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INDEX
491
AAbbreviations, mathematical and signs 20Absolute
temperature 17zero 17
Acme thread 268Active face width 323Actual
Fit 208Size 207
Acute-angled triangle 73Addendum 323
chordal 332Addition
decimal fractions 24fractions and mixed numbers 22sequence of performing operations 30
Adjustment factors for turning tools 357Advantages of powder metallurgy 480AGMA Standard 115.01, 116.01 328Algebraic
expressions and formulas 27rearrangement and transposition of
terms 29–30Alignment 129All around symbol 156Allowance 207Allowances and tolerances for
cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 207–237
fits, preferred series 208–210metric ISO fits, British Standard for 237
Alloy designation systems 471Alloy steels 435–436, 444, 457
AISI-SAE designations 444–445carburizing grades 434–435directly hardenable grades 436–437heat treatments 456numbering system 442–443selection for making tools 446–447
Alloysaluminum 467
cutting fluids 421numbering systems for 442
Aluminumalloy designation systems 471alloys 426, 467
cutting fluids 421Association 468, 471–473bronze 461
Aluminum (continued)bronze rods, bars, and shapes 461cast composition of 471, 473casting alloys 473characteristics of 467–468clad 472designations 471heat treatability of wrought 472machining 426series groups 472–474temper designation 468–471
AmericanGear Manufacturers Association
(AGMA) 328Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 442–443Screw threads, wire sizes for
measuring 309–310Society for Metals (ASM) 489Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) 484–486Angle
calculation 101dimensions 129for tracing 396of roll 342of templet 190
Anglesand tapers 199between lines tangent to two circles 201compound 123–125cutting tool 382–389degrees into radians 110, 112involute functions of 118–122length of arc of given radius 78–79length of chord 78–79measuring by disc method 198–199minutes into decimals of a degree 110,
112sine bar for measuring 189–198taper per foot corresponding to 200
rules for figuring 198–199to find, for given taper per foot 198–201useful relationships 113
Angularlinear relationships 102measure 110shoulder type 388units 127
Annealed, copper wire 465ANSI B17.1 253–254, 258–259ANSI B17.2 261ANSI B18.3 319ANSI B212.12 389
INDEX492
ANSI B212.4 390ANSI B212.5 393–394ANSI B32.4M 225ANSI B4.1 210, 214–215, 217, 220ANSI B4.2 222, 224ANSI B4.2-1978 228ANSI B4.4M 236ANSI B94.25 391ANSI keyseat dimensions 262ANSI Standard
drafting practices 161engineering drawings 162fits 211force and shrink fits 220gage usage, recommended 236gagemakers tolerances 236geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing 161keys and keyseats 253limits and fits 207, 213–237preferred
basic sizes 225fits 225–227metric limits and fits 212, 222–237metric sizes 222–225
screws and bolts 318metric 319
section lining symbols 163socket head cap screws 314studs, drive 242surface texture 163–177symbols
drawing practices for surface texture 170–177
part tolerance 222–224section lining 163
tang drives 251tapers 245tolerances 210
gagemakers 236symbols 206
tolerances and allowances for cylindrical fits 205–237
twist drills 409woodruff keys 260
ANSI Y14.1 161ANSI Y14.2M 163ANSI Y14.36 163ANSI/ASME B1.13M-1983 280, 396ANSI/ASME B18.3 314ANSI/ASME B18.3.1M 317–319ANSI/ASME B18.3-1998 314ANSI/ASME B18.8.2 242–243ANSI/ASME B18.8.2-1995 240, 321, 467ANSI/ASME B5.10 252ANSI/ASME B5.10-1994 252ANSI/ASME Y14.2M 162ANSI/ASME Y14.2M-1992 162Application of
dimensions 128geometric control symbols 149
Application of (continued)surface texture values to symbol 176tolerances 206
Arbormounted side and slot mills 401steels for 447
Arclength 153length of given angle and radius 78–79of action 323of approach 323of recession 323
Areacircle 75circular
ring 76ring sector 76sector 75segments 71, 75, 78–79
cycloid 75ellipse 77fillet 76geometrical figures 72–77hexagon 74hyperbola 77octagon 74of regular polygons 71parabola 76–77
segment of 77parallelogram 72plane figures 72–77polygon 74rectangle 72spandrel 76square 72trapezium 74trapezoid 73triangle 73
Areas and dimensions of plane figures 72Arithmetic operations 30ASME/ANSI B1.1 306ASTM 313ASTM A307,A325, A354, A449, A490 313Average physical properties 478Axial
pitch 324plane 324thickness 324
BB. & S. index plates 350Back
rake 383rake angle 384
Backing for lined bearings 460Backlash 324Ball-point micrometers 308Band saws 380
INDEX 493
Basecircle 324helix angle 324oils for metal cutting 421–422pitch 324tooth thickness 324
Baseline dimensioning 132Basic
angle calculation 101dimension symbol 152dimensions 252hole system 208shaft fits 222sizes 207–208
Beryllium copper alloys 466Between symbol 153Bevel gear 340, 342
calculations 340Bevel gearing, German standard tooth
form 333Bevel gears 323Bilateral
hole fits 222tolerance 205, 208tolerance system 208unilateral tolerances 206
Bolt head,markings inch 313Bolt hole circles
chordal distance 71coordinates 68
Bolts and nutsgrade markings for steel 313, 319torque required to tighten 313
Bolts and screws 313Boring tools 400Bottom land 324Brass 461
castings 459forgings 465rod 463sheet and strip 461wire 464
Brazed tool 384Brazing solder 460Brinell hardness test 482Briquetting tools 481British Standard
ISO metric limits and fits 237keys and keyways 265limits and fits for holes and shafts 237metric keys and keyways 265thermal units, (BTU) 17whitworth screw 310
Broachingcutting oils for 420–421cutting speeds for 358
Bronze backing for lined bearings 460Brown & Sharpe
taper 245, 248–249taper shanks 249
Bushings steels 447
CCaliper
gear tooth 329measurement of gear tooth 329
Cap screws 314, 318, 320drill and counterbore sizes for 314–315hexagon socket type 314spline socket type 314
Carbide tool grinding 415, 417Carbide tools 389, 414, 416–417
application of cutting fluids to 423–424grinding 414–417insert holders 385, 392–397insert type 385–397sharpening 414
Carbide wheels 415Carbon
and alloy steels 444content of SAE
specification 437steels 433, 455
AISI-SAE designations 444–445composition of, SAE 433heat treatments 455numbering system 442–443unified numbering system 442–443
Carburizing 435grades 455–456grades of alloy steels 435steels for 434–435temperatures 455–456
Cartridge brass 463Cast
aluminum bronze 461brass to be brazed 459iron
cutting fluids 421magnesium alloys 475
Castingsand forgings 145surface texture of 174–177
Celsius (centigrade) and Fahrenheit temperatures 17–19
Cemented carbidecutters 372tools grinding 417
Centerdistance 324radius 134
Centering tools, length of point 409Centimeter-inch conversion tables 9Central plane 324Chain line 130Chamfered
and countersunk holes 141and square end straight pins 238keys and filleted keyseats 256
Chamfers 142
INDEX494
Characteristics of aluminum and aluminum alloys 467
Checkingangle of templet 190assembly 179castings 179dimensions 178drawings 177–178machined parts 179pitch diameters 309strength 178taper per foot with sine bar 190templets having two angles 190
Chipbreaker 386–388grinding 417
Chisels, cold steels 447Chord
length for givenangle and radius 78–79number of divisions 53–56
Chordaladdendum 324
milled, full-depth gear teeth 331distance of bolt circle 71thickness 324
Chordal thickness 329gear teeth 332
Chords, arcs, and angles 135Chromium
nickel austenitic steels 438, 458tool steels 450
Circle and arc 131Circles
chords for dividing circumference of 53–56
dividing, on jig boring machine 57–68geometry of 93–95lengths of chords for dividing 53–56segments 78–79squares of equivalent areas 69
Circularpitch 324pitch systems 329ring 76ring sector 76ring sector, area 76ring, area 76saws 380sector 75sector segment 53–56sector, area 75segment 75segment, area 75thickness 324
Circumferenceand areas of circles 41chords for dividing 53–56of circles 55
Clad aluminum alloys 474Classes of screw thread profiles 309
Classificationof steels 431of tool steels 459
Clearance 324fits 223, 232locational fits 216–217
Coatedcarbides 353parts 147
Cobalt 416Cold
set molded parts 428work tool steels 451worked 470–471
Combined feature control frame 158Common
aluminum casting alloys 473fractions 21, 26production methods 170
Comparative hardness scalesfor steel 484for unhardened steel 487
Comparative sizes and shape of gear teeth 327
Comparison of hardness scales 484Complementary angle 101Complex numbers 31Composite feature control frame 158Composition and physical properties of
beryllium copper alloys 466no. 74A, 74B, 74C, 74D 463no. 77A, 77C, 79A, 79B, 80B 464no. 80B, 81, 82 465
Compositions and properties oftool and die steels 453
Compoundangles 123–125indexing 348
Cone 82frustum of 82volume 82
Contactdiameter 324pressure 311ratio 324–325
face 325total 325
stress 324–325Contour turning 396Control and production of surface
texture 161Control frame 158
and datum feature symbol 158Control values S and T 254Conversion
cutting speed formulas 355tables
angular measure 110, 112cutting speed and diameter to rpm 374hardness 484–489metric into English measure 1–7
INDEX 495
Conversion (continued)miscellaneous English units 8radians into degrees 110, 112
Convertingcommon and decimal fractions 26numbers to powers-of-ten notation 89
Coolants forcarbide tool grinding 417machining
aluminum 426magnesium 425–426tool sharpening 416–417zinc alloys 430
Coordinates, for jig boring 68Copper 463
alloys 373, 461, 466cutting fluids 421
sheet and strip 463silicon and beryllium copper alloys 465tubes 464wire 465
Core properties 436Corresponding angles 200Corrosion-resisting alloys 437–438Cosecant 103Cosine 103, 113Cosine law of 113Cotter pins, standard sizes 242Cotters 256Counterbore
sizes 320spotface symbol 154
Counterbored holes 140Countersink symbol 154Countersunk holes 140
on curved surfaces 141Creep 489
rupture 489Crest 267Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for
drawings 163Crossed helical gears 322Crossing
dimension lines 129extension lines 130
Cryogenic treatment, steel 482Cubic
boron nitride (CBN) cutting tools 373equations 28
Curved cutting-edge tool 385Cutoff for roughness measurements 170Cutters
milling, steels for 446–447spur gear, formed type 330, 332
Cuttingbrass rod 463conditions 373edge 382edge and lead angles 387feeds and speeds 370fluids 353, 419–424
Cutting (continued)application of to carbides 423–424aqueous solutions 420broaching 420–421carbides 423–424chlorinated oils 419–421for different materials and
operations 420grinding 421machining magnesium 424magnesium 420–421, 424mineral oil 421selection 420soluble oils and compounds 420sulfurized oils 419, 421–422to carbides 423various alloys 420–421
grinding fluids 419off plastics 427oils 419screw threads 269–270speeds
and diameters 375for broaching 358for tapping 357for thread chasing 359turning, milling, drilling and
reaming 363steels 435time for turning 356tool material 353tools 359, 373, 382–386
sharpening 413Cutting speeds and feeds 351
broaching 358cutting speed calculations 357drilling
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
drilling, reaming, and threading 380glass 362
equivalent rpm for givencutting speed 374–378drill sizes and speed 374
formulas for 355–357milling
feeds for high-speed steel cutters 370ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367
reamingferrous cast metals 365light metals 368
INDEX496
Cutting speeds and feeds (continued)plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367
rpm for different speeds and diameters 375–378
tapping 379–380thread chasing 379–380tool
angles 382–389life 354, 379
adjusting factors 357turning
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
work materials 351Cutting tools
angles 382–397single-point 382–397trouble-shooting checklist 410
Cycloid 75, 324area 75
Cylinder portion of volume 81–82
DDatum
feature symbol 152, 158target symbol 151
Decimalequivalents of fractions of an inch 7fractions 24–26inch dimensioning 128points 128steel rules 9
Decimalsof a degree 111of an inch 11
Dedendum 324–325Definitions
gear terms 323surface texture 166surfaces of solid materials 164
Degreesexpressed in radians 110, 112minutes, and seconds into radians 110
Depthcontrol values 254for milling keyseats 256of cut 354–379of cut factors 353of diamond section 416of keyseat 264symbol 154
Descriptionof fits 211of preferred fits 227
Designof briquetting tools 481size 207
Designating carbon and alloy steels 444Designation of standard fits 211Deviation 222Dial calipers 186Diameter
and radius 153and radius symbols 153of circles and sides of squares of equal
area 69of screw threads 310, 312
Diametraland circular pitch systems 329equivalent circular pitch and tooth
proportions 335–336equivalent modules 335–336pitch 324–325, 330
and number of teeth 330system 329
pitch, gear teeth sizes 328Diamond
concentration 415–416wheel grades 416wheel grit sizes 416wheels 415–417
diamond concentration 415–416grades, grit sizes 415
Die blocks, steels 447, 453Die casting, machining zinc alloy 430Dies and punches, steel for
hot-working 446–454Dies, sheet metal
blocks, steels for 446–454heat-treatment, steels for 453–454steels for various classes of die parts 446–
454Dimension
factors for jig boring 54, 60lines 128–129origin symbol 154symbol 152
Dimensional limits 148Dimensioning
and tolerancing, geometric 161–179features 133
Dimensions not to scale 133Direct tolerancing methods 145Directly hardenable grades 457
of alloy steels 436Disk method of measuring tapers 198Distance across
bolt circle 204corners of squares and hexagons 70
Dividingcircles 57–68decimal fractions 26
INDEX 497
Dividing (continued)fractions and mixed numbers 23numbers written in powers-of-ten
notation 90Dovetail slides, measuring 198–199Drafting practices 161
ANSI Standard 161–162Drawing
ANSI Standardlines 162sheet sizes 161surface texture symbols 170–177
bisect angle 97checking 177circle around square 99circle around triangle 98circular arc 98divide line into equal parts 96ellipse 99equilateral triangle 97helix 100hexagon around circle 99hyperbola 100involute 100metric dimensions on 176–177parabola 100parallel lines 97perpendicular lines 96practices for surface texture symbols 172square around circle 99symbols ANSI Standard section
lining 163triangle around circle 9845-degree angle 9760-degree angle 97
Drawingschecking
inspecting a new design 178materials specified 178method of making drawing 178
scales of metric drawings 177Drill
and counterbore sizes 320angle of cutting point 414grinding 414jigs for plastics 428point thinning 414sizes 278
Drillingcutting speeds for
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
difficulties 362holes in glass 362magnesium 425plastics 427
Drilling (continued)specifications for taper pins 239
Drillsand centering tools 409cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 374for taper pin reamers 238–240length of point 409of number and letter sizes 374sharpening 413–414
Drop-forging dies, steels for 446–447Dry versus wet grinding 416Duranickel 478
machining 431Durometer tests 489
EEdge and lead angles 387Efficiency 325Ellipse 77
area 77methods of drawing 99
Ellipsoid 83volume 83
Endcutting
edge 382edge angle 384tool 385
relief angle 384Engineering drawings 162Equations 27
cubic 28of the first degree with two unknowns 28quadratic 28solution of
first degree with one unknown 27first degree with two unknowns 28quadratic with one unknown 28
Equivalentdiametral pitches 336pitch radius 325pitch ratio 325
Evaluation length 167Everdur 465Extension lines 129–130External
metric thread 280spur gear 322
FFace
advance 325width 323, 328
Factorial 118Factors
affecting design of briquetting tools 481affecting selection of fits 207for jig boring 54
INDEX498
Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures 17–19Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion 17Feature control frame 156, 158
incorporating one datum reference 157placement 159
Features of size 152Feed
and depth of cut factors 353rate for drilling 361, 380
Feeds and speeds 351for magnesium 425table for milling 360
Feeds rate for milling 360Feet
into millimeters 10per minute into rpm 355–378
Filletarea 76radius 325
key chamfer 259stress 325
Fits 208and limits
graphical representation 211–213tolerances designation 222–224
cylindricalANSI Standard 207–237application of tolerances 206British Standard 237clearance 211–217definitions 224forced 206, 220metric ISO, British 237preferred series 210running 211–215shrinkage 220transition 211, 213, 218
pressure in assembling 206Flank 267
of gear tooth 325Flat side grinding 424Flaws 164Force and shrink fits 220Forced fits 212
allowances 206, 220Foreshortened radii 134Formulas
algebraic 27and table for regular polygons 71cutting speed 355–356distance across bolt circle 204for bevel gear calculations 340for checking pitch diameters 312for compound angles 123for helical gear calculations 338for spur gear calculations 337for worm gear 343rearrangement of 29–30transposition 29–30trigonometric 113–114
Fraction and mixed numbers 23
Fractionalsteel rule 182vs. decimal steel rules 181
Fractions 24inch into millimeters 10mixed numbers and 22
Freecutting brass rod 463cutting steels 434–435state symbol 156
Frustumof cone 82of pyramid 81
Functionsinvolute 118–122of angles 104sevolute 118trigonometric 112–114versed cosine 118versed sine 118
Fundamental deviation 222
GGagemakers tolerances 236Gages usage, ANSI Standard
recommended 236Gases 419Gear
crossed helical 322cutters, formed involute 330, 332cutting formed cutter selection 330design 333
based upon module system 333helical 322hypoid bevel 322milling cutter 30, 330ratio 325spur
external 322internal 322
straight bevel 322teeth 327tooth caliper, vernier 329worm 322zerol bevel 322
Gearing 336chordal measurement of teeth 332circular pitch system 328diametral
and circular pitch 329diametral pitch system 328efficiency 325equivalent pitch radius 325face advance 325fillet
radius 325stress 325
finishing gear milling cutters 332flank of tooth 325
INDEX 499
Gearing (continued)geometry of gear teeth 327interference 325internal
diameter 325gear 325
involute curve 328land 325lead 325length of action 325line of action 325lowest point of single tooth contact 326measuring 329metric module gear cutters 330module 326
system 333–336outside diameter 326pitch diameter 328
obtained with diametral pitch system 329
pitch point 326plane of rotation 326pressure angle 326rack 326roll angle 326root diameter 326selection of involute gear milling
cutter 330spur 327tangent plane 326tip relief 326tooth
face 326surface 326
total face width 328transverse plane 328trochoid 328true involute form diameter 328undercut 328working depth 328
Gearsand involute splines 145bevel 323
General threading formulas 278Geometric
characteristic symbols 150dimensioning and tolerancing 149
material removal required 172mean line 166relation of surface roughness 169
Geometricalconstructions 96, 99–100dimensioning and tolerancing 161propositions 91, 93–95
German standardgear tooth 333tooth form for spur and bevel gears 333
Gib-head keys 257–265Grade 415
identification marks 313
Grade (continued)markings on bolts and nuts, ASTM and
SAE 313markings on bolts and nuts,inch 313
Grades of alloy steels 436Grain or grit sizes 415Graphical representation of limits and
fits 212Greek letters and standard abbreviations 7Grid system 137Grinding
carbide tools 414–417chip breakers 417diamond wheel 415–416fluids 419magnesium 426of carbide tools 416of the tool flanks 413planing tools 388–389silicon carbide wheels 414–416tools
carbide 414–416twist drills 414
Grit sizes 416Grooved pins 239–240, 242
HHacksaw speeds 381Hand honing 417Hard bronze castings 460Hardenable grades of alloy steels 436Hardened ground machine dowel pins 321Hardness 486
and ultimate strength 462relation to tensile strength 486, 489scales 482–484
for steel 484steel
tool steels 447, 450–452test 482–483testing 489
Brinell 489conversion errors, causes 486conversion tables 484–489diamond pyramid 483–484durometer 489Hultgren ball 482–486Keep’s test 484Knoop hardness numbers 483Mohs hardness scale 486, 489monotron 483relationship between hardness and
tensile strength 486, 489Rockwell 484–489scleroscope 483–486Turner's sclerometer 486, 489Vickers 483–486
Heatabsolute temperature and zero 17
INDEX500
Heat (continued)Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion 17–19mechanical equivalent 17quantity measurement 17scales 17temperature scales 17–19thermal energy 17
Heat treatmentSAE steel 456steel 482
annealing temperatures 456carburizing temperatures 455–456case hardening steels 455–456cooling subzero, to improve
properties 482hardening temperatures 455–456oil hardening steels 456subzero treatments 482
steel normalizing temperatures 456Heat-treatability of wrought aluminum
alloys 472Heat-treatable alloys 472Heat-treating grades 455Helical
gear calculations 338gearing 322
chordal thickness and addendum 332gears 323overlap 325
Helixangle 325constructing 100
Hertz stress 325Hexagon
area 74distance across corners 70
Hexagon and splinekeys and bits 316socket head cap screws 314
High tensile manganese bronze castings 459Highest point of single tooth contact 325High-speed steels 449
cutters 370heat treatment,subzero 482molybdenum 447peripheral and slotting end mills 404tungsten 449–450
High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels 444–445
Holders for NC, insert 392Hole
and shank sizes 248basis 223
metric clearance fits 228circles 57, 60coordinate dimension factors 54system 208
Holescoordinate dimension factors for jig
boring 57–68in circle 204
Holes (continued)in glass, drilling 362on curved surfaces 141spacing of, on a jig borer 57–68
Honing process carbide tools 417Hot-set molded parts 428Hot-work tool steels 450Hot-working, tool steels for 447–454HSLA steels 444–445Hyperbola 77Hyperbola area 77
constructing 100Hypotenuse 102
IIdentification
of linear units 127system for indexable inserts 390
Identifying metals 489Identities, trigonometric 113–114Imaginary
and complex numbers 30numbers 30quantities 32
Inchdecimals of, into millimeters 1fractional, into millimeters 10into centimeter and millimeter 9micrometer 185millimeters into decimals of ??–13to millimeters 16
Inconel 479Indexable
carbide inserts 388–392insert holders 385, 392–394, 396insert holders, NC 392–397insert tool holders 392inserts, single-point tools 388–392
Indexing 345angular 348compound 348movements for standard index plate 348simple 346, 348
Inserted-tooth metal-cutting saws 380Inserts
holders 385, 392–394holders for NC 392indexable 389–397
Inspecting a new design 178Inspection methods 180–204Interference 325
fit 208location fits 219
Internaldiameter 325gear 325metric thread 278spur gear 322
International tolerance grade 223
INDEX 501
Interpolation factors, temperature conversion 18
Interpretation of limits 147Intersecting surfaces 143Inverse
and direct proportions combined 87proportion 87ratio or reciprocal 86
Involute 325constructing 100curve 328functions 118–122functions for angles 119gear 330
milling cutter 330gear cutters, formed type 330splines 325
Irregular outlines 136ISO Standard
metric limits and fits 237ISO Standard geometric dimensioning and
tolerancing 161IT tolerance grades 237
J—KJarno taper 245, 250
shanks 250Jig
boring 54, 57hole coordinate dimension factors
for 57–68Keep’s hardness test 484Kelvin, degrees 17Key 253
chamfer 259number 256
Key size vs. shaft diameter 253Keys and filleted keyseats 256Keys and keyseats 253
ANSI Standard 253British Standard 265chamfered keys 256, 259cotters 263depths for milling keyseats 253–256, 264filleted keyseats 256, 259fitting 258gib-head keys 257–265key fitting 258keyseats, depth of 254–256, 258, 264parallel 253–256plain 257–265setscrews for keys 259size vs. shaft diameter 253–258, 264taper 257tolerances 256–257, 259–261Woodruff 260
Keyseat 253alignment tolerances 254dimensions for woodruff 262
Keyseat (continued)fillet radius 259milling cutter 256tolerances
electric motor 259generator shaft 259
K-Monel, machining 431Knoop hardness numbers 483Knurling 144
for press fit 144standard 144
LLaminated plastics 429Lapping carbide tools 417Lathe
centers, steel for 447tool angles for magnesium 425
Law ofcosines 113sines 113
Lay 164, 238symbols 175
Lead 325–326angle 384, 387angle of cutting tools 382–389of screw threads 307
Leaded gun metal castings 460Leader–directed dimensions 131Leaders 131Left-hand tool 385Length
increments 238of action 325of complete thread 318of point on twist drills and centering
tools 409Lengths of chords for spacing off the
circumferences 53Letter
sizes 374symbols for qualification of tool
holders 394Light metals speeds, for drilling, reaming,
turning and milling 368Limited length or area indication 130Limiting
dimensions 280factors in powdered metal process 480
Limits and fits 205, 207, 222ANSI Standard preferred metric 212,
222–237cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 207–222definitions 212, 222, 224gages, plain 206, 236graphical representation 212–213indicating on drawings 206metric 212, 222–231, 237symbols 222–224
INDEX502
Limits and fits (continued)tolerance designation 222Woodruff keys 260–261
Limits of size 207Line
conventions and drawings 161–163geometry of 93of action 325
Linearrelationships 102units 127
Locatingpoints 130tolerance dimensions 206
Locational fits 212, 217, 219Low alloy steel 431Low brass sheet and strip 464Low-carbon nickel 477Lower deviation 222Lowest point of single tooth contact 326Lubricants,cutting 419–424
MM profile limiting dimensions 280Machine tapers 245Machine tool spindles 250Machining 430
aluminum 426centers 142magnesium 424–426monel and nickel alloys 430–431operations 422plastics 427zinc alloy die castings 430
Machining processes 237ANSI Standard tolerance grade
relationships 210, 237effect on surface roughness 169to IT tolerance 237
Magnesium 426alloys 475
cutting fluids 424–426machining 425–426
cutting fluids 421Major diameter 266Manganese bronze castings 459Material 239
condition symbols 153removal required 172
Mathematical signs 86and abbreviations 20
Maximummaterial limit 208plunge angle 396
Meanline 166proportional 86
Measurement 309of angles and tapers 199
Measurement (continued)of surface texture 166over pins 204
Measuresand weights 13of the quantity of thermal energy 17
Measuringangle of templet 190angles with sine-bar 189–198compound angles 123–125contact pressure 311dovetail slides 198–199instruments and gaging methods 180–
199screw thread pitch diameters 307surface texture 163–172tapers 198–203threads
using micrometer 309using three-wire method 307
wire accuracy 311with micrometer 309
Mechanicalequivalent of heat 17properties 464
Mechanical propertiesbolts, inch sizes 313of bolts and screws 313steel 453–454
Metal 416bonded grinding wheels 415cutting band saws 380identification 489numbering systems for 442–443
Metallurgy, powder 480Meteric threads 276Method of making drawing 178Metric 268, 330
conversion factors 1–7, 9dimensions on drawings 176–177drawings 177equivalents 1–7fasteners, ANSI 318gears 323ISO limits and fits, British Standard 237limits and fits 146, 222module, gear cutter 330
gear teeth 333–336transition and interference fits 234
Microinch into micrometers 15–16Micrometer 185
into microinches 15–16Micrometers 189, 311Millimeter
dimensioning 127micrometer 184steel rule 182tolerances 146vernier 186
Millimetershundreds of, into inches 9
INDEX 503
Millimeters (continued)into feet 10into inches 9, 13thousandths of an inch 11to inch conversion 16
Milling 353, 360bevel gears 342copper alloys 371, 373feeds for high-speed steel cutters 370hot-set and cold-set molded parts 428magnesium 425with cemented carbide cutters 372with high speed steel cutters 370
Milling cutters 256spur gear 330steels for 446–447
Mineral oils 422Minor diameter 266Minutes and seconds into decimal of a
degree 111Minutes into decimals of a degree 110, 112Miscellaneous
conversion factors 8points 418
Mixed numbers 22–23Modified standard fits 222Module 326Module system of gear teeth 333–336Mohs 486
hardness scale 486, 489Molded parts 428Molds, steels for permanent 452Molybdenum
high-speed steels 448high-speed steels tool steels 449–450steels, SAE 444
Monel 478–479cutting fluids 421metal
machining 431Monotron
for hardness testing 483hardness indicator 484
MorseStandard taper shanks 247stub taper shanks 246–247taper 245
sleeves 248tapers 245–250
Multiple radii 135Multiplication 31Multiplying
decimal fractions 25fraction and mixed numbers 23numbers written in powers-of-ten
notation 89–90Munts metal 463
N—ONaval brass rods, bars, forgings, and
shapes 463Negative
angle 114functions of angles 112rake 383
Neutral-hand tool 386New design 178Nickel 477
alloys machining 430–431and nickel alloys 477
Nitinol, machining 431Nomenclature of gear teeth 327Nominal compositions
aluminum casting alloys 473and properties of everdur 465
Nominal diameter at small ends of standard taper pins 239
Nominal size 207Non-heat-treatable alloys 472Non-metallic gear blanks 429Normal plane 326Normalizing 456
temperatures 455–456Nose 382
radius 388Number
and letter sizes 374of holes in circle 204of teeth 326, 330
Numbering systems 444for metals and alloys 442–443for steel 443–445
Numberspowers-of-ten notation 88, 91preferred series 212, 222
Numerical controlinsert holders for NC 392–397
Oblique-angle trianglessolution 108–109
Obtuse-angled triangle 73Octagon area 74Odd number of holes in circle 204Offhand grinding 415Offset 385Offset-shank
indexable insert holder 385tool-bit holder 385
Oilsand compounds, machining 419–420
emulsifying or soluble 420mineral 421–422sulfurized and chlorinated 421–422
Order of performing arithmetic 30Outlines consisting of arcs 136Outside diameter 326Overall dimensions 132
INDEX504
PParabola 76
area 76–77constructing 100segment of area 77
Paraboloid 84segment volume 85volume 84
Paraboloidal segment 85Parallel
and taper keys 258shoulder type 388
Parallelogram 72area 72geometry of 93
Parting tools 425Parts of a screw thread 266Paste and solid lubricants 419Peak 166Percentage of thread 276Performance requirements 242Peripheral
and slotting end mills 405versus flat side grinding 424
Permanickel, machining 431Phosphor bronze
castings 460sheet and strip 464wire and rod 465
Phosphor gear bronze castings 460Physical properties 478
phosphor gear bronze castings 475Pin method for checking
screw threads 308Pins
cotter 242grooved 239–240straight 238taper 238–240
Pipe 268Pipe threads 278Pitch 267, 326
and lead of screw threads 307and number of teeth 330circle 326circular, of gears 328diameter 266, 326diameters 309
of screw threads 310, 312diameters obtained with diametral pitch
system 329diameters of screw threads 310diameters, thread
wire sizes for measuring 309–310plane 326point 326radius 325system 329
Pitch (continued)unified thread diameters 283
pitch 326Placement of datum feature symbols on
features of size 152Plain and gib head keys 259Plain carbon and alloy steels speeds, for
drilling, reaming, turning and milling 365Plane
figures, areas and dimensions 72–77of rotation 326symbol 156
Planingand shaping 353tool grinding 388–389tools 389
Plastics 429Plated or coated parts 147Plunge angle for tracing 396Polar form 31Polygon
area 71, 74formulas and table 71length of side 71radius of circumscribed circle 71radius of inscribed circle 71
Portion of cylinder 81Positive
functions of angles 112rake 383
Powder metallurgy 480Powdered metal process 480Power and roots of numbers 88Powers of ten notation 89–90Precipitation,heat-treatment 472Preferred 226
basic sizes 208ANSI Standard 208–225
fits 225fits, ANSI Standard 226–227hole basis metric
clearance fits 228fits, ANSI Standard 231
metric limits and fits 222metric sizes 224–225
ANSI Standard 222–224roughness average values 174series
for tolerances and allowances 210maximum waviness height values 174of basic sizes 208of tolerances and allowances 209roughness average values 174
shaft basis metricclearance fits 232fits, ANSI Standard 226, 232–235
Pressure angle 326, 343Principal
aluminum alloy series groups 474feeds and speeds tables 355
INDEX 505
Principal algebraic expressions and formulas 27
Principle reference planes 326Prism 80
volume 80Problems 87Production 161
methods 170Profile 166
measured 166modified 166nominal 166real 166total 166
Projected tolerance zone symbol 153Properties 460
of materialsaluminum alloys 467standard steels 433–438tool steels 449–451
of no. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 460of the involute curve 328
Properties ofberyllium copper alloys 466bolts and screws 313SAE 950 steel 432titanium and titanium alloys 480
Proportion 86–87compound 86inverse 87
Proportions 87of surface texture symbols 173
Protractors 187Pulleys (sheaves)
speeds, rpm into feet per minute 355–378Punches and dies
steel for 446–447steel for hot-working 446–447
Punches, steels for 446–447Punching operations 429Pyramid 80
frustum of volume 81volume 80
Pythagorean 114
Q—RQuadrant 112Quadratic equations 28Qualification of tool holders 394Quality classifications 431Quantity of thermal energy 17Rack 326Radians
equivalent to degrees 110, 112into degrees 111
Radii 133Rake 383
and relief 399, 401angles 386
Rake (continued)turning tool 382, 386–387
Rankine, degrees 17Rates for
drilling 361milling 360
Ratio 86–87and proportion 86–87compound 86of volumes 85
Readingan inch micrometer 185direction 133fractional steel rule 182millimeter
micrometer 184steel rule 182vernier 186
25-division vernier 18650-division vernier 186
Reamersdrills for taper pin 239–240steels for 446–447taper pin reamers, drills for 238–240
Reaming 430cutting speeds for
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366tool steels 367
magnesium 426taper pin 241
Rearrangement and transposition of terms in formulas 29–30
Reciprocalof numbers 88or inverse ratio 86
Rectangle 72area 72
Rectangular form 30Red brass 463–464
and low brass sheet and strip 464castings 459
Referencedimensions 132symbols 153
Regularhexagon 74octagon 74polygon 74
Relating dimensional limits to an origin 148Relation
between hardness and tensile strength 486
of machining processes to tolerance grades 210
of surface roughness to tolerances 169Relationships among angles 113
INDEX506
Relief 383and rake angles for single-point cutting
tools 386angle 384, 386grinding of the tool flanks 413
Relief angle 384Resinoid bonded 415Resulfurized steel 438Right
angle and oblique-angle triangles 122angle triangles solution 106–107angled triangle 73hand tool 385triangle 102
Right-angled triangles 106–107RMS (root mean square) 168–169Rockwell
brinell hardness conversion tables 484–489
conversion tables 484hardness relationship to brinell 486hardness scales 482hardness test 482
Rockwell hardnesstest 482
Rods and tubing 144details 144
Roll angle 326Root 267
diameter 326Roots
and powers of numbers 88diameter 326finding square and cube 88mean square, surface texture 168–169
Roughness 164average values 174control of 163–177cutoff 164, 174evaluation length (l) 168height values 166–167measurements 170parameters 168produced by common production
methods 170profile 166sampling length 167, 174spacing 166symbols indicating degree of 164–167topography 166
Round holes 143Rounded
corners 136ends 135
Rpmfor various cutting speeds and diameters,
inch unitsmetric units 377–378
Rpm for various cutting speeds and diameters, inch units 375–378
Rules and formulas forbevel gear calculations 340spur gear calculations 337
Rules forfiguring tapers 201module system of gearing 333
Runningand sliding fits 211, 215fits, allowances 211–215
SSAE 313, 438–439
alloy steels 457carbon steels 455specification 437standard no. 42 ,43, 430, 44 459standard no. 45, 62, 64, 65, 66 460standard no. 52 476standard no. 68, 660, 70,705 461standard no. 71, 72, 73, 74 463standard no. 77, 79, 80 464standard no. 81, 83, 88 465steels 1006, 1008, 1010, 1015 43330201, 30202, 30301, 30302, 30303,
30304, 30305, 30309, 30310, 30316 438
Grade 1, 2, 4, 5, 5.2, 7, 8, 8.2 313Standard steel specification numbers 44430317, 30321, 30325, 30347,51409,
51410, 51414, 51416F, 51420, 51420F,51430, 51430F, 51431, 51440A, 51440B, 52440C, 51440F, 51442, 51446, 51501 439
SAE steelsbasic numbering system 444compositions 444heat treatments for 455–456numbering system for 444
Sampling length 166–167Sawing
cold-set 428molded parts 428
Scales of metric drawings 177Sclerometer 486, 489Scleroscope 483–486Screw
grade markings for steel 313stock 434thread forms 266thread profiles 309threads 145, 283, 312
Screw threads and thread systemsANSI M profile limiting 278ANSI Unified,standard series, tables
of 283designation of Unified threads 283formulas for three-wire
measurement 308–309
INDEX 507
Screw threads and thread systems (continued)limits
Class 1A and 1B 284–306Class 2A and 2B 283–306Class 3A and 3B 283–306
profiles 308–309Unified
allowances 283–306dimensions 283–306limits 283–306
wire method of checking 308wire sizes for checking pitch
diameters 309–310Seamless brass tubes 463Seasoning steel, sub zero 482Secant 103Section lining, standard for drawings 163Segment
circular 78–79area 78–79height for given angle and radius 78–79
of circle for radius 79of parabola 77
Selectingcutoff for roughness measurements 170cutting conditions 354Indexable insert holders 394
Selection ofcutting fluids 420fits 207, 211involute gear milling cutter 330
Self-holding tapers 252Series of tolerances and allowances 209Set screws for use over keys 259Setting a 5-inch sine-bar 191Setting sine bar having plugs 190Sevolute functions 118Shaft
and hub 254basis 223basis metric
clearance fits 232transition and interference fits 234
British Standard for fits 237fits 222
Shank 382sizes 392taper 245–250
Shape of gear teeth 327Sharpening 414
carbide tools 414drills 414twist drills 412
Shear steel for hot-working 447Shearing laminated plastics 429Sheet
brass 462sizes for drawings 161
Shock-resisting tool steels 452Shore’s scleroscope 483–486Shoulder type 388
Shrinkage fits 211–212, 220Side
adjacent 102cutting
edge angle 384tool 385
cutting edge 382opposite 102rake 383
angle 384relief angle 384
Side and slot mills 401Signs and abbreviations
mathematical 20Signs of trigonometric functions 113Silicon
carbide grinding wheels 414–415carbide wheels 415–416
Simpleand inverse proportions 87indexing 346, 348proportion 86–87
Simplified taper calculations 201Sine 103Sine bar 190
constants 191–197to given angle 190use of 189–198
Sine, law of 113Sine-bar 189, 191Single limits 147Single point cubic boron nitride (cbn) cutting
tools 373Single tooth contact 325Single-point
tool 382turning and boring tools 400
Single-point cutting tools 359, 382chipbreakers 387–389definitions and terms 382–386end cutting edge angle 387–388indexable inserts 388–392insert toolholders 397lead angles 387–388nose radius 387–388planing tools 389–390rake angles 386–387relief angles 386side cutting edge angles 387–388tool contour 382tool holders, indexable inserts 397
Sizes and lengths 242Sizes of drawing sheets 161Sleeves,morse taper 248Slides, measuring 198–199Small ends of standard taper pins 239Socket
head, screw typedrill and counterbore sizes for 315
head, screw type cap 314taper shank 245–250
INDEX508
Socket head cap screws 314, 317–318, 320Solid figures, volumes and dimensions 80–
85Solid tool 384Solid-tooth circular saws 380Soluble oils 421
for machining operations 420Solution of
oblique-angled triangles 108–109quadratic equations with one
unknown 28right angle triangles 105–106
Sopcket head cap screws 318Spacing 167
holes on jig borer 68off the circumferences of circles 55–56
Spandrelarea 76or fillet 76
Spatial resolution 167Speed for
broaching 358tapping 357
Speedscalculating cutting speeds 355–378for metal-cutting saws 418for turning unusual materials 381rpm for different diameters and cutting
speeds 355–378Speeds and feeds
machining 351machining, tool life, adjusting
factors 357Speeds and feeds, machining
cutting 354–355drilling
diameters and rpm 374ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
form-turning 424milling 355
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367
reamingferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367
reaming and threading 355tapping and thread cutting 379–380
Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)tool life 354, 379turning 355
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
Sphere 83volume 83
Sphericalradii 135sector 83
volume 83segment 83segment volume 83wedge 84wedge volume 84zone 84zone volume 84
Spiral bevel gears 322Splines, gears and involute 145Spotfaces 142Spur
and bevel gears 333gear calculations 337–338gearing 327
caliper measurement of tooth 329Spur gearing
chordaladdendum 332thickness 332
chordal addenda and thicknesses for milled full-depth teeth 332
circularpitch system 328
diametral pitchsystem 327–328
diametral pitch shown full size 327external 322full-depth, teeth 332gear milling cutters, series of 330, 332
metric module 330German standard tooth form 333internal 322involute curve properties 328measurement of tooth with caliper 329milling cutters for 330
metric module 330module system 333–336
Spur gears 322Square
area 72circles of area equal to 69distances across corners 70prism 80prism volume 80roots of numbers 88symbol 154
INDEX 509
Squaresand cubes of numbers 33and hexagons 70
Stainlesschromium irons 439steels 437–438
Stainless steelcutting fluids 421
Standard 444fit 211–212index plate 348keys and keyseats 253preferred metric limits and fits 222series and selected combinations 283shank sizes 392sizes and lengths 242steel numbering system 444steels 433–438, 444
classification 444–445tolerances 209
Standard fit tables 212Standard fits 211Standard No. 520 alloy 476Standard No. 522 Alloy 476Standard Nos. 50, 500, 510, 511,520,
522 475Standard Nos. 53, 531, 532 477Statistical tolerancing symbol 153Steel
Bessemer 434carburizing grades 455–456case hardening 456chromium
compositions 438nickel austenitic 437–438
corrosion-resisting 437–438deep-drawing 433free-cutting 434gages 447hardness and tensile strength
relationships 486high-strength, low-alloy 444–445hot-working, for dies, shears 453–454manganese, SAE compositions 444molybdenum
compositions 437–438, 444high-speed 447nickel chromium, SAE
compositions 437–438, 444nickel, SAE compositions 437
numbering systems for 444properties of heat-treated 453–454SAE
compositions 444heat treatments recommended 456specification numbers 444–445
screw stock 434stainless 437–438subzero treatment 482taps 446–447tool 449–451
Steel (continued)die 453of different types 446–447
tungstencompositions 449high-speed 450
Steels 439, 457cutting fluids 420
Steep machine tapers 252Straight
pins 238Straight bevel gears 322Straight pins 238Straight-shank
indexable insert holder 385tool-bit holder 385
Strain-hardened 468Strength of materials,stress analysis 489Stress analysis 489Stress-relieved by
compressing 471stretching 471
Stretching and compressing 471Subtracting
decimal fractions 25fractions 22
Subzero treatment of steel 482Sum and difference of angles 114Superalloys
speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and milling 369
Surface 164roughness
measurements 169–170produced by common production
methods 169–170relationship to tolerances 169–170
scale 353speeds, diameters and rpm
pulleys and sheaves 355–356, 375–378speeds, diameters and rpm cutting speeds
formula 355–378texture 164–168
castings 177cutoff for roughness measurements 170error of form 164flaws 164graphical centerline 166lay 164
symbols 175of castings 177profile 166
measured 166modified 166nominal 166real 166total 166
roughness 164average (Ra) 174evaluation length 168parameters 168
INDEX510
Surface (continued)profile 166sampling length 167spacing 166topography 166
sampling length 167spatial resolution 167standard roughness sampling
lengths 174symbols 172
and construction 172drawing practices 172proportions of 173
system height resolution 167topography 167
measured 167modified 167
traversing length 167use of symbols 172valley 167waviness 164
evaluation length 169height 174long-wavelength cutoff 167parameters 168profile 167sampling length 167short-wavelength cutoff 167spacing 167topography 167
texture symbols 172–173Surface roughness 169, 238Surface texture
applying symbols 172–177castings 174control and production 163drawing practices for symbols 170–172measurement of 164–169root mean square 168–169
Surface texture symbols 173Symbols 224
and abbreviations 20applying surface texture 172–177drawing practices for surface
texture 170–172fits 211for metric limits and fits 146for qualification of tool holders 394for section lining 163surface texture 170–177tolerances 222–224
Symmetrical outlines 137System height resolution 167
TTable for regular polygons 71Tabulated tolerances 160Tangent 103
plane 326
Tangent (continued)plane symbol 156
Tap drill sizes 278Taper 239
and slope symbols 155calculations 201drive with tang 251formulas 201keys 253measurement methods 198–203per foot 202per foot and corresponding angles 200pin reamers 241pins, standard 238–240
drills for 238–240Taper pins 238–240Tapers
American (ANSI) Standard 245applications of standard 250British Standard 246–247Brown & Sharpe 245, 248–249for machine tool 250Jarno 245, 250machine tool spindles 250measuring with
sine bar 190V-block and sine bar 198
Morse 245–250stub taper shanks 246–247
per foot 200rules for figuring 201self-holding and self-releasing 245steep machine 252with vee-block 198
Tappingand threading plastics 428magnesium 426
Tapping and thread cuttingcutting oils 422cutting speed for 379–380lubrication 422speeds 379–380
Tapping and threading 378Taps steel 447Taylor principle in grinding 161Temper designations 468
aluminum alloy 468–471Temperature
absolute 17Fahrenheit and Celsius 17–19
Ten notation 90Tensile
manganese bronze castings 459strength 486
steel, relation to hardness 486–489Texture symbols 172–173Thermal
cracking of cutting tools 423–424energy 17
Thermally treated to produce stable tempers 470
INDEX 511
Thermometer scales 17–19Thread 359
angle 266chasing 359
cutting speeds 380cutting 359designations 267forms 266rolling dies steels 447
Threading 430dies for magnesium 426formulas 278plastics 428
Three-wiremeasurement 309
of screw threads 308method 308–309
Throw away carbide inserts 392Tip relief 326Titanium 479
alloys 480and titanium alloys 479carbides 353
Titanium and titanium alloys 368, 480speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and
milling 368Tolerance 207
accumulation 147bilateral 208dimensions 206expression 156grade 210, 223
relative to machining processes 210, 237
limit 208zone 158, 160, 223
symbol 153Tolerances 169
ANSI Standard 210bilateral and unilateral 206symbols 222–224
application 206designation 223
of limits and fits 222–224dimensions on drawings 206gages direction of tolerances on 206indicating on drawings 206keys and keyways 257obtainable by various operations 210preferred series of 210relationship to surface roughness 169–
170unilateral and bilateral 205–206
Tolerances and allowances 209Tolerancing
and geometric dimensioning 161symbol 153
Tool 410bit 384
blank 384holder 384
Tool (continued)contour cutting tools 382flanks 413geometry 404, 406grinding 415, 417
angles 382–390holders 392–397indexable inserts 388–397life 354–355
adjusting factors 357material 353sharpening
carbide tools 414grinding wheels for 414–417twist drills 414
single-point 382spindles 250steel selection 174steels 449–451, 459
air hardening 451carbon 453–454chromium types 450classification of 453–454hot work 450mold 452molybdenum types 447numbering system 442–443oil hardening 451selection of 446–447shock resisting 452tungsten types 449
steels speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and milling 367
troubleshooting check list 410wear 413
Tool-bit holder 385Tooth
dimensions 335face 326surface 326, 328
Topography 167modified 167
Torus 85volume 85
Total face width 328Transition
and interference fits 234fit 223locational fits 218
Transverse plane 328Trapezium 74
area 74Trapezoid 73
area 73Traversing length 168Triangle
area 73geometry of 91–93solution 109
oblique-angle 108–109right angle 106–107
INDEX512
Trigonometricformulas 113–114functions 103, 112–113identities 113–114tables 112–117
Trimming dies, steels for 447Trochoid 328Trouble-shooting drilling 362True
involute form diameter 328radius 134
Tubing details 144Tungsten high-speed tool steels 449Tungsten steels 449
compositions 449, 453–454tool steels 449
Tungsten-carbide toolsgrinding 414–416
Turner's sclerometer 486, 489Turning 430
and boring plastics 427and boring tools 432and milling copper alloys 373cutting speeds for
ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367
ferrous cast metals 174grinding tools for 386–390milling and drilling superalloys 369
Twist drills 412and centering tools 409grinding (sharpening) 414tool geometry 406
Types ofcutting and grinding fluids 419dimensioning 127gear 322sine-bars 189
U—ZUndercut 328Unified 267, 442
numbering system 442numbering system (UNS) for metals and
alloys 442plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 442–
443Unilateral
and bilateral tolerances 205tolerance system 208
Units of measurement 127UNS series of different metal 442Upper deviation 222Upsetting, steel for cold 433
Use ofconversion tables 9standard fit tables 212surface texture symbols 172
Valley 167Velocity converting to rpm 355–378Vernier
25-division 18650-division 186
Versedcosine 118sine 118
Vickershardness 484–486hardness test 483
Vitrified bonded wheels 415coolants for 420–421
Volumebarrel 85cone 82
frustum of 82cube 80cylinder
hollow 82portion of 81–82
ellipsoid 83geometrical figures 80–85of solids 80–85paraboloid 84paraboloidal segment 85prism 80pyramid 80
frustum of 81ratio of 85sphere 83
hollow 84spherical
sector 83segment 83wedge 84zone 84
square prism 80torus 85wedge 81
Water-miscible fluids 419Waviness 163–164
evaluation length 169height 174height values 168–169parameters 168profile 167sampling length 167short-wavelength cutoff 167spacing 167topography 167
Wedge 81volume 81
Weights and volumes 40Wet grinding 416
with diamond wheels 417
INDEX 513
Wheelsdiamond 415–416grit sizes 416silicon carbide 414–415speeds 415
Whitworthscrew threads 310wire size for measuring threads 309–310
Whole depth 328Wire
and rod 465checking screw threads 308
contact pressure 310–311limits for diameters 309–311specifications 310–311
sizes 310Woodruff
key 256
Woodruff (continued)keys and keyseats 259keyseat milling cutter 256
Work materials 351Working
angle 101depth 328
Worm gear 323calculations 343
Wroughtaluminum alloys 472copper and copper alloys 461magnesium alloys 475
Yellow brass 463castings 459
Zero, absolute 17Zerol bevel gears 322Zone symbol 153