–90, 392–3,396–8, 400–1, 404–5, 408–10, 412,446, 458, 468, 472, 474, 480, 508–9

Navy (German), 165Navy (Japanese), 239Navy (US), 216Navy Department (USA), 167Nazi Party, 227, 233–6, 248, 256,

549, 560, 568Nazis, 233–6, 245–9, 251–3, 258,

279–80, 321, 506, 553NCR, 168, 289, 514, 522Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij

(NHM), 76–8, 105, 142Nederlandsche-Indische Handelsbank,

78, 105Negeri, 72Nehru, Jawaharlal, 382Nehru, P., 373Nescafe, 246Nestle, 61, 191, 207, 232, 246, 305,

314, 316, 515, 524, 552Netherlands, the, 18, 29, 31, 34, 36,

39, 44, 46, 47, 52, 54, 56, 58, 61,67, 69, 73, 75–9, 83–4, 86, 98,102–3, 105, 110–11, 113, 136,139–44, 147, 153, 156–7, 162, 164,

167–8, 173–4, 176–7, 185, 188,192, 201, 203, 205–7, 210, 212,215–18, 222–6, 229, 236, 240, 241,245–6, 250, 253, 262–3, 269–71,273, 284–6, 289, 291–2, 298, 303,305–8, 311–16, 318–19, 321–6,341, 347, 352–5, 364–6, 377,383–4, 389, 395, 424, 428, 454,466, 471, 483, 487, 495, 504, 507,516, 523, 532, 535, 541, 550,553–4, 556, 565, 569

Netherlands Antilles, 324Netherlands Insurance Company, 363networks, 6, 13–15, 22, 25, 33, 39, 57,

64, 69, 80–3, 85, 95, 103, 109, 144,151, 167, 212–13, 233, 278, 283,289, 304, 339, 342, 361, 425,446–7, 463–4, 468, 485, 488, 490,492, 494–5, 497, 499, 503–4, 506,508–10

Neue Holding, 363Neue Norddeutsche und Vereinigte

Elbeschiffahrt, 235New Broken Hill Consolidated, 337New Delhi, 438, 563New Economic Policy (Malaysian),

348, 383New Economic Policy (Russian), 177New Guinea, 79, 93, 153New Guinea Company, 79New International Economic Order,

374, 380, 412New Jersey, 128, 144, 194, 231,

313–14, 317, 319, 366, 541, 549,551–3, 559

New Jersey Zinc Corporation, 333New Orleans, 89, 91New Russian Company, 58New South Wales, 134, 184, 240New York, 46, 69–70, 85–6, 98, 102,

106, 108, 110–11, 115, 124, 127,136, 144–5, 184, 202–3, 210, 214,221, 237, 311, 319, 329, 346, 355,357–9, 361, 364, 367, 369, 415,438, 449–50, 453, 455, 465, 489,527, 529, 530, 533–6, 539–42,544–72

New York and Bermudez AsphaltCompany, 88

New York Life, 110






Index 607

New Zealand, 52–5, 67, 103, 105,134, 162, 165, 184, 203, 207–8,213, 246, 261, 308, 336, 356–7,361, 364, 419, 428, 444

New Zealand Aluminium Smelters,337

Newcastle, 208Newfoundland, 222Newfoundland Fluorspar Company,

222Newmont Mining Corporation, 404Newport Beach, 357News Corporation, 462, 534newspapers, 139, 331, 333, 462,

473Niagara Falls, 208Niagara Falls Company, 333Niassa Company, 100Nicaragua, 91, 220, 436, 569Nichimen, 117, 513Nicholas II, Czar, 176nickel, 88, 129, 341, 478, 480–1Nieuwe AHV, 98Niger Company, 164, 211Niger delta, 95Niger River, 95, 98, 472, 474, 513Nigeria, 95–7, 221, 229, 236, 241,

271, 308, 315, 323, 348–9, 385–6,394, 398, 427, 444, 456, 468, 472,475, 526, 541, 552

Nihon Sangyo Company, 237Nihon Senryo Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha

Senryo, 190, 239Nike, 489Nikko, 457Nile, River, 123Nile Basin Initiative, 476Nippon Electric Company, 132,

199–201, 251, 514, 517Nippon-Kokan, 343Nippon Seiko, 342–3, 526Nippon Steel Corporation, 341, 343Nippon Telephone and Telegraph

(NTT), 293Nippon Yusen Company (NYK), 117,

340, 448, 525, 533, 571Nissan, 237, 240Nissan Motors, 190, 237, 240, 251,

342, 488, 520Nisshin steel, 341

Nissho Company, 341Nissho Iwai, 341, 525nitrates, 41, 85, 88, 104Nitto Warehousing Company, 339Niven & Smart, 367Nixon, R., 66, 258–9, 277, 292, 374,

376, 379Nizhni-Novgorod, 188Nkrumah, President Kwame, 373,

399Nobel, A., 138Nobel, L., 138–9Nobel, R., 134, 137–8, 177Nobel Brothers Petroleum, 137Nobel Company, 134Nobel Industries, 204Nomura, 457, 534Non-Aligned Movement, 373, 383non-governmental organizations

(NGOs), 433–4Nord-Deutsche Bank, 107, 358Norddeutscher Lloyd, 80, 115Nordoff, H., 280North America, 7, 11, 34, 43, 54–5,

58–9, 67, 80, 90, 161–3, 171–2,181–3, 186–7, 253, 255, 268,270–1, 282, 284, 289, 308, 313–17,319, 327, 331, 340, 343, 368,418–20, 424, 437, 444–5, 457, 459,461, 468, 470, 484, 493, 524

North America Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), 435–6, 484, 488

North American Free TradeAssociation, 11

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO), 329, 393

North British and MercantileInsurance Company, 363

North Carolina, 209, 329North-China Steamer Company, 69North Korea, 464North Sea, 310–11, 380, 467, 469,

472–3Northern Aluminium, 222Norway, 129, 137, 206–7, 222, 236,

270, 315, 318–19, 335, 358, 363,365, 424, 431, 473

Nova Scotia, 318Novartis, 491, 515, 524, 537Novo Nordisk, 491






608 Index

NTN Corporation, 343, 526Nuremberg, 248

O2, 463Oakville, 334Occidental Petroleum, 397Oce van der Grinten, 315Ocean Steamship Company, 70Ocean Wilsons, 349Odessa, 59Ogden, 134Ogilvy, David, 369, 529Ogilvy & Mather, 369OGK-4, 467Ohio, 166, 548oil, 53, 58, 61, 66, 69, 71, 73, 78, 82,

85–6, 95, 99, 106, 108, 113,137–48, 151, 154, 156, 159, 161,164–5, 169, 173–9, 191, 199, 211,213, 220, 223–6, 229, 235, 239–45,250–1, 255, 257, 260, 262, 274–6,283–5, 287, 295, 301, 304, 307,310, 313, 315, 318, 323–7, 332–3,335–6, 341, 346, 348–9, 360,369–70, 372, 377–80, 382–90,392–8, 400–1, 403–6, 413–14, 427,447–8, 467–78, 492, 497–8, 503,505–6, 508, 554, 559

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation(ONGC), 475

Okada & Company, 114Okuma, S., 117Old Mutual, 460Old Trafford, 132–3, 208OLEX-Petroleum-Gesellschaft, 223Olivetti, 297, 331Olympic Games, 234Oman, 394One Network, 464ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL), 475,

536Ontario, 184, 193, 331–2, 334, 512,

560Oost-Afrikaansche Compagnie (OAC),

98Opel, 182–3, 186, 233, 248, 277–9,

342, 516, 521, 568Operation Torch, 249opium, 30, 37–9, 67–8, 80, 104Opium Wars, 30, 39

Oppenheimer, Ernest, 480Oppenheimer, Harry, 480Optorg, 212, 353, 518, 527Orange, 101, 462–3Orange Free State, 101Orascom Group, 464Oreamuno, F. F., 90Oregon, 85Organisation for European Economic

Cooperation (OEEC), 266, 302Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development(OECD), 266, 384

Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC), 326, 359, 387,394, 398, 401, 498

Organon, 314Orient Overseas Container Line

(OOCL), 448Oriental Bank Corporation, 104Orissa, 494Ortega, Amancio, 461Orwell, G., 261Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), 340Oshawa, 180OTE, 463Otis, 133, 168, 353, 514Ottawa, 228Ottoman Empire, 60, 107–9, 117, 121,

137, 147, 164, 174–5, 223–5Ovando Candıa, General Alfredo, 405Overbeck, Baron G. de, 75Overend, Gurney, 69Overseas Private Investment

Corporation (OPIC), 410OZ Minerals, 479

P&O Nedlloyd, 448Pacific Mail Company, 89Pacific Ocean, 35, 38, 41, 70, 73, 80,

90, 93, 118, 157, 165, 197, 219,271, 336, 338, 473

Pacific Petroleum Company, 145Pacific War, 238, 506Pahang, 72Pahlavi, Shah Mohammed Reza, 389Pakistan, 342, 377, 474Palabora mines, 309palm oil, 61, 73, 95, 98–9, 158, 164,

220–1, 255, 348, 383






Index 609

Pampers, 293Pan American Airways (Pan Am), 211,

214, 354, 366, 518Panagra, 211, 354Panama, 49, 86, 89–90, 106, 118, 218,

220, 240, 359, 480, 503, 559Panama Canal, 49, 86, 90, 559Panama Canal Company, 118Panama Railway Company, 118,

120Pan-American Telegraph, 167Panasonic, 483Papua New Guinea, 309, 338, 348,

400, 445, 480Paraguay, 244, 435, 474Paribas, 109, 143, 213, 346, 357, 518,

527Paris, 74, 88–9, 102, 106, 108, 110,

123, 138, 146–7, 166, 172, 187,189, 231, 280, 324, 357–9, 365,372, 450, 458, 528, 540–1, 549,551, 558–9

Parliament, British, 148Parsis, 38, 104patents, 128, 130–1, 194, 198, 205,

238, 286, 325, 491Patino, S. I., 221, 404Patino Mines, 221, 243, 404, 555Paton and Baldwins, 76Patten, Chris, 463Paul E. Derrick, 215Pauling & Company, 119Pax Americana, 263Pax Britannica, 263PDVSA, 401Pearl Harbor, 201, 247Pearson, W., 59, 111, 124, 145, 178,

540, 543, 562, 566Pearson & Son, S., 59, 124, 145Pechiney, 295, 323, 337, 386, 407, 524Penang, 71–2, 83, 491Penghu Islands, 115Peninsular and Oriental (P&O), 39,

67, 80, 104, 115, 211, 448Pennsylvania, 137, 322, 329Pentagon, 276pepper, 79, 81, 142Pepsico, 291Pepsi-Cola, 291Pepsi-Cola International, 291

Perez Alfonso, Juan Pablo, 401Perez Companc (PECOM) Energia,

474Peron, President Juan, 377, 405Perot, H. Ross, 386Perry, Commander Matthew, 111, 113Perry, P., 185–7Pershing, General J. J., 177Persia, 107, 137, 140, 145–7, 156,

164, 169, 175, 184, 223, 241, 317,516, 523, 530

Persian Gulf, 107, 145–7, 164, 317,398, 467, 531

Perth (Australia), 336Peru, 35, 41, 69, 85–6, 107, 120, 145,

154, 222, 250, 354, 379, 403–4,407, 409, 435, 444–5, 455, 464–5,474, 476, 481, 496, 559, 562, 568

Peruvian Amazon Company, 86Peruvian Corporation, 120Peter, 207Peter J. Schweitzer Inc., 293Peter Paul, 308Peterlee, 343Peters, K., 96–7, 513, 562Petrobel, 393Petrobras, 377, 403, 469, 474, 536Petrofina, 393, 471, 473PetroKazakhstan, 476Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex), 226,

245Petronas, 469, 474, 535Petro-Vietnam, 475Peugeot, 189, 283, 323, 408, 516,

522Peugeot Citroen, 323pharmaceuticals, 127–8, 136, 170,

203, 211, 239, 317, 324–5, 376, 491Phelps Dodge, 222, 404Philadelphia, 135, 172Philby, H. St J. B., 241Philby, K., 241Philippines, 25, 70, 118, 217, 250,

350, 457, 460–1, 489, 495–6, 539Phillips, 229, 291, 297–8, 305,

313–14, 316, 318, 336, 397, 471,524

Phillips Oil, 393Phnom Penh, 213Phoenix Insurance, 110






610 Index

Phu Riềng Dỏ, 217Phu Rieng Rubber Plantation, 218Pigozzi, H. T., 189, 231pigs, 84Pilkington, 230, 309, 323, 382, 385,

523Pincoff, L., 98Pinochet Ugarte, General Augusto,

411, 465Pioneer International Ltd, 338Pirelli, 135, 194–5, 331, 514, 517,

560Pittsburgh Reduction Company, 87Pizza Hut, 445, 460Planters brand, 173Platt Brothers, 114Pledge spray polish, 293, 407Plessey, 297Pohang Iron and Steel Company

(POSCO), 343, 494, 526Poissy, 231, 252, 280Poland, 181, 187, 195, 236, 330, 342,

370–3, 375–6, 478Polski Fiat 125p, 375Porsche, 252Porsche, F., 233, 252Port Arthur, 116, 133Port Kembla, 240Port Melbourne, 184Portal of Hungerford, Lord, 296Portugal, 31, 36, 44, 87, 94, 99–101,

119, 135, 149, 204, 292, 307, 309,322, 347, 363, 455, 461, 474, 491,496

Portuguese East Africa, 97Portuguese South West Africa, 100Post Office (British), 132Post, Telegraph and Telephone Service,

201Post-War Slump, 178potato famine, 86Powell Duffryn Company, 284PowerGen, 467Powers-Samas, 297Pratt & Whitney, 342Price Waterhouse, 235, 367Prince William Sound, 472Princes foods, 447, 561Privatbanken, 358private equity funds, 431

Procter and Gamble (P&G), 206, 208,232, 293, 305, 312–13, 486, 536

product development, 12–13, 206,281, 301, 314, 342, 487, 490

product life cycle, international, 62Production Sharing Agreements

(PSAs), 477profiteering, 162, 214, 405prohibition, 166Prohibition, US, 207Protestantism, 8Providencia, 362Provident Life and Accident Insurance

Company of America, 360, 527Prudhoe Bay, 310Prussian National Insurance Company,

111PSA Peugeot Citroen, 283, 323public houses, 166Puerto Rico, 25, 87, 201, 410Puerto Rico Telephone Company,

201PUK, 324, 376, 524pulp, 191, 210, 307–8, 319, 332, 352Puntarenas, 90Putin, Vladimir, 471

Qasim, Abd al-Karim, 395–6Qatar, 398Qatar Investment Authority, 452Qing dynasty, 68, 82–3Qingdao Hyundai Shipbuilding, 447Quaker Oats, 27, 208, 518Quakers, 27, 100, 207, 518Quanzhou, 83Quebec, 88, 333, 363Quebec Iron and Titanium

Corporation, 333Quebec-Labrador, 333Queensland, 79, 222, 309, 336–7Queensland Alumina (QAL), 337Queensland and Northern Territory

Aerial Services (Qantas), 214Quimicas Unidas, 327, 407

Racal, 462, 534radio, 125, 167, 200–1, 234Radio Corporation of America (RCA),

167, 195, 247, 291, 314, 328, 515Raffles, S., 39, 571






Index 611

railways, 29, 35, 47, 50–1, 55, 58–9,66, 69–70, 78, 85, 87, 89–91, 97,100, 104, 106–8, 112, 116, 118–23,138, 145, 150–1, 156, 159, 175,191, 218–20, 242–3, 334, 369, 377,400, 403–5, 413, 447, 476, 481,557, 560, 563

Ralli Brothers, 59, 115, 210, 308, 352,511

ranching, 53, 57, 85Rangoon, 71, 140, 147, 526Rank Organisation, 290Rank Xerox, 291, 522Ranke, Leopold von, 4Ranong, 84Rapallo, Treaty of, 187Rathenau, E., 128, 187rationing, 158, 235rayon, 117, 135, 159, 169, 179, 205,

239, 286, 542Razmara, Ali, 388Read Holliday & Sons, 168Ready Mix Concrete (RMC), 338,

495, 525Ready Mix Concrete of Australia, 338Red Army, 188, 250, 261, 373Red Line Agreement of 1928, 225Redwood, T. B., 146refineries, 137, 144, 208, 223, 240,

283, 310–11, 372, 383, 394, 404refrigerators, 232, 250, 318Reich Federation of German Industry,

252Reichsbank, 253Reichstag, 96Remington, 289, 353Renault, 136, 171, 189–90, 318,

321–2, 375, 408, 515, 524Repsol, 465, 477, 519, 536Republic Steel, 333, 400research and development (R&D), 64,

303, 314, 319, 326–8, 348, 430–1,438, 485–6, 488, 491, 494, 496, 539

retailing, 40, 72, 130, 136, 365–6,460–2

Reuter, I. J., 183Revolution of 1905, Russian, 141,

147, 155, 158, 257, 526, 543, 549,560–1, 563

Revolution of 1917, Russian, 370, 377

Revolution of 1979, Iranian, 340, 472Revolution, Peruvian, 355Revolutionary Nationalist Movement

(MNR), 404Reynolds Metals Company, 295–6,

399Rheinisch-Westfalische Bank, 358Rhine, 86, 279Rhodes, C., 101, 119–20Rhodesia, 97, 101, 119–20, 349, 542Rhodesia Railway, 120Rhone-Poulenc, 317, 491rice, 39, 70–2, 77, 81, 84, 113–15,

218, 461Rich, Marc, 346, 445, 518, 523, 526Richards & Sons, T. J., 180, 184Ricoh, 343Rijkens, P., 235–6, 311–12, 523Riley, E., 274–5Rinso, 206, 232Rio de Janeiro, 124, 236, 465, 474Rio de Janeiro Tramway, Light and

Power Company, 124Rio Grande do Sul, 409Rio Tinto, 60, 129, 281, 309, 333,

337, 377, 380, 478–9, 512, 523,525, 536, 552

Rio Tinto Zinc, 309–10, 333, 337–8,400, 478, 481, 523

Roan Selection Trust, 400Robert Fleming, 450Roca Runciman Treaty of 1933, 243Rockefeller, J. D., 137Romana-Americana, 175Romania, 108–9, 129, 143–4, 147,

169, 173, 175, 195, 223, 229–30,248, 253, 342, 361, 370–2, 383,396, 405, 463, 495

Romano-Americana, 147Rommel, E., 252Roosevelt, F. D., 118, 144, 234, 247,

250, 263Rootes, 283, 296, 342Rosario, 405Rosneft, 471Rossing Uranium, 309Rothschild, E., 367Rothschild, Lord Nathaniel, 101, 138,

144, 548Rothschild Group, 367






612 Index

Rothschilds, 88, 102–3, 106, 110, 118,130, 138–9, 142–3, 146–7, 445, 568

Rotterdam, 49, 78–9, 98Rotterdam Lloyd, 79Rotterdamsche Bank, 78, 105Rotterdamsche Lloyd, 78Rover, 297Rowland, Roland, 351, 445Rowntree, 100, 207, 307Royal African Company, 34, 36, 542Royal Air Force (RAF), 223, 236, 251,

296Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), 454,

458Royal Dutch Shell, 76, 140–4, 146–8,

173–6, 178, 223–6, 229, 235, 241,245, 284–5, 311, 313, 316, 327,340, 370, 390, 393, 395–8, 470–2,474, 480, 516, 523, 532, 535, 539,541, 565

Royal Engineers, 95Royal Insurance, 110, 361, 364, 528Royal Navy, 87, 137, 146–7, 164–5,

212Royal Nedlloyd, 448Royal Niger Company, 95–6rubber, 31, 35, 61, 67, 72–4, 78–9, 81,

83, 85–6, 95, 97–9, 130, 139, 158,164, 179, 194–5, 210, 215–18, 221,229–31, 233, 235, 240, 249–50,255, 275, 285, 311, 331, 348, 356,383, 412, 505, 560

Russelheim, 182Ruhr, 171, 188, 197Rumaila, 396, 476Rumaila oilfield, 396Russelheim, 233, 248, 277, 279Russell & Co., 38, 68–70, 81–2, 511Russia, 46, 50, 53–5, 58–9, 69–70,

106, 109–10, 113, 115–16, 119,122–4, 126–30, 132–3, 135–8, 140,142–8, 155–6, 158, 162, 164,170–2, 175–8, 188, 212, 229, 254,257, 262, 275, 353, 370, 374,415–16, 425, 427, 433, 441–2, 447,451, 453, 456, 459, 464, 467,470–3, 475, 477–8, 494, 516–17,542, 545, 554–5, 559–60, 565, 570

Russian Revolution, 1917, 163, 176Russo-Asiatic Bank, 122

Russo-Chinese Bank, 122Russo-Japanese War, 116, 141RWE, 467, 516, 535Ryanair, 444

S. B. Hale & Co., 85S. H. Benson International, 369SAAB, 317, 524Saarland, 278, 326SAB Miller, 483Sabah, 75Safeguarding of Industries Act

(British), 166Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI), 495Said, Khalifa bin, 96, 117Saigon, 73, 115, 213, 363Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois, 365Sakhalin, 116Sakhalin II, 447, 470Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Lord, 92, 96,

101, 119–20Salomon Brothers, 449, 457Salvador Railway Company, 91, 220Samrang, 83Samsung Corporation, 447, 533Samsung Electronics, 483, 494Samsung Engineering and

Construction, 448Samuel, M., 91, 113, 135, 139–42,

144, 147–8, 558Samuel Montagu, 359Samuel Samuel and Co., 113San Francisco, 85, 357San Francisco peace treaty, 1952, 340San Jose, 90San Remo conference, 223Sandoz, 136, 172, 203, 317, 491, 515,

524Sanofi Aventis, 491Sanofi-Synthelabo, 491Santa Cruz, 405Santander, 454–5, 457, 533Santarem, 217Santiago, 41, 124, 465Sanwa Bank, 456Sao Paulo, 190, 232, 343, 474Sao Tome & Prıncipe, 99–100Sarawak, 74–5Sardinia, 337Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 472






Index 613

Sassoon, D., 67, 104Sassoon & Sons, David, 39, 108Satsuma, 112Saudi Arabia, 78, 225, 241–2, 261,

336, 365, 378, 385–9, 391, 394,398, 468–9, 472, 498, 506, 520,530

Saudi Aramco, 398, 469Saxony, 328Scandinavia, 123, 181, 209, 455, 556Scandinavian Bank, 358Scandinavian Banking Partners, 358Schicht, G., 236Schieren, Wolfgang, 459Schlumberger, 324, 524Schmidt, R., 279Schneider, 107, 126, 324, 539schools, 88, 112, 114, 120, 148, 209,

388, 401, 403–4Schroder, 102, 219, 235, 451, 564Schuckert & Company, 128Schultz, Howard, 460Schweizer Ruck Holding AG, 363Schweizerische Gesellschaft fur

Elektrische Industrie (Indelec), 126,214, 319

Schweppes, 308, 382Scotiabank, 456Scotland, 30, 40, 71, 73, 80, 105, 110,

112, 130, 134, 139–40, 229,289–90, 329, 343, 363

Scotts tissues, 293Sears, 365, 528, 568SEAT, 282, 330, 529Seattle, 70Seccion Industrial Amasadoras

Mecanicas (SIAM) di Tella, 243Sechin, I., 471Second Anglo-Burmese War, 71Second Opium War, 38–9Second World War, 16, 51–2, 156,

160–1, 184–5, 205, 227, 231, 239,245–7, 252–3, 257–9, 261–2, 267,269, 275–6, 283, 288, 292, 295,299, 307, 310–11, 318, 325, 331,333, 347, 369, 374, 382, 389–400,404, 407, 411, 413, 434, 497, 498,554

Secret Intelligence Service, 241, 389Seiberling, F. A., 195

Seiberling Rubber Company, 195, 517Seiyu, 461Selangor, 72Self-Strengthening Movement, 82Sembilan, 72Sena Sugar Estates, 100Senegal, 353, 482Senshu Kaisha, 114Sentai Oil Mills Ltd, 116Seoul, 132Serbia, 330serfdom, 46Servan-Schreiber, J. J., 262, 565Seven & I Holdings, 461Seven Sisters, 284, 564Shah, 145–6, 241Shangani River, 101Shanghai, 68–70, 83, 105–7, 116, 121,

134, 168, 184, 206, 209, 213–14,251, 350, 462, 544, 555, 557, 572

Shanghai Cotton Manufacturing Ltd,116

Shanghai Cotton Mill, 82Shanghai Navigation Company, 81Shanghai Petrochemical Company, 470Shanghai Power, 106, 214, 307Shanghai Steam Navigation Company,

68, 82Shanghai Tramways, 106Shannon, River, 196Shaw Wallace, 66, 140Shell Chemical Corporation, 311Shell Oil, 311, 471, 523Shell Transport and Trading

Company, 141Shell-D’Arcy Exploration Partners,

241Shenzen, 354, 415, 485Sheraton Hotels, 290, 366, 410Shibaura Engineering Works, 131,

199, 238shipbuilding, 47, 112, 199, 296, 340shipping, 39, 49, 57–8, 66–71, 73–4,

77, 79–86, 89–91, 93, 99, 104,110–11, 113, 115, 117–18, 139,143, 151, 158–9, 163–7, 172–3,190, 208, 211, 218, 220, 236, 241,245, 254, 284, 294, 311, 340,349–50, 354, 367, 444, 448, 497,545






614 Index

shogun, 112Showa Menka, 211Showa Steel Works, 239Shredded Wheat, 208Siam, 39, 45, 58, 73, 75, 84, 153, 502Siam Steam Navigation Company, 74Siberia, 115Sicily, 91Sidanko, 470Siderbras, 343Siemens, 49, 56, 60–1, 125–6, 128–9,

133, 188, 201, 214, 238, 248,297–8, 319, 342, 511, 514–15, 524,548

Siemens, Hermann von, 328Siemens & Halske, 128, 165, 169,

176, 197–8, 246, 328Siemens Brothers, 169, 246Siemens-Bauunion, 196Siemens-Schuckert, 128, 176, 188, 196Signalbau AH Huth, 234silk, 69, 84, 110, 113, 115, 135, 228silver, 36, 85, 87, 222, 244Simca, 189, 231, 281, 283, 330, 516Sime, W., 73, 81, 512, 518, 526Sime Darby, 221, 348Simpsons-Sears Ltd, 365Singapore, 18, 39, 45, 70, 72, 74, 78,

81, 84, 185, 251, 270–1, 358–9,365, 372, 381, 424, 431, 457,490–1, 494, 532, 544, 546, 553,560, 568

Singapore Technologies Telemedia(STT), 496

Singer Sewing Machines, 56, 130, 168,176, 542, 546

Single Market, European, 431, 435,439–40, 449, 452, 454–5, 459, 466

Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5, 83,113, 115

Sinopec, 469, 476Six Day War, 396Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken (ESB),

358, 455, 533Skandinaviska Kredit, 230SKF, 171–2, 176, 210, 314, 319, 382Skoda, 252, 372, 383, 529Slater Walker, 352slavery, 31, 34–7, 41, 76, 86–7, 94,

100–1, 149, 216, 391

Sloan, A. P., 182, 184, 233, 249,274–5, 278–9, 559, 565

Slovakia, 253, 456, 463smelting, 83–5, 87, 129, 159, 221,

332, 334–5, 384, 445, 480, 494Smith Barney, 449Smith Kline Beecham (SKB), 450, 491Smith McKenzie, 97Snia Viscosa, 205‘Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs’,

289soap, 61, 74, 78, 84, 99, 173, 192,

206, 208, 211, 220, 232, 235,313–14

socialism, 176, 188, 381, 396–7, 399,474, 507–8

Sociedad Espanola de Automoviles deTurismo (SEAT), 330

Societa per lo Sviluppo delle ImpresseElettriche in Italia, 126

Societe Anonyme Francaise desAutomobiles FIAT (SAFAF), 189

Societe Citroen Hispania, 322Societe Commerciale de Naphte

Caspienne et de la Mer Noire(Bnito), 138–9

Societe de Haute Ogooue, 353Societe Financiere et Industrielle Belge

en Chine, 122Societe Franco-Suisse, 126Societe Generale, French, 108–9, 453,

458Societe Generale de Belgique (SGB),

105, 220, 320, 400Societe Generale des Chemins de Fer

Economiques, 126Societe Irano-Italienne des Petroles

(Sirip), 393Societe Nationale d’Electricite et de

Thermique (SNET), 465Societe Nationale des Petroles

d’Aquitaine, 395Societe Nationale pour la Recherche, la

Production, le Transport, laTransformation et laCommercialisation desHydrocarbures (Sonatrach), 397

Societe pour l’Exploration des Petroles,174

Societe Schneider et Cie, 136






Index 615

Socony-Vacuum, 242, 284, 336, 387,395

Sofina, 214, 319, 405–6, 524software, 415, 432, 437–8, 464sogo shosha, 113–14, 117, 212,

339–41, 444, 446–7Solvay et Cie, 136, 168, 176Somaliland, 94Sondheimer & Company, 129Sony, 343, 446, 483, 489South Africa, 100–3, 131, 135, 165,

191–2, 207, 213, 230, 300, 309–10,328, 336, 343, 346–7, 362, 364,384–5, 394, 400, 452, 464, 483,494

South African Breweries (SAB), 480,496

South Australia, 134, 180, 250South Carolina, 323South East Asia, 39, 73, 99, 156, 218,

221, 240, 245, 251, 255, 293, 316,347, 353, 364, 469, 488, 495–6, 502

South East Europe, 103, 109, 261South Korea, 17, 381, 417, 459, 489,

498South Manchuria, 116, 156South Manchurian Railway, 116, 191,

239South Metropolitan Railway, 239South West Africa, 97, 100Southampton, 284, 562Southern Peru Copper, 404, 406Southland, 495Sovereign Bancorp, 455sovereign wealth funds (SWFs), 431Soviet Union, 4, 153, 177, 181, 187–9,

195–6, 212, 225–7, 229, 241, 246,250, 258–62, 264, 266–7, 272,276–7, 284, 289, 292, 294, 324,326, 330, 354, 358, 362, 367,370–8, 383–4, 389, 391–3, 396,401–2, 405, 409, 411, 416, 427,505, 516, 567

soya, 74, 116, 444Spain, 40–1, 44, 54, 69, 75–6, 79, 87,

92, 106–7, 110–11, 129–30, 135–7,149, 160, 181, 192, 194–5, 201,204, 222, 231, 270–1, 281, 283–5,290, 308–9, 318–20, 322–3,329–31, 333, 336, 354, 365, 377,

424, 454–5, 457, 461–2, 464–5,467, 495, 529, 538, 547, 552, 557

Spanish Civil War, 202, 309Spanish Miracle, 282Spanish War of 1898, 118SPC Balkankar, 375Speyer & Co., 107–8, 110Sprite, 291Spry, 232Sri Lanka, 53, 67St Gobain, 135, 168, 323St John d’el Rey Mining Company, 87St Lawrence Corporation of

Newfoundland, 222St Petersburg, 74, 122, 128, 133, 171,

176St Quirin, 135Stalin, Joseph, 4, 141, 189, 258, 264,

266, 370–1, 373Stalingrad, 195Standard Bank Group, 456Standard Chartered, 35, 352, 384,

452, 456Standard Fruit, 91, 219Standard General Insurance, 362Standard Motors, 335Standard Oil, 47, 82, 88, 91, 110, 132,

137–47, 175–7, 202, 224, 226, 229,234, 242, 244–5, 247–8, 284–5,333–4, 336, 387–8, 395, 401,403–4, 514, 516, 519, 522, 533,541, 552, 556, 563, 567

Standard Oil Company of California,241

Standard Oil Company of Indiana,394

Standard Oil Company of Ohio(Sohio), 310, 469

Standard Oil of California (Socal),241, 284, 336, 387, 390, 397, 472

Standard Oil of Indiana, 393Standard Telephone Company (STC),

132, 202Standard Triumph, 297Standard Urdu, 456Standard-Vacuum, 336Stanley, H. M., 94, 98STAR TV, 463Starbucks, 445, 460, 534Starr, C. A., 214






616 Index

State Institute for the Design ofMetallurgical Plants (GIPROMEZ),196, 372

state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 471,477–9

Statoil, 473, 535Statue of Liberty, 86, 118Stavropol-on-Volga, 375Stead, W. T., 26–7, 565–6Steamships Trading Company, 445Steaua Romana, 108, 143, 148, 169,

173, 562steel, 46, 48, 58, 71, 86, 92, 95, 117,

129, 140, 191–2, 196–7, 239,295–6, 308–9, 319–320, 324–7,329, 333, 337, 341, 343, 355,371–2, 383, 386, 399, 404, 407,487, 494, 516, 526, 541

Steel Brothers, 71, 140Sterling Drug, 170, 234, 247, 325,

515Stevenson Plan, 215stock exchanges, 140, 147, 311, 438,

449, 465Stockholm, 125, 133, 357, 560, 567Stockholms Allma-a Telefonaktiebolag

(SAT), 125, 133, 201Stockholms Enskilda Bank, 230Stoke-on-Trent, 194Stoonvaart Maatschappij ‘Nederland’,

78Straits Conference, 70Straits Settlements, 72Straits Steamship Company, 81Strathcona, Lord, 146Studebaker, 262Stuttgart, 362Subaru, 342Suchard, 136, 514, 524Sudan, 94, 120, 353, 394, 445, 464,

476Suddeutsche Bank, 358Sudelektra, 480Suez Canal, 20, 49, 60, 66, 78, 96,

117–18, 139, 143, 146, 164, 363,378, 381, 390–1, 396, 413, 466,511, 513, 533, 535, 562

Suez Crisis, 377, 391sugar, 31, 35–9, 66, 69–70, 74, 77–9,

83, 85–6, 89, 115, 120, 159, 191,

201, 210, 218, 350, 354, 392, 444,538, 543

Sukarno, President, 373Sullivan and Cromwell, 219Sumatra, 77–9, 83–4, 139, 141–2,

144, 164, 217, 240, 250Sumatra Petroleum Company, 139Sumitomo, 194, 200, 212, 251,

528Sumitomo Communications Industries,

251Sumitomo Corporation, 447Sumitomo Densen Seizosho, 200Sumitomo Marine and Life Insurance

Company, 364Sumitomo Mitsui Banking

Corporation (SMBC), 452, 457Sumitomo Rubber, 194Supreme Commander of the Allied

Powers (SCAP), 293Supreme Court (USA), 286Surinam, 78Sutherland, T., 104Suzuki Shoten, 212Svenska Handelsbanken, 230, 358,

527Swan, J., 130Sweden, 36, 54, 61, 129, 133, 138,

148, 162, 171–2, 176, 188, 193,206, 210–11, 230–1, 270, 273, 291,308, 313–19, 321, 326, 358, 365,369, 424, 466–7, 491, 507, 518,558, 560, 567

Swedish Match Company, 209Swire, 68, 70, 76, 104, 350–1, 512,

526, 532, 558, 567, 572Swire & Sons Ltd, John, 350Swire Group, 445Swiss Bank Corporation, 319, 358,

453Swiss Re, 363Swiss-American Corporation, 237Switzerland, 54, 58, 61, 66, 109–11,

126, 129, 135–6, 162, 172, 176,195, 203, 207, 211, 232, 248,270–1, 273, 295, 305–6, 313–14,316–21, 323, 326, 346, 354, 356,358, 362, 365, 367, 369, 405, 424,449, 453–4, 458, 480, 483, 507,527–8, 551, 554, 565






Index 617

Sydney, 92, 208, 358, 539Sydney Ross Co., 247Sykes Picot agreement, 174, 223–4Synthetic Patents Company, 170Syria, 174, 396System 360, 289

Tacoma, 70Taft, President W. H., 27Taikoo Sugar Refinery, 70Taiping Rebellion, 68Taisho Marine and Fire Insurance

Company, 364Taiwan, 17, 25, 83, 115, 239, 270–1,

343, 381, 424, 447–8, 485, 489–90,494–5, 498, 552, 569

Takeda, 491, 537Takeda America Holdings Inc, 491Takeshi, Masuda, 114Taki Fertiliser Works, 239Takushan, 191Talbot, 323Talbotville, 334Taleban, 477Tamagawa, 201Tamils, 35, 72Tan Jiak Kim, 81Tan Keong Saik, 81Tanaka, Kokuei, 341Tanganyika, 96, 165Tanganyika Concessions Ltd, 220Taninthayi, 71Tank Syndicate, 140–1Tanzania, 96, 352tariffs, 27, 33, 35–6, 44–7, 77, 80, 87,

92, 97, 99, 113, 127, 130–1, 133–5,137, 140, 157–8, 160–1, 166, 171,179–86, 189–95, 197–8, 200,203–5, 207, 226, 228, 230–2, 234,238, 240, 243, 253–6, 265–6, 275,279, 286, 317–18, 322, 330–2,334–5, 344–5, 349, 380, 408, 416,432, 435–6, 482, 497, 505–6, 555

Tasman Empire Airways (TEAL),214

Tata, 58, 348, 438, 458, 495Tatabanya Coal Mines, 371Tatars, 142Tatarstan, 375Tate & Lyle, 445

taxation, 18, 83, 178, 205, 226, 276,347, 356, 382, 385, 387, 436, 462,477

Taylor, A. J. P., 5Taylor Woodrow, 338TCI hedge fund, 454TCL, 495tea, 30–1, 35, 37–40, 61, 66–7, 70, 75,

83–4, 97, 218, 221, 229, 246, 338,347, 349, 366, 444

teak, 71, 73, 75, 84, 347Technical Assistance and Productivity

Mission, US, 266, 302technology, 1–3, 6–7, 9–10, 12–13,

15–25, 29, 31, 33–5, 43–4, 46, 49,56, 58–63, 65, 80, 119, 122, 127–8,130–1, 133, 135, 137, 139, 149–52,155, 157, 159–60, 162, 167, 170–1,173, 179, 188, 193, 196–8, 200,202, 204–5, 221, 233, 238–40,246–7, 249, 254–7, 259–63, 267,269, 272, 275–8, 281, 284–5,287–91, 293–305, 310–11, 315,318–19, 321–3, 326–7, 333, 338,340–5, 369, 371–2, 374, 376,380–1, 383, 386, 390, 398–9,411–16, 420, 423, 430, 433, 437–8,440, 446, 449, 454–5, 459, 463–4,468–9, 471, 474, 476, 479, 484–8,493–4, 497–9, 503–4, 506, 508–10,541–2, 562, 568

Teesside, 495Tehran, 342, 346Tehuantepec Railroad, 124Tejo Energia, 465telecommunications, 132, 172, 247,

255, 327, 379, 409–10, 438–40,462–4, 466, 489

Telefonica, 201, 463, 535, 542telegraph, 20, 49, 78, 88, 90, 111,

123, 128, 167, 199, 223Telekomunikacja Polska, 463telephones, 24, 60, 124–5, 133, 199,

201, 210, 214, 230, 238, 256, 290,318, 409–10, 462

television, 22, 259, 333, 435, 462Tella, T. di, 243Temasek Holdings, 431Tenasserim, 71Tennamaram Estate, 221






618 Index

Tennessee, 361Tennessee Valley Authority, 369Teochew-Swatow Railway, 83Tesco, 461, 534Tetley, H. G., 135Texaco, 144, 241, 284–5, 325, 336,

387, 397, 471–2Texas, 144, 241, 290, 387, 437, 455,

470–1, 495, 532, 541, 559, 568,571

Texas Instruments, 290, 437, 532textiles, 37, 39, 41, 46, 58–9, 65, 67,

84, 113–14, 116–17, 136, 179,190–2, 198, 212, 237–8, 295–6,319, 341, 346, 350, 353, 371, 432,441–2, 482

Thailand, 39, 53, 74, 83, 185, 207,221, 240, 343, 354, 367, 494–6,515, 526, 548, 571

Thales, 131Thames, river, 145, 284Thatcher, Margaret, 297Thio Thiau Siat, 84Third Burmese War, 71Third Reich, 234, 236, 251–2, 543Third World, 153, 257, 259, 261, 276,

372, 376, 380–1, 385, 393, 409,412–13, 498, 508, 556, 568–9

Thirty Years War, 178Thomas Cook & Sons, 235Thomas Hedley, 208Thomson-CSF, 131Thomson-Houston, 131Thuan Loi, 217Tianjin, 38, 83, 209Tianjin Toyota Motor Company, 488Tibet, 147, 156Tientsing, 105, 213Tigris River, 146timber, 61, 67, 71, 76, 84–5, 211, 218,

351, 352, 444tin, 34, 66, 72, 75, 78–9, 81–3, 95,

169, 192, 202, 210, 218, 221–2,229, 244, 279, 309, 356, 399, 505,552, 555, 568

Tin Producers Association, 229Tiquisate, 220Tito, Jozip Broz, 373T-Mobile, 463

TNK-BP, 470, 471tobacco, 35–6, 46, 67, 78, 81, 100,

134, 209, 307, 441–2, 482Tobata Imaon Company, 237Tobler, 316Togliatti, Palmiro, 374Togo, 212Togoland, 96–7Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance

Company, 110, 364Tokugawa, 112, 551Tokyo, 112–13, 131, 184, 197, 293,

357–9, 380, 450, 456, 462, 543,554, 556, 558, 560–1, 563, 566–8,571–2

Tokyo Automobile IndustriesCompany, 342

Tokyo Electric, 131, 199, 238Tokyo Ishikawajima Shipbuilding and

Engineering Company, 237Tokyo Motors, 238Tokyo Shibaura Electric Company,

238Toledo Ugarte, Pedro, 454Tolyatti, 375Tomos, 322, 373Tong King Sing, 82Tonkin, 71, 73, 217Toquepala, 404Toronto, 124, 144, 334, 453, 538,

547, 559, 561Torrey, J. W., 75Toshiba, 131, 229, 238, 291, 520Total, 50–1, 53–5, 151, 162–3, 268,

273, 306, 390, 394–5, 421, 430,441–3, 471–3, 477, 517, 530, 535

Total CFP, 471–2Total Fina Elf, 471Totsu Company, 341Touche, Bailey, 367Touche, George, 367Touche Ross, 367–8Toynbee, Arnold, 8Toyo Chisso Kumiai, 198Toyoda, K., 237Toyoda Loom, 238Toyota, 238, 343, 444, 446, 457, 461,

483, 488, 491, 520, 537Toyota Kirloskar, 488






Index 619

Tractabel, 465Traction Avant, 231Tradax, 346, 353Trade Act 1974, US, 379Trade Related Investment Measures

(TRIMs), 432–33, 435trademarks, 170, 196, 432Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights (TRIPS), 432trading companies, 19, 33, 35, 37–8,

40, 49, 57–9, 65–8, 70–1, 78, 80–2,86, 91, 95, 98, 104, 105, 107,113–17, 139–40, 144, 152, 158,196–7, 210–12, 245, 255, 339, 341,345–7, 349, 351, 353, 376, 382–3,413, 444–7, 449, 453, 483, 490,497, 501, 503, 543, 554, 567

Trafigura, 445tramways, 27, 60, 66–7, 90, 124, 126,

128, 150, 350Trần Tử Bınh, 217transaction costs, 62–4transnational history, 5–6, 21, 148Transocean Ltd, 470transport, 13, 19–20, 24, 33, 57, 59,

65, 81–2, 85, 109, 122, 129, 138,145, 157, 165, 179, 190, 193, 255,290, 303, 322, 350, 353, 386, 392,401, 444–5, 448, 462, 479, 481–2,486–7, 494

Trans-Siberian Railway, 116, 119Transvaal, 100–1, 513Trautmann & Co., 69Travelers, 449Treaty of Ganghwa, 84Trenchard, H., 236Triad, 11, 493Trieste, 109, 362Trinidad, 350Triple Entente, 156Tripoli, 331Tripoli Agreement, 397Trudeau, Pierre, 334Tsingtao, 122, 165, 515Tsingtao Brewery, 168Tsukumo Shokai, 117Tube Investments (TI), 296, 532Tung Chee Hwa, 448Tunisia, 94, 156, 394, 476

Turin, 136, 166, 252Turkey, 37, 110–11, 138, 174, 194,

224, 236, 271, 327, 329, 331, 372,386, 424, 456, 470, 485, 488, 495

Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC),147, 174–5, 224

TWA (Trans-World Airlines), 366Twain, M., 99Twentsche Overzee

Handelmaatschappij, 352tyres, 73, 135, 164, 166, 193–5, 217,

231, 240, 290, 300, 323, 329, 407

US Army, 367US Navy, 166Uberseebank, 458Ubicom, 495UBS, 248, 520, 527, 533Uganda, 96–7, 309, 352, 400, 456,

482Ugine-Kuhlmann, 324Ukraine, 188, 252, 475Ungarische Escompte und

Wechslerbank, 109Unicredito, 456, 457Unilever, 206, 208, 211, 235–6, 246,

292, 305, 311–13, 316, 348, 351,385, 483, 512–15, 523, 548, 554,571

Union Bank of Switzerland (UBS), 359,453

Union Carbide, 285, 287, 310Union des Assurances de Paris, 363Union Elektrizitats Gesellschaft, 131Union Financiere de Geneve, 126Union Indo-Chinoise, 73Union Miniere du Haut-Katanga

(UMHK), 220Union of South Africa, 102Union Steam Navigation Company, 68Union Trading Company, 82, 212Uniqlo, 461, 534United Africa Company (UAC), 211,

236, 348–9, 351, 385, 444United Alkali Company, 204United Arab Republic, 396United Brands, 403United East Indies Company (VOC),

36, 77






620 Index

United Engineering and FoundryCompany, 196

United Fruit Co., 89–93, 167, 218–20,222, 240, 255, 377, 390, 402–3,512, 530, 541, 546, 558–9

United Kingdom, 54–5, 68, 162–3,175, 186, 269–71, 273, 278, 280–1,283, 285, 306–7, 313–14, 316, 344,420–1, 424, 428, 430, 447, 450,452, 455, 460–1, 466–7, 473, 491,495, 516, 529, 546

United Nations, 264–5, 378, 414,431–2

United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD), 380,418, 423

United Overseas Bank Ltd, 457United States of America, 1, 3, 8, 12,

16–17, 20, 25–9, 34–8, 40–3, 45–8,50–5, 57, 59, 61, 64, 68–70, 73–5,79, 81–3, 85–93, 99, 102, 104–6,108–11, 113, 115, 118–20, 122–5,127–41, 143–5, 148, 151, 154–6,158–9, 161–74, 176–86, 188–97,199–210, 213–19, 221–6, 228–34,237–8, 240–51, 253, 255, 257–314,316–25, 327–40, 342–4, 346, 349,352–7, 359–70, 372, 374–6, 378–9,381, 384–94, 396–414, 417,419–22, 424–5, 427–30, 432,434–40, 444–5, 449–62, 465–7,470–5, 477, 480, 482–6, 488–91,494–8, 504–5, 507–9, 514, 516,519, 523, 527, 536, 539, 542–9,553–5, 559, 561, 563, 565–6,569–71

United Telephone Company, 124United Traders Ltd, 207University of Strathclyde, 112Unocal (Union Oil Company of

California), 336, 477Unternehmergeschaft, 125Urals, 195uranium, 309, 333, 400urbanization, 24, 43, 60, 151, 157,

338, 343Uriburu, J. F., 226Uruguay, 104, 107, 111, 124, 126,

225, 242, 247, 331, 405, 432, 435,549

Usinor steel, 266Utah, 480utilities, 29, 50–1, 55, 58, 60–1, 104,

109, 124, 126, 129, 151, 159, 212,214, 218, 256–7, 274, 290, 307,319, 333–4, 353, 379, 384, 392,400, 406–7, 409, 414, 431, 438–40,464, 503–4, 506

Uzbekistan, 476

VGF, 169, 205Vaccaro Brothers, 91Vale, 478–9, 536Valencia, 283Valletta, V., 189, 252, 330Valley Bank, 455Valley of Mexico, 124Valparaıso, 41, 85, 131Van Den Bergh, 78, 136, 173, 206Van Stolk, 58Van Zeeland, Paul, 312Vancouver, 70, 357, 569Vansittart, R., 234Vargas, President Getulio, 403, 408–9Vauxhall Motors, 181–3, 233, 249,

278–9, 281Vega Rumanische Petroleum

Raffinerie, 173Velasco Alvarado, President Juan,

403Venezuela, 88–9, 106, 120, 176, 226,

292, 362, 387–9, 401, 404, 406–7,435–6, 466, 468, 472, 474, 477,506, 519, 545, 548, 562

Veolia, 462, 534Vereinigte Elektrizitats und Bergwerks

Aktiengesellschaft (VEBA), 326Vereinigte Glanzstoff, 314Vereinigte Kugellagerfabriken, 210Versailles Treaty, 168, 170–1, 187–8VIAG, 467Vichy, 247, 252Vickers, 80, 176, 195, 249, 311, 383,

545, 568, 569Victor Company of Japan (JVC), 167Victor Talking Machine, 167Victoria, Australia, 126, 134, 184Victoria, Queen, 74, 97, 120Victoria Falls & Transvaal Power Co.

Ltd, 126, 383






Index 621

Victoria’s Secrets, 490Vietcong, 218Vietnam, 71, 73, 218, 276, 294, 323,

363, 371, 386, 411, 413, 474–5,489–90, 554

Villa, P., 177Villeroy & Boch, 326VimpelCom, 464Virginia, 134Vistula, river, 375vivo, 463Vizio, 489, 537Vladivostock, 116Vodafone, 462, 464, 534Volga, river, 374Volga Automobile Plant (AutoVAZ),

374–5Volkart Brothers, 58, 66, 348, 511,

526Volkswagen, 233–4, 278, 280, 302,

328–30, 386, 408, 483, 488, 525Volstead Act, 207Volta, river, 399Volta Aluminium Company Limited

(VALCO), 399–400Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs),

432Volvo, 210, 302, 318, 408von Boch, Luitwin, 326von Ranke, Leopold, 553

W. H. Muller & Co., 86W. R. Adamson & Company, 113Wahhabi sect, 241, 388Wales, 137Walkerville, 334Wall Street, 52, 159, 191, 201–2, 227,

248, 453, 505, 523, 529, 532–3Wall Street Crash, 52, 159, 191, 227,

248, 505Wallace Brothers, 40, 71, 73, 102,

139, 347, 349, 352, 383, 526Wal-Mart, 461, 534Walsh, Hall & Co., 113–14Walters, Pierce Oil Co, 145Wang, William, 489Wankie coalfield, 120War Department (USA), 167War Ministry, German, 166Warburg, S. G., 296, 357, 359, 453

Warburgs, 108Warsaw, 125, 181, 231, 375Warsaw Pact, 376Washington, DC, 92, 189, 215, 249,

260, 262, 264–5, 277, 294, 388–9,395, 398, 409, 518, 533–4

water, 60, 85, 123, 150, 186, 195,255, 308, 316, 323, 382, 392, 400,440–2, 462, 464, 466, 468–9, 476,481

Waterside Workers Federation, 167Watson Jr, T. J., 288Watson, T., 114, 234, 288Weetman Pearson, 148Wehrmacht, 233, 248, 252Weimar Republic, 187–8Weipa, 337Wells, H. G., 31Wells Fargo, 458Welwyn Garden City, 208West Africa, 164, 211, 213West African and Eastern Trade

Corporation, 164West Australian Petroleum (WAPET),

336West Indies, 100, 213Western Australia, 309, 336, 479Western Electric, 132–3, 200–2Western Front, 174Westinghouse, 131, 167–8, 176, 197,

199, 328wheat, 27, 61, 159, 354, 376, 444Wheatsheaf Investment, 365Wheeling Steel, 333Wheelock Marden, 350whiskey, 207, 211Wiener Bankverein, 109, 121Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 79, 96, 121, 175,

529Williams, E. E., 26Wills, W. D. & H. O., 134Wilson, W., 135, 145, 164, 173Wimbledon effect, 450Wimpey Bar, 366WIND Telcommunicazioni, 464Wing Tai Vo Corporation, 135Winnipeg, 365Winterthur Schweizerische

Versicherungs-Gesellschaft, 362Winthrop Laboratories, 171






622 Index

Winthrop Products, 247Wipro, 437–8, 494, 532Wirtschaftswunder, 278, 326Wolfsburg, 252, 329Wolseley Motors, 237Woolco, 461woollens, 48, 86, 115, 117Woolworths, 365Woosun, 121World Bank, 263–4, 276, 379, 391,

405, 411, 434, 436World Economic Conference, 192,

226, 228World Economic Forum (WEF), 433World Trade Organization, 10–11,

418–21, 431–5, 439, 484, 509World-Wide Shipping Group, 350Wuyuu Indians, 446

Xerox Corporation, 290, 522Xiamen, 83Xstrata, 480

Yacimientos Petrolıferos Fiscales(YPF), 225–6, 243, 465, 477, 519,536

Yacimientos Petrolıferos FiscalesBolivianos (YPFB), 226, 244, 404

Yalta, 374Yamani, Sheik Ahmed Zaki, 398Yamao, Yozo, 112Yamashita, General T., 251Yanai, Tadashi, 462Yang Ming, 448, 533Yangste delta, 68Yang-tze insurance, 110Yap Ah Loy, 72Yasuda Fire and Marine Insurance

Company, 364Yawata steel, 341Yemen, 447, 474Yokogawa Electric Works, 289Yokohama, 69, 107, 111, 113, 193,

237

Yokohama Cable Manufacturing, 193Yokohama Specie Bank, 106, 113,

115, 122Yom Kippur War of 1973, 387Youngstown Sheet and Tube, 333Yozo, Yamao, 112Yugo cars, 330Yugoslavia, 195, 253, 322, 324, 330,

370–1, 373, 376Yule, 66, 81, 532Yule, Andrew, 40, 66, 348Yule Catto, 348, 444Yunnan, 106, 480Yunnan Copper Group, 481Yuzovka, 58

zaibatsu, 112–13, 117, 193–4,198–200, 212, 237, 251, 338–9

Zambezi delta, 100Zambezi River, 100Zambia, 101, 120, 351, 379, 400, 481Zambia China Mulungushi Textiles

Company, 482Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines

(ZCCM), 400Zanzibar, 96–7Zaporizhia, 196Zara, 461, 534Zavodi Crvena Zastava, 330, 373, 529Zemurray, S., 91–2, 218–20Zeneca, 491, 537Zeppelin, 193Zhangzhou, 83Zimbabwe, 97, 101, 119, 460, 482zinc, 129, 222, 333, 356, 445, 478,

480Zinc Corporation, 337Zug, 346, 480Zurich, 103, 126, 450, 458, 528, 534Zurich Financial Services, 459, 534Zurich General Accident and Liability

Company Ltd, 111Zurich Versicherungs-Gesellschaft,

363, 528






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