814 Index

Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations.Preceding the page number, abbreviationsrefer to a map (m), chart (c), photograph orother picture (p), graph (g), cartoon (crt),painting (ptg). Quoted material is referencedwith the abbreviation (q) before the pagenumber.

AAbachi, Sani 713Abbas, Shah, 235Abbasid dynasty: establishment, 108; litera-

ture, 111; Seljuk Turks, rule by, 138Aborigines, 430Abraham, 37absolutism, 258, 268; end of, in England, 315;

in France, 431abstract expressionism, 660Abu’l-’Abbas, 108Achebe, Chinua, 744acid rain. See pollutionAcropolis, p58Act of Settlement, 319, 320Act of Supremacy. See Church of EnglandAct of Union, 316, 319, 427Adams, John, q324Adams, John Quincy, 498Adams, Samuel, 326Adenauer, Konrad, 654, 656Adowa, battle of, 483, 486Aegean Sea: ancient Greek trade, m59, 58, 60;

Constantinople at, 100; Persian Wars, m61Aeneid, 75Aeschylus, 62Affonso I, ruler of Kongo, 221Afghanistan: rule by Seleucus, 64; Silk Road,

86; Soviet invasion of, 647, 650–51Africa: agriculture, 17, 719–20; arts, 721; the

arts, 81; Axum Kingdom, m80, 79–80; Bantumigrations, 80–81; cave paintings, 22;Christianity, 79; cold war, 647; colonialism,704–705; colonialism, legacy of, 719; EastAfrica. See East Africa; economic develop-ment, 718–719; exploration, 210, 212, 483;food production, 720; foreign aid, 719–20;future challenges, 717–21; gold, 34, 154–55,158–59; human prehistory, 20, 21, 22, 25;imperialism, social effects, 575; indepen-dence, 704–705, 706; Internet, 637; Islam,154; Kingdom of Ghana, m158, 154–155;Kingdom of Mali, p154, m158, 155–57;Kingdom of Songhai, m158, 157–58; militaryrulers, 717–18; national borders, 718; nation-alism, 705; Nile River. See Nile River; NorthAfrica. See North Africa; Nubia, 80;Organization of African Unity (OAU), 718;Pan-Africanism, 718; population growth,720; post–World War II period, 803; regionaleconomic cooperatives, 720; regions of,78–79; religion, 81; religious heritage of,p156–57; socialism, 720; Southern Africa. See Southern Africa; West Africa. See WestAfrica. See also individual countries

African Americans: citizenship, 440; civilrights movement, 662–63, identity, 721; liter-ature, 549; music, 177

African National Congress (ANC), 702, 710,711, 715

Afrika Korps, 621Afrikaners, 487, 709–10Agincourt, Battle of, 149agriculture: ancient Greece, 59; Aztecs, 164;

in Byzantine Empire, 102; cash crops, 719; in

China, 49, 50, 87, 88, 124; collectivization, 566;development of, p16, p17, 16–17; Egyptian,31, 42; enclosure movement, 379; Mali,155–56; manorialism, 116, 118; MayanEmpire, 91; Mesopotamia, 35; Middle Ages,High, 144, 147; Muslim farms, 110; NativeAmericans, 89, 164; Nile river valley, 30; pre-Industrial Revolution, 378; slash-and-burnfarming, 52; subsistence farming, 243, 719

AIDS, 720, 775, 798airplanes, 387; in cold war, 640; first flight,

374; reconnaissance aircraft, 536; in WorldWar I, 524

Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 273Akbar, 237Akhenaton, Egyptian pharaoh, 31al-Razi, 110Alaska, 161, 500Albania, 515; communism, 641; post commu-

nist riots in, 784Albright, Madeleine, 775Alexander the Great, p64; death of, 64; Egypt,

conquest of, 64; empire, m65 , 63–64; goalsof, 64; India invaded by, 83; Persian Empire,conquest of, 63

Alexander I, czar, 352, 356, 358, 466–67Alexander II, czar, p466, 450, 467–68Alexander III, czar, 468–69, 533Alexander VI, pope, 184, 204Alexandra, empress, 468, 469, 532Alexandria, 64, 65Alfonso XIII, king of Spain, 603Alfred the Great, 120algebra, 85, 110Algeria, 484; in the 1990s, 711, French

imperialism, 473, 480, 481; independence,655–56, 702, 707; Islamic state, 711

“Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves,” 111Ali, Muhammad, 484Ali, son-in-law of Muhammad, 107Ali, Sunni, 157, 158All Quiet on the Western Front, 512Allah, 105, 106Allende, Salvador, 767Alliance for Progress, 754alliance systems: as a cause of World War I,

516, 519; defined, 516Allied Powers (World War I), 520–27alphabet: Cyrillic, 102–103, 104; defined, 36;

hangul (Korean), 126; Thai, 131Alsace-Lorraine, 515, 539Amazon River, 197Amen-hir-khopshef, 41America: agriculture, 17, 22; civilizations, 172,

174; early cities, 25; Mayans, p89, p90,p92–95, 90–91, 92–95; name derivation, 214;Native Americans, 51–52; Olmec, p52, 52, 89;Teotihuacános, 91; Toltec people, 91;Zapotec culture, 89. See also North America;South America

American Revolution: battles, m333; BostonMassacre, 324; Boston Tea Party, 326, 328;British view, 325; causes of, 321–26;Continental Congress, First, 326; ContinentalCongress, Second, 329; Declaration ofIndependence, 329–30; effects of, 331–32;events leading to, 321–26; French Revolution,influence on, 336, 338; Revolutionary War.See Revolutionary War; women, 328

American Tragedy, An, 414Amiens, Treaty of, 350, 352Amin, Idi, 714Amritsar Massacre, 577–78Anabaptists, 195

Analects, 50Anasazi. See PuebloAndean Pact, 754Andes Mountains, m165, p166Angkor Wat, 131, 252Anglican Church, 194, 196, 201Anglo-Boer War, 487Angola: civil war, 702; independence, 709;

Marxism and free enterprise, 715Anguissola, Sofonisba, 187Animal Farm, 634animism: in Southeast Asia, 130; in Thailand,

252; in Vietnam, 131Annan, Kofi, 717Anne, queen of England, 319, 320Anthony, Susan B., 441Anti-Comintern Pact, 604Anti-Corn Law League, 425anti-semitism: See Holocaust; Jews, Nazi

persecution, persecution in Russiaanti-slavery movement, 221Antigone, p67, 66–69ANZUS Treaty, 697, 698Apache, 163apartheid, 710. See also South Africaappeasement, 605Aquinaldo, Emilio, 495Aquinas, Thomas, 149Aquino: Benigno, Jr., 696; Corazon, p697,

696–97Arab League, 726, 738, 739Arab-Israeli conflict: in 1948, 726, 727;

intifada, 732; Six-Day War, 730–31; trends,738; Yom Kippur War, 731

Arabian Nights, The, 111Arabian Peninsula: East Africa, trade with,

158; Egypt, trade with, 31; Islam, m107, 107Arabic language, 106, 108, 109, 111Arabic numerals, 85, 110Arabs: Byzantine Empire, conflict with, m107,

103, 105; independence denied, 539, 727;invasions of, 105; Jews, relations with,574–75; as nomads, 105; North Africa, influ-ence on, 81; Nubian kingdoms, invaded by80; Ottoman Empire, influence on, 234;Persian Empire, conflict with, 105; unity,727, 739; in World War I, 537, 574. See alsoIslam

Arafat, Yasir, p731, 724, 731, 732, 733Aragon, Kingdom of, 152, 258archaeology, 22, 23; Copper Age, 29; first

cities, 24; Incas, 165; Indus River Valley, 44;Mesoamerican civilizations, 89; NativeAmericans, 161, 163; Nok figurines, 80;pyramids, 41; Ramses II tomb, 31–32, 40;Valley of the Kings, 40

Archimedes, 65architecture; in 1920s and 1930s, 551; Buddhist,

49; Byzantine Empire, 101; classicism, 304;French, 189; Gothic, p151, 149; Greek, p58, 58,61, 185; Hitler’s plans, 562; Islamic, p109;London, England, 317; Roman Empire, 73;Romanesque, 149

Argentina, 766–67; democracy, 590; dictator-ship, 754; fascism, 590–92; Incan Empire,166; independence, 445; women, 766–67

argument, identification, 586Aristide, Jean Bertrand, 760Aristophanes, 62Aristotle, 62, 63, 112, 149, 298Arizona: German promise to Mexico, 527;

U.S. acquisition of, 438Arizona (battleship), 619Arkwright, Richard, 381, 388

INDEX

Abachi — Arkwright

Armenia, 103; Nagorno–Karabakh, claim of,792; reforms and unrest, 779

Armenians: Byzantine Empire, influence of,100; mass killing by Ottomans, 538

arms race, 647, 649, 650, 661Armstrong, Louis, 549Armstrong, Neil, 659, 798Articles of Confederation, 330arts: 1920s, 548–51; 19th and 20th centuries,

411; African, 81; ancient Greece, p62, 62;Aztec, 165; Byzantine Empire, 102; Chinese,under Mongol rule, 141; Egyptian wallpainting, ptg34; icons, 102, 104, 152; Islamic,p108–109, p111, 111; Japanese, 130; MiddleAges, High, 149; neoclassical, 411; realism,412, 414; romanticism, 411–12; Socialist real-ism, 567; of Song dynasty, China, 125; Tangdynasty, China, p124, 124–25. See also indi-vidual countries, empires, etc.

Aryan civilization, 45–46; Hinduism influ-enced by, 46–47; Indus River valley, 83

Ashanti, 485Asia: agriculture, 17; civilizations, 170; human

prehistory, 21, 22, 24; imperialism, 489–95;postwar independence, m694, 109; super-power rivalry, 647. See also individual coun-tries; South Asia; Southeast Asia

Asoka, Mauryan king, 83, 84Assad, Hafez al-, 739Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 796Assyrian Empire: invasion of Egypt, 34; inva-

sion of Israel, 38astronomy, 300; 1600s, 292–93; calendars, 36;

Chinese, 88; Greek, 110; Gupta Empire, 85;Korean, p126; Mayan, 90, 92; model ofCopernican universe, p287; Muslimadvances in, 110; Roman Empire, 74; solarsystem, model, p301

Aswan High Dam, 727Atahualpa, Incan ruler, 217Atatürk, Kemal, 572–73Athens, 60, 63; Persian Wars, 61; rebuilding

of, 62Atlantic Charter, 607, 612Atlantis (space shuttle), 794, 797atomic bomb, 509; dropped on Japan, 626;

Soviet Union, 647atomic energy, 547; Chernobyl nuclear power

plant disaster, 635atomic theory, 402, 404Attlee, Clement, 626, 655attrition, war of, 522Augsburg, Germany, 222Augustine, q77, 77Augustus, p70, 72, 75Aung San Suu Kyi, p690, 690–91Aurelius, Marcus, 72Auschwitz, 616Australia, p493, 429–30; British imperialism,

481; foreign relations, 697–98; in GallipoliCampaign, 526; human prehistory, 22; immi-gration to, 406, 696, 697; industrialization,697; language, 430; mandates, 539; naturalresources, 696

Australopithecus, 20Austria, 271–72; Congress of Vienna involve-

ment, 356; Denmark, war against, 459; dualmonarchy, 472–73; in European Union, 789;France, war against, 340, 342, 343, 349, 352,353, 454; French Revolution, policy toward,342; German Confederation, 358, 457;German invasion, 604; Hungary, compromisewith, 472–73; immigration from, 441; indus-

trialization, 473; Italy, expulsion from, 454;Lombardy, loss of, 472; Lombardy andVenetia, control of, 452; monarchy, 271–72;Ottomans, defeat of, 271; Poland, absorption,175; Poland, relations with, 358; Prussia, waragainst, 459–60; reform, political, 432; inSeven Weeks War, 472; in Seven Years War,273, in War of the Spanish Succession, 269

Austria-Hungary: Archduke Ferdinand’sassassination, reaction to, 518; Bosnia-Herzegovina, annexation of, 515; breakupof, 539; in League of Three Emperors, 516;Russia, agreement with, 515; Serbia, waragainst, 517–518; World War I surrender, 537

autobiographies, 77, 216, 232, 266, 594–97,614, 640

automation, 659automobiles, 370, 547; influence on society,

550, 659; influence on suburbs, 408Avignon, France, 153Axis powers, 604Axum kingdom, m80, 79–80Ayutthaya kingdom, 131–32Azerbaijan: Nagorno-Karabakh, claim of,

792; reforms and unrest, 779Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 576Azores, 210, 212Aztec Empire: government, 165; growth of,

m165, 164–65; religion, 165; society, 165;Spanish conquest, 217; Tenochtitlán, 165;Toltecs, influence of, 91

BBabi Yar, 616Babur, 232, 237Babylon: Alexander the Great, 64; Chaldean

capital, 38; human prehistory, 16Babylonian Captivity, 153Babylonian Empire: calendar, 36; Chaldeans

descendants of, 38, 39; exile of Jews, 38Bach Johann Sebastian, p272, 305Bacon, Francis, 294, 302Baghdad, Iraq: Abbasid dynasty, 108–109,

138; bombing of, 736; Mongol invasion, 140Baghdad Pact, 729Bakewell, Robert, 379Bakunin, Michael, 468balance of power, 265, 356Balanchine, George, 551Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 215Balfour Declaration, 572, 574Balkan War, second, 474Balkans: ancient Greece, 58; Austrian occupa-

tion, 271; Byzantine Empire, 100; Russianinvasion, 474

Baltic Sea: Russian ports on, 275; sea trade,103

Balzac, Honoré de, 414Bangladesh, 695; in South Asia, 44banking, 222–23; development of, 147;

government-chartered banks, 223Bantu migrations, 80, 81Baptists, 195Barak, Ehud, 739Barbarossa, Frederick, Holy Roman emperor,

145baroque style, 199–200, 304; in music, 272Barrett, Hugh, q402barter system, 36, 147baseball, 634Basho, Matsuo, 248Basie, Count, 551Basque separatism, 788

Bastille, storming of, 334, 338–39Bastogne, Belgium, 625Batista, Fulgencio, 748, 758Battuta, Ibn, 157Baudelaire, Charles, q411Bauhaus school, 551Bavaria, 460; Mad Ludwig, 464Bay of Pigs invasion, 755, 758Beagle, HMS, 402Beauharnais, Josephine de, 349Beethoven, Ludwig von, 287, 356, 412Beggar, The, 416–19Begin, Menachem, 731Behanzin, West African ruler, 485Beijing, China, 142, 491, 677; as Cambaluc,

141; construction, 240Beirut, Lebanon, 734Beirmeister and Wain Steel Forge, ptg 384Belarus: in Commonwealth of Independence

States, 777, 791; of Slavic origins, 103Belgian Congo, 485, 708. See also CongoBelgium, 189; in Common Market, 657;

German invasion, 519, 609Bell, Alexander Graham, 371, 387Ben-Gurion, David, 727Benedictine Rule, 119Benin, p154, p156, m158Bentham, Jeremy, 400Berbers, 157Bering Strait, 51, 277Bering, Vitus, 277Berlin airlift, 638, 646Berlin, Germany, 562; division after World

War II, m669, 645–46; Krushchev demandsWestern withdrawal, 652; postwar divisionof, 626. See also West Berlin

Berlin Wall, 647, 652; fall of, p782–83, 635, 780,781–82; symbolism, 643

Bernard of Clairvaux, 145Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 200Bessemer, Henry, 374, 382Bhagavad Gita, 46Bharatiya Janata Party (India), 693Bhutto, Benazir Ali, 695Biafra, 575, 704, 708bias, detecting, 393Bible, book of Exodus, q37, 37, 41; books of,

38; conflict with evolution, 403; creationstory, 36; German translation, 193; illustrat-ed in Sistine Chapel, 187; interpretation byCatholic hierarchy, 198; King James Version,313; Latin Vulgate version, 198; NewTestament of, 76; source of truth andauthority, 153, 193

bibliographies: preparing, 737Bill of Rights, English, 340Bill of Rights, U.S., 330Bimbisara, Magadha king, 83biographies, examples of, 180, 191, 194, 210,

238, 258, 312, 398, 602, 755biology, 402–403; botany, cell theory, evolu-

tion, 402–403, genetics, 403Bismarck (battleship), 620Bismarck, Otto von, p457, q459, q460, 371,

458–65, 516; conflict with Church, 462–63;conflict with Socialists, 465; Franco-PrussianWar, 460; militarism, q458; resignation,crt465, 450; Seven Weeks War, 459

Black Death, p148, m169, 147Black Sea, 103Blackfoot, 163Blackshirts, 558Blair, Tony, 787

Index 815

INDEX

Armenia — Blair

816 Index

Blake, William, q305, 412blitz, 610–11blitzkrieg, 607Bloody Sunday, 470Blum, Léon, 556Boat People, 689Bocaccio, Giovanni, 181Boers, 219, 487; Anglo-Boer War, 487Bohemia, 473; Holy Roman Empire, 122;

Jesuit missionaries, 200Boleyn, Anne, 195–96, 312Bolívar, Simón, q442, q446, 445Bolivia: Inca Empire, 166; independence, 445Bolshevik Revolution, 512, 534–35Bolsheviks, 469, 533; Reds and Whites, 534Bonaparte, Joseph, 352Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon. See Napoleon IIIBonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon BonaparteBook of Changes, 87Book of Documents, 87Book of Songs, q87Borgia, Cesare, p204, 184Borneo, 691Bosnia-Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary:

annexation by, 474, 515; Dayton Treaty, 791;ethnic conflict, 784, 785, 790–91; indepen-dence, 784; partition, 791; peace agreement,785. See also Yugoslavia

Bosporus, 100Bossuet, Jacques, 267–68Boston Massacre, p324, 324Boston Tea Party, 326, 328Boulanger, Georges, 435Bourbon dynasty, 266, 431, 452bourgeoisie, 337, 401; as middle class, 147;

wealth of, p361Bouteflica, Abdelaziz, 712Boxers, 491Boyle, Robert, 296, 297Brahe, Tycho, 293Brahma, 46Brahmaputra River, 44Brahms, Johannes, 356Brandenburg-Prussia, 272Brandt, Willy, 656–57Brazil, 769; dictatorship, 592, 754; indepen-

dence, 442, 445–46; Jesuit missionaries, 200;natural resources, 442; Portuguese coloniza-tion, 216; wealth, distribution of, 752

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 532, 539Brezhnev Doctrine, 781Brezhnev, Leonid, 650Britain, Battle of, 609–11British Columbia, Canada, 429British Empire. See Great BritainBritish Guiana, 498British West Indies: U.S. military bases, 611Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,

Kansas, 663Brownshirts, 560Brueghel, Pieter, 190Brunelleschi, Filippo, p184, 180, 185Bryan, William Jennings, 550bubonic plague, p148, 258, 318Buddhism, in Cambodia, 131; in China, m55,

49, 51, 124, 125, 141; in India, 48–49, 84; inJapan, 49, 128, 130; in Korea, 49, 126; inMyanmar, 131; principles of, 49; inSoutheast Asia, 130, 132; spread of, m55, 49;in Sri Lanka, 695; temple, p132; in Thailand,131; in Vietnam, 131

Buenos Aires, Argentina, p752; population,752

Bulgaria: in Balkan League, 474; communism,

end of, 781, 784; division, 474; loss of territory, 539; losses in Balkan War, 474;nationalism, 473

Bulge, Battle of the, 624, 625Buganda, myths of, 505Buonarroti, Michelangelo. See Michelangelobuoyance, principle of, 65Burgundy, France, 150Burma; Ayutthaya, conflict with, 250; British

imperialism, 495; Japanese capture of, 623;Thailand, conflict with, 252–53. See alsoMyanmar

Burundi, 714, 792Bush administration, 775; Soviet Union,

relations with, 775Bush, George, 736, 764, 774business; business cycles, 385; Commercial

Revolution, 222–26; corporations, 385;export goods, 225; goals of, 224; partner-ships, 385; stockholders, 385

Byron, Lord, q407, 407, 412Byzantine Empire: Arabs, attacked by, m107,

103, 105; art, p102, 101, 102; Christianity,p102, p103, 102–103, 108; church and state,101; Crusades, contact with, 146; culture,100, 101–102; daily life, 102; decline and fallof, 103; diverse population of, 100; forma-tion of, 100; Justinian’s rule, m101, 101;Ottoman conquest, 232; Ottoman Empire,influence on, 234; Persian Empire, attack by,101, 106–7; Renaissance, influence on, 180;Roman Empire, influence of, 100; Russia,influence on, 274; Seljuk Turks, conflict with,139, 145; trade, 102

Byzantium. See Constantinople

CCabot, John, 220Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 216Caesar, Augustus. See AugustusCaesar, Julius, 36, 72Cahokia, 163–64Cairo, Egypt, 33; population, 739Calais, France, 150, 262calendars: ancient, 36; development of, 17, 24;

Egyptian, 32; French Revolution, 344;Gregorian, 36; Julian, 72; lunar, 36; Mayan,90; Olmec, 52; Sumerian, 35

California: Native Americans in, m163, 162;U.S. acquisition, 436

California (battleship), 619caliphate, 107calligraphy, p123, 111, 126, 128Calvin, John, 194Calvinism, 194–95, 314; in Germany, 270–271;

influence of revolution, 195Cambaluc. See BeijingCambodia: bombing of, 662, 688; cold war,

688; democracy, 685; French imperialism,495; genocide in, 688, Khmer people of, 131;Khmer Rouge, 688; Vietnam, invasion by, 688

Cambridge University, 294Camp David Accords, 731Canada, 428–29, 658; 100th anniversary, 658;

Constitutional Act of 1791, 428; Dominionof, 428, 429; economy, 665; French explo-ration, 220; Great Britain, acquisition by, 320,323, 428; language, 666; multiculturalism,666; national identity, 665; Native Americans,429; Nunavut, 793; Pacific northwest NativeAmericans, m163, 161; post-World War IIdevelopment, 665–66; Quebec separatism,666, 793; role in world affairs, 665; self gov-

ernment, 429; United States, relations with,665; Upper and Lower Canada, 428

Candide, 302Canon of Medicine, 111Canterbury Tales, The, 149Cape of Good Hope, 212, 219, 487Cape Town, South Africa, 487Cape Verde Islands, 212Capetian dynasty, 122capital punishment, 348capitalism: commercial, 222–25; ideas about,

398–400; industrial, 384–87 card catalog, computerized, 227Cárdenas, Lázaro, 587, 588–89Caribbean: music, 177; resistance to slavery,

221; superpower rivalry, 647Carlsbad Decrees, 356, 359Carmichael, Joel, 532Carpathian Mountains, 140Carranza, Venustiano, 501Carter, Jimmy, 664, 731Carthage, 71Cartier, Jacques, 220cartograms, 447cartography, 212cartoons, political, 563Cartwright, Edmund, 379, 381Casablanca, Morocco, 622cash-and-carry policy, 611–12Caspian Sea, 103Castiglione, Baldassare, 181Castile, Kingdom of, 152, 259Castlereagh, Lord Robert, 356castles, p117, p118, 116Castro, Fidel, p755, q758; Batista, overthrow

of, 748Çatal Hüyük, Turkey, 23Catherine of Aragon, 195–96Catherine the Great, q278, 256, 274, 278,

303–304Catholic Reformation, 198–201; doctrine, 199;

effects of, 199–201Caucasus Mountains, 103, 232Cavaliers, 315cave paintings, 22Cavour, Camillo di, 453–55, 456Cayuga, 164Ceausescu, Nicolae, 782cell theory, 402Cellini, Benvenuto, 181Celts, 120Central Africa: Great Zimbabwe, m158, 159;

region of, 78; territorial divisions, 159–60Central America: modern era, 761–64. See also

specific countriesCentral American Common Market, 754Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 758Central Powers, 520Cervantes, Miguel de, 260Cetywayo, king of the Zulu, 487Ceylon. See Sri LankaCézanne, Paul, q415Chaldean Empire, 38Chamberlain, Neville: appeasement of

Germany, 605; resignation, 608Chamorro, Violeta, 762Champlain, Samuel de, 216, 220Chandragupta I, 84Chandragupta II, 84Chandragupta Maurya, 83–84Chang Jiang River, 17, 124Changamire dynasty, 159–60Changan, China, 123, 124, 128, 240chansons de geste, 116

INDEX

Blake — chansons de geste

Chaplin, Charlie, 509, 551Charlemagne, 114, 116, 120, 122, 351Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, 453Charles the Great, See CharlemagneCharles I, king of England, 312; execution,

310, 315; relations with Parliament, 313–15Charles II, king of England, 286, 297, 315–18;

relations with Parliament, 317–18Charles II, king of Spain, 260, 269Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 195, 201,

258Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor, 271Charles VII, king of France, 150Charles X, king of France, 431–32, 484Chartists, 425Chaucer, Geoffrey, 149Chavez, Hugo, 768Chechnya, p792, 779, 792checks, development, 223Cheka, 535Chekhov, Anton, p416chemistry, 296; Islamic advances, 110Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster, 635Chiang Kai-shek, 580–81, 582, 681; Japan,

defeat of, 603; Taiwan, relocation, 677Chicago, Illinois, 396child labor, 408; in industry, 390–91; mining

coal, p399, 378; wool industry, 378children, 181, 322, 389, 390–91, 399, 560, 610,

720, 751Chile, 767–68; Allende overthrow, 768; dicta-

torship, 754; independence, 445China, m491, m599, 238–43; agriculture, 17, 22,

239, 242; art, p240–41, becomes republic, 478;Boxer Uprising, 491; Buddhism in, m55, 49,51, 124, 125, 141; calligraphy, p123, 111;Christianity, 124, 141, 243; civil serviceexams, 85, 87, 98, 123–24, 238; communes,678; communism, 581–82, 647, 677–81;Confucianism, 50–51; Cultural Revolution,p679, 678; Daoism, m55, 51, 125; economy,87; ethnic groups, 680–81; European contact,243; family life, 87; Five-Year Plan, 678; GreatLeap Forward, 678; Han dynasty, 85, 87–88,123; human rights in, 677–81; imperialism in,490–92; inventions, 88; Islam in, m107, 107,124, 141; Japan, influenced by, 126–28;Japanese invasion, 603; Jesuit missionaries,200; in Korean War, 683; literature, 87–88;Long March, 582; Mao Zedong era, 677–79;Ming dynasty, 238–41; Mongol rule, 140–41;population, 238, 242; prodemocracy move-ment, p680, 677, 679–81; Qin dynasty, 85;Qing dynasty, 241–43; Rebellion of 1911,491–92; Red Guards, 678; Roman Empire,trade with, 73; satellite television, censor-ship, 637; science and technology, 88; Shangdynasty, m45, 49–50; society, 87; Songdynasty, m125, 98, 125, 131; Soviet Union,relations with, 678–79; Sui dynasty, 123; Tang dynasty, p124, m125, 123–124, 131;Tiananmen Square Massacre, 679–80; trade,124; UN Security Council, 640; United States,relations with, 681; Vietminh, support for,685; Vietnam, control of, 131; Yuan dynasty,p142, 141–43; Zhou Dynasty, 50

China, Republic of. See Taiwanchinampas, 164Chirac, Jacques, 787chivalry, code of, 116chloroform, 404chocolate, 164Chopin, Frédéric, 412choreographer, 551

Choson kingdom, Korea, 126Chretien, Jean, 793Christ. See JesusChristian Democrats (Italy), 788Christian IX, king of Denmark, 458Christianity: c76; in Armenia, 103; art, p76;

Axum Kingdom, p79; 79; Byzantine Empire,p102, p103, 102–103, 108; Charlemagne, 114,116; in China, 124, 141, 243; early church, 77;in Egypt, 79, 80; in Europe, 113–14;Evangelical reformers, 399–400; FrankishEmpire, 113, 114; French Revolution, policyof, 346; in Georgia, 103; intent to blockIslam, 210; in Japan, 246–47; Jesus, 76;Middle Ages, p119, 116, 118–20; missionaries,76, 482; motivation for exploration, 210;Native Americans, conversion of, 217–18,220; Nazi attacks on, 561; origins, 36, 76;Roman Empire, policy towards, 76–77; ofSlavs, 104; spread of, m97, 76, 102–103; Seealso Crusades

Chulalongkorn, king of Thailand, 250, 253Chumash, 162Church of England, 196; reaction against, 306;

reform movement, 313; in Scotland, 314; St.Paul’s Cathedral, p317, 317

Churchill, Winston: appeal to U.S. for aid,611–12; blood, toil, tears, and sweat speech,q610; prime minister, 609, 655; Dunkirkevacuation, q609; iron curtain speech, q642;RAF pilots, q611; in World War I, q525

Ci Xi, empress of China, 491Cicero, 75Çiller, Tansu, 741circumnavigation, 215cities: Chinese, 50; development of, 16, 24, 25;

fine arts, 408; Greek city-states, 59–60;Harappan, 45; Hellenistic culture in, 65;industrial cities, 381; leisure in, 408; duringMiddle Ages, High, 147; Muslim, 110; politi-cal representation 425; services, 408.

citizenship, 288, 330–31, 340–41city-states: democracy in, 59–60; of East

Africa, 158–59; European towns, 147; Greek,59–60, 63, 64; in Italy, 181–82; Kievan Rus,104; Mayan Empire, 90; North African, 71;Peloponnesian war, 61; Sumerian, 35

Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 341, 351civil disobedience, 578civil rights movement, 662–63civil service: in China, 85, 87, 98, 123–24, 125;

in Korea, 126; reform in Britian, 426; ofUmayyad dynasty, 108

Civil War, U.S., 422, 437, 439–40clans: Japanese, 127, 128; Mongols, 139;

Native Americans, 164; of steppe, 138Clarendon Code, 317Clark, Joshua Reuben, 592classical style, 61; in Renaissance, 180classicism, 304–305Clausewitz, Carl von, 350Cleisthenes, 60Clemenceau, Georges, 539Cleopatra, 64Clinton administration, 775; Bosnia-

Herzegovina, policy toward, 791Clinton, Bill, 775Clive, Robert, 489Clouds, The, 62Clovis, Frankish king, m114, m167, 113coal: in Great Britain, 380; replacement by

electricity, 387coal mining, p399, 378; in Germany, 463;

strike in Britain, 555; working conditions,

q374, 390Cobden, Richard, q422Code of Hammurabi. See Hammurabi’s CodeColbert, Jean-Baptiste, 268cold war, 634–36; Cuba, 758; detente, 650;

end of, 772; Latin America, influence on,754; thaw, 649

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 412collective farms, 566collective security, 510, 602, 788Collor de Mello, Fernando, 769Colombia, 768; independence, 445; Panama,

loss of, 500colonialism. See individual countries, regions,

etc.colonies: 19th century, 480; defined, 251, 482;

immigration to, 226, 481; purpose in mer-cantilism, 224–25

Colorado: U.S. acquisition, 438; women’svote, 441

Columbian Exchange, 225–26Columbus, Christopher, ptq214, q214, 213;

reaches America, 208Combination Acts, 388, 392COMECON, 645. See also Council for Mutual

Economic AssistanceComintern, 565, 567Commercial Revolution, 222–26Committee of Public Safety, 343, 345, 346Common Market, 638, 657, 789Common Sense, 329Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),

777; ethnic conflict, 791–92; formed, 774; freeenterprise, 779

Commonwealth of Nations, 555, 654; SouthAfrican participation, 710

Commune of Paris, 431, 434communes, 181, 678communications, 385, 387, 636–37, 794; com-

puter-linked, 797; hot line, 650; roads, 38communism, 401; anticommunist resistance,

566; anticommunist sentiment in U.S.,659–60; in China, 581–82, 679–81; contain-ment, 642, 660; containment, in Vietnam,661–662; domino theory, 686; in EasternEurope, 641–42; end of, in Eastern Europe,781–82; end of, in Soviet Union, 777, 778;established in Russia, 532–35; origins of,400–401; in Italy, 788; in Laos, 690; in LatinAmerica, 753; Nazi policy toward, 561; inNorth Korea, 683; poster, p567; private busi-nesses under, 564; Truman Doctrine, 642,644; war communism, 564

Communist Manifesto, The, 371, 401computer technology activities, 227, 249, 307,

410, 496, 699, 765computers, 659, 797; revolution begins, 635, 797Comte, Auguste, 404concentration camps, 562, 614, 615–17Concert of Europe, 359Condition of the Working Class in England,

The, 400Condor Legion, 604Confederate States of America, 439Confessions, 77Confucianism: development of, 50–51; family

life, 87; government principles, 50–51; inKorea, 126; in Ming dynasty, 239; underMongol rule, 141; nature and, q51

Confucius, 50–51Congo: Belgian imperialism, 486; Democratic

Republic of the, 713; independence, 708. Seealso Belgian Congo

Congo River, 485

Index 817

INDEX

Chaplin — Congo River

818 Index

Congress of Berlin, 471, 474Congress of Paris, 454Congress of Vienna, p358, 356–58, 431, 450, 457conquistadors, 217Conrad III, Holy Roman emperor, 145conscription, 345, 516. See also Selective

Service SystemConstance, Germany, 153Constantine, Roman emperor, 76–77; estab-

lishes Constantinople, 100Constantine VII, Byzantine emperor, q102Constantinople: Crusades, 145; establish-

ment, 100; European soldier conquest, 103;Ottoman capital, 152, 232; trading center,102. See also Istanbul, Turkey

constitution, in France, 341–42, 344. See alsoConstitution of the United States

Constitution of the United States, 328,330–31; amendments, 441; Bill of Rights,330; influence on French Revolution, 340

constitutional monarchy, 317, 424; in Brazil,446; in Italy, 456

Consul, French, 350, 351containment, 642, 660; in Vietnam, 662Continental Congress, First, 321, 326Continental Congress, Second, 329Contras, p761, 762convoy system, 536Cook, James, 430Coolidge, Calvin, q547Cooperation of the Central Treaty

Organization (CENTO), 660Copernicus, Nicolaus, 290, 292–93copper, 25, 28–29, 160, 162, 164Coral Sea, Battle of the, 623Córdoba, Spain, 112corn, 17, 405–406Corneille, Pierre, 305corporations, 224, 385Corpus of Civil Law, 101Cortés, Hernán, 208, 217, 286Costa Rica, 444cotton gin, p382, 370Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

(COMECON), 645Council of Trent, 178, 198, 199Counter-Reformation. See Catholic

ReformationCourbet, Gustave, q412, 414Crécy, Battle of, 149creoles, 443, 446Crimean War, 433, 473; Russian defeat, 467;

Sardinia, 454critical thinking: argument, 586; detecting

bias, 393; evidence, 197; synthesizing infor-mation, 613; stereotypes, 279

Critique of Pure Reason, 306Cro-Magnons, 22Croatia, 790–91; independence, 784Crompton, Samuel, 381Cromwell, Oliver, p312, 315; dissolution of

Parliament, 312Cromwell, Richard, 315Crow, Native Americans, 163Crusades, p144, m146; Europe, effects on, 146;

first, 144–45; second, 145; third, 145Cuba, 498, 758–60; architecture, p759; Bay of

Pigs invasion, 758, 760; missile crisis, 634,650, 760; discovery, 214; after communism,760; reforms under Castro, 758, 760;Sandinistas, support for, 762; Soviet Union,relations with, 758; U.S., relations with, 760

Cuban missile crisis, m758, 634, 650, 760cubism, 549

cultural diffusion, 25, 31, 110, 124, 188, 225–26Cultural Revolution, 670, 678culture: African, 81; beginnings of, 21; diffu-

sion, 188, 225–26; global, 798; Harappan civi-lization, 44–45; of Neanderthals, 22; popular,1920s and 1930s, 551; Roman Empire, 74–75;Roman Republic, 71

cuneiform, 35Curie, Marie and Pierre, 402, 404Cuzco, m165, 165Cynicism, 65Cyprus, 789; acquisition by Britain, 474czar, derivation, 152Czech Republic, 635; formation, 783Czechoslovakia: communism, 646–47, 652–53;

communism, end of, 781; division aftercommunism, 635, 783; established, m764;ethnic groups, 605; German invasion, 605;Soviet invasion, 648, 653

Czechs, revolt against Hapsburgs, 270

DD-Day, 600, 624da Gama, Vasco, 212, 213, 214, 216da Vinci, Leonardo, q186, ptg183, 187, 188Dachau, 615Dada, 549Dagestan, 792Daguerre, Louis, 434Daimler, Gottlieb, 387daimyos, 129, 244; clans, m255; duties in

Tokugawa shogunate, 245Daladier, Édouard, 605Dalai Lama, 681, 798Dali, Salvador, 549Dalton, John, 402, 404Damascus, Syria: Muslim capital, 107–108;

trading center, 110dance: ballroom dancing, 551; 1920s, 549, 551Dante Alighieri, 149Danton, Georges-Jacques, q343, q345, 344, 347Danube River, 459Dao De Jing, 51Daoism, m55, 51, 125, 131, 141Dardanelles, 100, 515Dark Ages. See Middle AgesDarlan, François, 621–22Darrow, Clarence, 550Darwin, Charles, 402–403Das Kapital, 398Datus, 251Daumier, Honoré, 414David, Israelite king, 37David (statue), p182, 187David, Jacques-Louis, ptg349, ptg351, 305Dawes, William, 328Dayton Treaty, 791de Gaulle, Charles, 609, 622, 655–56; Algeria,

654, 707; Fifth Republic, 654; Vietnam, q686de Klerk, F. W., 715de la Vega, Joseph, q225de Montaigne, Michel, q189de Tocqueville, Alexis, q348De Valera, Eamon, 555de-Stalinization, 648–49Deak, Francis, 472Death in the Sanchez Family, A, 751Decembrist Revolt, 466, 467Declaration of Independence, 288, 310,

329–31; French Revolution, influence on,340; John Locke, influence of, 299

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of theCitizen, 340

Declaratory Act of 1766, 324Degas, Edward, q413Delacroix, Eugène, 412Delhi, India, 235; conquest by Babur, 237;

conquest by Timur Lenk, 143democracy: African trend, 717; development

of, 329–31, 340–41, 424-27, 672; Greek city-states, 59–60; Latin American trend, 753–54;post cold war advances in, 781–83; inUnited States, 438, 441

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. SeeNorth Korea

Democratic Republic of the Congo, 798Democratic Republic of Vietnam. See

VietnamDemocratic Revolutionary Party (Mexico),

758democratic socialism, 401Deng Xiaoping, 679, 680Denmark: German invasion, 607–08;

Germany, war against, 458–59; Hapsburgs,war against, 270; Virgin Islands, sale of, 500

depressions (economic), 552, 553–55, 556, 561Descartes, René, 294Descent of Man, The, 403Desert Fox. See Rommel, Erwind’Estaing, Valéry Giscard, 656d’Este, Isabella, 178Destruction of the Old Order, The, ptg571Devil’s Island, 435dharma, 45Diaghilev, Sergey, 551Dias, Bartholomeu, 210, 212Díaz, Porfirio, 501Dickens, Charles, q377, 414dictatorship, 350; in Latin America, 446dictatorship of the proletariat, 565Diderot, Denis, q301, 290, 306Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam, 685Diesel, Rudolf, 387Diet at Worms. See WormsDiponegoro, prince of Java, 494Directory (French Revolution), 343, 347, 349,

350, 355Discourse on Method, 294discrimination, racial, 662–63disease: Black Death (bubonic plague), p148,

m169, 147, 258, 318; during Middle Ages,147

Disraeli, Benjamin, crt425, 425–26diversified economies, 795Divine Comedy, 149divine right, 258, 312division of labor, 390DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 797–98Dnieper River, m104, 103domestic system, 376, 378Dominicans, order of friars, 120Dominican Republic, 760; discovery, 214; U.S.

intervention, 592domino theory, 686Don Quixote, 260Donatello, 185Dorsey, Tommy, 551Dos Passos, John, 549Drake, Francis, 220Dreiser, Theodore, q396, 414Dreyfus affair, 431, 435drug smuggling, 756, 764, 768Dryden, John, 305Dubcek, Alexander, 653Duce, Il, 558. See also Mussolini, Benito“Dulce et Decorum Est,” 523Dumas, Alexandre, 412

INDEX

Congress of Berlin — Dumas

Duncan, Isadora, 549Dunkirk, evacuation, 609Duo Fu, 125Dürer, Albrecht, 190Durham, Lord, 429Dutch East India Company, 218, 223Dutch East Indies, 494, 617Dutch West India Company, 219Duvalier, François, 760Dvorák, Antonín, 412

EE-mail. See electronic mailEarth Summit, 794, 796East Africa: in the 1990s, 714; Bantu migra-

tions, 80; British imperialism, 486; coastalcity-states, 158–59; culture, 159; early cities,24; Egypt, trade with, 31; first humanlikecreatures, 20; German imperialism, 486;independence, 708-9; Islam 158, 159; Italianimperialism, 486; Marxism, 714; region of,78; Roman empire, trade with, 73

East Germany: communism, 651–52; commu-nism, end of, 781; formation, 646; migrationfrom, 651–52

East India Company, 220, 326, 489–90East Indies. See Dutch East IndiesEast Timor, 691Easter Uprising (1916), 555Eastern Europe: communism, end of, 780,

781–82; democracy, 784; ethnic tensions, 784;free enterprise transition, 783–84; leader-ship, 782–83; nationalism, 784

Eastern Orthodox Church: establishment of,77, 101; in Kiev Rus, 104; in Russia, 277;Russia, influence on, 274; Slavs, 102–103. Seealso Russian Orthodox Church

Eastern Slavs. See Eastern Orthodox ChurchEastern Woodlands, Native Americans in,

m163, 163–64Eastman, George, 434Economic Community of West African States

(ECOWAS), 718, 720economics: competition, 399; economic

nationalism, 588–89; hyperinflation, 767;Marxist stages, 401; standard of living, 755;theory, 398–99, 400–401

economy: capital, 380; depressions, defined,385; diversified economies, 795; global, 796;gross domestic product, 674; investment,380; market economies, 399; one-producteconomies, 719; regional economic markets,796

Ecuador: Incan Empire, 166; independence,445; Peru, war against, 754

Eden, Anthony, 655Edict of Milan. See ConstantineEdict of Nantes, 266, 267; repeal, 269Edison, Thomas, 387Edo, Japan. See Tokyo, Japaneducation: advances in 19th century, 408–409;

ancient Egypt, 32; universities, p356, 148,294, 662; for women, 409. See also individualcountries

Edward I, king of England, 121–22Edward IV, king of England, 152Edward VI, king of England, 196, 262Egypt: in Arab League, 726; British imperial-

ism, 484, 575; Byzantine Empire, 100;Christianity, 79, 80; Fatimid dynasty, 109;Gaza Strip, annexation of, 727; indepen-dence, 572, 575, 726; Israel, relations with,731, 738; Nasser era, 727–29; Ptolemy, 64;

Soviet Union, relations with, 728; Syria, sup-port for , 730

Egypt, ancient: Alexander the Great, 64;Assyrian invasion, 34; daily life, 32, 42;decline and recovery, 31–32; empire, 31;Great Pyramid, 18; hieroglyphic writing, 32; Israelites in, 37, 41; kingdoms of, m31,30–31; Kushite invasion of, 34; monarchy,30-31; National Geographic special report,p40–43, 40–43; Persian Empire, conquest by,39; religion, 32; scientific achievements, 32,34; trade, 36, 80

Eightfold Path, 49Einstein, Albert, 404, 547; flight from Nazism,

562Eire. See Irish Free StateEisenhower administration, desegregation,

policy toward, 663Eisenhower, Dwight D., 621, 624, 729; with

Krushchev, p649; Vietnam, policy toward,661

El Alamein, Battle of, 621El Salvador, 763; establishment, 444Elba, 353electronic mail, 410, 797Eliot, George, 414Eliot, T.S., 508, 548Elizabeth, empress of Russia, 273Elizabeth I, queen of England, p224, p261,

262–65; Anglicanism established, 194; ascen-sion to the throne, 196; attitude toward pira-cy, 222; coronation, 261; domestic policy,264; East Indian Company chartered, 220;foreign policy, 264–65; marriage, q263;Parliament, relations with, 312

Elizabeth II, queen of Great Britain, 655Ellington, Duke, 551emancipation: Russian serfs, 467; United

States ends slavery, 440Émile, 305Encyclopédie, 290, 301Engels, Friedrich, 400–401England: American colonies. See English

colonies; Anglicanism, 196; Anglo-Saxons,120–21; Battle of Hastings, 121; Benedictinemissionaries in, 119; Bill of Rights, 318–19Catholicism under Mary I, 262; Church ofEngland, 196, 313; civil war, 297, 310 314–315;colonies, 219, 220, 226; commerce, growth of,224; Cromwell, 315; Dutch, conflict withinAsia, 219; Elizabethan period, 262–65; explo-ration by, m217; France, relations with, 265;France, war against 122, 313; Hundred Years’War, 149–50; immigration to North America,313, 314; monarchy, m121, 120–21, 150, 152,261–65, 314; naval power, 264–65;Netherlands, relations with, 265; politicalparties, 318; Puritans, 313, 314; Renaissance,188; Restoration, 310, 316–17; social structure,264; in Southeast Asia, 251; Spain, relationswith, 265; Spain, war against, 259, 313; stockexchanges, 224; Stonehenge, m32; support forDutch against Spain, 259; in Thailand,252–53; Viking invasion of, m115, 115; War ofthe Roses, 150, 152; in War of the SpanishSuccession, 269. See also Great Britain

English colonies, 321–26; colonial assemblies,322, 326; colonial assemblies and governors,322–23; Great Britain, trade with, 321–22,326; taxation, protests against, 324–26; settle-ment, restrictions on, 321, 324

English language: Australian version, 430;Elizabethan period, 263

English Civil War, 312–20; causes of, 312–14;

effects of, 332enlightened despots, 303Enlightenment, 300–306, 340; American

Revolution, influence on, 329; end, 306; lib-eralism, support of, 358; Napoleonic Code,influence on, 351; reaction against, 305–306;social reform, influence on, 302–303

enslaved persons: ancient Greece, 59, 60;Aztec, 165; Byzantine Empire, 102; byMongols, 141; population, 221; revolt inSaint Domingue, 342; Roman Republic, 72;vs. serfs, 118; of Songhi Empire, 158. See alsoslave trade; slavery

Entente Cordiale, 516entrepreneurs, 224, 380; social status, 225environment: awareness of, 796; damage in

Persian Gulf War, 736; protection, 795–96epic literature, 46, 58, 75, 149Epicurus, 65equality, 288, 299, 321, 329, 340–41, 351Equator, 53Equiano, Olaudah, q176eras, historical, 180, 191, 210, 232, 258, 292,

300, 376, 398, 480, 514, 602, 640, 790Erasmus, Desiderius, q190, 188, 189–90Eratosthenes, 65Eriksson, Leif, m135Eritrea, independence, 711, 714essay, personal, 189Essay on the Principle of Population, An, 399Estates-General, 122, 338, 355Estonia, 776; established, 539; in Nazi-Soviet

Nonaggression Pact, 606; Soviet bases, 607Estrada, Joseph, 697Ethiopia: in the 1990s, 714; formerly Axum,

79; Italian imperialism, 483, 486, 603ethnic cleansing, 790Etruscans, 70Euclid, 65Eugenius IV, pope, 145Euphrates River, 31, 740. See also Tigris and

Euphrates RiversEuripides, 62euro (currency), p786, 789Europe: 1789, m365; Common Market, 638,

789; Crusades, effect of, 146; Crusades, First-Fourth, p144, m146, 144–45; cultural diffu-sion, 225; economic growth, 147; economicunity, 656; European Union, 789; humanprehistory, 21, 22; Islam in, m107, 107;knowledge of the world, m211; life expectan-cy, 405; Marshall Plan, 644–45; Peace ofWestphalia, m271; political alignment afterNapoleon, m357, 356–59; population, 222,225; religions, m200; social structure, 147,225–26; unification, m789, 789; World War I,influences of, 540. See also individual coun-tries; Middle Ages; World War II

European Community. See Common MarketEuropean Union, 772, 789; treaty on, 789Evangelicals: reformers, 399evidence identification, 197evolution, 402–403existentialism, 798Exodus, book of, q37, 41Exploration, Age of, 210–20; motivations for,

210. See also individual countriesextraterritoriality, 491Eyck, Jan and Hubert van, 190Ezana, Axum king, 79

FFabian Society, 426

Index 819

INDEX

Duncan — Fabian Society

820 Index

Falkland Islands, 766, 767family: China, 87; Confucianism, 50; ethics,

50; Han dynasty, 87; impact of industry on,388–92, 405–407, 752; middle class, 388–89;Muslim, 109–10; pioneers, 437; RomanEmpire, 74; Roman Republic, 71; SouthAfrican, 81; technology and, 547

Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front(FMLN), 763

Faraday, Michael, 387Farouk, king of Egypt, 727fascism: in Argentina, 590, 592; in France, 556;

in Italy, 557–59; in Spain, 603–604Fatimid dynasty, 109Faust, 412federal system, 330Ferdinand, king of Spain: Columbus, instruc-

tions to, 210, 213, 214; Spain, unification of,259

Ferdinand, Francis, archduke, 517–18Ferdinand II, 455Fermi, Enrico, 509Fertile Crescent, m35; 34–35; Hammurabi’s

Code, 35; Sumerian city-states, 35; trade, 36feudalism: castles, p117, p118, 116;

Christianity, p119, 116, 118–20; decline of,150; nobility, 116; peasant life, p118, 116, 118,social structure, 115–16; warfare, 116

Fiji, 698Finland, 540; in European Union, 789; in

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 606; SovietUnion, resistance of, 607

First World War. See World War IFitzgerald, F. Scott, 548Five Classics, q87, 87Five-Year Plans, 566Flanders, 147, 536Flaubert, Gustave, 414Fleming, Alexander, 509Florence, Italy, 183–84, 222Florida: Native Americans, 216; U.S. acquisi-

tion of, 436flying shuttle, 381Foch, Ferdinand, 537Fontana, Lavinia, 187food: from America, 226; developments in

19th and 20th centuries, 405–406For Whom the Bell Tolls, 604Forbidden City, p239, p489, 240–41, 489Ford, Gerald R., 664Ford, Henry, q385Four Modernizations, 679Four Noble Truths, q49, 49Fourteen Points, 536, 538frame of reference, 420France: in the 1400s, m167; Algeria, policy

toward, 655–56; Austria, war against, 340,342, 349, 352, 353, 354, 454; Battle of Tours,m114, 107, 114; Bismark’s relations with, 460;Cambodia, colonization of, 495; Canada,loss of, 320, 323; Catholicism, 198; civil war,345, 434; class system 336–37; colonies,219–20; in Common Market, 657; Communeof Paris, 434; constitution of 1791, 341–42,344; constitution of 1795, 347; constitutionalmonarchy, 432; Crimean War, 433, 473;Dreyfus Affair, 435; economy underNapoleon III, 433; economy, post-World WarI, 556; education 343, 350; Egypt, coloniza-tion of, 515; Egypt, invasion of, 729;England, war against, 122, 313; Estates-General, 122, 338, 355; expansion underLouis XIV, 269; fascism, 556; Fifth Republic,655–56; Fourth Republic, 655, 707; Franco-

Prussian War, 433–34, 460; Frankish Empire,114; French Revolution. See FrenchRevolution; German invasion, 607, 609;Germany declares war, 519; Germany, waragainst, 606; Great Britain, blockade of, 352;Great Britain, war against, 349, 352, 353, 354;Hapsburgs, war against, 270; Huguenots,266, 267, 269; Hundred Years’ War, 149–50;impressionist art, 371; India, loss of, 273,370; industrialization, 384; Islam, invasionof, m107, 107; Italy, invasion by 188;Kellogg-Briand Pact, 554; Laos, colonizationof, 495; Locarno Treaties, 556; mandates,539; monarchy, 121, 150, 266–69; Morocco,imperialism toward, 484, 514, 515; NapoleonIII, 432–33; Napoleonic Era. See NapoleonicEra; NATO, policy toward, 656; nobles, 267;North African colonization, 705; nuclearweapons tests, 696, 698; Panama Canal scan-dal, 435; Poland, defense of, 606; PopularFront, 556; Protestantism, 266; Prussia, waragainst, 343, 353; Renaissance, 188;Resistance, 609; Revolution of 1848, 432; inRevolutionary War, 330; Roman CatholicChurch, status of, 336–37; Ruhr Valley,seizure of, 560; Russia, 1894 alliance with,516; Second Republic, 432–33; in SevenYears’ War, 273; social groups, p340; SouthPacific, colonies, 698; Southeast Asia, colo-nization of, 494, 495; Spain, war against, 353;Third Republic, 422, 435, 655; in TripleEntente, 516; urbanization, 407; Vichy gov-ernment, 609; in Vietnam, 252, 495; Vikinginvasion, m115, 115; voting rights, 433; inWar of the Austrian Succession, 273; War ofthe Roses, 150, 152; in War of the SpanishSuccession, 269; World War I, after, 555–56.

Francis of Assisi, 120, 185Francis I, king of France, 188, 189Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, p472, 454Franco, Francisco, 603–604Franco-Prussian War, 433–34, 460, 515Frankfurt Assembly (1848), 458Frankish Empire: Charlemagne’s realm,

m114, m167, 114, 120; Christianity, 113–14;end of, 122; invasions, m115, 77, 107, 114–15;Merovingian rulers, 113–14; Treaty ofVerdun, 114

Franklin, Benjamin, q330Frederick the Great, q303, 273, 287Frederick I, king of Prussia, 272Frederick II, king of Prussia. See Frederick

the GreatFrederick William, 272Frederick William I, king of Prussia, 273Frederick William III, king of Prussia, 359free enterprise, c387, 222, 384, 680, 688, 693,

714, 715, 718, 757, 769, 776, 779, 783, 784. Seealso capitalism

Free French, 622, 625free market, 399free trade, 754French Academy, 267French East India Company, 489French and Indian War, 273, 310, 321, 323French Protestants. See HuguenotsFrench Revolution, 287, 288, 336–49; army,

c365, 345; Bastille, storming of, 338–39; caus-es, 336–38; Christianity, policy toward, 346;civil war, 345; class warfare, 339;Constitution of 1791, 341–42; Directory, 347,349; effects of, 354; Enlightenment, influenceof, 358; Estates-General, 338; Europe, influ-ence on, 345; government, g355; legacy, 354;

Louis XVI, policy toward, 341, 342, 344; mil-itary aspects, 345; Napoleonic Era, influenceof, 354; National Assembly, 338–42; NationalConvention, 343–45, 347; peasants, influenceon, 337, 339; political reform, 341–42; popu-lar reaction, 340, 344; principles, 340–41;Reign of Terror, 346–47; republic, establish-ment, 343–44; symbols, p347; women, 341;women’s march, p346–47

Freud, Sigmund, 404, 547–48; flight fromNazism, 562; influence on art, 549

Fronde, 266, 267Fujimori, Alberto, 769Fulton, Robert, 379, 382fundamentalism, 735, 741

GGadsden Purchase, 438Galen, 74Galileo Galilei, p292, q294, 293–94, 298Gallieni, Joseph Simon, 521Gallipoli, 520, 525, 527Gandhi, Indira, p693, 693; assassination, 693Gandhi, Mohandas K. (also known as

Mahatma), p577, q577, p692, 577, 578–79;assassination, 692; salt-tax march, 570, 579;in South Africa, 487

Gandhi, Rajiv, 693Gandhi, Sonia, 693Ganges River, 44Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 455–56Gauguin, Paul, 415Gaul, 72Gautama, Siddhartha, 48Gaza Strip: Egyptian annexation of, 727;

Israeli withdrawal from, 732, 738; Six-DayWar, 730–31

General Assembly (UN), 640–41. See alsoUnited Nations

genetics, 403, 797Genghis Khan, 139, 141Genoa, Italy: decline in trade, 224; as trading

center, 146genocide, 616, 714; in Bosnia, 790–91geography: effects on history, 60, 148, 381, 459,

488, 553, 575, 719, 752; Muslim, 110geometry, 63, 65; Muslim, 110George, David Lloyd, q517, 539George I, king of Great Britain, 316, 320George II, king of Great Britain, 320George III, king of Great Britain, 320, 329George V, king of Great Britain, 555George VI, king of Great Britain, 608, 655Georgia, 103, 565; Byzantine Empire, influ-

ence of, 100; ethnic groups, 792; reforms andunrest, 779

German Confederation, m458, 358, 450, 457,460

German Empire, m460, 461–65; army, 462;conflict with Catholicism, 462–63; industrial-ization, 463; labor legislation, 462, 465; afterunification, 461, 462. See also Germany

German language, 189Germanic peoples: invasions, 103, 113, 120Germany: Austria-Hungary, support for, 518;

Belgium, invasion of, 609; Benedictine mis-sionaries in, 119; Catholicism, 198; China,unequal treaties with, 491; Confederation,m458; Denmark, war against, 458–59; divi-sion after World War II, 626, 645–46; expan-sion, 604–606; France, invasion of, 609;France, war against, 519; Frankish Empiredivision, 114; Holy Roman Empire, 122;

INDEX

Falkland Islands — Germany

immigration from, 441; industrialization,384; inflation, 560; Jesuit missionaries, 200;in Three Emperors’ League, 516; LowCountries, invasion of, 609; Lutheranism,201; Mexico, proposal to, 527; Morocco,intent toward, 515; navy, expansion of, 516;Nazism, 560–62; Norway and Denmark,invasion of, 607–608; Ottoman Empire, rela-tions with, 515; Poland, invasion of, 600,606; Prussian leadership in unification, 458;regionalism, 459; reparations, 559–60; reuni-fication, p782–83, 783, 786, 787–88; SovietUnion, invasion of, 614–15; Spain civil war,policy toward, 603–604; Third Reich, 562;Thirty Years’ War, 270–71; unification, m460,371, 457–61; urbanization, 408; WeimarRepublic, 559–60; after World War I, 539–40;World War I reparations, 539; World War IIsurrender, 625–26. See also East Germany;Frankish Empire; German Empire; WestGermany

Germinal, 344Gertrude Stein, ptg548Gestapo, 562Ghana, m158; Akan peoples, p157; decline of,

155; gold-salt trade, q155, 154–55; indepen-dence, 704, 707; iron-smelting, 154; Islam,155; terracotta heads, p157; wealth of, 155.See also Gold Coast

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 185Gilgamesh, 35Giotto, 185Girondists, 344–45Giza, Pyramids at, 41, 42Gladstone, William, 424, 425–26, 427glasnost, 775global economy, 675–76, 691, 718–20, 739,

752–54, 756, 789, 794–95, 796global warming. See environment; Montreal

ProtocolGlorious Revolution, 316, 318God: Calvin’s interpretation, 195; influence on

Martin Luther, 191; as master mechanic, 300Goddard, Robert, 508Goering, Hermann, 604, 610Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 412Golan Heights: future of, 739; Israeli with-

drawal from, 733; Six-Day War, 730–31gold, 25; Africa, 34, 154–55, 159; in Australia,

430; Axum coins, 79; gold-salt trade, q155,154–55; in New Zealand, 430; Spanishsearch for, 214, 217

Gold Coast, 485, 702. See also GhanaGolden Temple (Amritsar), 693Gómez, Juan Vicente, 589–90Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 652González, Felipe, 788Good Friday Agreement, 787Good Neighbor policy, 592–93Goodman, Benny, 551Gorbachev, Mikhail, p776, q772; attitude

toward fall of Eastern Europe, 781; comes topower, 774; U.S., relations with, 776

Gorky, Maksim, 567Gothic architecture, p151, 149Olympe de Gouges, 341government: Assyrian, 38; Aztec, 165;

Confucius ideas on, 50–51, 128; early civi-lization, 25; English monarchies, 120–22;federal system, defined, 330; the governed,relationship to, 299; Greece, city-states,59–60; Hammurabi’s Code, 35; home rule,427; Inca Empire, 166; Japan, 128; League ofthe Iroquois, 164; Persian Empire, 39; Qin

dynasty, 85; Roman Republic, 71, 72; separa-tion of powers, 301–302; social welfare, rolein, 554; Yuan dynasty, 141

Gracchus, Gaius, 72Gracchus, Tiberius, 72Graham, Martha, 549Granada, Spain, p109; Moors in, 152Grapes of Wrath, The, 549graphs, 355Great Basin, Native Americans in, m163, 162Great Britain: 1970s and 1990s, 786–87; Anglo-

Boer War, 487; Arabs, support for, 537; Battleof Britain, 609–11; British Empire, end of,654; Canada, acquisition of, 320, 323, 428;China, unequal treaties with, 491; colonialpower, 273; in Common Market, 656, 657;Commonwealth of Nations, 555; Congress of Vienna involvement, 356; creation, 319;Crimean War, 433, 473; defeat of France inIndia, 489; democracy, 426–27; disarmamenttreaty, 554; Dunkirk evacuation, 609; econo-my, post-World War I, 554–55; education,426; Egypt, colonization, 484, 515; Egypt,invasion of, 728; electoral reform, 426;Europe, closer ties to, 786–87; France, waragainst, 349, 352, 354; French Revolution,policy toward, 345; Germany, war against,517, 519, 606; Gold Coast, colonization of,485; immigration from, 441; India, coloniza-tion of, 370, 489–90; Industrial Revolution,379–82; industry, 372; Labour party, 424, 426,555, 654, 655; Locarno Treaties, 556; Malaya,colonization of, 495; mandates, 539; MonroeDoctrine, role in, 498; natural resources, 380;naval power, 492; North Africa campaign,619, 620; open seas, policy on, 538; opiumtrade, 491; Palestine, government of, 727;Palestine, mandate in, 574–75; Poland,defense of, 605–606; political parties, 425;political reform, 424–27; population, 380;post-World War II, 654–55; Russo-TurkishWar, reaction to, 474; in Seven Years’ War,273; social reform, 399; Southeast Asia, colo-nization, 494; in Triple Entente, 516; U.S. aidfor, 611–12; U.S. policy toward, 352;Venezuela, dispute with, 498; voting rights,425, 426; in War of the Austrian Succession,273; welfare state, 655; women’s vote, 426;World War I, after, 554–55. See also England

Great Depression. See depressions (economic)Great Dictator, The, 509Great Fear, 336, 339Great Gatsby, The, 548Great Hunger, 427Great Leap Forward, 678Great Plains: Dust Bowl, 553; Native

Americans in, m163, 163Great Schism, 153Great Society, 662Great Wall of China, 85, 123, 124Great Zimbabwe, m158, p160, 159, 709Greco, El, 199Greece: ancient civilization. See Greece,

ancient; democracy, 789; grain storage jar,p16; independence, 356, 359, 473; territorialgains, 539; Truman Doctrine, 642, 644

Greece, ancient: alphabet, 36; architecture, 58;city-states, 59–60; colonies, m59, 59; drama,62; epic poetry, 58; historians, 63; impact of,58, 74; Muslim learning based on, 110, 111;Olympic Games, 62; Persian Empire, m55, 39;Persian Wars, m61, 60–61; philosophers, 62,111; religion, 58; Roman Empire, contribu-tions to, 75; scientists, 63; trade, m59, 58, 59;

visual arts, p62, 62. See also Alexander theGreat; Hellenistic culture

Greenland, Vikings in, m135, 115Gregory I, pope, 119Gregory VII, pope, 120Gregory XI, pope, 153Gregory XIII, pope, 36Grenville, George, 323–24grid system, global, 212Gropius, Walter, 551; flight from Nazism, 562Grotius, Hugo, 299Guadalcanal, 623Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 500Guam: U.S. acquisition of, 500Guatemala, 92, 164, 444, 754, 763–64Guernica, p549, 549Guide to the Perplexed, 112guilds: craft, 147–48; merchant, 147guillotine, p348, 344, 348Guinea, 707–708Gulag Archipelago, The, 650Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 686–87Guomindang, 492, 580–82Gupta Empire, m84, 84–85, 110Guzmán, Jacobo Arbenz, 754Gypsies, in Holocaust, 615

HHaganah, 727Hagia Sophia, Church of, 101Haim, Sylvia G., 572Haiti: discovery, 214; modern era, 760; revolt

and independence, 221, 289, 442–44; U.S.interventions, 592. See also Hispaniola; SaintDomingue

Hamas, 733Hamlet, 188Hammurabi’s Code, 35Han dynasty, 123; civil service, 85; economy,

87; family life, 87; literature, 87–88; prosperi-ty, 85; society, 87; technology, 88

Handel, George Frideric, 305Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 38Hannibal, 71Hanover, House of, 319Hanseatic League, 147Hapsburg dynasty, m260, 258; Denmark, war

against, 270; in Spain, 258, 260; Sweden, waragainst, 270

Harappa, 44Harding, Warren G., q546Hargreaves, James, 381Harlem Renaissance, 549Harun al-Rashid, 108Harvey, William, 290, 295Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 675Hasidism, 306Hassan II, king of Morocco, 712Hastings, Battle of, 121Hatshepsut, Egyptian pharaoh, 31Hatt-I-Hamayun, 232, 234Hausa, 575Havel, Václav, 782Hawkins, John, 216Haydn, Joseph, 305Heffernan, Joseph L., 630Hegel, G.W.F., 401Heian Kyo, Japan, 128Helagu, 140Hellenistic culture: art, ptg68, 64, 65; culture,

64; literature, drama, p67, 66–69; philosophy,65; science, 65

Hemingway, Ernest, 546, 548, 604

Index 821

INDEX

Germinal — Hemingway

822 Index

Henrietta Maria, queen of England, 313Henry I, king of England, 121Henry II, king of England, 121Henry IV, king of France, 266, 268Henry of Navarre. See Henry IV, king of FranceHenry the Navigator, prince, 210, 212Henry, Patrick, q326Henry VII, king of England, 152, 190, 261Henry VIII, king of England, ptg196, 195–96,

256, 261–62, 312; death, 261Hera, 62Hermitage (St. Petersburg), p276Herodotus, 58, 63Herzl, Theodor, 574Hesse, Herman, 44Hidalgo, Miguel, 444Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 230, 244–46, 247hieratic writing, 32hieroglyphics, 32, 52, 92–94, 287High Middle Ages. See Middle Ages, HighHijrah, 106Hikmet, Nazim, p743, 743Himalayas, 44Hindu Kush mountains, 44, 45Hinduism: art of, p46–47; attempt to unite

with Islam, 237; beliefs of 46–47; inCambodia, 131; Gupta Empire, 84; Islam,compared to, 111, 237; Islam, conflict with,in India, 577, 579; in Southeast Asia, 130,132; in Sri Lanka, 695, 793

Hippocrates, 63Hirohito: constitutional monarch, 584; emper-

or of Japan, p673; militarism, policy toward,585; under occupation, constitution, 672;World War II surrender, 627

Hiroshima, Japan, 509, 626Hispanic Americans, 438; civil rights, 663Hispaniola, 443–44; 760; discovery, 214historians: ancient Greek, 63; Han dynasty,

China, 88; Muslim, 111–12; Tang dynasty,China, 124

historical context, 503Hitler, Adolf, p560, p562, q602; chancellor of

Germany, 544; comes to power, 509; deathof, 626; rise to power, 560–61; Spanish CivilWar, policy toward, 604

Hittite Empire, 38Ho Chi Minh, 685Hobbes, Thomas, 297, 299Hohenzollern family, 272Hohokam, 52Holbein, Hans, 196Hollywood, 546Holocaust, m613, p614, p617, 615–17Holy Alliance, 358Holy Bible. See BibleHoly Roman Empire: abolition by Napoleon,

352; conflict with papacy, 122; creation of,122; Frankish Empire division, 114; inGermany, 271

Homage to Catalonia, 604Homer, 58Homo erectus, 20; hunter-gatherers, 21; lan-

guage, 22; migrations, 21Homo habilis, 20; toolmaking, 21Homo sapiens, 21; Cro-Magnons, 22;

Neanderthals, 22; spread of, m23Honduras, establishment, 444Honecker, Erich, 781Hong Kong, p671, p795, 491, 681; Japanese

invasion of, 620Hooke, Robert, 295Hoover, Herbert, 592Hopper, Edward, ptg545

Horace, 75Hormuz, 235Hormuz, Strait of, m728Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 305House of Commons, 122; election, 319; under

Henry VIII, 262; representation in, 424House of Lords, 122Huang He River, 17, 49Hudson, Henry, 219Hudson River, 219Hudson’s Bay Company, 224Huerta, Victoriano, 501Hughes, Langston, 549, 721Hugo, Victor, q515, 360, 362, 412Huguenots, 201, 266–67; emigration, 269Huks, 696Human Comedy, The, 414human prehistory, m23, 18–29; civilization

emergence 24–25; farming and civilization,p16–17, 16–17; Homo sapiens, 22; human origins, 20–21; hunter-gatherers, 21; theIceman, p26–29, 26–29; Neolithic Revolution,22–24; pre-modern period, p15, 14–15; rise ofcivilizations, p19, 18–19

human rights, 288–89, 299, 305–06, 329–31,340–42, 798

humanism, 180–81, 185, 188; Catholic censor-ship, 199; Christian humanism, 189–90

Hunchback of Notre Dame, The, 412Hundred Years’ War, 149–50Hungary: Austria, compromise with, 472–73;

Catholicism, 198; communism, 652, 781;Holy Roman Empire, 122; immigrationfrom, 441; Jesuit missionaries, 200; loss ofterritory, 539; Soviet invasion, 652

hunting and gathering, 21, 25, 30, 52, 162, 163Hurricane Mitch, p763, 763Hurston, Zora Neale, 549Hus, Jan, 153Husayn, son of Ali, 107Hussein, king of Jordan, 729, 733Hussein, Saddam, p735, 735, 736, 793Hutus, 714

IIberian Peninsula, 152Ibn al-Haytham, 111Ibn Sina, 111Ibn-Khaldun, 112Ibn-Rushd, 112Ibo, 575ICBMs See Intercontinental ballistic missilesIce Ages, 21, 22; National Geographic special

report, The Iceman, p26–29, 26–29Iceland, Vikings in, m115, m135, 115icons, 102, 104, 152Ieyasu, Tokugawa, q244, 245, 247Ignatius of Loyola, 198, 200Iliad, 58immigration, p652, 406–407; to colonies, 226;

illegal, 756; internal, 407; to U.S., 436, 441,501, 775

imperialism: causes of, 480–82; defined, 480;effects of, 488, 502; immigration to colonies,481; legacy, 488; morality, 705; territorialcontrol, kinds of, 482

Imperialism, Age of, 478–503impressionism, 371, 411, 413, 414–15Inca Empire: decline of, 166; government, 166;

population, 218; religion 166; removal ofwealth from, 224; rise of, m165, 165–66; society, 166; Spain, conquest by, 166, 217

Index of Forbidden Books, 199

India: Africa, influenced by, 81; Alexander theGreat, 64; art and architecture, 237; Aryaninfluence; 45; British acquisition, crt425;British dominance, m490, 273, 370; Britishimperialism, 489–90; Buddhism in, m55,48–49, 84; caste system, 693; economicdevelopment, 490; ethnic unrest, 693; Frenchcolonization, 220; Golden Age, 84–85; GuptaEmpire, m84, 84; Hindu-Muslim conflict,577, 579, 692; Hinduism, 47–48; indepen-dence, 693–94; independence movement,577–79; invasion by Timur Lenk, 143, 235,237; Islam in, m107, 107; Mauryan Empire,m84, 83–84; Mogul Empire, 235–37; national-ism, 490, 632; nuclear weapons, 694;Portugal trade with, 214; religious conflict,693–94; Roman Empire, trade with, 73, 83,85; Southeast Asia, influenced by, 130; Sovietsupport, 693

Indian National Congress, 489, 490, 577, 579Indian Revolt of 1857, 478Indians: name derivation, 214; American. See

Native Americansindividualism, 180Indochina, 252; cold war, 685; French imperi-

alism, 495; Japanese invasion of, 617. See alsoVietnam

Indonesia, 251–52, 691; Dutch colonization,218, 494; East Timor, repression of, 691; freeparliamentary elections, 691; independence,685; Islam, 132; Majapahit kingdom, 132; seatrade of, 132; Srivijaya Empire, 132

indulgences, 191, 192Indus River valley, p24, m45, 24, 44–45, 64Industrial Revolution, 376–92; causes of,

379–82; cities, 381; early industries, 378;imperialism, influence on, 480; labor, 380;new markets, 481; preindustrial society,376–78; social changes, 386, 388–92, 396;spread outside Great Britain, 383–84; UnitedStates, 438–39, 440

industrialization, 372–73; assembly lines, 373, 385; automation, 659; causes of, 379–82;impact of, 376, 388; mass production, 373,385; preindustrial society, 376-78; specializa-tion, 385; standardized parts, 373, 385. Seealso Industrial Revolution

inflation, 223, 664–65; defined, 260; double-digit inflation, 665; hyperinflation, 767

information synthesis, 613Innocent III, pope, 120Inquisition, 120, 198, 199, 259Institutes of the Christian Religion, The,

194–95Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico),

755interchangeable parts, 385intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),

649interdependence, 794–98International Court of Justice, 641International Monetary Fund, 684, 795Internet, 496, 637, 797interviews, 545, 639, 671intifada, 732Intolerable Acts, 326Iphigenia, 340IRA. See Irish Republican ArmyIran: American hostage crisis, 734; Iraq, war

against, 724, 735; Islamic mosque in, p112;Islamic revolution, 730, 734; oil field nation-alization, 726; reform, 573; rule by Seleucus,64; Shah, era of, 729; Sunni Muslims, 107

Iran-Contra scandal, 762

INDEX

Henrietta Maria — Iran-Contra scandal

Iraq: in Arab League, 726; battle of Karbala in,107; British mandate, 539; independence,726; Iran, war against, 724, 736; Kurds, poli-cy toward, 792–93; Kuwait, invasion of, 676,730, 736; nationalism, 729; Sunni Muslims,107; Turkey, conflict over water, 740

Ireland: defeat by Cromwell, 315; GreatBritain, conflict with, 555, 787; home rule,p427, 424; immigration from, 427, 441;monasteries in, p113, 119; Northern Ireland,787; religious conflict, 427; Republic of, 787

Irigoyen, Hipólito, q590Irish Free State, 555Irish Republican Army (IRA), 787iron curtain, 642iron industry, 440iron making, 34; in Japan, 127; smelting, 154;

weapons, 38Iroquois, League of the, 164irrigation: in China, 125, 141; development of,

31; Egyptian, 42; Native Americans, 52, 162Isabella of Castile, 152, 460; Columbus,

instructions to, 210, 213; Columbus, supportfor, 214; unites Spain, 259

Islam: in Africa, 154; Arabic language, 106,108, 109; art and literature, 111; beliefs, 108;in China, 107, 124, 141; cities, 110; communi-ty life, 106; Crusades, m146, 144–46; divi-sions in, 107; in East Africa, 158–59; emer-gence of, 105; family life, 109–10; fundamen-talism, 735; Hinduism, conflict with, inIndia, 577, 579; Indonesia, 132; Kaaba Shrinein Makkah, p105, 105, 106; in Mali, 156;mathematics, 110; modern mosque, p112;Muhammad, m107, 106; philosophy and his-tory, 111–12; Quran, p106, 106, 109, 111, 158;science 110–11; Seljuk Turks, 103; SonghaiEmpire, 158; spread of, m107, 106–107;Timur Lenk, p143, 143; trade, 110; in Turkey,80, 141; Umayyad dynasty, m107, 107–108.See also Muslims

Islamic state: Abbasid dynasty, 108–109, 111;cities in, 110; established, 106; RightlyGuided Caliphs, 106–107; trade, 110;Umayyad dynasty, m107, 107–108

Israel: creation, 727; Egypt, relations with,731, 738; Jordan, relations with, 732–33, 738;Lebanon, occupation of, 734, 739; peaceprocess, opposition to, 733–34; PLO, rela-tions with, 724, 730, 732–33, 739; Syria, rela-tions with, 732–33, 738, 739; U.S. supportfor, 731; water shortage, 740. See also Arab-Israeli conflict; Israelites; Palestine

Israelites, 36; exodus, 37; exile and return, 38Istanbul, Turkey, p725; establishment of, 234.

See also ConstantinopleItalian Renaissance, m181, 180–87; art,

p182–83, 185–87; education, 181; Florence,183–84; government, 181–83; literature, 181;northern Europe, influence on, 188; Rome,184; scholarship, 181; social structure,181–82; Venice, 184

Italy: in the 1970s–90s, 788; Age of Revolution,289; Austrian acquisition, 271; barriers tounification, 452, 456; Bismark’s relationswith, 459; Byzantine Empire, conquest by,101; Charlemagne, 114; in Common Market,657; Communist party, 788; constitutionalmonarchy, 456; dictatorship, 558; Ethiopia,colonization of, 487; Ethiopia, occupation of,603; fascism, 557–59; France, war against,352; Frankish Empire division, 114; Frenchinvasion, 188; gains after World War I, 539;Germany, ties with, 604; immigration from,

441; Libya, colonization, 484–85, 705;Locarno Treaties, 556; Napoleon as king, 352; Ottoman Empire, war against, 484–85;Prussia, alliance with, 456; Renaissance,m181, 180–87; Spanish civil war, policytoward, 603–604; in Triple Alliance, 516; unification, m453, 452–56; U.S., war declared,619; World War II, 612, 622–23. See alsoRoman Empire; Roman Republic; Rome

Iturbide, Agustín de, 444Ivan III, czar of Russia, 152Ivan the Terrible, 274, 275Ivanhoe, 412Iwo Jima, 626Izetbegovic, Alija, 791

JJacobins, 344, 345, 346–47Jahan, Shah, 236Jahangir, Moghul emperor, 232Jamaica, 220James I, king of England, 253, 265; debt, 313;

relations with Parliament, 312–13James II, king of England, 318; Irish revolt,

319; overthrow, 318Jamestown, Virginia, 208, 220Japan: agriculture, 673; art, 130; atomic bomb

626; automobile industry, p674; Buddhismin, 49, 128, 130; China, influence of, 126,127–28, 134; China, invasion of, 603; China,relations with, 681; China, unequal treaties,with, 491; Christianity, 246–47; civil war,m255; constitution, 672–73; daily life, 248;disarmament treaty, 554; economy, 670; edu-cation 493; empire 1910–1945, m623;European influence, 246–48; expansion inAsia, 602–603, 617; foreign relations, 676;Heian period, 128; imperialism in, 494;Indochina, invasion of, 617; industrializa-tion, 489, 493–94, 584, 673–74; island geogra-phy, m130, 126–27; Jesuit missionaries, p201,200; Korea, colonization of, 494; Korea, 126,245; Latin America, trade with, 754; Leagueof Nations, member, 583, 602; Manchuria,occupation of, 582, 585, 602; Meiji leaders,493; merchant class, 129–30; militarism, riseof, 583, 585; Mongols, invasion of, 141; open-ing by Commodore Perry, 478; Philippines,relations with, 697; pollution, 674; popula-tion growth, 584; postwar economy, 672–76;postwar government, 674–75; postwar mili-tary policy, 672–73; postwar occupation,672–73; recession, 674; religion, 130; rise ofmerchants, 247–48; Russia, war against, 470,494; samurai warriors, p129, 128–29; seclu-sion policy, 247; Shintoism, 127; socialchanges, 584; South Korea, relations with,676; steel industry, 675; terrorism, 675;Tokugawa shogunate, 244–48; trade protec-tion, 676; U.S., attack upon, 511, 619; U.S.,economic support for, 673; West, resentmenttoward, 583–84; women, 584; world trade,675–76; World War II involvement, 600, 617,619, 620, 623, 626–27

Japanese Americans, p618, 618Java, 132, 218, 251; revolt against Dutch, 494Jayavarman, 250jazz, 549Jefferson, Thomas, 299, 329, 436Jenkins’ Ear, War of, 273Jenner, Edward, 402, 403Jeremiah, 38Jericho, 16, 23

Jerusalem: Arab Muslims, conquest of, 144;Crusades for, p144, m146, 144–46; David’scapital, 37; division of, 727; Seljuk Turks,conquest of, 144–45; Six-Day War, 730–31.See also Israel

Jesuit order, 200, 220; in China, 243; expulsionfrom German Empire, 462; in Japan, 246

Jesus, 76; in Byzantine art, 102; Gospels of, 76Jews: Arabs, relations with, 574–75; Byzantine

Empire, persecution of, 101; Crusades perse-cution of, 145; Diaspora, 38; Holocaust,m613, p614, p617, 615–17; Nazi persecution,p561, 509, 557, 560–62; Palestine, immigra-tion to, p727, 574–75; persecution in Russia,469; Reformation and, 201; in Spain, 152,260; Umayyad dynasty and, 108; U.S., immi-gration to, 405. See also Israelites; Judaism

Jiang Jing, 679Jiang Zemin, 680Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 579, 692João, king of Portugal, 445Joan of Arc, ptg150, 149–150Joffre, Joseph Jacques, 521Johannesburg, South Africa, p710, 710John, king of England, 121John III Sobieski, Polish king, 234John Paul II, Pope, 635, 760, 780Johnson administration: civil rights legisla-

tion, 663; Vietnam policy, 662, 685, 686Johnson, Lyndon B.: Great Society, 662; impe-

rial presidency, 664joint-stock companies, 223, 224Joliet, Louis, 220Jordan: age distribution in, c135; in Arab

League, 726; British mandate, 539; EastJerusalem, annexation of, 727; fundamental-ism, Muslim, 741; independence, 726; Israel,relations with, 732, 738; water shortage, 740;West Bank, annexation of, 727

Joseph II of Austria, 300, 304Joshua, 37Joyce, James, 508, 548Juan Carlos I, king of Spain, 788Juárez, Benito, 500Judaism: beginnings, 36; exodus from Egypt,

37; Hasidism, 306; Roman Empire, 75;Talmud, 76; Torah, p37, 38, 76; Zoraster,influence on, 39. See also Israelites; Jews

Julius II, pope, 180, 183, 184, 187Junkers, 272, 458, 461Justinian, Byzantine emperor: art and archi-

tecture, 101, 102; becomes emperor, 100; conquests, m101; legal code of, 101

Jutes, 120Jutland, Battle of, 527

KKabila, Laurent, 713Kabuki theater, 248Kádár, János, 652Kafka, Franz, 548kamikazes, 129, 620, 623Kampuchea, 688. See also CambodiaKant, Immanuel, 306Karanga, kingdom, 159Karbala, battle of, 107Kashmir, 693–94Kay, John, 381Kazakhstan, 777Keating, Paul, 697Keats, John, 412Kellogg-Briand Pact, 554

Index 823

INDEX

Iraq — Kellogg-Briand Pact

824 Index

Kemal, Mustafa. See Atatürk, KemalKennan, George, 642Kennedy administration: foreign policy, 661;

Latin America, policy toward, 754; Vietnampolicy, 686

Kennedy, John F., p643, 647; Cuban missilecrisis, 760; elected, 638

Kent State University, 662Kenya: British control, 575–76; democracy and

repression, 714; independence, 708–09Kenyatta, Jomo, q576, 709Kepler, Johannes, 293Kerensky, Alexander, 533Khalid ibn al-Walid, q108Khmer, 131; conflict with Thailand, 252Khmer Rouge, 688Khoikhoi people, of Southern Africa, 160Khomeini, Ruhollah, Ayatollah, p735, 734,

735, 736Khrushchev, Nikita, p640, q640, p643, 643,

647; Cuban Missile Crisis, 760; de-Stalinization, 648–49; with Eisenhower, p649;removal from office, 650; speech, p802, 802

Khufu, king of Egypt, 18kibbutzim, 727Kiev, m104, 104Kievan Rus, 103–104Kikuyu, 709Kilwa, 159Kim Dae Jung, 684Kim Il Sung, 683, 684Kim Jong Il, 684Kim Young Sam, 684King, Martin Luther, Jr., q663, 658, 663;

Gandhi, influence of, 578Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 452, 455Kintu, Myth of, 505Kipling, Rudyard, 480, 482Kissinger, Henry, 731knights, p116, 115–16, 145Knox, John, 195Kobe, Japan, 672, 675Kohl, Helmut, 782, 788Kongfuzi. See ConfuciusKoran. See QuranKorea, 682–84; Buddhism in, 49, 126; China,

influence on, 123, 126, 134; division, 682;early history, 126; isolation of, 126; Japan,occupation, 126, 245, 494; Japan, trade with,129; Korean War, 682–83; location, m125, 125;Mongolian rule, 141; Soviet occupation, 682;Tang dynasty (China), 123; Three Kingdomsperiod, 126; U.S. occupation, 682; Yi dynasty,126. See also North Korea; South Korea

Korean War, m683, 634, 682–83Kosovo: ethnic conflict, 784–85; refugees flee-

ing, p785Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 784Kossuth, Louis, 472Kosygin, Aleksei, 650Kristallnacht, 562Kropotkin, Peter, 466Kublai Khan, p142, 141, 142Kulikovo, Battle of, 104Kulturkampf, 462Kurds, 736, 792–93Kuril Islands, 626Kush, kingdom of, m80, 34, 79, 154Kuwait, Iraqi invasion, 676, 736Kwakiutl, Native Americans, 162Kwanzaa, p721, 715Kyoto, Japan, 128, 129

LLa Bruyère, Jean de, 225La Pietà, p187La Salle, Sieur de, 220La Venta, 52labor: child labor, q374, p388, q388, 378,

390–91; division of, 385; domestic system,378; labor unions. See labor unions; legisla-tion, in Germany, 465; Massachusetts millworkers, 388; natural resource, 380; techno-logical unemployment, 659; working class.See working class

labor unions, 392; badge, p390; in GreatBritain, 388, 426; growth, 388; poster, p392

Labour party, 426, 555, 654, 655ladies (feudal noblewomen), 116Lafayette, Marquis de, 340laissez-faire, 398–99; criticism of, 399–400Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de, 402Lancaster, house of, 150Lange, David, 698Lange, Dorothea, 549language: Arabic, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111;

Bantu, 80, 159; development of, 22; inhumanism, 181; Quechua (Incan), 166;Roman Empire, 75; Sanskrit, 46, 130;Swahili, 159; vernacular, 149

Laos, 690; French imperialism, 495; Khmer,conquest by, 131

Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 218Lascaux, France, 22Lassalle, Ferdinand, 463, 465Last Supper, The, ptg186, 187Latin America, m443; agriculture, 753; birth

rate, 751; Catholicism, role of, 442–43; coldwar influences, 754; communism, 750, 753,754; democracy, 750, 753–54; economy,752–53; European imperialism, 497; foreigndebt, 753; guerrilla movements, 753; imperi-alism, 497–501; independence, 359, 442–46;industrialization, 752; Japan, trade with,754; land reform, 754; modern era, 750–69;nationalism, 587–93; population, 750–51;post-World War II period, 804; raw materi-als, source of, 588; regional economic pacts,754; social reform, 750, 753–54; social struc-ture, 443, 750, 751–52; superpower rivalry,647; urbanization, 751; U.S. interventions in,592–93; U.S., relations with, 587–93;women, 752. See also Central America; indi-vidual countries; South America

Latin language, 75, 118; use in RomanCatholicism, 199

Latvia: established, 539; independence, 776;Soviet military bases, 607

Laud, William, 314Lavoisier, Antoine, 295, 296Lavoisier, Marie, 296law: development of, 25; of English monarchy,

121; Hammurabi’s Code, 35; influence ofreason, 299; international, 299; of Justinian,Byzantine Emperor, 101; Ottoman, 233–34;Roman Empire, 74; Roman Republic, 71

Lawrence, T.E., 537Le Tellier, François Michel, 268League of the Iroquois, 164League of Nations: development, 510;

Ethiopian invasion, 603; Japan, censure of,602; Japanese involvement, 583; replaced byUnited Nations, 640; U.S. rejection of, 552; inWilson’s Fourteen Points, 538–39

League, Three Emperors’, 516Lebanon: in Arab League, 726; Christian-

Muslim conflict, 729, 734; French mandate,539; independence, 726; occupation, 729,734, 739

Lechfeld, Battle of, m115, 122Lee Kuan Yew, 691Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 290legions, Roman, 71lend-lease, 612, 620Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, p565, 469, 533–35,

564–65Leningrad, Soviet Union; 614–15, 777; siege

of, 619Leo III, pope, 114Leo XIII, pope, ptg463, 463Leopold II of Austria, 304Leopold II, king of Belgium, 485Lepanto, Battle of, 232Les Misérables, 360–63, 412, 565Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 484, 500Leviathan, 297, 299Lexington, Massachusetts, 328Li Bo, 125liberalism, 345, 358, 359liberation theology, 754Liberia, 485, 718, 792liberty, 288–89, 299, 305–06, 318, 321Liberty Leading the People, 412libraries, 409, 475; Ming dynasty, 239;

resources, 475Libya, 484; in the 1980s and 1990s, 712; Great

Britain, attack on Italy, 612; independence,705; Italy, colonization by, 705; Ptolemy, 64;terrorism, links to, 712; in World War II, 612,614

Liliuokalani, queen of Hawaii, 500Lincoln, Abraham, q439Lindbergh, Charles, 547line of demarcation, 215, 216Lister, Joseph, 404literature: in the 1920s and 1930s, 548–49;

African oral literature, 81; Aztec, 165;Chinese, 87–88; Chinese, under Mongolrule, 141; epic literature, 46–47; epic poetry,58, 116; Gupta Empire, 85; Han dynasty,87–88; Islamic, 111; Japanese, 128; MiddleAges, High, 149; Roman Empire, 75; roman-tic, 411, 412; Tang dynasty poetry, 125;Zapotec, 89

Lithuania, 605, 776; independence established,539; Russia, war against, 275; Soviet militarybases, 607

Liu Bang, 85Livingstone, David, p484, 483Lloyd George, David, 539Locarno Treaties, 556Locke, John, 290, 297, 299, 300, 340; influence

on the Declaration of Independence, 329Lombardy, 357, 452–54London, England: blitz, 607, 610–611; great

fire, 316, 318; urbanization, 407–408Long March, 570, 582Long Parliament, 312, 314longitude, 53, 212lords, 115Lorenzo the Magnificent, p203Louis Philippe, king of France, 432Louis, Victor, 304Louis VII, king of France, 145Louis IX, king of France, q122, 122Louis XI, king of France, 150Louis XIII, king of France, 266–67, 313Louis XIV, king of France, 267–69, 297, 338;

becomes absolute monarch, 266; becomes

INDEX

Kemal — Louis XIV

king, 256; court life, p266, 268; domestic poli-cies, 268–69; foreign policy, 269; legacy, 269;Palace of Versailles, 256; taxation, 268–69

Louis XV, king of France, 338Louis XVI, king of France, q344; attempted

flight, 342; becomes king, 334, 336; Estates-General, relations with, 338; execution, 344;move to Paris, 341

Louis XVIII, king of France, 353, 357, 431Louisiana Purchase, 370, 436Louvre Museum, 408Low Countries: German invasion, 609;

Renaissance, 189–90Loyalists, 428Ludwig II, king of Bavaria, 464Luftwaffe, 604, 610Lusitania, p528, 520, 527, 528–31; salvage,

530–31Luther, Martin, p191, q193, 174, 178, 191–93Lutheranism: justification by faith, 191; prin-

ciples, 193; reaction to Anabaptists, 195;spread through printing, 192

Luxembourg, 189; in Common Market, 657;German invasion, 519

Luxor, Egypt, 33, 40Lydians, 36Lyon, Mary, 405, 409

MMaastricht, Treaty of, 772, 789, 796Macao, 243MacArthur, Douglas, 672; in Korean War, 683;

in the Pacific, 623, 626Maccabees, Judah, 64Macdonald, John A., 429MacDonald, Ramsay, 555Macedonia, 274, 784–85; rule by Antigonus, 64Machiavelli, Niccolò, 181, 202Machu Picchu, p166Macmillan, Harold, 655Madagascar, 78, 158Madame Bovary, 414Madame de Geoffrin’s Salon, p302–303Madame Tussaud’s Exhibition, 345Madeira Islands, 212Madero, Francisco, 501Madinah, 106Madinah Compact, 106Madrid, Spain, 259; Franco, conquest by, 604Magadha kingdom, 83Magellan, Ferdinand, 210, 213, 215, 250–51Magellan, Strait of, 215Maghrib states, 705Maginot Line, 556, 609Magna Carta, 121, 317Magyars, 472, 473; Frankish Empire invaded

by, m115, 114; Germany, conflict with, 122Mahabharata, 46, 84Mahal, Mumtaz, 236Mahayana, 49Mahdi, 484Maimonides, Moses, 112Maine (battleship), 498Majapahit kingdom, 132Major, John, 786Makkah: Kaaba shrine at, 105; Mansa Musa

pilgrimage to, 156; Muhammad born in,106; trading center of, 105

Malawi, 709Malay Peninsula, 132, 691; Ayutthaya king-

dom, 132; Japanese invasion of, 620Malaya: British imperialism, 495; conflict with

Thailand, 252Malaysia, 691Malevich, Kazimir, 418Mali, m158; oral history, 154; decline of, 157;

Ibn Battuta, 157; Mansa Musa, 156–57;Sundiata Keita, 155–56

Malinche, 217Malindi, 159Mallarmé, Stéphane, 414Malthus, Thomas, 399, 403Mamluks, 140Manchester, England, p381Manchuria: Japanese occupation, 582, 585,

600, 602; Manchu occupation, 241; Russianoccupation, 515; war for control of, 470

Manchus, 238, 241–43mandarins, 85Mandate of Heaven, 50Mandela, Nelson, q702, p714, 710, 715Manhattan Island, 219manifest destiny. See imperialism; United

States, expansionMamikonian, Vartan, 103Manila, Philippines, 251Mann, Thomas, 548manorialism, 116Mansa Musa, 105, 156–57, 158Mantegna, Andrea, 179Manzikert, Battle of, 103, 139Mao Zedong, q581, 581–82, 677–79; Long

March, 582Maori, 428, 430, 698maps, 212; military, 541Marat, Jean-Paul, 344, 345Marathon, Greece, 61Marco Polo, See Polo, MarcoMarconi, Guglielmo, 383, 387Marcos, Ferdinand, 696Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, 270,

271–72, 273, 304Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 305, 338,

341, 342, 346Marius, Gaius, 72market economy, 399Marlowe, Christopher, 190Marne, Battle of the, 520, 521, 522Marquette, Jacques, 220Marranos, 259“Marseillaise, The,” 354Marshall, George C., 644Marshall Plan, 644–45Martel, Charles, m114, m167, 113–14Martí, José, 498Martin V, pope, 153Martinique, 220Marx, Karl, p398, 371, 400, 463; influence on

Russian revolution, 469Marxism, 400–401Mary I, queen of England, 262Mary II, queen of England, p319, 318Mary, mother of Jesus, in Pietá, p187, 187Mary Queen of Scots, ptg194, 194, 196, 265,

312Masaccio, 185mass production, 373, 385mathematics: Egyptian, 32; geometry, 63, 65,

294; Greek, 63; Gupta Empire, 85, 110;Mayan, 90, 92; Muslim advances, 110; philo-sophic expression, 294

Mau Mau, 709Mauryan Empire, m84, 83–84Maximilian, emperor of Mexico, 500–501

Maxwell, James Clerk, 387May Laws, 462Maya Empire: Aztecs, influenced by, 165; clay

figurine, p15; creation myth of, 89; economy,91; end of, 91; location, m165, 90, 92; reli-gion, 90; writing system, 91, 92

Mayflower Compact, 314mayors of the palace, 113Mazarin, cardinal, 267Mazzini, Giuseppe, q450, 452, 453, 455Mbeki, Thabo, 715McCarthy, Joseph, 660McKay, Claude, 549McKinley, William, 498Mecca. See MakkahMedellín, Colombia, 768Medici, Cosimo de’, 183Medici family, 222–23Medici, Lorenzo de’, 174, 178, 183. See also

Lorenzo the MagnificentMedici, Marie de, 266–67medicine: advances in 19th and 20th cen-

turies, 403–04; ancient Greek, p63; Chinese,88; Egyptian, 34; Gupta Empire, 85; Islamicadvances, 110–11; Roman Empire, 74

Medina. See MadinahMediterranean Sea: Greek colonies, m59, 58,

59; trade, 34, 36Meeting at Teano, ptg451Meiji leaders, 489, 493Mein Kampf, q604, 561Meir, Golda, 741Melaka, 132, 250Melanesians, 698Memphis, Egypt, m31, 30Menander, 65Mendel, Gregor, 403Menelik I, Axum king, 79Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia, p487, 486Menem, Carlos, 767Mensheviks, 469, 533mercantilism, 224–25Mercosur. See Southern Common Marketmeridians, 53Meroë, 34Merovingian rulers, 113–14; Clovis, m114Mesoamerica: Mayan Empire, 90–91; Spanish

conquest, 217; Teotihuacános, 91; Toltec peo-ple, 91. See also Central America

Mesolithic period, 21Mesopotamia, 35; rule by Seleucus, 64;

trade, 36mestizos, 443Metamorphoses, 75Methodism, 306Methodius, missionary, 102metric system, 344Metternich, Klemens von, prince of Austria,

p359, 356, 359, 471Mexican War, 436, 437, 500Mexico: agriculture, 17, 52; economy, 756–57;

foreign debt, 753, 756; foreign investment,756; Germany, proposal from, 527; guerril-las, 757; illegal immigration, 756; indepen-dence, 422, 444; modern era, 755–58; naturalresources, 442; new constitution, 587; oilindustry, 756; oil, nationalization of, 570,589; Olmec, p52, 52, 89; political system, 755;Spanish conquest, 217; Teotihuacános, 91;Toltec people, 91; U.S. intervention in,500–501; U.S., war against, 436, 437;Zapotec, 89. See also Aztec Empire

Mexico City, Mexico, 164, 751, 755

Index 825

INDEX

Louis XV — Mexico City

826 Index

Michelangelo Buonarroti, q180, 178, 182, 185,187, 286

Mickey Mouse, 546Micronesians, 698microprocessor, 635microscopes, 290, 295, 297Middle Ages: Church vs. monarchy, 122; feu-

dalism, p116–18, 115–18; Medieval Church,p119, 118–20; science, 292. See also MiddleAges, High

Middle Ages, High: agriculture, 144, 147; art,149; the Church, 152–53; Crusades, p144,m146, 144–46; culture, 144; growth of towns,147; guilds, 147–48; literature, 149; middleclass, p389, 147; monarchies, 149–50, 152; newlearning, 149; trade, 147; universities, 148

Middle East, m728; agriculture, p16–17, 16, 17,22–23; Arab unity, 726; economy, 739; Egypt,conquests by, 31; Fatimids, 109; future chal-lenges, 738–41; independence, 726; Islam,109; Mongols, invasion by, 140; nationalism,726; oil, 739–40; Ottoman conquest, 232;population, c133, 739; Seljuk Turks, 138;social changes, 741; water, 739–40; Westerninfluence, 726, 741; women, 741; World WarI, 537. See also Arab-Israeli conflict; FertileCrescent

Middle Kingdom (Egypt), m31, 30Middle Passage, 221Midway, Battle of, 623migrations: Homo Sapiens, m23, 22;

pre-modern, 14militarism, 516Mill, John Stuart, 400Millet, Jean-François, 414Milosevic, Slobodan, 784, 785, 791Milton, John, 305Minamoto family, 129Ming dynasty, 230, 238–41; art, p241; collapse,

241; construction of Beijing, 240; seagoingexploration, 238, 239–40

Minoan civilization, 58Mir (space station), 794, 797missionaries: of Byzantine Empire, 102; in

Japan, 246; of Medieval Church, 119; relation to imperialism, 482

Mississippi River: exploration by France, 220;Native Americans, m163, 163

Missouri (battleship), 627Mitchell, George, 787Mitterrand, François, 787Mobutu, Joseph D., 708. See also Seko,

Mobutu SeseMoche peoples, 165Moctezuma. See Montezuma IIModel Parliament, 121–22modernization. See economics; economy; edu-

cation; industrialization; urbanizationMogul Empire, 235–37Mohammed VI, king of Morocco, 712Mohawk, 164Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan, p24, m45, 44, 45Moi, Daniel T. arap, 711, 714Moldavia, 473Molière, Jean Baptiste, 305Moltke, Helmuth von, 520Moluccas. See Spice IslandsMombasa, 159Mona Lisa, ptg183, 187monarchies, 256–78; absolutism, 258, 268; in

Austria, 271–72; constitutional monarchy,317, 424, 432; in England, m121, 120–21, 150,152, 261–65; in France, p151, 150, 266–69; in

Great Britain, 655; Hundred Years’ War,149–50; in Prussia, 272–73; restoration afterNapoleon, 357–58; rise of, m121, 120–22; inRussia, 152, 274–78; in Spain, 152, 258–60

monasteries. See monastic lifemonastic life: block printing, 124–25; of

Byzantine Empire, p103, 102; church reform,120; education in, 114; Irish monastery, p113;of Medieval Church, 119; of Slavs, 104

Monet, Claude, 413, 415money: Axum gold coins, 79; development of,

36; Qin dynasty, 85; as source of power, 399Mongkut, king of Thailand, 253Mongolia: Mongols from, 139; Manchus, 241Mongols: Burma, invaded by, 131; conquests

of, 139–40; decline of, 141, 143; empire of,m140, 140–41; Genghis Kahn, 139; govern-ment, 141; housing of, p139; Japan, invadedby, 129; Kievan Rus, invaded by, 104; KublaiKhan, p142, 141; in Russia, m140, 140, 141,152; society, 141; Yuan dynasty, 141–43

Monomotapa Empire, 159–60monotheism: defined, 36; of Islam, 106. See

also specific religionsMonroe Doctrine, 497–98; re-interpretation,

592–93; Roosevelt Corollary, 500, 592Monroe, James, 498Montagu, Mary Wortley, 175Montenegro, 784, 790; in Balkan League, 474;

independence, 474Montesquieu, Baron de, 300, 301–02, 331, 340Montezuma II, 217Montgomery, Bernard, 621Montreal Protocol, 794, 796Montreal, Quebec: establishment, 220; immi-

gration to, 666moon landing, 634, 659, 797Moors, 214Moran, Percy, 314Moravian Brethren, 306More, Thomas, 190Morelos, José María, 444Moriscos, 259Morocco: French imperialism, 483, 484, 514;

gold-salt trade, q155, 155; Songhai Empire,invasion of, 158

Morse, Samuel, 385Morton, Jelly Roll, 549Moscow, 350, 614–15; beginnings, 104; French

invasion, 353; Muscovy, principality of, 104,152

Moses, 37Mossadeg, Mohammad, 729Mother Teresa, 798motion pictures, 546, 547, 551Mound Builders, 163Mount Holyoke College, 409Mountain (French National Convention),

344, 345movies. See motion picturesMozambique: independence, 709; Marxism

and free enterprise, 715Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, p305, 175Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, 551Mu’awiyah, 107Mubarak, Hosni, 731Mughal Empire. See Mogul EmpireMuhammad, 106Muhammad, Askia, 158Mulroney, Brian, 793multimedia presentations, 307multinational corporations. See global

economy

Munich Conference, 602, 605Murnau, F.W., 551Muscovy. See Moscowmusic: African, 81, 176; anthems, 354;

baroque, 272; classicism, 305; feudal trouba-dours, 116; jazz, 549; romantic, 412; swing,551; twelve-note scale, 549; Twenties, 549–51

Muslim League, 579Muslims: Arabic language, 106, 108, 109, 112;

architecture, 236; in Bosnia-Herzegovina,790–91; Crusades against, 144–46; Europe,influence on, m107, 107, 114, 260; FrankishEmpire invaded by, m115, 114; in India, 579;Jersusalem controlled by, 145, 146; Shiites,107, 235; in Spain, 152; Sunnis, 107, 235. Seealso Islam

Mussolini, Benito, p558, q558, q559, 557–59;arrest of, 622; death of, 626; Ethiopia, policytoward, 603; prime minister of Italy, 544

Mutsuhito, emperor of Japan, 493, 494Myanmar, 131; militarism, 690; satellite tele-

vision, censorship, 637. See also BurmaMycenaean civilization, 58Myron, p62, 62

NNAACP. See National Association for the

Advancement of Colored PeopleNader Shah, 232, 235NAFTA. See North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFTA)Nagasaki, Japan, 247, 627Nagorno-Karabakh, 792Nagy, Imre, 652Namibia, 711Nanjing, China, 581, 603Nanking, Treaty of, 491Napata, 34Naples, 352, 357, 453Napoleon Bonaparte, p350, q353; coronation

as Emperor, 334, 350; early life, 349; exile,353; Napoleon III, emulation by, 432–33;return from Elba, 353–54; rise to power, 343, 349

Napoleon Crossing the Great St. Bernard,ptg349

Napoleon III, 432–33; art exhibition, 414; atti-tude toward German unification, 460; elect-ed president, 431; relations with Cavour,454; support of pope, 453, 456

Napoleonic Code, 351, 354Napoleonic Era, m353, g355, 350–55;

Continental System, 352; defeat, 353–54;Europe, conquest of, 351–52; Europeanrevolt against, 352; finance, 350–51;Hundred Days, 354; legacy, 354; NapoleonicCode, 351; Roman Catholic Church, policytoward, 351; Russia, campaign against, 350,352–53

Nara, Japan, 128Narmer, king of Egypt, 30Naresuan, king of Thailand, 252Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 727–29National Association for the Advancement

of Colored People (NAACP), 663National Convention, French, 343–45, 347, 355National Woman Suffrage Association

(NWSA), 441nationalism, 352, 358, 452; in Africa, 705;

World War I, 515; power of, 587–88; inRussia, 468–69

Native Americans, p216, 51–52, 323; Arcticregion, 161; Aztec Empire, 164–65, m165;

INDEX

Michelangelo Buonarroti — Native Americans

California, 162; in Canada, 429; civil rights,663; disease, effects of, 218; EasternWoodlands, 163–64; in Florida, 216; GreatBasin, 162; Great Plains, 163; Incas, m165,165–66, 217, 224; in Latin America, 443;Pacific Northwest, p162, 161, 162;Southwest, 162–63; Spain, relations with,217–18; trade, 162; western expansion, effectof, 438. See also Mayan Empire

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),638, 660; in Balkans, 779, 785, 791; forma-tion, 646; role change, after communism, 779

natural law, 297, 299natural resources, 78; exhaustion of, 796;

importance in industrialization, 380natural selection, 403naturalism, 414Navajo, 163; mythology, 161; rug, p161Navigation Acts, 315, 322, 324Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 606Nazism, 560–62; concentration camps, m613;

persecution of Jews, 561, 562; plans for con-quest, 615; propaganda, 562; refugee flightfrom, 562. See also Germany; World War II

Neanderthals, 22Nebuchadnezzar, 38negritude, 721Nehru, Jawaharlal, p692, q692, 579, 692, 693Nelson, Horatio, 349Neolithic period, 21, 22–23; technology, p24,

23–24; villages, 23Nero, 72Netanyahu, Benjamin, 733–34, 739Netherlands, 189; art, 218–19; Austria, acquisi-

tion by, 271; Calvinism, 195, 201; coloniza-tion, 218–19; in Common Market, 657; EastAsia, exploration of, 208; exploration by,m217; France, war against, 345; growth ofcommerce, 224; in Japan, 247; Napoleon asking of Holland, 352; in North America, 219;Renaissance, 188; sea power, p251; in South-east Asia, 251, 494–95; Southeast Asia, colo-nization of, 494–95; in Thailand, 252–53; unification, 358; in War of the AustrianSuccession, 273; in War of the SpanishSuccession, 269

Neutrality Acts, 611New Deal, 552, 554New Economic Policy (NEP), 564–65New Harmony, Indiana, 400New Kingdom (Egypt), m31, 30, 32New Mexico: German promise to Mexico,

527; U.S. acquisition, 438New Orleans, Louisiana, p438–39New Spain. See Spain, coloniesNew Stone Age. See Neolithic periodNew Testament, of the Bible, 76New York, New York: parks, 408New Zealand, 429–30, 698; British imperial-

ism, 481; mandates, 539Newcomen, Thomas, 372Newfoundland: acquistion by England, 269;

exploration, 220; U.S. military bases, 611–12newspapers, 408, 409, 664Newton, Isaac, q294, 294–95, 300–301;

Principia published, 292; in Royal Society,297; theory of gravity, 287

Ngo Dinh Diem, 686Ngo Quyen, 131Nicaragua, 570, 761–62; civil war, 762; estab-

lishment, 444; literacy campaign, 762; U.S.intervention in, p591, 591, 592

Nicholas I, czar of Russia, q473, 433, 466, 467Nicholas II, czar of Russia, 466, 468, 469, 470,

519; abdication, 532, 533Niépce, Joseph, 434Niger River, 80, 157, 158, 488Nigeria: in the 1990s, 712–13; British imperial-

ism, m486, 576; ethnic conflict 575; indepen-dence, 708; women, 572

Night of Long Knives, 562Nightingale, Florence, 433Nijinsky, Vaslav, 551Nile River: early civilization, 17, 18, 24, 34, 79;

Egyptian monarchy and empire, 30–34;Nubian kingdoms, 80; tomb scene, p19

Nimitz, Chester W., 623Niña, p213, 213Nineteen Propositions, 315Nineteenth Amendment, 441, 546–47Ninety-five Theses, 174, 192Nino, 103Nixon administration, Vietnam policy, 662Nixon, Richard M.: China, visit to, 677, 679;

imperial presidency, 664; resignation, 658,664; role in detente, 650

Nkrumah, Kwame, p707, 707Nobel Peace Prize, 665, 690, 781Nobunaga, Oda, q244, 246Nok civilization, 80nomads: Arabs as, 105; Aztecs, 164; human pre-

history, 20, 25; Mongols, 139, 143; Nile Rivervalley, 30; steepe peoples, 138

nonaligned nations, 693nonviolent protest, 578Noriega, Manuel, 764Normandy invasion. See D-DayNormans, 121North Africa: in the 1990s, 711; Almoravid

attacks, 155; Byzantine Empire, conquest by,101; Christianity, 77; city-states, 71; Fatimids,109; France, colonization by, 705; gold-salttrade, q155, 154–55; imperialism, 483–85;independence, 705–707; Islam in, m107, 107, 109, 156; Ottoman conquest, 232; PunicWars, 71; region of, 78; in World War II, 620,621–22

North America, m331; French exploration,219–20; human prehistory, 22; life expectan-cy, 405; Native Americans, p161, p162, m163,51–52, 161–64

North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), 754, 755, 757, 796

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).See NATO

North Korea: China, relations with, 681; communism, 647; postwar status, 683

Northern Ireland, 555, 786, 787Northern Rhodesia. See ZambiaNorthwest Passage, 219Norway, German invasion, 607–608Nouvelle Héloise, La, 305Nova Scotia, 269Novotny, Antonin, 652–53Nubian kingdoms, 34, 78, 80nuclear weapons, m661, 509; Australia and

New Zealand, policy toward, 697–98; in CIS, 777, 779; French, 656, 696; in India and Pakistan, 694; SALT (Strategic ArmsLimitation Talks), 650; U.S.-Russian agreements, 777; in West Germany, 652

numbering systems, 32, 35, 63, 90; Arabicnumerals, 85, 110; concept of zero, 85, 110;place-value system 110

Nunavut, 793Nuremberg Laws, 557, 562Nuremberg trials, 627Nyasaland. See MalawiNyerere, Julius, q719

OOAS. See Organization of American States

(OAS)Oath of the Tennis Court, The, ptg339OAU. See Organization of Africa Unity (OAU)Obasanjo, Olusegum, 713Obregón, Alvaro, 501Obuchi, Keizo, 675Ocalan, Abdullah, 793Oceania. See Australia, New Zealand; selected

Pacific islandsOctavian. See AugustusOder River, 459Odyssey, 58Oedipus Rex, 62Ogadai Khan, 140O’Higgins, Bernardo, 445oil: and embargo, 665; in Kuwait, 736; in Latin

America, 588–89; in the Middle East, 731;Persian Gulf War, 736; production, 1990, m747

Okara, Gabriel, 744Okigbo, Christopher, 744Okinawa, 626, 676Oklahoma (battleship), 619Oklahoma City: bombing, 775Old Kingdom (Egypt), m31, 30 32Oleg, Viking prince, 103Olive Branch Petition, 329Olmecs, p52, 52, 89Olmsted, Frederick Law, 405, 408Olympic Games, p62, 58, 62, 710Omar Khayyám, 111On the Origin of Species, 402, 403Ontario, Canada, 429OPEC. See Organization of Petroleum

Exporting CountriesOpen Door Policy, 491opera, 248, 412Operation Barbarossa, 614Operation Desert Storm. See Persian Gulf

WarOperation Overlord, 624Opium War, 491Orange Free State, 487Oregon, 438Oresteia, 62Organization of African Unity (OAU), 717,

718Organization of American States (OAS), 660,

750, 754; intervenes in Ecuador-Peru war, 754Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 665, 731Orlando, Vittorio, 539Orozco, José Clemente, ptg571, 444Ortega, Daniel, 762Orwell, George, 604, 634Osiris, 32, 33Oslo Accords, 738Osman, Ottoman leader, 232Ostpolitik, 657Otto the Great, king of Germany, 122Ottoman Empire, m233, 232–34;

Constantinople, 152, 232; Crimean War, 433;decline, 234; destruction by Allies, 537; end,572; Gallipoli, 525; Greece, freedom, of, 359;Italy, war against, 484–85; law, 233–34; navy232; reform, 234; revolt by Young Ottomans,234; Russia, threat from, 473; Russia, waragainst, 277; Timur Lenk, attack of, 143;Vienna, siege, 230

outlining, 327Ovid, 75Owen, Robert, 370, 400Owen, Wilfred, q526, 523

Index 827

INDEX

NATO — Owen

828 Index

PPachacuti, 165–66Pacific Ocean, 215Pacific Rim, 696pacifism, 299, 578Paekche, Korea, 126Pagan, Myanmar, 131Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 729; over-

throw, 734Pahlavi, Reza Shah, 574Paine, Thomas, 329painting, 414; abstract expressionism, 660;

classicism, 304–305; cubism, 549; Dada, 549;Renaissance, 185–187; romanticism, 412;social realism, 549; surrealism, 549; use ofoil, 190

Pakistan: 694–695; civil war and indepen-dence, 692; in South Asia, 44; U.S., relationswith, 695

Paleolithic period: scraper from, p20; tool-making, 21

Palestine, 574–75, 727; Arab conquest of, 144;British mandate, 539; Islamic conquest, 103;Jewish immigration to, p727; Judearenamed, 75; partition, 727; Seljuk Turks,144–45. See also Israel; Palestinians

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),724; formation, 730; Israel, relations with,724, 730, 732–33

Palestinians: intifada, 732; under Israeli mili-tary occupation, 731; peace process, opposi-tion to, 733; refugees in 1947, p727; resettle-ment, 739; separate state, 730

Pan-Africanism, 718Pan-Arabism, 726Pan-Slavism, 515Panama: independence, 445; Isthmus of, 500;

Republic of, 764Panama Canal, p499, p764, m503, 371, 435,

497, 500; Panamanian control, 761, 764Panchatantra, 85Panipat, Battle of, 143, 237Pankhurst, Emmeline, p504, 426–27, 504Pantheon, 73papacy: criticism of, 190; expulsion by Italian

nationalists, 453; papal infallibility, 462; dur-ing Renaissance, 184

Papal States, 452, 453, 456Papandreou, Andreas, 789Papua New Guinea, 698Paradise Lost, 317parallels, 53Paris Accords, 662Paris, France: Age of Enlightenment, 301;

Allied liberation of , 625; French monarchy,122; University of Paris, 148

Paris, Peace of, 539Paris, Treaty of, 273, 334Park, Mungo, q488Parliament, British: Charles II, relations with,

317–18; dissolution by Charles I, 313;Elizabeth I, relations with, 312; established,121–22; James I, relations with, 312–13; laborlegislation, 400; Long Parliament, 312, 314;reform, 426; role in English civil war, 314;Rump Parliament, 315; Short Parliament,314; Tudor dynasty, relations with, 261

Parnell, Charles Stewart, 427Parthenon, p58, 62Passchendaele, 536Passover, 37Pasteur, Louis, p403, 396, 403Pathfinder (space probe), 797patricians, 70, 71, 72, 74

Patton, George, 624Paul, 76Paul III, pope, 198, 199Pavlov, Ivan, 404Pax Romana, 72, 73, 74, 85Pax Sinica, 85Peace of Augsburg, 201, 270Peace Corps, The, 661Peace of Paris, 175Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese attack upon,

614, 619Pearson, Lester B., 665peasants: in China, 17, 22, 85, 87; Crusades,

145; feudal life, 116, 118Peasant’s Dance, ptg190Peasants’ Revolt (1525), 193Pedro I, emperor of Brazil, 445–46Peloponnesian War, 61, 63Penn, William, 299Pepin, m114, m167, 114, 351Peres, Shimon, 733, 739Pericles, 62Perón, Eva, p766, 766Perón, Isabel, 767Perón, Juan, 748, 766–67Perry, Matthew C., 478Persepolis, 39, 64Persian Empire, m39, m55, 38–39; Armenia,

attacked by, 103; Byzantine Empire, invadedby, 103, 106–07; Chaldean Empire, conquestof, 38; defeat by Alexander, 63; East Africa,trade with, 158, 159; Greece, Persian Wars,m61, 60–61; India, invaded by, 83, 110;Mongols in, 141; Muslim conquest of, m107,107, 108, 109; Muslims, influenced by, 111;Ottoman Empire, influence on, 234

Persian Gulf, 34, 105, 216Persian Gulf War, 736; Australian involve-

ment, 697; environmental damage, 736Persian Wars, m61, 60–61Peru, 769; agriculture, 17; Ecuador, war

against, 754; Incan Empire, p166, 166; inde-pendence, 445; Moche peoples of, 165; nat-ural resources, 442; Spanish conquest, 217

Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 524, 609Peter the Great, p275, 274, 275–78; education,

compulsory, 274; legacy, 275, 278; St.Petersburg, q276

Peter I. See Peter the GreatPeter III, 278Petition of Right, 314, 317Petrarca, Francesco, 181, 189Petrarch, See Petrarca, Francescopetroleum industry, 387, 440; in Mexico, 756;

nationalization in Iran, 729; nationalizationin Mexico, 589; oil embargo, 665. See alsoOrganization of Petroleum ExportingCountries (OPEC)

Phidias, 62Philip Augustus, king of France, 122, 145Philip II, king of France, 122Philip II, king of Macedonia, 63Philip II, king of Spain, p258, 232, 258–60;

coat of arms, p262; marries Mary I ofEngland, 262

Philip III, king of Spain, 270Philip IV, king of France, 122Philip V, king of Spain, 269Philippines, 251; American imperialism, 495;

discovery, 215; after independence, 696;Spanish imperialism, 494–95; U.S. acquisi-tion of, 500; World War II, 626

Philistines, 37philosophes, 300–301

philosophy: ancient Greek, 56, 62; Islamic,111–12; of Middle Ages, 149; science, 294

Phoenicians: alphabet, 36; defeat byAlexander, 64; Israelites and, 37; KingHiram, 30; ship, p30; trade, 36

photography, 434physics, 294, 404, 547Physiocrats, 398Piankhi, Kushite king, 34Picasso, Pablo, q549, 549Piedmont, 358Pilgrims, 220Pilgrims Signing the Mayflower Compact,

ptg314Pinochet, Augusto, 768; protest against, p768Pinta, 208pioneers, American West, p437piracy, 222; pirate ship, p222Pius VI, pope, 341Pius VII, pope, q358, 351Pius IX, pope, 453, 462–63Pizarro, Francisco, 217plague, p148, m169, 147, 258, 318Plague in Athens, 171Plains people, 163Planck, Max, 396, 404Plato, 62plebeians, 70, 71PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization

(PLO)Plymouth, Massachusetts, 220poetry: modern, 548, 742–45; romantic, 412.

See also individual poetspogroms, 469pointillism, 415points of reference. See turning pointsPol Pot, 688Poland: Catholicism, 198; communism, 641,

652; communism, end of, 781; creation, 357;defense against Germany, 605–606; dividedamong Russia, Prussia, and Austria, 278;German invasion, 600, 606; Holy RomanEmpire, 122; Jesuit missionaries, 200; re-established, 539; reform, pressure for,780–81; Russia, occupation by, 466; Russia,war against, 275, 277; Solidarity, 780–81;Soviet policy toward, 607, 626

polio vaccine, 634polis, See city-statesPolish Corridor, 539, 606Pollock, Jackson, q660pollution: of the air, p797; of the environment,

796; in Japan, 674; in Persian Gulf War, 736Polo, Marco, 138; and Kublai Khan, p142, 141;

search for gold, 489Polynesians, 698Pompadour, Madame de, 301Pompeii, p74–75Pompidou, Georges, 656pope: Holy Roman empire conflict with, 122;

of Medieval Church, 119; selection of, 120Pope, Alexander, 305popular sovereignty, See sovereigntypopulation growth, 159, 584, 795population of the world, 405Populism, 466, 468Portugal: Catholicism, 152, 198; China, contact

with, 243; colonies, 216, 442; democracy, 789;exploration by, m217, 212, 214; growth ofcommerce, 224; India, trade with, 214;Japan, relations with, 246; joins EuropeanCommunity, 786, 789; liberal government,445–46; line of demarcation, 215; in MalayPeninsula, 250; Netherlands, conflict within

INDEX

Pachacuti — Portugal

Asia, 219; in Southeast Asia, 250, 494–95;southern African colonization, 709; inThailand, 252–53; West Africa, colonizationof, m486

postimpressionism, 415potato famine, 427, 441Potsdam Conference, 626pottery: ancient Greece, p16, p60; china, 125;

Native American, 161Pragmatic Sanction, 271–72Praise of Folly, The, 188, 190pre-modern period, p15, 14–15. See also

human prehistoryprehistory. See human prehistoryPreval, Rene, 760PRI. See Institutional Revolutionary PartyPrice, David, 232Priestley, Joseph, 292, 296Primary Chronicle, 103–104Prince, The, 181, 202–205Princip, Gavrilo, 518Principia, 292, 294, 300printing: Chinese, 88; invention, 188, 189;

moveable type, 192Prinz Eugen (battleship), 620privatization: 756, 779Prokofiev, Sergey, 549proletariat: dictatorship of the, 565. See also

working classprophets, 36, 38Protestant Reformation, 191–93; causes of,

191, 201; effects of, 201; Germany, 457Protestantism, 191–96; Catholic reaction to,

198, 200; conflict with Catholicism inGermany, 270, 457; in England, 195–96; inSpain, 258; spread of, 194–96

Prussia, 272, 352; Austria, conflict with, 457,459–60; Carlsbad Decrees, 359; Congress ofVienna involvement, 356–57; France, waragainst, 343, 353, 354; Franco–Prussian War,433–34, 460–61; French Revolution, policytoward, 342; Italy, alliance with, 456; leader-ship in German unification, 458; monarchy,272–73; Poland, 278, 358; in Seven Years’ War,273; in War of the Spanish Succession, 272

Ptolemy, astronomer, 212Ptolemy, kings of Egypt, 64Pu Yi, prince of China, 492, 602Pueblo, Native Americans, 162Puerto Rico, U.S. acquisition of, 500Punic Wars, 71–72Punt, Land of, 170; sailing to, p170Puritans, 316; in England, 196, 313; persecu-

tion, 313, 317Putin, Vladimir, 779Pyongyang, North Korea, 682pyramids, m31, p41, 18, 32Pythagoras, 63

QQaddafi, Muammar, al-, 705, 712Qadir, Abd, al-, 484Qajar dynasty, 235Qin dynasty, 85Qin Shihuangdi, 85Qing dynasty, 241–43, 371; Europeans, rela-

tions with, 490–92Quadruple Alliance, 358–59quantum theory, 396, 404Quebec, 428; founded, 216, 220; separatism,

666, 793Quebec Act, 326Quechua, Incan language, 166

Quran, p106, 106, 109, 111, 158, 170

RRabelais, François, 189Rabin, Yitzhak, 732–33; assassination, 724,

733, 803Racine, Jean, 305railroads, p379; in Canada, 429; first locomo-

tive, 382; first public, 370; in Germany, 383Ramathibodi, Thai prince, 131Ramayana, 46, 84Ramkhamhaeng, Thai king, 131Ramos, Fidel, 697Ramses the Great, p33, 31–32, 33, 40Raphael, 183, 187Rasputin, Grigori, 468, 533Rau, Santha Rama, 594reactionaries, 345, 358, 359Reagan administration, 774–75; Nicaragua

policy, 762Reagan, Ronald: communism, attitude

toward, 776; election, 774realism, 412, 414realpolitik, 458Red Army, 581-82Red Guards, 678Reds (Bolsheviks), 534reform: Armenia, 779; Azerbaijan, 779;

Church of England, 313; Cuba, 758; Georgia(Russia), 779; Iran, 573–74; Ottoman Empire,234; Poland, 780–81; Tajikistan, 779;Turkmenistan, 779; Ukraine, 779;Uzbekistan, 779

Reform Act of 1832, 287, 422, 424, 425Reform Bill of 1867, 426reform, land: China, 677; Latin America, 754reform, political: Austria, 432; Cuba, 758;

Italy, 432; Prussia, 432reform, social, 399–400; Great Britain, 399;

Latin America, 750, 753–54reformation. See Catholic Reformation;

Protestant ReformationReichstag, 561Reign of Terror, 346–47relativity, 404; theory of, 547religion: ancient Egypt, 31; Byzantine Empire,

101; Copper Age, 29; development of, 24, 25;Egyptian, 32, 33; in Europe, m200; freedomof, 195; Greek, 58; Incas, 166; influence onthe present, 693, 710, 741, 780, 798; influenceof reason, 299; in Japan, 130; liberation the-ology, 754; Mayan Empire, 90; monotheism,36, 106; of Olmec, 52; reaction against rea-son, 306; reforms in Europe, 399; RomanEmpire, 75; Roman Republic, 71; separationof church and state, 195; Shang dynasty, 50;Stonehenge, p32; Sumerian city-states, 35.See also individual religions

Remarque, Erich Maria, 512Rembrandt, van Rijn, ptg219Remington, Frederic, q497Renaissance, 180–90; Age of Exploration,

influence on, 210; causes of, 180; defined,178; effects of, 180, 192; in England, 190; inFrance, 189; in Northern Europe, 188–90. See also Italian Renaissance

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, 415reparations, World War I, 538–39Repin, Ilya, 417republic: in France, 343–45; in Latin America,

446; in United States, 330–31Republic of Virtue, 346, 347Revere, Paul, 328

Revolution of 1848, p432Revolution of 1905, p469, 469–70Revolutionary War, 330; major battles, m333.

See also American RevolutionRhine River, 459Rhineland, 602, 604Rhodes, Cecil, 481, 487Rhodesia, 481, 709. See also ZimbabweRibbentrop, Joachim von, 602Ricardo, David, 398, 399Ricci, Matteo, 200Richard I, king of England, 145Richard III, king of England, 152Richelieu, Cardinal, p267, 268Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 491. See

also BoxersRightly Guided Caliphs, 106–107rights, human, 299, 306, 798Rimbaud, Arthur, 414Rio Treaty, 754Rite of Spring, The, 551Rivera, Diego, 508road building: Assyrians, 38; Byzantine

Empire, 101; in China, 123, 124; GreatBritain, 382; Incan Empire, 166; in MauryanEmpire, 84; by Mongols, 141; by Muslims,108; Persian Empire, 39; Roman Empire, 73;Roman Republic, 71; Zhou dynasty, 50

Robespierre, Maximilien, 344, 346–47Robinson, Jackie, 634Roentgen, Wilhelm K., 404Roh Tae Woo, 684Roman Catholicism: Catholic Reformation,

198–201; criticism of, 153, 191–92, 289; doc-trine during Reformation, 198; Encyclopedie,influence on, 301; in England, 119, 196;establishment of, 77, 101; in France, 266;Frankish kingdom, 113; French Revolution,influence of, 341; in French SecondRepublic, 433; German Empire, conflictwith, 462; in Germany, 119; Great Schism,153; Henry VIII, conflict with, 196; inIndochina, 252; Inquisition, 120, 199;Ireland, conflict in, 427; in Latin America,442–43, 753–54; Middle Ages, p119, 118–20,152–53; missions in South America, m207;monarchs, power of, 120–22, 152;Napoleonic France, policy of, 351; inPhilippines, 251; in prerevolutionary France,336–37; Protestantism in Germany, conflictwith, 270, 457 Protestantism, reaction to,198, 199; reforms, 120, 153, 189–90; revival in France, 306; science, policy toward, 292;in Scotland, 265; in Southeast Asia, 250;Vatican Council II, 798. See also papacy

Roman Empire: Charlemagne as emperor,114; Christianity, 76–77; daily life, p74–75,74–75; decline of, 77; emperors, 72; engineer-ing, 73; expansion of m73; Germanic inva-sions, 113; imperialism, 480; India, tradewith, 73, 83, 85; legal system, 73; Otto theGreat, as king of, 122; reforms, 72; religion,75; science, 73–74. See also Roman Republic

Roman Republic, 453, 455; corruption, 72;daily life, 71; end of, 72; established, 70–71;expansion, 71–72; generals, 72; Greece, con-tributions to, 71; laws, 71; Punic Wars, 71–72;reform, 72; religion, 71; social classes, 70–71;social conflict, 71. See also Roman Empire

Romanesque architecture, 149Romania: communism, 641; communism, end

of, 781; government, 782; independence,474; nationalism, 473; in Nazi-SovietNonaggression Pact, 606; violence, 782

Index 829

INDEX

postimpressionism — Romania

830 Index

Romanov dynasty, 275, 533romanticism, 412; development of, 306Rome (city): Allied liberation, 623; develop-

ment, 70; outside unified Italy, 456;Renaissance, 180, 184; urban poor, 72

Rome, Treaty of, 657Rome-Berlin Axis, 604Romero, Oscar, 763Rommel, Erwin, p612, 612, 614, 621; Allied

defeat of, 622Roosevelt Corollary, 592–93Roosevelt, Eleanor, 511Roosevelt, Franklin D., 552, 554; German

expansion, policy toward, 611; GoodNeighbor policy, q592–93; Stalin, opinion of,641

Roosevelt, Theodore, p499, 500; reaction toLusitania sinking, 529

Rosetta stone, 287Rough Riders, p497Roundheads, 315Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 305–6, 340, 411Royal Air Force (RAF), 610, 611, 624Royal Albert Hall, 408Royal Society of London, 297Rubaiyat, 111rubber industry, 387Rubens, Peter Paul, 199Rump Parliament, 315Russia, 274–78; art and architecture, 276;

Austria, support for, 273; Austria-Hungary,agreement with, 515; Balkan expansion, 474;Baltic coast, acquisition of, 274; Bismarck,relations with, 459; Black Sea, expansiontoward, 515; Chechnya, 792; China, unequaltreaties with, 491; civil war, m535, 532, 535;in Commonwealth of Independent States,m777, 777; communism, 401; Congress ofVienna involvement, 356–57; Crimean War,433, 473; Decembrist Revolt, 467; England,trade with, 275; expansion, m277, m467;expansion under Catherine, 278; expansionunder Ivan, 275; expansion under Peter, 277;financial crisis, 779; France, 1894 alliancewith, 516; France, war against, 352–53;Germany declares war, 519; Germany, treatywith, 534; government under Peter, 277;immigration from, 441; isolation, 274; Japan,unequal treaties with, 493; Japan, waragainst, m477, 470, 494; Jewish immigrationto U.S., 405; Jews, persecution of, 469; inThree Emperor’s League, 516; monarchy,152, 274–78; Mongol, invasion of, m140, 140,141, 152; Napoleon, invasion by, 350;Ottoman Empire, policy toward, 473;Poland, division of, 278; Poland, relationswith, 358; radicalism, 468; reform move-ments, 466–70; revolution of 1905, 469–70;revolution of 1917, 532–35; seaports, 275;secret police, 535; Serbia, support for, 515,519; serfs, emancipation of, 467–68; in SevenYears’ War, 273; social structure, 467–68;strikes, 470; taxation, 277; in Triple Entente,516; Viking invasion of, m115, 115; Westerninfluence, 275–78; women, voting rights,508; World War I, p522, 524–25. See alsoRussian Empire; Russian Revolution (1917);Soviet Union

Russian Orthodox Church: czar relationshipwith, 152; persecution under Lenin, 535

Russian Revolution (1917), 508, 532–35;Bolshevik Revolution, 534–35; civil war, 532,535; events leading to, 532–33; provisionalgovernment, 533–34

Russo-Japanese War, 494Russo-Turkish War, 474Ruthenians, 605Rwanda: ethnic civil war, 714, 792

SSaar Basin, 463, 539Sadat, Anwar el-, 731Safavid dynasty, 235Sahara, 78, 154, 483–84, 717, 719Sahel, 720Saint Domingue, 221, 289, 342. See also HaitiSaint Helena, 354Sakhalin Island, 626Sakharov, Andrei, 650Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 756–57Salk, Jonas, 634salons, p297, p302–303, 301SALT treaty, 638Samarkand, 185; establishment, 109; Timur

Lenk, capital of, 143Samoa, crt481samurai, p129, p244; ethics, 129, 246San Francisco Conference, 640San Martín, José de, 445San people, of Southern Africa, 160San Stefano, Treaty of, 474Sand, George, 412Sandinista National Liberation Front

(FSLN), 761Sandino, Augusto César, p591, 570, 592, 761sans-culottes, p343, 344, 345, 347Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 500Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, p790, 517–18,

790–91Sardinia, 358, 433; Crimean War, 473; French

Revolution, policy toward, 342, 345; monar-chy, re-establishment of, 357; role in Italianunification, 453–56

Sartre, Jean Paul, 798satellite communications, 636satyagraha, 578Saudi Arabia, 736, 741; in Arab League, 726;

censorship, 741Savonarola, Girolamo, q183–84Savoy, 455Saxons, 77, 120–21, 193, 353, 357Scandinavia: immigration from, 441;

Lutheranism, 201; Viking from, m115, m135,103–104, 115, 120

Scheidermann, Philipp, q514Schiller, Friedrich von, 412Schindler’s List, 616Schleswig, 458–59Schlieffen Plan, 520–21Schoenberg, Arnold, 549; flight from Nazism,

562scholasticism, 149Schröder, Gerhard, 788Schubert, Franz, 412Schwann, Theodor, 402science: advances in 1600s, 292–99; advances

in 19th and 20th centuries, 402–404; ancientGreek, 63; Egyptian achievements, 32, 34;Hellenic, 65; Muslim advances in, 110–11;Roman Empire, 73–74; of Song dynasty,China, 125. See also specific scientific disci-pline; technology

scientific method, 294, 296, 298scientific revolution, 293–96Scopes evolution trial, 550scorched-earth policy, 353, 614Scotland: becomes Protestant, 265; Calvinism,

195, 201; Church of England, 314; Cromwell,defeat by, 315; England, alignment with,265; England, war against, 314; Watt andindustrialization, 382

Scott, Walter, 412sculpture: African, 80; ancient Greek, p62, 62;

Buddhist, p48; classicism, 305; Indian, p47;Italian Renaissance, 185; Chinese, p51;Teotihuacáno, p90

Sea of Marmara, 100SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization (SEATO)Second Estate, 337, 338Second Republic, French, 432–34Secondat, Charles-Louis de. See

Montesquieu, Baron deSecretariat (UN), 641secularism, 180, 191, 300Security Council (UN), 640Seko, Mobutu Sese, 713. See also Mobutu,

JosephSelassie, Haile I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 603,

714Selective Service System, 537. See also con-

scriptionself-determination, 572Seljuk Turks. See Turks, SeljukSenesh, Hannah, 617Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 706, 721Seoul, South Korea, p684, 126, 682separation of powers, 301–02, 330Sepoy Rebellion, 489–90sepoys, 478sequencing, 257, 375, 725Serbia, 515, 784–85, 790–91; Austria-Hungary

declares war, 518; in Balkan League, 474;independence, 474; nationalism, 473

Serbs, 274, 790–91; Slavic nation, 539serfs, 277, 278; Aztec, 165; emancipation in

Russia, 467–68; feudal, q118, 116, 118, 146Seurat, Georges, 415Seven Weeks’ War, 457, 459–60, 472Seven Years’ War, 270, 273, 330, 334; end, 175Shaftesbury, Lord, 400Shahn, Ben, 549Shaka, king of the Zulu, 487Shakespeare, William, p188, 190, 263shamanism, 126Shandong Peninsula, 580Shang dynasty, m45, 49–50Shanghai, China, 239, 581Shaw, Artie, 551Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 412Shiite Muslims, 235; Iraq, suppression by, 736;

opposition to Umayyad dynasty, 107–108Shikibu Murasaki, p171, 139, 171Shining Path guerrillas, 769Shintoism, 127shogun, 129, 492Short Parliament, 314Shotoku, Japanese prince, 128Shu Yuanzhang, 143Siam. See ThailandSiberia, 275, 277Sicily, 455; 1848 revolution, 453; Allied inva-

sion, 622; monarchy, re-establishment of, 357Siddhartha, p44, 44Sierra Leone, 792Signing of the Declaration of Independence,

ptg329Sihanouk, Norodom, 688Sikhs, 237, 693silent majority, 662Silesia, 273

INDEX

Romanov dynasty — Silesia

silk production, 88, 243Silla, Korea, p126, 126silver mining, 217Simon, Apostle, 186Sims, William S., 536Singapore, 617; economic development, 691Sinhalese, 695, 793Sino-Japanese War, 494Siqueiros, David Alfaro, ptg589Sistine Chapel, p180, 180, 187Sitzkrieg, 607Siva, p48, p119, 46Six-Day War, 634, 730–31Sklodowska Curie, Marie, 402, 404Slater, Samuel, 373, 383slave trade: abolition of, 399, 440; auction

block 221; Middle Passage, 221; slave ship,p221; Spanish, 218; in West Africa, 485. Seealso enslaved persons; slavery

slavery: abolished, 399, 440; in Cape Colony,487; effect of textile industry, 439; in LatinAmerica, 442; living conditions, 221; reac-tion against, 438; resistance, 221; revolt, 289.See also enslaved persons; slave trade

slaves. See enslaved personsSlavs: in Balkan Peninsula, 474; Byzantine

Empire, influence of, 100, 103; Christianity,104; Cyrillic alphabet, 103, 104; FrankishEmpire invaded by, 114; in Holocaust, 615;Islam, 274; Kievan Rus, m104, 103–104;lands of, m104; loss of power, 274; Mongols,invasion of, 104, 141; Moscow, 104; national-ism, 515; Pan-Slavism, 515; in RussianEmpire, 466

Slovakia, Republic of, formation, 635, 783Slovenia, independence, 784smallpox, 402, 403; inoculation, 175Smith, Adam, 370, 396, 399Smith, Bessie, 549Smith, Ian, 709Sobieski, King John III. See John III Sobieskisocial classes, 25, 32, 401; ancient Greece, 59;

Aryan, 45–46; Aztec, 165; Byzantine Empire,102; Chinese, 87; Egyptian, 42; in feudalism,115–18; Mayan Empire, 90; of Middle Ages,High, 147; Native American lineages, 162;Roman Empire, 74; Roman Republic, 70–71

social contract, 290, 299, 329social Darwinism, 482social realists, 549Social Revolutionaries, 533, 534socialism, crt400; democratic socialism, 401,

463; in France, 434; in Germany, 463, 465; inGreat Britain, 426

Socialist realism, 567Society of Jesus, 200. See also Jesuit OrderSocrates, 56, 62Solidarity, p782, 772, 780–81Solomon, 37, 38, 79Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 650Somalia, p703; United Nations, 714–15Somme, Battle of the, 524Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 592, 761Song dynasty, m125, 98, 125, 131Song of Roland, 116Songhai, m158, 157–58; Askia Muhammad,

158; decline of, 158; Sunni Ali, 158Songs of Experience, 412Songs of Innocence, 412Sophia, granddaughter of James I, 319Sophie, wife of Archduke Francis

Ferdinand, 517Sophocles, p66, 62, 66–69South Africa: apartheid, 702, 704, 710, 711,

715; civil rights, 487–88; elections, 702; for-mation, 487; immigration to, 406

South African Native National Congress(SANNC), 487

South America; Catholic missions, m207; civi-lization in, 51; exploration, 215, 283; humanprehistory, 22; immigration to, 406; modernera, 766–69. See also Latin America

South Asia: Aryans, 45–46; British colonial-ism, 692; Buddhism, 48–49; East Africa,trade with, 158; epic literature, 46;Hinduism, p46–47, 46–47; Indus River val-ley, m45, 44–45

South Korea: China, relations with, 681; gov-ernment, 683–84; industrialization, 683–84

Southeast Asia, 250–53; Buddhism in, 49, 130;China, influence of, 123, 125; China, rela-tions with, 681; countries of, m130, 130; economic crisis, 685; European influence,250–52; Han dynasty, invasion by, 85;Hinduism, 130; human prehistory, 21; imperialism in, 494–95; Mongols in, 141;Portuguese arrival, 216; seafaring kingdoms,132; as trading center, 130. See also individ-ual countries

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization(SEATO), 660

Southern Africa, 160, 709–10; civil war, 159;region of, 78

Southern Common Market (Mercosur), 754,796

Southwest, Native Americans in, m163,162–63

sovereignty, popular, 297, 299, 305–6Soviet Union, 564–67, 648–51; agriculture,

566; arts, under Stalin, 567; atomic bomb,647; breakup, 635, 776–77; China, influenceon, 677–79; collectivization, 564, 566; com-munism, 564–66; Cuba, support for, 758;Czechoslovakia, invasion of, 653; de-Stalinization, 648–49, 652–53; dissidents,650; Eastern Europe, noninterference, 781;end of, 772, 775–79; Five-Year Plans, 566;German invasion, 614; Gorbachev era,775–77; human rights in, 566–67, 650;Hungary, invasion of, 652; industrialization,566; Leningrad, siege of, 619; loss of satel-lites, 781; Marshall Plan, policy toward, 645;militarism, 650; military bases in easternEurope, 607; New Economic Policy (NEP),564–65; reforms, 775–76; republics, 565; riseof communism in, 533–35; Sandinistas, sup-port for, 762; secret police, 566–67; Spanishcivil war, policy toward, 603–04; Sputnik I,636; Stalin, rise of, 566–67; standard of liv-ing, 648; UN Security Council, 641;Vietminh, support for, 685. See also Russia

Soweto, South Africa, p710Soyinka, Wole, 744space exploration, p773, 797Spain: Basque separatism, 788–89; Byzantine

Empire, conquest by, 101; Catholicism, 198;Charlemagne, 114; civil war, 600, 603–604;colonies, 217–18, 226, 442; commerce,growth of, 224; decline of power, 260;democracy, 788–89; England, war against,259, 313; in European Community, 786;exploration by, m217, 164, 214–18; fascism,603–604; France, war against, 353; FrenchRevolution, policy toward, 345; Inca Empire,conquest of, 217; Islam in, m107, p109, 107,109, 152; lack of export goods, 225; liberal-ism, 359; line of demarcation, 215; mercantil-ism, 224; Mesoamerica, conquest of, 217;

monarchy, 152, 258–60, 357; NapoleonicFrance, revolt against, 352; North Americanclaims, 217; Philippines, colonization of, 250,494–95; plague, 258; Protestantism, 258; reli-gious minorities, 259; in Revolutionary War,330; in Southeast Asia, 250–51, 494–95;Spanish Armada, 256, 259; SpanishInquisition, 152; Spanish Succession, War ofthe, 269; Spanish–American War, 494–95,497, 500; unity, 259; in War of the AustrianSuccession, 273

Spanish Armada, p259, 256, 259Spanish Succession, War of the, 269Spanish-American War, 497, 500Sparta, 60, 61speeches and letters, 189, 214, 243, 294, 303,

324, 337, 343, 532, 558, 564, 585, 610, 614,615, 640, 644, 685, 692, 721, 758

Spence, Jonathan D., 238spheres of influence, 482, 606; in China, 491Sphinx, p41Spice Islands, 216, 219spice trade, 210, 216, 250Spirit of Laws, The, 300, 301, 330–31sports: feudal, 118; Mayan, 90; Olympic

Games, 58, 62, 710Sputnik I, 636, 649, 661, 797Sri Lanka, 695; independence, 670; religious

conflict, 793St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), 201St. Lawrence River, 220St. Lawrence Seaway, 665St. Paul’s Cathedral, p317, 316St. Peter’s Basilica, 184, 187, 192, 200St. Petersburg, Russia, 276, 277, 470, 777St. Stephen’s Cathedral, 356Stalin, Joseph, 565–67; de-Stalinization,

648–49; dictatorship, 566–67; Germany,alliance with, 602; Germany, policy toward,604; postwar plans, 641; at Potsdam, 626;purges, 544, 567; Trotsky, Leon, strugglewith, 565; world opinion, 641

Stalingrad, Soviet Union, 620, 621Stamp Act, 324Standardized Test Practice, 170–71, 282–83,

366–67, 504–05, 630–31, 802–03Stanley, Henry M., p484, q485, 483Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 441Statute of Apprentices, 264Statute of Westminster, 555steam boats, 379, 382; in Japan, p373steam engine, p372, 372, 374, 382steel industry, 374, 382, 386, 440; Japan, 675;

Latin America, 752Steen, Jan, 218Stein, Gertrude, ptg548Steinbeck, John, 549stock market, 551; crash, 544, 553Stoicism, 64, 65Stone Age period, 21Stonehenge, 32Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 438Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement

(SALT). See SALT I TreatyStravinsky, Igor, 551strikes, p554, 392; general strikes, 555Stuart, Mary. See Mary Queen of Scotssubmarine warfare, 527, 620Sudan, British imperialism, 484, 705Sudetenland, 605Suez Canal, m486, 478, 483, 484; British con-

trol, 575; nationalization of, 724, 729suffragists, 426–27, 441. See voting rights, women.

Index 831

INDEX

silk production — suffragists

832 Index

Suharto, General, 691Sui dynasty, 123Sukarno, Achmed, 691Suleiman I, p234, 230, 232–33Summa Theologica, 149summit meetings, 648, 649Sun Also Rises, The, 546, 548Sun Yat-sen, q492, q580, 580Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande

Jatte, A, 415Sung, Kim Il, 683Sung Ying-Hsing, 283Sunni Muslims, 235; Kurds, 792–93; opposi-

tion to Shiites, 107; Seljuk Turks, 138superpowers, 640; arms race, 647, 649; non-

aligned nations, 693, 718; rivalry, 647, 650Supreme Command of the Allied Powers

(SCAP), 672Supreme Court, ruling on segregation, 663surrealism, 549Survival of the fittest. See Darwin, CharlesSwahili, 159Sweden: in European Union, 789; Hapsburgs,

war against, 270; Russia, war against, 275,277

swing music, 551Swing, The, ptg415Switzerland, 457; Calvinism, 201;

Protestantism, 194Sykes-Picot Agreement, 537symbolism, 411, 414Symphony From the New World, 412Syria: Alexander the Great, 63; Amorites

from, 35; in Arab League, 726; ByzantineEmpire, 100; French mandate, 539; Hittites,38; independence, 726; Israel, relations with,730–31, 732–33, 738, 739; Lebanon, occupa-tion of, 734, 739; Muslim conquest of, 108;rule by Ptolemy, 64; rule by Seleucus, 64;Trukey, conflict over water, 740; in UnitedArab Republic, 729; water shortage, 740

TTagore, Rabindranath, q236Tahiti, 415, 698Taiping Rebellion, 243, 489, 491Taiwan, 491, 677; occupation by Manchus,

241; status, 681Taj Mahal, p236, 236Tajikistan, 779Taksin, Phraya, 253Tale of Genji, The, 128Tale of the Heike, The, q130Talisman, The, 412Talleyrand, Maurice de, 341, 356Talmud, 76Tamara, queen of Armenia, 103Tamerlane. See Timur LenkTamils, 695, 793Tang dynasty, m125; arts, p124, 124–25;

decline of, 125, 131; trade, 124Tanzania, 708; in the 1990s, 714Tasmania, 430Tatars. See Mongolstaxation: direct tax, 324; duties, 322; of

English colonial goods, 322–26; France, 337; income taxes, 183; Indian salt tax, 570; by popes, 184; in Russia, 277; tariffs inTurkey, 573

Taylor, Frederick, 385Tchaikovsky, Peter, 412Teatro San Cassiano, 248technology: anthropological tools, p29; calen-

dars 36; Chinese, 88; concrete, 73; CopperAge, 28–29; embalming, 32; household, 547;iron-smelting, 154; metalworking, 25;Neolithic, p24, 23–24; paper making, 88;since 1945, 775, 797; Sumerian, 35; toolmak-ing, 21, 22; Zhou dynasty, 50

Tehran, Iran, 235, 624telegraph, 385; wireless, 383, 387telephone, p383, 387telescope, p289, 286television, impact on society, 659Telstar, 636Temujin. See Genghis KhanTen Commandments, q37Ten Hours Act, 398, 400Tennis Court Oath, 338Tenochtitlán, 217Teotihuacán, 91Teotihuacános, p90, 91Teresa of Avila, 201Teresa of Calcutta. See Mother Teresaterror famine, 564terrorism: Japan, 675; Libyan links, 712; U.S.,

775Testelin, Henri, 291Tet, 685Texas, 436, 500, 527Texas, Republic of, 436, 500textile industry, 380–81; demand for cotton,

439; first mill in U.S., p373; introduction inU.S., 383; inventions, 381–82; mill girls, 391;working conditions, 390; working hours, 400

textiles: ancient loom, 23; batik, 130; carpets,p108–109; Middle Ages, 147; sea trade, 132

Thailand, 131–32, 252–53, 690; Burma, conflictwith, 253; European contact, 252–53; Khmer,conflict with, 131

Thatcher, Margaret, 786theater: ancient Greek, p67, 62, 66–69;

Chinese, under Mongol rule, 141; EnglishRenaissance, 188, 190; Gupta Empire, 84–85

Thebes, p19, m31; Egyptian Empire capital, 31Theodora, Byzantine empress, p100, 100, 102Third Estate, 337, 338Third Reich, 562Third Republic, French, 422, 435Thirty Years’ War, p270, 256, 270–71; influence

on Germany, 457Thousand and One Nights, A, 111Three Gorges Dam (China), 680Three Musketeers, The, 412Thucydides, 63Thuku, Harry, 570, 576Tiananmen Square, 679–80Tiberius. See Gracchus, TiberiusTibet, 680–81; occupation by Manchus, 241Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, 24, 35, 64Timbuktu, Mali, 158; Great Mosque, p156–57,

156Timur Lenk, p143, 143, 185; invasion of India,

235, 237Tiridates III, king of Armenia, 103Titian, ptg199, 184Tito, Josip Broz, 651, 784Tojo, Hideki, 626Tokugawa shogunate, 244–48; ethics, 246;

relations with daimyos, 245; social structure,245–46

Tokyo, Japan, 245Tolstoy, Leo, 414Torah, p37, 38, 76Tordesillas, Treaty of, 215, 216Tories, 318; in Great Britain, 425

Torrijos, Omar, 764totalitarianism, 557–62, 677–80Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 415Touré, Ahmed Sékou, 708Touré, Samory, 485Tours, Battle of, m114, 107, 114Toussaint-Louverture, François, p289, 443–44Townshend, Lord Charles, 379trade: Alps, 28; balance of, 224; barter system,

36; at Constantinople, 100; Crusade, effecton, 146; deficit, 665, 676, 774; developmentof, 25; export goods, 225; Fertile Crescent,36; free trade, 754; gold-salt trade, q155,154–55; Greek, 58; Gupta Empire, 85; ofHarappans, 45; Islamic, 110; Japanese,129–30; at Makkah, 105; Mali, 156;Mesopotamia, 36; through Mongol Empire,m140, 141; Nile River, 34; Phoenician ship,p30; protection, 676; quotas, 676; by sea,p209; Silk Road, m86, p86, 86, 88, 124; spe-cial economic zones, 680; triangular, m169,220; water trade, 25; world trade, 794–95.See also individual countries, empires,dynasties, etc.

Trafalgar, Battle of, 352Trailok, king of Thailand, 252Tran Van Dinh, 685Transjordan. See Jordantransportation, 242, 248, 387, 406, 488; auto-

mobiles, 387, 550, 659; European explo-ration, 211–12; Panama Canal, 499, 500; railroads, 382; Suez Canal, 484; wheel in-vention, 23

Transvaal, 487Travels of Marco Polo, The, 138Trés Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, p118Trevithick, Richard, 382trigonometry, 110Tripartite Pact, 619Triple Alliance, 512, 516Triple Entente, 512, 516Tripoli, 484–85, 621Trojan War, 58Trotsky, Leon, q532, 535; philosophy toward

revolution, 565; Stalin, struggle with, 565Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 666Truman Doctrine, 642, 644Truman, Harry S: at Potsdam, 626; Stalin,

opinion of, 641; Truman Doctrine, q644Trumbull, John, 329Trung Nhi, 131Trung Trak, 131tsar. See czarTudjman, Franjo, 791Tudor dynasty, 190, 261Tull, Jethro, 379Tunisia, 484Turkey, 473, 741; Balkan League, war against,

474; Copper Age, 28; early villages, 23; fun-damentalism, Muslim, 741; Iraq, conflictover water, 740; irrigation, 740; Islam in, 80;Kurds, policy toward, 792–93; reform,572–73; republic declared, 573; Syria, conflictover water, 740; Truman Doctrine, 644; U.S.missiles in, 650, 760; after World War II, 729

Turkmenistan, 779Turks, Ottoman. See Ottoman EmpireTurks, Seljuk: Byzantine Empire, invaded by,

103; conquests of, 138–39; Jerusalem, con-quest of, 144; Jerusalem, Palestine conquestby, 144–45; Mongols, conquest of, 139

Turner, Frederick W., III, 161Turning Points, 22–23, 25, 35, 48, 50, 59–60,

80, 84, 88, 101, 106, 114, 127–28, 139–40, 144,154–55, 185, 192, 198, 210, 222, 225–26,

INDEX

Suharto — Turning Points

239–40, 247, 259, 294–95, 330, 343–44, 382,384, 392, 398–99, 400, 431–32, 438, 469, 492,497–98, 501, 517–18, 527, 534, 553, 560–61,566–67, 578–79, 605–06, 615, 619, 621,624–25, 626–27, 647, 662, 673, 679–80,682–83, 686–87, 692–93, 704–05, 715, 730–31,758, 776–77, 781–82, 789, 797

Tuscany, p455, 453, 454Tussaud, Madame, 345Tutankhamen, 26, 40Tutsi, 714Tutu, Desmond, 710, 798Twenties, 546–51; fads, 547; France, 555–56;

Germany, 559–62; Great Britain, 554–56;Italy, 557–59; Soviet Union, 564–67; UnitedStates, 552–54

Twenty-One Demands, 583type, moveable, 192

UU-2 spy plane, 649, 661U-boats. See submarine warfareUganda, 708; in the 1990s, 714Ukraine, 534, 566; in Commonwealth of

Independent States, 777, 779; reforms andunrest, 779; of Slavic origin, 103; terrorfamine, 566; Viking invasion of, m115, 115

Ulyanov, Vladimir Ilyich. See Lenin, VladimirIlyich

Ulysses, 508, 548Umayyad dynasty, m107, 107–108UN. See United NationsUN Economic and Social Council, 641UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organizations (UNESCO), 511, 637Uncle Tom’s Cabin, p438, 438unicameral legislature, 341Union of South Africa. See South AfricaUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

See Soviet UnionUnited Arab Republic, 729United League, 492United Nations (UN), 511, 626, 640–41;

Australian participation, 697; in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 791; in Cambodia, 690;Charter, 640–41; in Congo, 708; in Egyptian-Israeli border, 728; in Haiti, 760; humanrights declaration, 798; in Iraq, 736; Japanesemilitary participation, 676; in Korea, 682–83;major bodies, 640–41; in Palestine, 727;peacekeeping missions, 511; South Africanparticipation, 710; in Yugoslavia, 784–85

Universal Declaration of Human Rights,The, 511, 798

universities, 136, 148Upanishads, q48, 47–48, 84Urban II, pope, p145, 145, 152urbanization, 407–408. See also citiesUrdu, 235Uriburu, José F., 587, 590, 592USSR. See Soviet UnionUtah: U.S. acquisition, 436; women’s vote, 441Utopia, 190Utrecht, Treaty of, 269Uzbekistan, 779

VV-E Day, 624, 626. See also World War IIV-J Day, 627Vajpayee, Atal Behari, 693Van Dyck, Anthony, 313van Eyck, Hubert and Jan, 190van Gogh, Vincent, 415Vandals, 77Vargas, Getúlio, 592Vatican, 184Vatican Council II, 798Vedas, 46, 47Velázquez, Diego, 199Venetia, 357, 452, 453, 459; control by Austria,

454; unification with Italy, 456Venezuela: Great Britain, dispute with, 498;

independence, 445; oil industry, 589–90Venice, Italy, 184; decline in trade, 224; opera

house, 248; as trading center, 146, 147Verdi, Giuseppe, ptg452Verdun, France, 343; attack on, 524Verdun, Treaty of, 114Verlaine, Paul, 414Verrazano, Giovanni da, 219Versailles, Palace of, p257, 268Versailles, Treaty of, 536, 539, 552; Hitler’s

policy toward, 562; Japan, 580Vesalius, Andreas, 295Vespucci, Amerigo, 214Vichy France, 609, 621–22Victor Emmanuel II: king of Sardinia, 452,

453, 454–55; rule over unified Italy, 456Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 558, 622Victoria Falls, 483Victoria, queen of Great Britain, 424, 425Vienna, Austria, 356; siege by Ottoman Turks,

230Vienna, Congress of, ptg358, 356–58, 431, 450,

457Viet Cong, 687Vietminh, 685Vietnam, 685–90; Cambodia, invasion of, 688,

690; China, influence of, 131; division,685–86; foreign relations, 688; French colo-nialism, 495, 685; French influence, 252;Khmer, conquest by, 131; U.S., directinvolvement of, 647; U.S., postwar relationswith, 688; Vietnam War. See Indochina;Vietnam War

Vietnam War, p686, m688, 686–87; Australianinvolvement, 697; casualties, 662, 687;Johnson administration policy, 662; opposi-tion to, p687, 662, 687; South Vietnam,defeat, 687; Tet offensive, 687

Vikings, 103; Danish Vikings, 120; explorationby, m135; Frankish Empire invaded by,m115, 114

Villa, Francisco “Pancho,” 501villages: development of, 23; of Middle Ages,

113; of Nile River valley, 30; village life, pre-Industrial Revolution, 377–78. See also cities

Vindication of the Rights of Women, A, 303Virgil, 75Virgin Islands, U.S. acquisition of, 500Voltaire, p300, q302, 303von Zinzendorf, Count, 306voting rights: African Americans, 330, 440; in

France, 433; in Great Britain, 425, 426; mid-dle class, 425; Roman Republic, 70; secretballot, 425; western United States, 438;women, 424, 426–27; women, U.S., 330, 441;working class, 401

WWagner, Richard, 464Wahid, Abdurrahman, 691Waitangi, Treaty of, 428, 430Walesa, Lech, p781, 780–81Walpole, Robert, p320, 320“Waltzing Matilda,” 430Wang Xin, 677War of 1812, 352War of the Austrian Succession, 273war communism, 535, 564War and Peace, 414War Powers Limitation Act, 664War of the Spanish Succession, 266, 271warfare: advances in, 50; appearance of, 24;

feudal, 116, 118; guerrilla, 455; Mayan, 94;scorched-earth policy, 353, 614; siege tech-niques, 140, 146; suit of armor, p116

Wars of the Roses, 150, 152, 190Warsaw Pact, 646–47Warsaw, Poland, 615Washington, George, 326, 330Waste Land, The, 508, 548Watergate, 664Waterloo, Battle of, 334, 350, 354Watt, James, p372, 372, 374, 382Wealth of Nations, The, 370, 396, 399weapons: cannon, 149; crossbow, 50; during

Crusades, 146; gunpowder, 88, 140, 142; iron,38; ironclads, 126; Welsh longbow, 149, 150

Weimar Germany: Bauhaus, 551; French tiesto, 556

Wellesley, Arthur. See Wellington, Duke ofWellington, Duke of, 350, 352, 354Wellington, New Zealand, 430Wesley, John, p306, 300West Africa: European imperialism, 485;

French West Africa, 485; Kingdom of Mali,m158, 155–57; Kingdom of Songhai, m158,157–58; mineral resources, 154; music, 176;Nok civilization, 80; region of, 78; self-rule,485. See also Ghana

West Bank, 738–39; first villages, 23; Israeliwithdrawal from, 732, 738; Jordanian annex-ation of, 731; Six-Day War, 730–31

West Berlin, 646West Germany: in Common Market, 657;

formation, 646; post-World War II develop-ment, 656; Soviet Union, relations with,656–57

West Indies, 217, 220Westphalia, Peace of, 270, 271, 273West Sahara, 712Whig party, 318, 424Whitney, Eli, 370, 381, 385Wiesel, Elie, 616Wilberforce, William, 399Wilhelm II, kaiser, 537William I, kaiser, p462, 457, 461, 465William I, king of Prussia, 458, 460William II, kaiser, 462, 465, 518. See also

Wilhelm II, kaiserWilliam III, king of England, p319, 318William the Conqueror, 121William, Duke of Normandy, 120–21William of Orange. See William III, king of

EnglandWilson, Woodrow, 441, 501, 527; Fourteen

Points, 536, 538; Peace of Paris, 539;Lusitania sinking, 530; self-determination,572

Winter Palace, p276Wittenberg, Germany, 192

Index 833

INDEX

Tuscany — Wittenberg

834 Index

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 303women: in Africa, 81; in ancient Greece, 59;

in Argentina, 766–67; in Byzantine Empire,102; Chinese silk industry, p88, 88; civilrights, 663; Confucian family life, 87; inearly civilization, 25; education, 409; inEgypt, 32; as Egyptian pharaoh, 31; andEnlightenment, 302–303; first U.S. collegefor, 405; in French Revolution, 341; in theglobal culture, 798; in Greece, 59, 64; inGupta Empire, 84; in Japan, 584; of Japanesecourt, 128; ladies (feudal noblewomen), 116;in Latin America, 752; in Middle East, 741;in modern China, 677; as monarchs, 271–72;Mongolian, 139; Muslim, 109–10; in Nigeria,576; nuns, 102, 119; Oympic Games, exclu-sion from, 62; in the Renaissance, 187; in theRoman Empire, 74; in the Roman Republic,71; in Sumerian city-states, 35; in Twenties,546–47; voting rights, 400, 424, 426–27, 546;voting rights, U.S., 441; working women,391; in world wars, 537, 624

Women of the American Revolution, The, 328Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU),

427Woolf, Virginia, 548Wordsworth, William, 412working class, 389–92; Germany, 463; living

conditions, 391–92; political growth, 426;syndicates with employers, 559; theory, 401;voting rights, 401. See also labor unions

working conditions: coal mining, q374,390–91; textile, 390–91

World Bank, 795World War I, 514–40; begins, 508; causes of,

514–18; Christmas truce, 522; deadlock,522–26, 537; digest, 630; Eastern front,524–25; effects of, 537–40, 542, 546; end, 537;events leading to 514–16; Germany, block-ade of, 525; postwar period. See Twenties;propaganda, 522; reparations, 538, 539;Russian involvement during revolution, 533;Schlieffen Plan, 520; sea power, 525; subma-rine warfare, 527; U.S. entry, 512, 527, 536

World War II: begins, 509; Britain, Battle of,609–11; Bulge, Battle of the, 624; casualties,627; D-Day, 624; Dunkirk evacuation, 609;effects of, 627; events leading to, 602–606;France declares war, 606; German expan-

sion, 604–606; German surrender, 625–26;Germany invades Austria, 604; Germanyinvades Czechoslovakia, 604–605; Germanyinvades France, 609; Germany invadesPoland, 605–06; Germany invadesScandinavia, 608–09; Germany invadesSoviet Union, 614–15; Great Britain, cam-paign against Italy, 612; Great Britaindeclares war, 606; Holocaust, 615–17; Italiancampaign, 622–23; Japanese involvement,600, 617, 619, 626–27; Munich Conference,605; Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 606;North Africa campaign, 621–22; PearlHarbor attack, 619; propaganda, 618; resis-tance movements, 616–17; roots in WorldWar I, 540; sea warfare, 620–21; Stalingrad,siege of, 621; strategy of Allies, 619; subma-rine warfare, 620; U.S. entry, 614, 619; U.S.,support for Britain, 611–12

World Wide Web, 797Worms, diet at, 193Wren, Christopher, p316, 317Wright, Frank Lloyd, 551Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 374, 387writing: Axumite, 80; calligraphy, p123, 111;

cuneiform, 35; development of, 17, 20, 25,171; hieroglyph, 32, 52, 287; Mayan Empire,91, 92; Qin dynasty, 85; Shang dynasty, 50;Zhou dynasty, 50. See also alphabet

Wu, Tang dynasty empress, 124Württenberg, m460, 460Wycliffe, John, 153Wyoming: U.S. acquisition, 438; women’s

vote, 441

XXavier, Francis, 246Xinjiang, occupation by Manchus, 241

YY2K, 797Yaa Asantewaa, 485Yahweh, 36Yalom, Marilyn, 340Yalta, 626Yamamoto, Isoroku, 619

Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang River“Yankee Doodle,” 330, 354Yeltsin, Boris, p779; against 1991 coup

attempt, 776–77; Chechnyan separatism,policy toward, 792; rise to power, 776; U.S.,relations with, 777, 779

Yemen, 726Yong Le, 239, 240York family, 190York, house of, 150Yorktown, Virginia, 328, 330Yoruba, p17, 575; art, p485Young Italy, 452, 453Young Ottomans, 234Young Turks, 572Yuan dynasty, 141, 143; government, 141;

Kublai Khan, p142, 141, overthrow, 238Yuan Shigai, 580Yugoslavia, 515; breakup, 784–85; commu-

nism, 641; established, 539; under Tito, 651

ZZaghlul, Saad, 575zaibatsu, 584, 673Zaire. See CongoZambia, 709Zanzibar, 159Zapata, Emiliano, 501, 757Zapatistas, 757Zedillo Ponce de León, Ernesto, 757Zen Buddhism, 130Zeppelin, Ferdinand von, 387Zheng He, 240Zhou Enlai, 678Zhou, Wai, 580Zhu Yuanzhang, 238Zimbabwe, m158, 481; Great Zimbabwe, p160,

159; independence, 709; from Karanga king-dom, 159; Marxism and free enterprise, 715.See also Rhodesia

Zimmermann telegram, 520, 527Zinzendorf, Count von, 306Zionism, 574, 727Zola, Émile, 435Zollverein, 457, 458, 463Zoroastrianism, 39, 77Zulu, 487Zwingli, Huldrych, 194

INDEX

Wollstonecraft — Zwingli