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Index
Abal Medina, Fernando, 129Abal Medina, Juan Manuel, 129Abellan, Jose Luis, 309Abourezk, James, 249Açao Libertadora Nacional (ALN) (Brazil), 197,
199Accion Chilena Anticomunista (ACHA), 141acculturation, 22Acher, Renato, 190Achugar, Hugo, 310Activism, 23, 31–32, 78, 130, 193–255, 304
activists, 11, 32, 125, 128, 134, 137, 148, 155,162, 166, 186–87, 199–200, 206, 212, 220,224, 231, 248, 251, 291, 298, 322
Acuerdo Paraguayo en el Exilio, or ParaguayanAccord in Exile (APE), 254
Administrative Department of Security,Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad(DAS) (Colombia), 317
Affonso, Almino, 104, 196Africa, 23, 40–41, 50, 166, 193, 237, 293Aguiar, Cesar, 244Aguiar, Juan Jose, 85Aguiluz, Marcial, 187Aguirre, Nataniel, 122Alaman, Lucas, 108, 118Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 95–8Alberti, Rafael, 12Alegrıa, Claribel, 12Aleman, Jose, 154Alessandri Palma, Arturo, 141, 229Alfaro, Pompeyo, 187Alfonsın, Raul, 300Algeria, 25, 138Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana, or
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance(APRA) (Peru), 148–49, 185–86
alienation, 12, 14–16, 18, 39, 112, 133, 217–18,239, 287, 304
Alighieri, Dante, 12Allende, Isabel, 202Allende, Salvador, 103–4, 128–29, 161, 165, 171,
187, 190, 232, 234, 237, 242, 245, 302Allier Montano, Eugenia, 309Almazan, Juan Andreu, 119Almeyda, Clodomiro, 237Alsina, Valentın, 98alterity, 8Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para
los Refugiados (ACNUR), 113, 149, 251,297, 303
Alvares de Cabral, Pedro, 41Alvarez, Hugo, 183Amado, Jorge, 12Amazonia, Brazil, 50American Convention of Human Rights, 151American Embassy in Buenos Aires, 176American independence, 48American lands, 47Americas, 8, 10, 19, 40–42, 46–49, 51, 53, 57,
59, 61, 72, 79, 81–82, 93, 103, 107–8, 118,120, 122, 124, 126, 147, 150, 152–54, 169,193–94, 249, 265, 292
Americas Watch, 144, 161Ameringer, Charles D., 153Amnesty International, 144, 161, 248–49,
321Andalusia, 46Anderson, Benedict, 49, 80Andinia plan, 175Andrade, Oswald de, 112Andreotti, Giulio, 1Angel Calderon, Rafael, 159Angell, Alan, 21, 291
347
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Angola, 41, 135Anino, Antonio, 50Ansina, 85–86Antigua (Guatemala), 49Antillas, 113anti-Semitism, 175, 177–78, 181Aragon, Louis, 287Araguaia, 197Arango, Sanchez, 125Araoz de Lamadrid, Gregorio, 100Araujo, Ana Marıa 4Araujo Lima, Pedro, 110Arbenz, Jacobo, 127, 140, 157, 273Areco, Pacheco, 244Arenas, Reinaldo, 12Arendt, Hannah, 21Arequipa, 48, 186Argentina, 9, 16, 25–27, 33–7, 48, 62, 74, 82–83,
88, 91–105, 108, 112, 116, 122, 124,127–30, 135, 138, 142, 162–63, 165–66,169–70, 173–82, 186–88, 190–91, 195,197–98, 207, 209–11, 215–17, 219–27,229–30, 233, 235, 243–47, 262, 266–68,273, 278–83, 287, 298–300, 303–4, 306,311–13
authorities, 161, 179, 186, 298Constitution of 1853, 100Cordobazo, 209coup of 24 March 1976, 135, 173, 177, 211culture, 36diaspora, 209, 313exiles, 95, 100–01, 116, 194, 207–29, 222,
255, 306expatriates, 211Generation of 1837, 98government, 186human rights organizations, 306identity, 224intellectuals, 37Left, 186, 210, 215liberalism, 96–97massive exiles, 211Migration, 128military takeover, 128, 135, 165, 190, 196,
242, 246, 253–54presidents, 97–98, 101, 103provinces of Rio de la Plata, 74security services, 130Tragic Week 1919, 138War of the Triple Alliance, 186Workers and Syndicalists in Exile, 222
Argentinean Committee of Solidarity with theArgentinean People (COSPA) (Mexico), 224
Argentinean Solidarity Commission, ComisionArgentina de Solidaridad (CAS) (Mexico),224
Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA), 215
Arguedas, Alcides, 122Arias Madrid, Arnulfo, 258Arias Plan, 90Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 260, 273, 276, 282Armand, Octavio, 11armed forces, 140, 163, 175, 186, 196, 207, 209,
222, 258, 282, 284, 315Arraes, Miguel, 196Arrate, Jorge, 230, 290Arroyo del Rio, Carlos Alberto, 270Artigas, Jose, 262Artigas, Jose Gervasio, 84–86, 99Artigas, Manuel, 85Aruba, 184ASER (Think Tank) (Paris), 243Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), 318Asociacion General de Estudiantes
Latinoamericanos (AGELA), 185assassination, 45, 93, 138, 144, 154, 169, 197,
206, 243, 245, 249, 265, 298, 316, 321Assis Figueiredo, Affonso Celso de, 88associations, 7, 81, 114–17, 174, 212, 237, 239,
245, 270, 274, 276–77, 280, 298human-rights, 206, 235, 239, 295
Astorga, Mario, 184Asturias, Miguel Angel, 12Asuncion (Paraguay), 25, 187asylum, 7, 9, 13, 28–29, 66, 70, 74–75, 85,
91–95, 114, 117–18, 120–23, 125–30,132–34, 146–51, 154, 156, 158, 161–62,164, 166, 169–73, 182–88, 190–91, 193,204–5, 210–11, 215, 218, 233–34, 237–38,253, 256, 293–94, 297, 307,320
diplomatic, 66, 126, 128–29, 147–49, 162,170, 200
Inter-American treaties, 148international agreement, 9, 151political, 67, 95, 118, 125, 127–30, 133,
146–8, 151, 166, 184–5, 190, 230, 253Athens, 12Audiencia of Quito, 44Australia, 135, 138, 165, 172, 191, 193, 210,
233–34, 237–38, 246–47, 293Austria, 76, 109, 173, 175Authoritarianism, 1–2, 19–21, 26, 104, 120, 137,
141, 145, 162, 190, 245, 256, 275, 286,290, 305–7, 314, 319–23
Avendano, Colonel Flores, 140Azuero, Juan N., 63
Bachelet, Alberto, 264Bachelet, Michelle, 260, 264Bachmann, Susanna, 15
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Bahamas, 113Bahia (Brazil), 52banishment, 9, 13–14, 40–41, 50–51, 55, 70, 72,
75, 89, 94, 199–200Banton, Michael, 19Barcelona, 12, 15, 43, 140, 168, 213Bareiro Saguier, Ruben, 27Barman, Roderick, 109Barrientos, General Rene, 104Barrios, Gerardo, 78Barros Jarpa, Ernesto, 141Basso, Lelio, 204–5, 215Batista, Fulgencio, 125–26, 152, 154–55,
273Bauza, Rufino, 86Begin, Menahem, 178Belgium, 76, 81, 147, 164, 175, 185, 191,
302Belize, 131, 167Bello, Emilio, 229Bello Andres, 82, 96, 98, 100, 103Bendini, General Roberto, 175Benedetti, Mario, 12, 34–35, 251Benedetto, Filippo di, 174Benedetto Antonio di, 13Benıtez, Justo Pastor, 27Benjamin, Walter, 107Bentham, Jeremy, 76Berdun, Jose Antonio, 85–86Berlin, 186, 236, 239Bermudez, Jose Francisco, 53–54Bermudez, Pedro Pablo, 69Bertrand Russell Tribunal, 205Betances, Ramon Emeterio, 34Betancourt, Romulo, 154, 157–58, 185, 187–88Betancourt Patino, Oscar, 316Bethlehem, 12Bezerra, Gregorio, 199Bilbao, Francisco, 106Billinghurst, Guillermo, 94Birmingham, 234Blanco, Benito, 86Blest Gana, Alberto, 111Bocachica, San Fernando de, 65Bogota, 63, 81, 299, 317Bolıvar, Simon, 2, 40, 51–55, 59–60, 63–69, 76,
98, 108, 121, 183, 263Bolivia, 67–70, 73, 94, 99, 127, 129, 138, 148,
189, 199, 205, 223, 266–68, 277–79,281–83
asylum, 70nationality, 69state, 68–9
Bolivian Movimiento NacionalistaRevolucionario de Izquierda (MNRI)(Bolivia), 128
Bolivian Partido Revolucionario de IzquierdaNacionalista (PRIN) (Bolivia), 184
Bolivians, 69, 99, 101, 113, 150, 165Bolsheviks, 152Bonifacio, Jose, 88Bordaberry, 190Borda Leano, Hector, 13Bosch, German, 290Bosch, Juan, 156–58, 187, 205, 279Boves, Jose Tomas, 52Brading, David, 46, 49Braga, Claudio, 190Braulio Carrillo, 78Bravo, General Enrique, 141Brazil, 9, 25–6, 28, 41, 51, 74, 79, 82–3, 85, 88,
99, 104–6, 108, 110–11, 115, 117–18, 124,127, 138, 159, 163, 184, 187–90, 195–200,202, 204–7, 215, 223, 233, 235, 241,246–7, 257–8, 260, 262, 264–8, 278–9,281–3, 290–1, 300–1, 304–5, 317–18
1792 Bahia rebellion, 521964 coup d’etat, 2Brazilian Empire, 86–88, 109Conjuraçao Baiana – 1798, 50culture, 117exile, 104–5, 112, 115, 117, 171, 184, 189–90,
194–206, 255, 291, 305First Republic, 110governments, 200, 296independence, 88Marranos, 41politics, 110, 117, 134, 190, 202Romanticism, 112
Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), 199Brazilian conservative (“Old”) Republic, 52Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),
207Brazilian Partido Trabalhista, 184Brazilians, 2, 35, 52, 104–5, 109–10, 113,
116–17, 128, 143, 159, 170, 184–85,190–91, 194, 196–98, 202–4, 206, 210,295, 305
Brazilian women, 116Circulo de Mulheres Brasileiras, 116Comite de Mulheres Brasileiras no Exterior,
116, 295O clubinho do Saci, 117
Brecht, Bertolt, 232Briceno, Justo, 53Bricero Mendez, Colonel Jose Marıa, 65Brigate Rosse (Italy), 215Bristol, 317Britain, 47–48, 107Brizola, Leonel, 184, 189–90, 196, 305Brodsky, Joseph, 12Bronstein, Baruch Ivcher, 314
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Bucaram, Abdala, 260, 317Bucareli, Francisco, 46Buenos Aires, 3, 46, 48, 50, 56, 60–61, 68,
83–88, 91, 93, 96, 100, 106, 116, 122, 129,175, 178, 188, 190, 211, 219, 223, 245–48,264, 298–99, 314, 317
Buitrago, Fanny, 13Busch, German, 141Bussi de Allende, Hortensia, 129
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 12, 15Caicedo, Jose Marıa, 81Caicedo Torres, 81Calamai, Enrico, 172–74, 215Calderon Guardia, Rafael Angel, 168Caldwell, Robert G., 73, 141Calles, Plutarco Elıas, 119Camara Canto, Antonio da, 105, 190Campeche (Mexico), 132Campora, Hector, 129, 209, 224, 245Campos Cervera, Herib, 12, 27Canaan, 12Canada, 113, 138, 164, 166, 233, 237–39, 246,
317Cane, Miguel, 98capital, cultural, 109, 134, 323Capitanıa General of Chile, 56Caracas, 33, 63, 93, 120–21, 148, 155–56,
183–84, 236, 262–63, 282Cardenas, Lazaro, 122–23, 126Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 264Carıas Andino, Tiburcio, 24Cariola, Luis Alberto, 141Carlos III, 46Carmona, Pedro, 260Carpentier, Alejo, 12Carranza, Venustiano, 119–20Carrera, Javiera, 56–57Carrera, Jose Miguel, 55–57Carrera, Juan Jose, 56Carrera, Luis, 56Carrera brothers, 55–57, 62Carrillo, Viola, 238Carrillo Puerto, Felipe, 121Carstairs, Susan, 21Cartagena, 48, 53–54, 63, 65–66, 150Cartagena de Indias, 53Carter, Jimmy, 223, 249Carvalho, Apolonio de, 200Carvalho Anina de, 115Casa Argentina, 225Casaccia, Gabriel, 12, 27Castello Branco, Humberto, 198Castillo Armas, Carlos, 125Castillo Velasco, Jaime, 298Castro, Cipriano, 262–63
Castro, Fidel, 125–26, 155, 184, 259–60,263
Casullo, Nicolas, 219, 226Casuso y Morin, Teresa, 125Catala y Codina, Jose, 87Catalonia (Spain), 214Catholic Church, 44, 49, 144, 177, 205censorship, 7, 31, 197, 206Central America, 10, 74, 78, 93, 106, 113–14,
132, 138, 148, 150–51, 153, 158, 160, 169,186, 191, 211, 280, 282, 289, 293, 297,323
Central American Federation, 78Central American Isthmus, 74Central Bureau of Statistics of Sweden (SCB)
(Sweden), 165Central Unica de Trabajadores, or Workers’
Union Organization (CUT) (Chile), 239
Centre Argentine d’Information et Solidarite, orArgentinean Center Information andSolidarity (CAIS) (France), 222–23
Centre for Psychosocial Assistance to Refugeesand Migrants, Center for PsykosocialtArbejde med Flygtninge og Indvandrere(CEPAR) (Denmark), 237
Centro de Abogados por los Derechos Humanos,or Lawyer’s Center for Human Rights(CADHU) (Argentina), 222–23
Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS)(Argentina), 222, 306
Centro de Investigacion y Docencia Economica,or Center of Economic Research andTeaching (CIDE) (Mexico), 212, 230
Chaco (Argentina), 246Chacon, Lazaro, 140Chamorro, Pedro Joaquın, 167Chamorro, Violeta, 167Charles, King, 110Chavez, Fernando, 216Chavez, Hugo, 2, 263, 284Cheibub, Jose Antonio, 259Chelen, Alejandro, 129Chiapas, 132–33, 138Chiaramonte, Jose Carlos, 50childhood, 308children, 24, 28, 32, 52, 114–15, 117, 171, 217,
227, 238–39, 288, 294, 296–97, 302–3,306–7, 310–11
of exiles, 227, 304Chile, 9, 21, 25, 28, 32, 37, 43, 47–49,
55–58, 60, 62, 67, 69–75, 77, 79–80,82, 91, 93–106, 108, 111–12, 115–18, 124,127–29, 133–35, 138, 140–42, 159–60, 163,165, 170, 172–73, 182, 184–85, 187–91,194, 198–202, 204–5, 210, 215, 223–24,
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227, 229–43, 245, 253–54, 257, 262,264–68, 278–83, 287–88, 290–91, 294–99,302, 310, 314–15
1833 Constitution, 93Casa de Chile, 227Chileans, 32–33, 35, 56, 59, 78, 91, 93, 95–99,
104, 111, 113–14, 128–29, 133–34, 160–61,165, 168–72, 183–84, 190–91, 194, 204,210, 224, 227, 229–43, 247, 253, 288, 291,294–95, 299, 301, 315
Code of Commerce, 96Colchagua province, 96constitutional authoritarianism, 96constitutionalism, 58coup of September 1973, 160, 165, 170,
183–85, 231Decree Law 3,168, 142diaspora, 232, 242, 249, 254exiles, 21, 33, 105, 165–66, 173, 182, 184–85,
194, 214, 231–37, 240–41, 254, 291, 294,298, 310
expatriates, 165, 233expedition to Peru, 71government, 56, 71, 94, 99–100, 104–5, 172,
188, 190, 233, 301, 310historiography, 80, 242Junta, 105, 128, 205Law of Freedom of the Press 1828, 97Left, 58, 104, 128, 172, 190, 230, 234,
241–42, 264, 295Legal Code, 96liberals, 96massacre of Santa Marıa de Iquique 1907, 138
military, 99, 204modernization of, 80opposition to Pinochet, 113, 235–36, 297Pinochet government, 37, 172, 298police, 105, 190politics, 37, 97, 101–2, 104, 190, 243press, 94, 97, 289public administration, 98public opinion, 99society, 57, 95, 102, 231women, 242, 295
Chilean Commission for Human Rights, 230,298
Chilean Communist Party, 164Chilean Solidarity Movement, 235Chile Committee for Human Rights (CCHR)
(United Kindgdom), 235Christian, 46Christian Association for the Abolition of
Torture, 222–23Christian Democracy (Democracia Cristiana, or
DC) (Chile, Italy), 215
Christian Democratic Party, Partido DemocrataCristiano (PDC) (Chile), 231, 243, 254, 300
Christian Youth Association, 303Church, Frank, 159, 249churches, 44, 64, 144, 146, 205, 239, 241, 307,
321citizenship, 2, 4, 19, 21, 38, 64–65, 70, 89, 102,
106, 109, 116, 118–20, 123, 128–29, 144,146, 151, 158, 161, 164, 176, 196, 198,212, 232, 258, 263, 285, 295, 316, 318
civil society, 99, 139–40, 145, 163, 194, 248civil wars, 5, 7, 49–50, 61–62, 69, 76–77, 86,
88–89, 93–94, 118, 133, 138, 159–60,166–68, 191, 196, 211, 259, 262, 320
classes, 51, 67, 104, 107, 132, 138, 163, 194,201–3, 240, 322
political, 69, 73–74, 89, 137, 231Clavijero, Francisco Javier, 47Cleisthenes, 12Club de Exiliados Jose Martı, 126cluster, 23, 89coercion, 14–15, 18–19, 23Cohen, Geula, 181Coimbra (Portugal), 109Cold War, 137–38, 143, 145, 158, 164, 172, 177,
224, 232, 242, 254, 256Colectivo de Mujeres Uruguayas, 250Colectivo Latinoamericano de Trabajo
Psicosocial, or Latin American Collective ofPsychosocial Work (COLAT) (Belgium), 237
collective experiences, 3, 9collective identities, 4–5, 9, 18, 23, 38, 40–41, 43,
45–49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67,69, 71, 81, 117, 120, 143, 183, 261, 314,319–20
collective imageries, 73, 78, 80–81Colombia 40, 60, 62–5, 67, 74, 76, 81–2, 108,
118, 120, 148, 156, 166, 173, 187, 266–8,278–85, 317–18
Colombians, 138, 143, 156, 317colonial period, 6, 8, 105
Bourbon absolutism, 43, 105colonization, 79Comision Argentina, 214, 224, 226Comision Argentina de Derechos Humanos
(CADHU), 222–23Comision Argentina de Solidaridad (CAS)
(Mexico), 224, 226Comision Nacional de Repatriacion/National
Commission of Repatriation (CNR)Uruguay, 303, 306
Comision Nacional de Retorno de Argentinos enel Exterior, (CNRAE), 306
Comision Nacional Sobre la Desaparicion dePersonas (CONADEP) (Argentina),178
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Comite Anti-Fascista contra la Represion enArgentina/Anti-Fascist Committee againstRepression in Argentina (CAFRA) (Italy),220
Comite Argentino de Solidaridad con el PuebloArgentino/Argentinean Committee ofSolidarity with the Argentinean People(COSPA) (Mexico), 224
Comite Brasil pela Anistia (CBA) (Brazil), 117
Comite de Defense de Prisonniers Politiques enUruguay, or Committee for the Defense ofPolitical Prisoners in Uruguay (CDPPU)(France), 251
Comite de Iglesias para Ayudas de Emergencias(CIPAE) (Paraguay), 306
Comite de Organizacion Polıtica ElectoralIndependiente (COPEI) (Venezuela),284
Comite de Solidarite Nicaragua, 114Comite Exterior Mapuche, 234, 239Comite inter-mouvements aupres des evacuees
(CIMADE), 113Commission de solidarite des parents des
prisonniers, disparus et tues en Argentine(COSOFAM) (France), 222–23
Commission of Peace and Justice of theArchbishopric of Sao Paulo, 200
Committee of Indictment of Repression in Brazil,204
Communism, 113, 141, 195–96, 240–41,256
Communist bloc, 138communist countries, 37, 164, 254, 290Communist Party, 121, 157, 165, 199–200, 216,
234–35, 242Communist Popular Socialist Party, 156communists, 156, 160, 168, 172, 210, 215,
234–35, 239, 243co-nationals, 3, 9, 19, 31, 102, 166–68, 170, 175,
190–91, 193–95, 204, 220, 224–25, 227,244, 247, 249, 251–53, 256, 289, 297, 310,316, 318
Concepcion (Chile), 98Condorcanqui, Jose Gabriel, 44, 46, 48, 51The Condor Operation, 144Confederation of the Antilles, 34, 82Conference of the Petroleum Committee
(International Labor Organization), 155Conferencia Episcopal Paraguaya, or Episcopal
Conference of Paraguay (CEP), 306confrontation, political, 58, 138, 319Conrad, Joseph Korzeniowski, 12Consejo Nacional de Repatriacion de
Connacionales, 306Consejo Real de Indias, 42
conspiracy, 48, 57, 86, 269Constitutionalism, 133contestation, 5, 21, 198Convergencia Socialista, 239Coordinadora de Derechos Humanos, 224Copenhagen, 236–37Copiapo, 93, 95Corao, Manuel, 316Cordillera de los Andes, 56, 79, 100, 138, 165,
280Cordoba (Argentina), 46, 96, 175, 177,
226Corporacion de Fomento, or Development
Corporation (CORFO) (Chile), 129Corporacion de Promocion y Defensa de los
Derechos del Pueblo/Corporation for thePromotion and Defense of People’s Rights(CODEPU) (Chile), 315
Corrientes (Argentina), 83Corriere della Sera, 174corruption, 1, 260, 264–65, 276, 315–18Cortazar, Julio, 13, 32, 36, 112, 205,
223Coser, Lewis A., 20Costa, Gal, 25Costa Rica, 34, 69, 78, 90, 93, 120, 131, 138,
148, 153, 155, 157–61, 166–68, 187–88,241, 266–68, 278–83, 317
1948 civil war, 93exiles, 168
Couto e Silva, Golbery, 205Cozarinsky, Edgardo, 13crimes, 40–45, 57, 97, 123, 146, 148, 205–07,
319crises, political, 5, 160, 195Cruz Ponce, Lisandro, 129Cuadra, Manolo, 167Cuba, 10, 19, 33–34, 37, 54, 82, 93, 113,
119–20, 122, 125–27, 138, 152–53, 155–56,158, 164, 173, 184–85, 187–88, 201, 221,233, 247, 256, 259–60, 266–68, 278–83,290–91, 304, 310–11, 323
Committee, 108–9community, 108, 126, 250diaspora, 126, 152exiles, 18, 108–9, 125–26, 150, 152–56, 164,
166, 184, 250, 316independence of, 34, 82, 108military coup of March 1952, 125postrevolutionary, 127refugees, 127revolution, 166Revolutionary Junta, 82
Cubas Grau, Raul Alberto, 260, 276Cuenca, 71Cultural capital, 109, 134, 323
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cultural hybridity, 4cultural Mecca, 9, 36, 204culture, 16–17, 22, 39, 45, 48, 81, 96, 99, 101,
103, 110, 134, 203–4, 217–18, 225, 227,236–37, 239, 287, 296, 302, 307, 313–14
organizational, 39political, 5, 8, 36, 73, 99, 137, 160, 255, 291
Curaçao (Brazil), 52–53, 120, 184, 187Curiel, Ran, 176Cuzco, 46, 68, 70Cymerman, Claude, 219Czech National Movement, 152
Dalton, Roque, 12Darıo, Ruben, 111death penalty, 13, 36, 40, 44, 64–65, 70, 76–77,
177Declaration of Cartagena on Refugees, 150Declaration on Territorial Asylum (General
Assembly of the UN 1967), 150Dedijer, Vladimir, 205De Gaulle, Charles, 1deinstitutionalization, 6–7Delano, Luis Enrique, 238De la Pena Montenegro, Alonso, 44De la Selva, Salomon, 13De la Vega, Garcilaso, 45–46Delegacia de Ordem Polıtica e Social, or
Department of Political and Social Order(DOPS) (Brazil), 199
Delgado Chalbaud, Carlos, 283democracy, 1–2, 4–5, 10, 37, 93, 120, 134–35,
139, 145, 154, 157–58, 160, 165, 167,177–78, 189, 196, 200, 206, 210–11,226–27, 230, 239, 242–44, 246, 252–55,264, 267, 275–76, 283–84, 286, 289–92,297, 300, 303, 307–8, 310–11, 314,317–19, 321–23
exclusionary, 6formal, 160, 211, 284liberal, 248political, 7restoration of, 161–62, 182
democratization, 39, 134, 168, 182, 213,227, 252, 256, 273, 286, 301, 306–8,313
Denmark, 169, 233deportation, 13–15, 33, 41, 109, 126–27,
131–32, 188, 259despotism, 106destierro, 13–15, 24, 26, 41–46, 57, 87–88, 94,
160, 164, 309De Vera y Pintado, Bernardo, 91Diaspora, 4, 8–9, 17–19, 23, 92, 108, 133, 177,
191, 193–256, 323Dıaz, Luis Miguel, 17
Dıaz, Porfirio, 33, 111, 118, 120, 259,261–62
Dıaz de Vivar, Rodrigo, 103dictatorship, 24, 37–38, 55, 64, 73, 97, 100, 116,
120–21, 124, 134, 153–56, 158, 161–62,183–84, 187, 194–95, 200–201, 220, 225,227, 229, 231–32, 236, 239–40, 243,245–46, 248, 251, 254, 256, 259, 263, 283,285, 290, 300, 307, 313
Diogenes, 28diplomatic missions, 23, 92, 98, 107, 120,
126–31, 170, 172, 176–77, 183, 199,240
Direccion Nacional de Identificacion y Extranjerıa(DIEX) (Venezuela), 247
Direccion Nacional de Inteligencia (DINA)(Chile), 144, 298
Directorio Obrero Revolucionario, 126disappearances, 169, 173, 182, 198, 210, 223,
245, 265disexile, 310, 321disintegrating empires, 8dismemberment, 50–51, 89displacement, 1, 4–5, 9–13, 15–23, 27, 31–32,
35, 40–42, 44–45, 51, 67, 69, 72–73, 80, 83,91–92, 103, 116, 119, 131, 142–43, 150,158, 163, 183, 185, 187–88, 191, 203, 210,224, 267, 283, 285, 287–88, 293, 296–97,308–9, 312, 315, 320
forced, 11, 18, 27, 37, 43, 309, 312, 314, 317distrust, 4, 219divorce, 4, 294Dmowski, Roman, 152Doctrines of national security, 138, 140, 142–43,
175, 191, 195, 197, 231,315
Dominican Republic, 33, 37, 81–82, 113, 124,153, 156–59, 167, 186–87, 191, 266–67,278–79, 281–83, 290, 317
Dominican Revolutionary Party, or PartidoRevolucionario Dominicano) (PRD](Republica Dominicana), 154
Dominicans, 150, 153–54, 156–57, 167–69, 268Dominitz, Jehuda, 180Donoso, Jose, 12Dorfman, Ariel, 12, 28Dorticos Torrado, Osvaldo, 259Dultzin, Arie, 178Durham, 70, 234Durham Peters, John, 17Dutrenit-Bielous, Silvia, 244Duvalier, Jean-Claude, 273Duvalier, Francois ‘Papa Doc’, 124
early exile, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 320Echeverrıa, Esteban, 98
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Echeverrıa, Luis, 128, 130, 224economic development, 95–96, 122Ecuador, 59, 67–69, 71, 74, 108, 175, 266–68,
270, 276–79, 281–83, 317Ecumenical Movement for Human Rights
(SERPAJ) Argentina, 306Edelstam, Harald, 170, 238Edinburgh, 234Edwards, Jorge, 12, 16Egypt, 12Eichmann, Adolf, 174Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 22Ejercito de los Andes, 56Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo, or People’s
Revolutionary Army (ERP) (Argentina), 177,216, 221–22, 224, 283
Ekaizer, Ernesto, 215Elbrick, Charles Burke, 197El Comercio, 97El Dıa, 81El Eclipse, 71El Heraldo Argentino, 99El Interprete, 71Elıo (Spanish Viceroy), 84elites, 1, 8, 26, 62, 66, 77, 79–80, 88–89, 97,
106–7, 109, 119, 124, 136, 141, 175, 197,200, 203, 227, 229, 258, 290
El Libertador, 121El Mercurio, 95, 98–100Eloy Martınez, Tomas, 12El Paıs, 215El Popular, 71El Progreso, 99El Salvador, 25, 78, 81, 90, 121, 131–32, 148,
158, 166, 186, 191, 211, 223, 266–68, 273,278–81, 283
authorities, 78presidency of, 78refugees, 132, 166Salvadorans, 131, 157–58, 166, 227, 252
emigrants, 16–17, 30–31, 244, 246, 303emigres, 20, 152empowerment, 297, 321end of exile, 286–87, 289, 291, 293, 295, 297,
299, 301, 303, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313,315, 317, 319, 321, 323
England, 48, 53, 77, 98, 103Enlightenment, 47, 96, 105–6, 268Enrıquez, Edgardo, 238Enrıquez, Raul Silva, 223entitlements, 4Entre Rıos (Argentina), 84–86, 88Erro, Enrique, 245escape, 10, 27, 30, 40, 51–52, 75, 86, 92,
118–19, 135, 150, 152, 169–183, 193, 209,211, 214, 294, 317
Escobar, Gonzalo, 119Escuela de Mecanica de la Armada, or Navy
Mechanics School (ESMA) (Argentina), 223Espana, 122Esponda Fernandez, Jaime, 302Esposito, Matthew, 261Estensoro, Vıctor Paz, 270Estrada Cabrera, Manuel, 120estrangement, 12–13, 37, 63, 168, 287, 307, 310Euro-Communism, 241–42Europe, 25, 37, 39–40, 45, 47, 59–62, 65,
70, 76, 79, 88–89, 93, 98, 101, 103,110, 115, 125, 147–48, 152, 161, 165, 168,182, 186, 188, 191, 193–94,203–4, 209–11, 213, 216–17, 224, 232–37,242, 246, 273, 290, 293, 301, 303, 317, 319
European refugees, 124Evangelical Church of the Rıo de la Plata, 303exclusion, 2, 5, 8, 10, 21, 26, 75, 77, 88, 137,
139, 141–44, 147, 194, 218, 255, 260, 284,299, 311, 323
institutionalized and political, 1, 3, 19, 25, 66,77, 97, 137–38, 142, 144, 154, 284–85,312–14, 318–20, 322
execution, 57, 66–67, 70, 77exile
activities, 127, 154, 157collective experiences, 193communities of, 6, 9–10, 19, 53, 70, 74, 92,
95, 116, 126, 187, 193–256, 286–87, 294,296, 300, 320
experience of exile, 3, 6female, 116–17forced, 112, 190, 246, 270, 279–80intellectual, 93internal, 142, 229, 233leaders, 75, 77, 240, 265major sites of, 9, 93, 134organizations, 19, 234, 255patterns, 73–78, 87–90 162–169proactive, 19, 26, 32, 108, 253–55recurrent sites, 93self-imposed, 3serial, 24, 34, 75, 105, 115–16, 158, 183–192,
194, 270spiritual, 46voluntary, 15, 29, 318
exilic condition, 4, 9, 11–13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23,25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 297, 307
expatriates, 2–3, 16–18, 20, 22, 32, 36–37,58–59, 67, 74, 81, 89, 107–8, 112,176, 184, 186, 200, 249, 310, 314,320
expatriation, 11, 13–14, 16, 36, 49, 58, 70, 88,91, 112, 162, 196, 230, 260, 265, 278–79,285, 319
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expulsion, 2, 13–15, 40–42, 46, 51, 88–89,94, 99, 127, 133, 152, 159, 163, 174, 191,212, 231, 233, 243, 278, 280–81, 319
extradition, 17, 85, 147–48, 158, 283extranamiento, 42, 64, 94, 233
factionalism, 6–8, 60, 62–67, 71, 75, 77, 80,140–41, 262, 320
Fajnzylber, Fernando, 238Falkner, Federico, 129Faletto, Enzo, 202family disruption, 4, 293–94Fascism, 37, 147Father Aldao, 101fatherland, 14favoritism, 2Febrerista Party of Paraguay, 184Febreristas, 300Federal District (Mexico), 211Fernando VII (Spain), 68Ferreira, Gloria, 296Ferreira Aldunate, Wilson, 248–49Figueiredo, Joao Baptista, 206Figueres, Jose, 154, 168Finland, 152Firmenich, Mario Eduardo, 216First South American Conference on International
Private Law (Montevideo, 1889), 147Florence, 47, 185Flores, Juan Jose, 68Flores Magon, Ricardo, 118Florida, 33Foa, Giangiacomo, 174forceful displacement, 40–41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51,
53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 289France, 4, 33, 61, 81, 85–86, 104–7, 109–11,
113–18, 120, 134, 147, 164, 166–67, 169,173, 175, 189, 191, 199–201, 203–4, 210,221–22, 233, 237, 246–47, 251–52, 279,287, 292, 295, 297, 317
culture, 109government, 76, 113heroes, 109institutions, 114
Franco, Francisco, 186Frankfurt, 37, 236Frati, Rolando, 200Frazer, Donald, 249freedom, 6, 21, 25, 28, 38, 54, 57, 74, 85, 89, 97,
99, 101, 105, 112, 126–27, 151, 158, 160,165, 183, 216–17, 231, 252, 300, 314–15
Freire, Marcos, 190Freire, Ramon, 279Freire, Manuel, 86, 88Freire, Paulo, 104Freites, Pedro Marıa, 53
French May (1968), 163French Office of Protection of Refugees and
Stateless Persons, 167French Revolution, 105–6, 108, 146, 152French Socialist party, 222Frente Amplio (Uruguay), 184Frente Patriotico Manuel Rodrıguez, 242Frenz, Helmut, 233Fried, Gabriela, 304Fuentes, Carlos, 259Fujimori, Alberto, 2, 260, 264–65, 276, 315Fujimori, Keiko, 265Fundacion de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias
Cristianas (FASIC) (Chile), 142, 301,315
Furlong, Guillermo, 48
Gadea, Lazaro, 87Gadea, Santiago, 88Gaitan, Jorge Eliecer, 138Galan, Jose Antonio, 51Galeano, Eduardo, 12, 245Gallegos, Romulo, 12, 153, 155, 187, 273Gamarra, General Agustın, 69, 71–72, 99Garcıa, Alan, 318Garcıa Canclini, Nestor, 217Garcıa del Rıo, Juan, 98Garciadiego, Javier, 119Garcıa-Lupo, Enrique, 214Garcıa Marquez, Gabriel, 205Garcilaso de la Vega, 45–46Gardel, Carlos, 116Garden of Eden, 12Garrastazu Medici, Emılio, 198Garzon Maceda, Lucio, 223Gaspari, Elio, 195Gass, Adolfo, 184gastarbeiters, 22–23, 25Gazeta de Buenos Aires, 106Geisel, General Ernesto, 195Gelman, Juan, 13gender, 10, 44, 117, 198, 217, 234, 286, 293–96,
322General Council of the Inquisition, 41General Directorate of Police, 213General Herrera, 70German Democratic Republic, 130Germany, 109, 135, 164, 173, 175, 237, 263, 317Giardinelli, Mempo, 12, 220, 225Gil, Gilberto, 25Gilman, Bruce, 25Giro, Juan Francisco, 86, 88Giroud, Colonel Alberto Bayo, 126Glasgow, 294global arena, 7, 22, 26, 54, 144–45, 153, 164,
192, 253, 290, 320
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globalization, 24, 182, 242, 293, 323Godoy, Juan, 48Goldberg, Florinda, 13, 292, 310golden exile, 111, 154, 201, 297Gombrowicz, Witold, 12Gomez, Juan Carlos, 98–99Gomez, Juan Vicente, 120, 187, 259, 263,
283Gomez, Laureano, 285Gomez, Maximo, 34Gonçalves de Magalhaes, 112Gonzalez, Elda, 168, 203Gonzalez, Felipe, 291Gonzalez Corbala, 128Gonzalez Salazar, Roque, 130Gorriaran Merlo, Enrique, 216, 221, 282Gorriti, Juana Manuela, 12Goulart, Joao, 104, 127, 189–90, 195–97, 199,
203, 260, 271, 273governments, 24, 50, 55, 57, 60, 63–65, 69–71,
75, 81–82, 86, 88, 94, 98–99, 109–11, 117,122, 125–29, 133, 135, 137, 141, 151, 154,156–57, 160, 164, 168, 170, 176–78, 183,187–89, 191, 195, 197, 205–6, 212, 215,224, 229, 237–38, 240, 242, 244, 248–49,257–58, 261–63, 286, 291, 298–99, 315–17,321
agencies, 314–15authoritarian, 26, 141expelling, 7redemocratizated, 305repressive, 162–63, 205, 256, 292republican, 76, 111, 122ruling, 6
Graetz, Roberto, 178Graham-Yooll, Andrew, 29Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 291Granada, 46Great Britain, 29, 263Great Famine (Ireland), 30–1Grecco, Helena, 206Greece, 146, 204Green, James N., 159Grenada, 53Groupe d’Avocats Argentines Exiles en
France, or Group of ArgentineanLawyers Exiled in France (GAAEF) (France),222
Grove, Marmaduque, 141Guanabara (Brazil), 189Guanajuato, 46Guardia Navarro, Ernesto de la 271Guatemala, 33, 49, 90, 120, 125, 127, 131–32,
138, 140, 148, 153, 157–58, 166, 186, 191,211, 223, 266–68, 278–83, 289
Army, 132
Guatemala City, 49, 90refugees, 132
Guatemalans, 131–32, 157, 252Guayaquil, 43, 59–60, 71–72Guerra, Francois-Xavier, 50, 107guerrillas, 11, 138, 163, 177, 197–99, 210, 225,
242Guest, Ian, 210Guevara, Ana Marıa, 216Guevara, Ernesto (Che), 126, 155, 216Gutierrez, Eulalio, 119Gutierrez, Lucio, 260, 276, 317Gutierrez Alliende, Luis, 141Gutierrez Alliende, Ramon, 141Gutierrez de La Fuente, Antonio, 99Gutierrez Ruiz, Hector, 248Guyana, 113Guzman, Carlos, 142Guzzetti, Cesar Augusto, 224
Hacohen, Menahem, 181Haiti, 10, 53–54, 66, 108, 113, 124, 167,
266–67, 276–83Haitians, 113, 150, 164, 167Halperin Donghi, Tulio, 75, 83Hamburger, Cao, 28Harari, Leo, 309Harkin, Tom, 249Harris, Allen, 176Havana, 33, 43, 48, 156, 187Havana Convention, 149Haya de La Torre, Vıctor Raul, 148, 185Hechter, Michael, 19Heise Gonzalez, Julio, 257Hecker, Liliana, 37, 313Hernandez Martınez, Maximilano, 273Herrera, Don Carlos, 140Herrera, Luis Alberto de, 106Herrera y Luna, Carlos, 273Herzog, Tamar, 44Herzog, Vladimir, 198Hildebrando, Luiz, 204Hirschman, Albert, 73Hispanic America, 51–52Holland, 164Hollanda, Chico Buarque de, 25Holmberg, Elena, 223Holocaust, 170, 176, 178Holy Alliance, 76, 152Hondurans, 150, 153Honduras, 24, 33, 90, 131, 148, 158, 167, 191,
266–68, 278–79, 281, 283Hong Kong Committee of Philippine
Revolutionaries, 109host countries, 5–6, 9–10, 17–19, 22–23,
30, 32, 37–39, 53–54, 69, 72, 74–76, 92–93,
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95, 99, 114, 125, 133–35, 143, 145, 152,154, 158, 162, 167, 169, 182–83, 185,188–90, 193–95, 201, 203, 210–12, 216–18,225, 227, 232, 237, 239–41, 243, 246, 253,255, 266, 271, 280, 282, 286–89, 291,308–9, 311–12, 320, 322
Hostos, Eugenio Marıa de, 81–82House of Bragança, 51Huerta, Adolfo de la, 119Huerta, Victoriano, 119Hugo, Victor, 12, 16, 81, 110Humanismo, 125human-rights, 7, 21, 24, 26, 54, 106, 127,
144–45, 150–51, 159, 161, 169–70,178, 194, 199, 205–6, 222–25, 230, 240,248, 251, 253, 261, 298, 306, 315, 320, 322
international, 153, 254organizations, 161, 194, 247, 299violations, 136, 155, 161–62, 165, 181–82,
198, 205, 207, 248, 265–66, 275, 290, 292,298, 315–16, 322
Human Rights Watch, 144Humboldt, Alexander von, 107, 118
Ibanez, Adolfo, 102Ibanez del Campo, Carlos, 229, 270Iberian Peninsula, 46, 50, 52Ibraim, Jose, 199Icaza, Jorge, 12identities, 8–9, 11, 21–22, 30–32, 38–39, 49, 51,
55, 78, 84, 93, 113, 116–17, 181–82, 194,218–20, 253, 288–89, 292, 294–95, 309,311–13, 322
common, 18–19fragmented, 5hybrid, 5nation-state, 72political, 194singular, 8
Illıa, Arturo, 186, 223imaginaries, collective, 9, 49immigration, 49, 123, 136, 165, 173, 176,
180imperialism, 83, 185, 248imprisonment, 45, 53, 66, 77, 97, 120, 147, 169,
197–98, 284Incas, 46, 67inclusion, 137, 141–42, 145, 322independence, 6, 8–10, 33–34, 36, 48–53, 58,
61–62, 68–69, 82, 88–89, 91, 93–94, 105,107, 117–19, 162, 263, 266, 274, 283, 316,319, 321
movements, 33, 51, 68, 108pan-American, 57, 59
Indians, 43–44, 118Indias, 41–42, 53, 184
Infanta Isabel, 262Inquisition, 41, 48insile, 13, 75institutional exclusion, 1, 11, 18–19, 21, 23, 25,
40, 77, 94, 160, 285, 311–12, 319, 321Institut national de la statistique et
desetudeseconomiques, or National Institutefor Statistics and Economics (INSEE)(France), 221
Instituto Latinoamericano de PlanificacionEconomica Social (ILPES), 201–2, 264
Instituto Nacional de Estadıstica, or NationalInstitute of Statistics (INE), 213
Instituto para el Nuevo Chile (Think Tank)(Rotterdam), 243
Insunza, Jose, 290intellectuals, 21, 26–27, 31, 49, 78, 80, 102, 105,
107, 109, 112, 115, 121–22, 129–30, 134,141, 159, 162, 185, 190, 206, 209, 211–12,219–20, 255, 305, 314, 317
Interamerican Commission of Human Rights,127, 150, 161, 315
Internal Relegation Displacement, 75International Commission of Jurists, 223International Court of Justice, 148–49International Literary Association, 81International Migration, 91, 322International of Popular (Demo-Christian)
parties, 144International Organization for Migration,
Organizacion Internacional de Migracion(OIM), 144, 301, 306
international private law, 7International Red Cross, 205International Union of Lawyers, 223Interpol, 315Inti Illimani, 299Ireland, 30–1, 264, 317Isla de los Pinos (Cuba), 125Isla de Piedra, 43Island, Margarita, 53isolation, 4, 26, 62, 86, 194, 217, 225, 292Israel, 135, 138, 164, 168–71, 174–82, 210, 235
1973 Israeli-Arab war, 212Arab-Israeli conflict, 176Labor Party, 171, 234–35Law of Return, 176MAPAM’s Youth, 182National Archives, 181
Istituto Nazionale di Statistiche, 220Italians, 169–71, 174, 183, 216Italy, 1, 12, 25, 45, 47–48, 76, 135, 164, 166,
169, 172–73, 182, 197, 210, 215–16,220–21, 229, 231, 233, 237, 263, 317
Ithaca, 12Iturbe, Francisco, 52
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Iturbide, Agustın Cosme Damian de, 76–77Iwanska, Alicja, 19Izquierda Cristiana, 239
Jackson, Andrew, 65Jacobinism, 102Jaimovich, Luis, 182Jaksic, Ivan, 94Jamaica, 48, 53, 282Japan, 265, 318Jensen, Silvina, 3, 209, 214Jerusalem, 171, 174, 179Jesuits, 46–49Jesus, 12, 51Jewish Agency (JA), 175–80Jews, 40, 46, 123, 171, 176–78, 216Jitrik, Noe, 13, 224Joao III, 41Johnson, John, 66Jordan, Servando, 314journalism, 29, 33, 82, 95, 98–100, 108, 174,
203, 212, 214, 216, 220, 313–14, 316Juan Carlos I, King, 223Junta Coordinadora de las Fuerzas Democraticas
del Cono Sur, 184juntas, 68, 159, 210, 222–23, 258, 266, 321justice, 21, 45, 65, 67, 129, 148–49, 200, 261,
270, 296Justice and Peace Commission, 205Juventud del Partido Revolucionario Cubano, 126
Kahlo, Frida, 121Kaminsky, Amy, 15Karp, Eliana, 318Kastler, Alfred, 205Katra, William, 97–98Kaufman, Edy, 175, 248Kay, Diana, 33, 294Keane, John, 145Kennedy, Edward, 249Kierszenbaum, Leandro, 162Kissinger, Henry, 249Koch, Edward, 249Kozameh, Alicia, 13Kristeva, Julia, 23Kubitschek, Juscelino, 196
La Aurora, 71La Bandera Bicolor, 71Labrousse, Alain, 251La Casa de Espana (El Colegio de Mexico), 122Lacerda, Carlos, 189–90La Fuente, Armando, 69Lagos, Ricardo, 242, 264La Habana, 120Lamas, Andres, 98
Lamonaca, Julio C., 29La Nacion, 314Landıvar, Rafael, 49language, 3, 11, 15, 35, 37, 41, 45, 92, 103, 112,
117, 123, 132, 134, 167, 182, 203–4,217–19, 237, 248, 271, 289, 292, 295, 310,320
Lanusse, Alejandro Agustın, 209La Opinion, 215La Paz, 15, 68La Republica Cubana, 109Las Heras, General Gregorio, 100Lastarria, Jose Victorino, 95–96Latin American Union, 81Lavalle, Juan, 100Lavalleja, Juan Antonio, 86, 88La Violencia, 138, 284Law of Foreigners, 213League of Nations, 122Leal, Pablo, 157Lefort, Claude, 22Leguıa, Augusto, 186Leighton, Bernardo, 197Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 152Leninism, 141Leon, Carlos, 121Leoni, Raul, 283Lerdo de Tejeda, Sebastian, 261Lerner Sigal, Victoria, 119Letelier, Orlando, 144, 197, 224, 249Liberalism, 74, 97, 141Liberman, Arnoldo, 219, 308Liga anti-imperialista de las Americas, 121Lijphart, Arendt, 259Lima, 43–44, 58–59, 68, 70, 147, 226, 315Linz, Juan Jose, 259Lira, Elizabeth, 140Lischer, Sarah, 133Littın, Miguel, 237Liverpool, 234–35Llambias-Wolff, Jaime, 233Lleras Camargo, Alberto, 285Lomos negros [black backs], 98London, 25, 37, 48, 81, 114, 185–86, 234Lopez, Carlos Antonio, 279Lopez, Estanislao, 85Lopez, Francisco Solano, 279Lopez, Teno, 167Lopez, Vicente Fidel, 96–97, 100Lopez Contreras, Eleazar, 187Lopez Michelsen, Alfonso, 285Lopez Perez, Rigoberto, 158Lopez Rega, Jose, 215Louis-Philippe, King, 110Loveman, Brian, 50, 137, 140, 162Lugo, Americo, 83
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Luna, Felix, 24, 98Lusinchi, Jaime, 283Luxemburg, 184
Maceo, Antonio, 34Machado, Gerardo, 152Machado, Gustavo, 121Madame Bovary, 14Madame de Stael, 12Madero, Francisco, 119Madrid, 15, 33, 168, 186, 213, 219, 222,
236, 298, 308Magalhaes, Ivo, 190Maggido, Oscar, 184Mahuad, Jamil, 2, 260, 276, 317Mainwaring, Scott, 259Malvinas-Falkland war, 226Mama Maquin, 296Manchester, 234Mann, Thomas, 12Mar, Jose de la, 68–69marginalization, 3, 12, 21, 25Margulis, Mario, 128Mariategui, Jose Carlos, 288Marighella, Carlos, 199Marini, Rui Mauro, 200Marino, Santiago, 282Marmol, Jose, 98Marof, Tristan, 122Marquez, Juan Manuel, 126Marranos, 41Martı, Jose, 12, 33–34, 183, 201Martınez Corbala, Gonzalo, 128Martınez de Peron, Marıa Estela (Isabelita), 186,
209, 260Martinique, 53Marxism, 141–42Masaryk, Thomas, 152Masetti, Jorge, 221Massera, Emilio, 215, 223Matamoro, Blas, 210, 213, 218Mato Grosso, 50Matthews, Herbert, 125Mattini, Luis, 216, 221Matus, Alejandra, 314Matzpen, 178Maza, Gustavo, 129McClennen, Sophia, 15McGovern, George, 159Medina Echavarrıa, Jose, 202Melo, Jose Marıa, 284memory, 3, 18, 31–32, 70, 73, 85, 115–16, 169,
260–61, 263, 309Mendez, Luis Lopez, 98Mendez-Faith, Teresa, 26Mendoza, 48, 56–57, 60–61, 100–101
Menem, Carlos, 262Mercado, Tununa, 12, 310mestizos, 3, 44, 218Methodist Evangelical Church, 303Rusticatio Mexicana, 49Mexican Commission for Aid to Refugees
(Comision Mexicana de Ayuda aRefugiados, or COMAR), 132
Mexicans, 33, 35, 47, 106, 118, 121–24, 126,128–30, 134, 143, 171, 212, 217–18, 220,226, 237
Mexico, 3, 9, 17, 33, 47, 49, 74, 76–77, 79, 93,106, 108, 111, 113, 117–32, 134–35, 138,150, 153, 155, 159, 166, 168, 173, 183–86,191, 194, 199, 210–12, 216–17, 219–27,233, 236–37, 246–47, 250, 255, 259,261–62, 264, 266–68, 270, 275–83, 291–92,296, 323
1857 Constitution, 1181917 Constitution, 118administration, 212, 237asylum policy, 123–24, 130–31authorities, 126–27, 131, 155, 184–85, 224colonial times, 117diplomatic relations with Chile, 129diplomats, 111, 123, 129–30government, 128, 130–33, 155, 212, 224immigration laws, 123intellectual life, 120, 122international image, 130Left, 125, 317Mexican Congress, 77Mexican Revolution, 119, 121Population Law 1947 (Ley General de
Poblacion), 124, 127postrevolutionary, 37, 93, 119, 135refugee policy, 124student massacre of Tlatelolco in 1968, 130
Treaty of Union and Confederation withColombia, 118
Yaqui Indians of Sonora, 118Meyer, Rabbi Marshall, 178Miami, 18, 126, 153–54, 157, 247, 315–16Michelena, Francisco, 98Michelini, Zelmar, 243, 248, 253Middle Ages, 14–15, 40Middle East, 176Mier, Fray Servando de, 108Mifleguet Poalim Meuhedet or United
Workers-Party (MAPAM) (Israel), 177Mignone, Eduardo F., 223migrants, 4, 16–19, 22, 26, 34–35, 44, 74, 93,
165, 168–69, 195, 213, 220, 230, 237, 244,246, 250, 252–53, 293, 312, 323
economic, 26, 131–32, 253
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migration, 12–3, 17, 31, 85, 123–4, 136, 144,166, 203, 233, 301, 306, 308, 322
Milan, 47, 242military, 16, 25, 69, 71, 104, 123, 141, 163, 166,
175, 177, 179, 194, 197, 199, 205, 207,209–10, 221, 232, 234, 244–45, 247–48,270, 297–99, 313
coup, 104, 125, 140, 153, 165, 170–72,183–84, 189–90, 194, 196, 201, 211, 227,229, 231–32, 235, 260, 283
rule, 3, 37, 57, 93, 113, 129, 166, 174–75,180–81, 184, 190, 194–96, 199, 201, 206,209, 222, 225, 229, 231–32, 234, 241, 243,248, 254–56, 260, 275, 283, 297, 300,302–3, 305–6, 313–14
Miller, Kerby, 30Miller, Martin A., 20Minas Gerais, 52Miranda, Francisco, 48, 52, 108Misiones, 46Mitchell, David, 48Mitre, Bartolome, 97, 99–100Mitterand, François, 222mobility, 16–17, 22mobilization, 1, 7, 137–38, 163, 192–93, 249,
251, 319–20Modena, 47modernity, 4, 107, 111, 114, 322modernization, 7, 49, 80, 103, 118, 136, 140, 302Moffitt, Ronnie, 144Molina, Juan Ignacio, 47Monteverde, Captain Domingo, 52Monagas, Tadeo, 282Monroe Doctrine, 263Montand, Yves, 222Monteagudo, Bernardo de, 106Montesinos, Vladimiro, 265Montevideo, 3, 12, 37, 57, 61, 83–85, 93, 96,
98–100, 118, 120, 129, 131, 147–48, 187,196, 203, 302
Montilla, Mariano, 54Montoneros, 128–29, 177, 209–10, 216, 220Montoya, Victor, 13Montt, Manuel, 94, 97–98, 100Montufar, Manuel, 73Montufar y Coronado, Manuel, 289Montupil, Fernando, 231Morazan, Francisco de, 78Moreno, Rosa, 302Moscow, 242Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano de, 98Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, 222–23Movement for Life and Peace (Argentina), 306
movementspolitical, 210–11
protonational, 50revolutionary, 125, 157, 177, 197, 206, 221
Movimento Feminino pela Anistia, 206Movimento Revolucionario 8 de Outubro or
Revolutionary Movement 8th October(MR-8) (Brazil), 197
Movimiento 26 de Julio, 126Movimiento de Accion Popular Unitaria (MAPU)
(Chile), 234, 239Movimiento de Izquierda Democratica Allendista
(MIDA) (Chile), 239Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR)
(Chile), 172, 184, 234, 239Movimiento de Liberacion Nacional-Tupamaros,
244Movimiento Democratico Popular, Popular
Democratic Movement (MDP), 239Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario de
Izquierda (MNRI) (Bolivia), 189Movimiento Nacional Justicialista (peronism),
129Movimiento Nacional Socialista de Chile, 229The Movimiento Peronista Montonero, 220Movimiento Popular Colorado (MOPOCO)
(Paraguay), 254, 300Multiple Modernities, 4Muniz Arroyo, Vicente, 129Murillo, Pedro Domingo, 15Murilo de Carvalho, Jose, 258
Nabokov, Vladimir, 12Nabuco, Joaquim, 88Naficy, Hamid, 16Naples, 47Napoleonic wars, 51–52, 54Narodniy komissariat vnutrennikh del/People’s
Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD)(USSR), 16
Narvaja, Fernando Vaca, 216National Autonomous University of Mexico
(UNAM), 120National Commission of Aid to Refugees,
Comision National de Ayuda a Refugiados(CONAR) (Chile), 232–33
national heroes, 49, 89National Intelligence Service, Servicio de
Inteligencia Nacional (SIN) (Peru), 265, 315nationalism, 50, 152nationality, 19, 144, 149, 151, 153, 157, 306National Office of Return, Oficina Nacional del
Retorno (ONR) (Chile), 230, 301National Reorganization Process (PRN)
(Argentina), 176, 209nationhood, 8, 18, 24, 38, 72, 78, 81, 83, 94,
101, 122, 141, 162, 250, 253, 257, 260–61,263, 289
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nation-states, 2, 8–9, 22, 49, 54, 78, 89, 136,141, 143, 145, 152, 161, 192, 320–21
Natividade Saldanha, Jose da, 110Navarro, Gustavo Adolfo, 122Nazism, 37, 176Nelo Spina, Pedro, 284Neri, Rafael Jose, 153Neruda, Pablo, 12, 160, 165, 229Netherlands, 81, 109, 173networks, 10, 13, 16, 18–19, 91–92, 108, 125,
145, 153, 161, 166, 192–93, 201, 234, 243,252, 269, 271, 274, 294–95, 298, 321,323
Neves, Tancredo, 207New Granada, 51, 67, 108New Orleans, 268New Spain, 46, 117new states, 6, 9, 49–50, 67–68, 73, 83, 89, 93,
106New World, 23, 30–31, 51, 104New York, 33, 107–8, 122, 153New York Times, 125, 161NGOs, 92, 144, 150, 169, 175, 234, 238, 248,
301, 306–7, 321Nicaragua, 78, 90, 93, 113, 125, 131, 134, 138,
148, 153, 157, 159, 166–68, 186–87, 191,223, 233, 242, 266–68, 278–83, 291
democratic elections, 90exiles, 158, 168rulers, 78
Nicaraguans, 131, 150, 153, 157, 164, 167, 188,227
Nicols, Colonel Emanuel, 189Nirgad, Ram, 179Nitheroy, 112Nixon, Richard, 1Noboa, Gustavo, 317nomads, 16, 22Non-Aligned States, 205nongovernmental organizations, 7Noriega, Manuel Antonio, 258–59North Africa, 176North America, 48Nunca Mais (Brazil), 198Nussbaum, Martha, 28
O’Higgins, Bernardo, 55, 60, 80, 91, 262,279
Oaxaca, 268Obando, Jose Marıa, 284Obes, Lucas Jose, 86Obligado, Clara, 12, 214oblivion, 36Obregon, Alvaro, 121Obregon Cano, Ricardo, 212, 224, 226Ocampo, Gabriel, 96
Ocampo, Melchor, 268–69O’Donnell, Guillermo, 259Oficina de Solidaridad para Exiliados Argentinos
(OSEA), 306Oficina Nacional de Retorno (ONR) (Chile),
301–2Olaneta, Pedro, 68Olavarrıa, Arturo, 141Olavo da Cunha, Carlos, 189O’Leary, Daniel Florencio, 64Onetti, Juan Carlos, 12, 251Operaçao Bandeirantes (OBAN), 197, 199Operaçao Limpeza, 197Operaçao Yakarta, 197Operation Colombo, 298Operation Condor, 135, 154, 197–98, 265Orbegoso, Luis Jose de, 69Ordenanzas de la Casa de Contratacion of 1552,
42Orellana, Jose Marıa, 140Orellana, Manuel, 140Organizacion de Venezolanos en el Exilio, or
Organization of Venezuelans in Exile(ORVEX), 316
Organization of American States (OAS), 150,172, 205
organizations, 5, 8, 10, 13, 38, 92, 114, 126,141–42, 144, 156, 161, 184, 199, 216,220–25, 231–52, 290–91, 296, 300, 303,315, 320
Oribe, Manuel, 86–88, 273Ornes, German, 156Oron, Benjamin, 171Orozco, Pascual, 119Ortega, Adolfo, 129Ortiz, Renato, 8Ospina Rodrıguez, Mariano, 285ostracism, 2, 6, 11–14, 31, 76, 80, 88, 91, 178,
260–61, 267, 270, 284–86Ouditt, Sharon, 17Ovalle, Alonso de, 47
Padilla, General Jose, 66–67Paez, Jose Antonio, 65, 262, 282Paiba, Raul, 315Paiva, Rubens, 188–89, 198Pakistan, 184Palma, Baudilio, 140Palme, Olof, 164Palmeira, Vladimir, 199Panama, 78, 122, 131, 150, 166–67, 173,
185–86, 191, 258–60, 266–68, 278–79,281–82, 317
Panamanian Social Democratic Party (PSDP), 184pan-Latin Americanism, 5, 89Papandreu, Andreas, 205
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Paraguay, 19, 25–27, 48, 74, 83, 85–86, 186,246–47, 254, 259, 265–68, 276, 278–79,281–83, 299–300, 305–6
exiles, 26, 93, 135, 283, 306Paraguayan Febreristas, 184Paraguayans, 25–26, 150, 166, 227, 300, 306paramilitary groups, 11, 209Parana River, 85Pardo, Felipe, 100Paris, 9, 36–37, 61, 74, 81, 93, 103, 105–17, 134,
152, 185, 202, 204, 222–23, 229, 235–36,239, 243, 251, 263–64, 295,317
Partido Comunista de Uruguay, 130Partido del Pueblo Cubano (Ortodoxo party), 126
Partido Liberal Radical Autentico (PLRA)(Paraguay), 254, 300
Partido Nacionalista (Republica Dominicana), 83Partido por la Democracia (PPD) (Chile), 239
Partido Revolucionario de Izquierda Nacionalista(PRIN) (Bolivia), 184
Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores,(PRT) (Argentina), 216, 220, 224
Partido Revolucionario Democratico (PRD)(Mexico, Panama), 157, 259
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)(Mexico), 211
Partido Revolucionario Venezolano (PRV), 121Partido Revolutionario Febrerista, 184, 254Partido Socialista Revolucionario of Peru, 128
Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), 199–200Partito Socialista Italiano di Unita Proletaria
(PSIUP), 215Pastoral Catolica del Exilio, 239Patagonia, 48, 101–2, 175Patria Grande, 143patriotism, 19, 47–50, 107Pauw, Corneille de, 47Payro, Ana Lıa, 212Pedro I (Brazil), 88Pedro II (Brazil), 88, 110–11, 262, 279Pellegrino, Adela, 244, 252Pellicer, Carlos, 120Pena, Henry Jose Lugo, 316penal law, international, 7Penaloza, Chacho, 100Pereira, Gabriel Antonio, 86Pereira de Souza, Washington Luis, 273Pereira Nunes, Adao, 104Perestroika, 291Perez, Carlos Andres, 223, 260, 283–84Perez, Sergio, 157, 187Perez Esquivel, Adolfo, 223
Perez Jimenez, Marcos, 125, 154–56, 186–88,271, 273, 283
Peron, Juan Domingo 2, 174, 186–7, 190, 209,271, 282
Peronism, 112, 129, 177, 207, 209–11, 245, 255Peronists, 210, 224persecution, 2–3, 7, 17, 23, 27, 37, 46, 53, 92,
124–25, 129, 134, 146, 150, 161, 163–64,170, 174–76, 180–81, 193–97, 212, 236,256, 271, 320–21
Peru, 42–43, 46, 48, 56, 58–60, 62, 67–73, 82,94, 99, 105, 108, 120, 122, 148, 165, 173,183, 185–86, 190, 223, 265–68, 270,276–83, 310, 315, 318
authoritarian political system, 72authorities, 148Congress, 68, 265, 315Constitution of 1828, 68emigres, 69–71, 185exiles, 99, 315government, 58, 69–70, 149, 185, 315independence in 1825, 59, 68liberation of, 56, 59Peru and Alto Peru, 59, 67–68, 84Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation, 58, 69–71,
94, 99Peruvians, 60, 68, 70–71, 99, 101, 143, 265,
288royalist army of Peru, 68Yungay defeat, 71
Peruvian Refugee Committee, 315Petion, Alexandre, 54Philippines, 43, 109, 117Piar, Manuel Carlos, 54, 67Piedra, Zenon, 87Pinilla Fabrega, Jose Marıa, 258Pinochet, Augusto, 116, 159, 161, 170, 172,
182–83, 194, 229, 231–32, 234, 239, 254,264, 297–99, 302
Pinto, Onofre, 199Pires, Waldir, 203Pires, Yolanda Avena, 203Plaza, Salvador de la, 121Poland, 241Polish National Movement, 152political activism, 10, 32, 182, 185, 193–95, 201,
225, 231–32, 236, 241, 256, 271, 286,292–93, 296, 299
political activities, 9, 17, 20, 27, 31, 76, 93, 101,114, 116, 125, 127, 143, 153, 158, 160,180, 183, 185, 188, 201, 221, 235, 240,256, 270, 294
political actors, 2, 8political autonomy, 50, 89political dissent, 11political inclusion, 7, 9, 136, 314, 320
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political involvement, 19, 32, 141, 162, 287political leaderships, 89, 104political life, 62, 73, 134, 245, 260–61, 265political participation, 1, 21, 136–37, 160, 194,
319political parties, 104, 140, 142, 156, 160, 184,
190, 194, 196, 210–11, 234, 237, 239–40,244, 254, 257, 291, 322
political persecution, 5, 26, 93, 127, 132, 136,144, 147, 166–67, 169, 178, 193, 211, 233,249, 315, 317, 320
political polarization, 138, 140, 159, 184political prisoners, 115, 119, 171, 181, 199,
205–6, 235, 240, 245, 251–52political violence, 14, 50, 80, 169, 215, 220, 317,
320politicians, 33, 35, 76, 78, 96, 109, 123, 128,
134, 141, 159, 186, 189, 196, 206, 220,235, 241–42, 262, 265–66, 270, 280,283–85, 289–90, 313, 317
politicization, 173, 193, 231, 284politics, 6–8, 45, 67, 69, 73–5, 163, 178, 194,
236, 254confrontational, 64, 140diaspora, 193discriminatory, 21domestic, 69, 292exclusionary, 73local, 74–75, 103, 153, 287mass, 7, 136–92militarization of, 62modern, 73, 320multistate, 8national, 8, 36, 263–64pluralistic, 73regional, 6territorial, 55of exit 88–90
population, indigenous, 49populism, 140–41, 258Porfirismo, 120Portales, Diego, 58, 71, 93, 279Portalesian conservative regime, 78Portella, Petronio, 206Porto Alegre (Brazil), 196Portugal, 14, 40–41, 85, 109, 188–90, 203–4, 319Portuguese, 35, 41, 50, 81, 84–85, 117Posadas, Gervasio, 98Posadas (Argentina), 300Positivism, 82, 106post-independence, 6, 26postmodern emphases, 3postpresidential exile, 267–68, 271–78, 280–83Prado, Eduardo, 109Prats, General Carlos, 165, 197prepresidential exile, 266–70, 280–81, 283
presidential exile, 10, 257, 265, 267–68, 271,273–76, 279, 284–85, 321
Prestes, Luis Carlos, 196Prieto, Joaquın, 94Princess Isabel Chimpu Ocllo, 46Prıo Socorras, Carlos, 125–26, 154, 157, 273prison, 24, 32–33, 43–45, 56–57, 64–66, 78,
98–99, 105, 117, 119, 140, 155, 162, 181,198–99, 229, 231, 233, 235, 246, 251, 262,264, 283, 297
prisoners, 30, 44, 65, 77, 85, 126, 198, 206–7,220, 237, 303
Proceso de Reorganizacion Nacional, or NationalReorganization Process (PRN) (Argentina),176
proscription, 13prosecution, 44, 207, 314proto-expatriation, 54Prussia, 76psychoanalysis, 163public opinion, 82, 193public spheres, 1–2, 4, 6, 8, 19, 21, 23–27, 38,
45, 89, 101, 107, 141, 162–63, 224, 253,255–57, 261, 283, 287, 289, 322
domestic, 144–45, 154, 192, 260international, 6, 136, 144, 165, 194, 223, 232,
243, 290, 311Puccio, Osvaldo, 237Puerto Cabello, 65Puerto Rico, 34, 43, 81–82, 119, 153, 156, 167,
188, 258independence of, 82Liga de Patriotas Puertorriquenos, 82nationalism, 34
Puig, Manuel, 12Puiggros, Rodolfo, 212, 224Puiggros Adriana, 212Pundak, Itzhak, 179punishment, 40, 42, 44, 53–57, 66, 97, 119, 142,
206, 248, 297
Quadros, Janio, 196Queen Maria (Portugal), 51Quintana Roo, 132Quiroga, Facundo, 100Quito, 43, 47, 49, 59
Rabin, Yitzhak, 178racism, 67, 115Rama, Angel, 17Rama, Carlos, 251Ramırez, Francisco, 85Raynal, Guillaume-Thomas, 47rebellions, 1, 15, 44, 50–52, 78, 94
political, 49Recanati, Dany, 176, 178–80
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reception, 38, 75, 93, 120, 124, 135, 213, 241,255, 278, 280–81, 307, 320
reconciliation, national, 77, 80, 103, 262Red Cross, 144, 248, 321Red de Hermandad y Solidaridad Colombia, or
Network of Brotherhood and Solidarity(REDHER), 317
redemocratization, 39, 194, 206, 231refuge, 24–25, 28, 54, 93–94, 99, 119, 127, 129,
134, 146, 148, 166, 172, 183, 190–91, 316refugees, 7, 13, 16, 20, 24, 27–29, 94, 113,
122–24, 128, 131–33, 149–51, 158, 161,164–65, 167–69, 171–72, 175, 185, 191,209, 211, 232, 237, 246, 251, 291, 301, 309
Central American, 132crisis, 131displaced, 150Jewish, 158political, 17, 113, 118, 124, 129, 131, 149–51,
165–66, 170–71, 221, 233,238
problem, 7status, 28, 113, 124, 149, 151, 167, 291statutory, 150
regime, 20, 45, 71, 211, 243, 247, 284, 298–300authoritarian presidential, 75dictatorial, 31political, 73, 259
reintegration, 301, 303, 307, 312, 314relegation, 13–15, 91relocation, 4
of exiles, 194, 301forced, 29, 92, 201
Renique, Jose Luis, 79, 288repatriation, 154, 261–63, 303, 306repression, 3, 10, 23, 27, 113, 118, 124, 138,
140, 142–44, 146, 163, 168, 173–75, 178,195, 197–98, 204–5, 209–10, 216, 220–23,225, 234, 236, 239, 243, 245–46, 249–51,254–56, 263, 291–93, 305, 321–22
political, 3, 134, 183, 231repressive violence, 138, 209, 211resilience, 1, 101, 138resistance, 34, 46, 194, 236, 239, 316Resistencia Obrero-Estudiantil, or Workers’ and
Students’ Resistance (ROE) (Uruguay), 245return, 31–36, 76–78, 260–64, 286–324returnees, 77, 252, 291, 301, 303–7, 310, 312,
322prospective, 303, 306–7
return of exiles, 37, 77, 126, 243, 252, 254,299–300, 303, 306–7, 311–12, 321
revolutionaries, 7, 221Revolutionary Alliance of Left Forces, Alianza
Revolucionaria de Izquierda, (ARDI)(Colombia and Venezuela), 187
revolutionary movements, 33Ribeiro, Darcy, 190, 196, 305Ricardo, David, 52Ricardo, Mordechay, 52Rigaud, François, 205Righi, Esteban, 212rights, 2
citizenship, 143, 311civil, 36political, 23, 38, 89, 139, 176, 196, 264
Rio Bravo, 104Rio de la Plata, 83–84, 96, 108, 246Rivadavia, Bernardino, 108Rivano, Manuel, 171Rivas Novoa, Gonzalo, 167Rivera, Diego, 121Roa, Raul, 125Roa Bastos, Augusto, 12, 27, 259Robertson, William, 47Roca, Julio Argentino, 97Rocka, Jose de, 237Rodriguez, Aniceto, 184Rodrıguez de Francia, Gaspar (Paraguay), 85–86,
279Rodrıguez de Ita, Guadalupe, 17Rodrıguez Elizondo, Jose, 241–42Rodrıguez Valmore, 155Rollemberg, Denise, 115, 199–200, 291, 301Romano Lozzaco, Salvador, 104Romanovs, 152Romanticism, 96Rome, 37, 47, 79, 112, 146, 205, 220, 222, 235,
243, 298, 317Romero, Elvio, 27Romero Mena, Carlos Humberto, 273Romero Rubio, Manuel, 261Roosevelt, Theodore, 263Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 24, 61–2, 73, 96–101,
262–3, 273, 279Rosas, Quiroga, 95–96Rossi, Cristina Peri, 13, 219, 251Ruiz Cortınez, Adolfo, 125–26Ruiz Massieu, Jose Francisco, 265Russell Tribunal II, 204Russia, 109, 147, 152, 173
Said, Edward, 16–17, 287Saint-German des Pres, 105Saint Thomas Aquinas, 48Salas Romo, Luis, 141Salazar, Marıa Elvira, 316Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 2, 260, 264, 317Sanchez Berzaın, Jose Carlos, 318Sanchez Cerro, General Luis Miguel, 186Sanchez de Lozada, Gonzalo Daniel, 318San Cristobal de las Casas, 133
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Sandinistas, 90, 113, 167San Jose, 78, 148, 153, 161, 167San Jose Declaration (1994), 150San Jose de Costa Rica, 78, 153San Juan (Puerto Rico), 56, 153San Luis (Argentina), 46, 56San Martın, Jose de, 56–57, 59–62, 77, 94, 108,
116, 178, 262Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 76, 268–70,
282Santa Cruz, Andres de, 44, 68, 70–71, 94,
99–100, 273Santamarıa, Carlos de, 156Santander, Francisco de Paula, 40, 64–65Santiago, 28, 37, 55, 80, 91, 93, 95–96, 100, 104,
112, 128–29, 170–71, 173, 190, 201, 215,224, 237, 264, 299, 310
Santo Domingo, 82, 284Santos, Teotonio dos, 200Santucho, Mario Roberto, 216Santucho Julio, 216Sao Paulo, 25, 197, 205Sao Tome, 41Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 94, 99, 201, 287Sarney, Jose, 207Sassen, Saskia, 144Savidor, Menahem, 181Secretariado Internacional de Juristas por la
Amnistia en Uruguay, or InternationalSecretary for Amnesty in Uruguay (SIJAU)(France), 252
secularism, 121self-censure, 25Senkman, Leonardo, 175, 179–80Seoane, Marıa, 226Serra, Jose, 171, 189Servicio de Paz y Justicia/Peace and Justice Service
(SERPAJ) (Uruguay, Chile, 303, 306Servicio Ecumenico de Reintegracion, or
Ecumenical Reintegration Service (SER)(Uruguay), 303
Shain, Yossi, 20Shaw, Christine, 45Sheffer, Gabriel, 18Sheffield, 234Shimose, Pedro, 13Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), 138Shugart, Matthew, 259Sierra Leone, 138Signoret, Simone, 222Siles Suazo, Hernan, 270Silva, Amaury, 190Silva, Lincoln, 27Silveira Martins, Gaspar, 88Simpson, John, 16Skarmeta, Antonio, 12
slavery, 42, 54, 82slaves, 43, 52, 91, 146Soboul, Albert, 205Social Democracy, (SD), 169, 242Socialism, 112, 141, 204Socialist International, 144, 161, 170–71, 240Socialist League for Human Rights, 222Socialist Party of Chile, 184Solan, Nahum, 171, 177Solanas, Fernando, 116Soldan, Edmundo Paz, 13Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 260, 283Somoza Garcıa, Anastasio, 124, 154, 157–58,
167–68, 186Sosnowski, Saul, 313Soto, Francisco, 63Sotomayor, Humberto, 172South Africa, 135Southern Cone, 10sovereignty, 8, 97, 145, 152–162Soviet Union, 176, 238, 241Spain, 15, 33–34, 42–43, 46, 48–49, 76, 82–83,
85, 95, 105–6, 108, 119–20, 122, 135, 147,164, 166, 168–69, 173, 175, 182, 186–87,210, 212–16, 218–19, 226, 233, 235, 247,250, 284, 290, 307, 317–19
citizenship, 168Civil War, 37, 122, 126, 158
Republican Army, 126Empire, 41, 46–47, 50, 79, 106exiles, 123–24jurisprudence, 42legislation, 42refugees, 122–23Republic, 122, 126rule, 43, 81–82, 108Second Republic, 147
Spaniards, 42, 48, 56, 59, 122, 213, 216, 219Spanish America, 35, 41–43, 48, 50, 69, 120Spanish-American
elites, 107empire, 89identities, 103independence, 48nations, 121personalities, 108states, 88
Spanish Socialist Party, 291spheres
fragmented, 8political, 18, 24, 80, 89, 322
state formation, 8, 40, 51–72, 83–8Stefanich, Juan, 85Steiner, Niklaus, 151Stockholm, 233, 236, 242, 317Straits of Magellan, 97, 101–2
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Stroessner, Alfredo, 25–26, 166, 186, 190, 254,259–60, 264–65, 276, 282, 299–300, 305
St. Thomas (UK), 53Suarez, Francisco, 48Suarez de Figueroa, Gomez, 45–46Suarez Mason, Carlos, 215Sucre, Antonio Jose de, 52–4, 65, 68suicide, 4, 33, 238, 311suspicion, 24, 53, 87, 89, 114, 156, 314–15Swansea, 234Sweden, 135, 152, 164–66, 168–69, 171, 173,
183, 191, 203, 210, 218, 233, 237–38, 247,288, 317
Switzerland, 135, 164, 175, 185, 247Sydney, 247
Tacuarembo (Uruguay), 189Tarso Neto, Paulo de, 104, 196Teja, Ana Marıa, 244Tejedor, Carlos, 98–99, 101Teplizky, Benjamın, 171Terra, Gabriel, 243Terrazas, Mariano Ricardo, 122territorial asylum, 146, 149–50territorial boundaries, 49–62, 67–72, 83–88Theophilo, Marcia, 12Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), 101tiers of exile, 6–7, 74, 145, 153–54, 159,
169, 211, 224–25, 252–53, 256, 298,320–21
Timerman, Jacobo, 223Tiradentes, 51–2Tiradentes prison of Sao Paulo, 198Tizon, Hector, 13Toledo, Alejandro, 2, 318Toledo, Francisco de, 42Toronto, 247Torres, Juan Jose, 197Torrijos, Omar, 258torture, 32, 137, 169–70, 197–99, 205–7,
222–23, 245, 248Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 105Touraine, Alain, 202Tov, Moshe, 171trade unions, 7transculturation, 4transformations
collective, 30, 34cultural, 3, 23, 36
translocation, 6–9, 13–16, 22, 40–45, 51, 53–55,62, 64, 66–67, 70, 74, 76–77, 84, 86, 88,91, 94, 253, 307, 319–20
colonial, 7, 66transnational, 4
activism, 146, 321dimension, 192
identities, 38, 144social-political spaces, 193studies, 4
Travailleurs et Syndicalistes Argentines en Exil(TYSAE) (France), 222–23
Travasso, Luis, 199treason, 41–42, 51, 57, 69, 177Trinidad, 54Triolet, Elsa, 287Triple A, Anti-Communist Argentine Alliance,
209, 211, 215, 220Tropicalia, 25Trotsky, Leon, 121Trotskyism, 141Trujillo, Rafael Leonidas, 83, 124, 154, 156–58,
186–87Tucuman (Argentina), 48, 100Tupac Amaru (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui), 44,
46, 48, 51Tupac Inca, Yupanqui, 46Tupamaros, 244–45, 248, 251Turner, Victor, 23Tweed, Thomas, 18
Ubico Jorge, 140Ugalde, Pedro Leon, 141Ulanovsky, Carlos, 17, 128Unidad Popular, or Popular Unity coalition (UP)
(Chile), 129Unidad Tecnica para la Reinsercion Laboral,
(UT), 304Union Artiguista de Liberacion, or Artigas
Liberation Union (UAL) (Uruguay), 245Union Democratica de Liberacion of Nicaragua,
128Union de Periodistas Argentinos Residentes en
Francia, or Association of ArgentineanJournalists Living in France (UPARF), 222
Union Nacional Dominicana, 83United Nations (UN), 105, 144, 150–51, 155,
180, 190, 201, 204–5, 240, 320United Nations Commission for Human Rights
(UNCHR), 144, 149, 223, 251United Nations Declaration of Human Rights,
170United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 205United Nations Employment Regional Program
for Latin America and Caribbean(PREALC), 264
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees,(UNHCR), 28, 113, 128, 133, 149–50, 161,165–66, 169, 185, 188, 191, 200, 209, 297,301, 306
United Nations International Labor Organization(ILO), 205
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United States, 1, 33–35, 64–65, 73, 76, 79, 93,101, 103, 107, 113, 118–20, 125–27, 132,138, 148, 150, 152, 155, 159, 161, 164,166–68, 174–75, 184–85, 188, 190–91, 197,233, 242, 246–48, 250–52, 254, 259,261–63, 268, 283, 311–12, 314, 316–18
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 150University of Buenos Aires (UBA), 212University of Sao Paulo, 264Uribe, Alvaro, 317Uribe, Miguel, 63Urquijo, Jose Marıa Mariluz, 43Uruguay, 9, 26, 33, 74, 83–87, 99, 104–5, 108,
128–30, 134–35, 166, 174, 189–90, 195,197–99, 205, 210, 215, 223, 235, 243–53,266–68, 273, 278–79, 281–83, 287, 302–3,306, 309
Banda Oriental, 74, 83–84, 86–87Treinta y Tres, 87
caudillismo, 99civil-military dictatorship, 195community of exiles, 131diaspora, 195, 243–44, 246, 249dictatorship, 245–46exiles, 86, 166, 203, 245, 249, 251, 253, 292exile to the Ayui camp, 85independence, 74intellectuals, 250–51
Uruguay River, 83–84Uruguayans, 17, 113, 127–31, 165–66, 168–69,
195–96, 204, 207, 227, 244–53U.S. House Subcommittee on Human Rights, 223
Ushuaia (Argentina), 246U.S. military intervention of 1916, 83USSR, 130, 135, 175, 185, 234, 242
Vaides, General Federico Ponce, 140Valdense Evangelical Church, 303Valdivia, 43Valenzuela, Arturo, 259Vallejo, Cesar, 12Vallejo, Fernando, 13Vallejos, Jose Joaquın, 95Valparaıso, 241Vandre, Geraldo, 25Vanguardia Revolucionaria Dominicana, 156
Varela, Florencio, 98Varela, Pedro, 273Vargas Llosa, Mario, 318Vasconcelos, Jose, 119–20Vasquez, Ana, 4, 33, 105, 115Vazquez, Francisco, 119Vedery, Katherine, 261Vega, Luis, 171
Velasco, Juan de, 47Velasco Ibarra, Jose Marıa, 270Velhoso, Caetano, 25Venezuela, 2, 37, 53–54, 63, 65, 67, 74, 98, 106,
108, 120–21, 124–25, 134, 148, 153,155–56, 158–59, 166, 173, 183–84, 186–88,210–11, 233, 246–47, 250, 259–60, 263,266–68, 273, 277–79, 281–83, 291, 317
Accion Democratica (AD), 153Bolivarian Revolution, 316diaspora, 121, 316exiles, 121, 283–84, 316oil, 134
Venice, 47Viceroyalty of the Rıo de la Plata, 56, 68Vicuna Mackenna, Benjamin, 78–80, 103Vidal, Pedro, 87Vietnam, 159, 204
Russell Tribunal, 205War, 159
Vilela, Magno Jose, 112Villa, Francisco (Pancho), 119Villafane, Benjamın, 98Villeda Morales, Ramon, 158Vinar, Marcelo N., 29Vivanco, Manuel Ignacio de, 71, 100Vizcardo, Juan Pablo, 48Vuskovic, Pedro, 129, 237
Waisman, Carlos, 259Washington, 37, 144, 148, 175, 222, 249, 298,
313, 317Washington Post, 161Western Europe, 35, 138, 166, 233–34, 238, 240,
291Western imagery, 12Wilson, Harold, 235Wolberg, Joshua, 179Wolfe, Thomas, 310Wollny, Hans, 123, 131women, 32, 39, 116–17, 171, 177, 291, 293–97,
321Wonsewer, Israel, 244worker-migrant, 20World Council of Churches, 144, 205World University Service, 301, 306World War I, 119World War II, 123Wright, Thomas, 32, 298
Yacyreta, 300Yanez, Eliodoro, 229Yankelevich, Pablo, 130, 209Yapeyu, 83–84Yegros, Fulgencio, 86Yegros, Elpidio, 184
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51735-5 - The Politics of Exile in Latin AmericaMario Sznajder and Luis RonigerIndexMore information
368 Index
Yucatan, 118, 121Yugoslavia, 185Yupanqui, Alphonse Chunca Capac, 71
Zambrano, Marıa, 309Zamora, Daisy, 13Zaragoza, 33, 35, 50
Zarco, Isidoro, 140Zedillo, Ernesto, 265Zeigerman, Dror, 181Zenteno, Jose Ignacio, 58Zerbini, Teresinha, 206zero-sum game, 5, 8, 77Zionism, 164, 175–77, 182
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-51735-5 - The Politics of Exile in Latin AmericaMario Sznajder and Luis RonigerIndexMore information