index [lib3.dss.go.th]lib3.dss.go.th/fulltext/index/000-499/363.72876lag.pdf · · 2013-04-03use...

/l-aminolevulinc acid dehydratase, 293

I, I ,I-trichloroethane: steam stripping, 487

I, I, I-trichloroethane: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

I, I ,2,2-tetrachloroethylene: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

I, I ,2-trichloroethane: steam stripping, 487

I,I-dichloroethane: steam stripping, 487

I,I-dichloroethylene: steam stripping, 487

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487

supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: carcinogenic class, 271

1,2-dichlorobenzene: steam stripping, 487

1,2-dichloroethane: steam stripping, 487

1,2-dichloropropane: steam stripping, 487

1,2-dinitro-4-cholorobenzene, 85

1,2-ethylene dichloride: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

1,2-trans-dichloroethlyene: steam stripping, 487


1,3-dichloropropylene: steam stripping, 487


2,4-dinitrophenol, 89 2,4-D: TCLP, 51 2,4-dinitrotoluene: supercritical

fluid oxidation, 529 2,4D: physicochemical

parameters, 292 2-Naphthylamine:

carcinogenesis, 274 2-Naphthylamine: carcinogenic

class, 271 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine:

carcinogenic class, 271 3,4'-dichlorobiphenyl, 86

3-chlorobenzoate: biodegradation, 561

3M Company, 358 4,4-dichlorobiphenyl:


4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene: carcinogenic class, 271

4-chloro-3-cresol, 89 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 89 40 CPR Parts 264 and 270,

440

abandoned sites, 67 abiotic losses, 585

in situ bioremediation, 602 abrasion resistance: geotextiles,

807 absorption, 10I, 183

into bloodstream, 854 mechanisms, 230 rate, 855 acid gas removal, 762 impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228, 229 stabilization, 648

abundance: toxicological end point, 287, 288

acceptable accuracy: acceptable daily intake, 258,259

acceptable risk, 865 use in remedial objectives,

1010 access: audits, 321 acclimation, 569

microbes, 578 accountability: management

audits, 345 accounting, 317 Accreditation Board for

Engineering and Technology: Code of Ethics, 29

accumulation in tissue, 285 acetaldehyde: combustion

characteristics, 726 acetate, 87, 561 acetic acid: heat value, 712 acetone, 707, 728

combustion characteristics, 726

indicator chemical, 878

INDEX

landfill leachate, 145 acetophenone, 85 acetyl-cholinesterase

inhibitors, 242 acetylaminofluorene:

carcinogenesis, 275 acetylcholine, 301 acetylcholine esterase-see

also ACLE acetylcholinesterase, 301

inhibition, 243 acetylene: combustion

characteristics, 726 acid anhydrides: toxicity, 246 acid

extractables, 89 gas control, 776 gas removal, 761, 770 gases, 758 incineration, 744 recovery process, 388

acid regeneration, 407 acid/clay method: waste oil

refining, 407 acidic oil clay residue, 407 acidic waste, 394 acids

clay liners, 809 stabilization agents, 652

acids: toxicity, 246 acoustic velocity: borehole

geophysics, 914 acquisitions: audits, 319 acquisitions: property audits,

351 action plan: audits, 344 action specific ARARs, 58 activated sludge, 582

system, 584 activation energy, 122 active systems, 992 activity coefficient, 101

steam stripping, 492, 503 acute effects: toxicological

profiles, 263 acute exposure, 237 acute toxicity, 245, 247 acute toxicity tests, 289 acute: risk, 866 acyl chlorides: toxicity, 246 adaptation, 562 additive effects, 299 additive model, 282 additive models: risk

1103

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363.72876 LAG

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1104 INDEX

amyl acetate: combustion anthropogenic act adenosine diphosphate, 558 aggregates, 182 chemical oxidation, 513

assessment, 864 aggregate kilns, 743 biodegradation, 563 characteristics, 726 anthropogenic rell

adenosine triphosphate, 558 agriculture, 3 synthesis, 568 amylene: combustion antibodies: role i adiabatic system, 110 characteristics, 726 carcinogene administered dose, 229, 853 air breathed, 855 class, 271

AIDS virus, 267 alkyl halogenides: carcinogenic anabolic pathways, 562 antigens: role in

Adolph Coors Co., 396 air emissions: landfills, 135, alkyl sulphonates: anabolic process, 557 carcinogene: adrenal medullary tumors, 254 798 anaerobic, 582 266biodegradeability, 559 adsorbate, 476 air film, 449 anaerobic conditions: in situ antimony: priority alkylbenzene: in situ adsorbed organics: in situ air in-leakage, 775 bioremediation, 597 API separator slu(bioremediation, 602

bioremediation, 592 air knife, 386 anaerobic degradation, 194 land treatment, allergic reaction, 242 adsorbent, 476 air monitoring: landfills, 827 contaminant transport, 167 waste ciassifie<extropolation, 254 adsorption, 102, 476 air pathways: land treatment, anaerobic fermentation: effect Applicable or Rei

allowable level: risk organically modified ciays, 618 on pH, 567 and Approp

assessment, 863 anaerobic processes, 564 Requiremen812 air photo interpretation, 895 alluvial sediments: remediation

sorption by organophilic air pollution control anaerobic reductive applicable requireexample, 1004

dehalogenation, 565 also ARAR!clays, 659 equipment, 388 alluvium and sand: resistivity, stabilization, 649 incineration, 760 anaerobic systems, 591 applicable require

906transport through monitors, 773 analgesics, 231 in remedial

allyl alcohol: combustion analysis of alternatives, 1001, 1008geomembranes, 814 Air Quality Control Regions, characteristics, 726 1019 appropriate requir use in metal recovery, 408 62 alternate water supply: analysis for common fuels, in remedialadsorption coefficients, 592 air scouring: activated carbon, remediation objectives, 1008adsorption theory, 476 476 713

1010 analysis, pre-shipment, 414 aquatic birds:DDl adsorption zone, 482 air spargers: storage tanks, 755 alternative analysis, 1001 analytical chemistry: impact aquatic ecosystemadvection, 847 air sparging system, 461 alternative carbon sources, 570 on policy, 8 aquatic life prote< alternatives, remedial: defining,

contaminant transport, 162, air stripping, 447 analytical laboratories: small aquatic organism~167 air to water ratio: air stripping,

1019landfill liners, 817 449 quantity generators, 21 302 alternatives: remediation, 1013 anaphylactic shock, 242 aquatic toxicity 0liner effectiveness, 812 air-to-blood partitioning: alumina, 743, 744, 747 soil vapor extraction, 462 inhalation, 231 Andrews kinetics, 578 301 alumino-silicates: pozzolanic anemia, 244, 247, 252 aquatic toxicolog:

materials, 655 advective flow: vertical airborne pollutants, 202

arsenic toxicity, 242 aqueous treatmefil advective transport, 167 Alabama: PBBs, 5

barriers, 972 AIRSTRIP Program, 459 alumino-silicious material, 655 aqueous waste, 3~

adverse health effect, 858 Alberta, 445 anesthetics, 231

aluminum oxide: pozzolanic incineration, 7, adverse health effects, 248, alcohols, 395 materials, 655

angiosarcoma, 274 angiosarcoma of the liver, 268, aqueous waste no

251, 263 aluminum: cation exchange, aquifer, 147273 aerial surveys: GIS, 946 aldehydes: chemical oxidation, 191

stabilization agents, 652 angle of internal friction monitoring, 93

aerobic, 582 alveolar macrophages, 231 confined, 934, slope stability, 824 aerobic batch reactor systems, aldrin, 90, 301 alveolar uptake: inhalation,

513 use in stabilization, 682 unconfined, 93

aquitard, 147aniline, 85 aerobic degradation: algae alveoli, 232

590 landfill leachate, 145 231 ARARs, 58, 61

contaminant transport, hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 American Nuclear Society aniline production: waste

classification, 12 use in remedi 167 Leach Test, 671 animal experiments, 254 1008

affected population, 841 toxicity, 299 american oyster: sublethal sublethal effects, 303

animal products: food chain, area source, 135 affinity between carcinogen alicyclics, 82 effects, 303 aromatic amines:1007

and receptor, 272 aliphatic acids: mobility Ames' test: carcinogenesis, anion exchange membranes, class, 271 aflatoxin: natural carcinogens, enhancement, 197 276 aromatic compou530

284 aliphatic chemicals, 82 amines,86 anion selective membrane: biodegradatio aflatoxins: carcinogenic class, biodegradation, 559 amino acids: enzymes, 557 electrodialysis, 532 chemical oxi

aromatic hydroc anisole, 85 Africa, 66, 71, 73 aliphatic hydrocarbons: combustion, 718

271 persistence, 560 ammonia anisotropic aquifers: vertical stabilization a

barriers, 967 supercritical fIage/class structure: supercritical fluid combustion characteristics, toxicological end point, oxidation, 529 726 annelida: metal toxicity, 297 529

toxicity, 299 annual cost, 368 age: factor in toxicity, 252 compatibility in storage, nutrient requirements, 567

288 alkali cleaners: waste combustion constant, 714 aromatics, 82, 8

age: impact on toxicity, 246 417 ammoniacal etchants: annubars, 772, 777

Arrhenius equati Agency for Toxic Substances alkaloids, 231 classification, 15

ANS 16.1,671 antagonistic effects, 299 arsenic, 280

and Disease Registry, carcinogenic class, 271 amphoteric metals antagonistic interactions, 282 adsorption by 261 alkanes, 82 land treatment, 618 Antarctic penguins: DDT, 4 binding to re

agenda: audits, 328 alkene, 83 solubility, 192 anthropocentric view, 28 239

amyl acetate: combustion characteristics, 726

amylene: combustion characteri sties, 726

anabolic pathways, 562 anabolic process, 557 anaerobic, 582 anaerobic conditions: in situ

bioremediation, 597 anaerobic degradation, 194

contaminant transport, \67 anaerobic fermentation: effect

on pH, 567 anaerobic processes, 564 anaerobic reductive

dehalogenation, 565 anaerobic systems, 591 analgesics, 231 analysis of alternatives, 100I,

1019 analysis for common fuels,

713 analysis, pre-shipment, 414 analytical chemistry: impact

on policy, 8 analytical laboratories: small

quantity generators, 21 anaphylactic shock, 242 Andrews kinetics, 578 anemia, 244, 247, 252

arsenic toxicity, 242 anesthetics, 231 angiosarcoma, 274 angiosarcoma of the liver, 268,

273 angle of internal friction

slope stability, 824 use in stabilization, 682

aniline, 85 aniline production: waste

classification, 12 animal experiments, 254 animal products: food chain,

1007 anion exchange membranes,

530 anion selective membrane:

electrodialysis, 532 anisole, 85 anisotropic aquifers: vertical

barriers, 967 annelida: metal toxicity, 297 annual cost, 368 annubars, 772, 777 ANS 16.1,671 antagonistic effects, 299 antagonistic interactions, 282 Antarctic penguins: DDT, 4 anthropocentric view, 28

anthropogenic activities, 294 anthropogenic releases, 299 antibodies: role in

carcinogenesis, 266 antigens: role in

carcinogenesis, 266

antimony: priority metals, 761 API separator sludge

land treatment, 615, 620 waste classification, 12

Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements, 58

applicable requirements-see also ARARs

applicable requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008

appropriate requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008

aquatic birds:DDT, 4 aquatic ecosystems, 304 aquatic life protection, 302 aquatic organisms, 285, 296,

302 aquatic toxicity of pesticides,

301 aquatic toxicology, 291, 870 aqueous treatment, 408, 410 aqueous waste, 394

incineration, 743 aqueous waste nozzles, 743 aquifer, 147

monitoring, 933 confined, 934, 936 unconfined, 934

aquitard, 147 ARARs, 58, 61

use in remedial objectives, 1008

area source, 135 aromatic amines: carcinogenic

class, 271 aromatic compounds

biodegradation, 559 chemical oxidation, 513

aromatic hydrocarbons stabilization agents, 652 supercritical fluid oxidation,

529 toxicity, 299

aromatics, 82, 84, 89 Arrhenius equation, 122 arsenic, 280

adsorption by zeolites, 811 binding to reactive groups,

239

INDEX 1105

carcinogenesis, 270, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 carcinogenic potencies, 281 concentration in soil, 182 enzyme inhibitor, 242 indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization, 645 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 244 toxicity, 252

arsenic compounds: toxicity, 245

arsenic wastes: early episode, 8

arsenical wastewater: waste compatibility in storage, 417

arsenite: lethal dose, 247 arthropoda: metal toxicity, 297 Article VI, U.S. Constitution,

43 artificial risk, 866 aryl sulphonates:

biodegradeability, 559

asbestos carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 effect of exposure route,

232 lung cancer, 282 treated through vitrification,

666 ash, 741

content, 738, 743 fusion, 738 incinerator, 751

asphalt: stabilization, 663 aspirin, 243

lethal dose, 247 assessment end points, 287 assistance grants: host

communities, 436 assumptions

Lackawanna refuse site, 879 risk assessment, 852, 864

asthmatic breathing, 56 ASTM D1814-55 Inverted

Cup Method, 813 atmospheric dispersion: ground

level concentration, 209 atmospheric stability, 203, 206 atmospheric transport, 200 atmospheric washout, 294 atomic absorption

spectrophotometers, 737

I

.

,

1106 INDEX

biomarkers: toxicolo Ber! Saddles, 450, 451atomic charge difference: axial flow impeller: biological behavior point, 288 Bernoulli equation, 154 effect on biodegradation, slurries, 607 ethical, 26 biomass, 585 beryllium559 azeotropic distillation, 394 toxicological end point, 288 toxicological end allergic reactions, 242 atomizers, 737, 738 azeotropic mixture, 394 behavioral: classification of biomass calculations carcinogenic class, 271atomizing nozzles, 737, 743, azo dyes: carcinogenic class, toxins, 243 biomass recycle, 581priority metals, 761760 271 Belgium, 72 biomass retention tilBest Available Pollution attached-growth systems, 588 bell-shaped form, 247 biotic vs. abiotic losControl Technology, 62 attainment, 62 bench-scale testing: biological bioremediatiorBest Available Technology, 61attapulgite: cation exchange backfill design: cutoff walls, systems, 632 biotransfonnation, 5 best management practices, capacity, 191 978 benefit cost ratio, 371 effect on toxic ac424attenuation, 180, 192, 879 backfill placement: cutoff benign tumors, 264 biphenyl: supercriti( "best" remedy, 1001 walls, 981 bentoniteprocesses, 192 oxidation, 529Bhopal, India, 29, 55, 56 backfill: cutoff walls, 978 clay liners, 810 contaminant fate, 181 bipolar membrane: bias: limitations, 253 background conditions: use in cutoff walls, 979 fate of contaminants, 180 electrodialysisbill, 36 remedial objectives, landfill liners, 796, 818 Atterberg limits: stabilization bird populations: DIbinary fission, 571 1008, lOll monitoring wells, 932 tests, 675 birth defects: PCBs,bio-polymer slurry trench, 994, background carcinogenesis, benzene, 117, 395, 710 attorney work product, 323 bis-(chloromethyl)el 995283 combustion characteristics, carcinogenic , attorney-client privilege, 323 bioaccumulation, 868 background information: site 726attribution: audits, 331 bis-(2-chloroethyl)sbioassay: use in ecotoxicology, characterization, 893 stabilization, 658 carcinogenicatypical cells: cancer, 265 288background risk, 838, 863 adequacy of toxicology bis-(2-chloroethyl)~audit planning, 320 bioavailability, 853 baffle systems: biological data, 256 carcinogenicaudit protocol, 327 bioavailable, 870 slurries, 607 biodegraqation, 594 bis-(2-chloromethyaudit team, 320 biochemical oxygen demand, baghouse, 762 biotransformation, 234 cancer, 268audit: waste minimization, 362 559, 568 baghouse dust, 388 carcinogenesis, 274 bis-2-ethyl hexyl ~auditor training, 319 biochemical properties, 868 balanced reaction, 128 combustion constant, 714 843auditors, 325 biochemical reaction: toxic bank loans, 373 EPA 33/50 program, 360 bis-chloromethyl-eauditory, 859 action, 239 bankrupt facilities: epidemiological studies, carcinogenesaudits, 392 biochemistry: use incontaminated sites, 8 253 bitumen: stabilizat at TSDFs, 424 toxicology, 254 banks: audits, 346 heat value, 712 bituminous grout, at TSDFs, 423 bioconcentration, 871barium human exposure data, 253 black lung diseasedefined, 318 bioconcentration factor, 99, cation exchange, 191 in supercritical water, 527 assessment,environmental, 317 292indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 145, 146 Blackburn, Englarmanagement committment, biodegradable substances, 579 priority metals, 761 nomenclature, 85 bladder cancer, 2(320 biodegradation, 194 TCLP,51 sorption in soil, 188 known causes, augers: site investigation, 915 fate of contaminants, 180 landfill leachate, 144 steam stripping, 487 bladder tumors, 2Austria, 65, 66, 71, 72 laboratory studies, 632 barrier layer TCLP,51 blast furnace slag authority: management audits, biodegradation rates: clay liners, 808 toxicity, 245, 251, 300 materials, 6 345 automated respirometry, use in landfills, 793 benzene ring: persistence, 560 blending, 417 auto ignition temperature, 728 633base neutrals, 89 benzenesulfonic acid, 85 blending fuels, 4(automatic cutoff devices, 771 biofilm, 588 base-pair substitution: role in benzidine: carcinogenesis, 274 block diagram: UIbiogeochemical cycling, 294 automatic cutoff: incineration, cancer, 269 benzlyl chloride: combustion 326biogeochemical pathways, 868 772 Basel Convention, 73 characteristics, 726 block displaceme Biokinetics, 572, 578 automobile maintenance baseline conditions, 852 benzo(a)anthrarene: biological barriers, 99biological membranes, 231shops: small quantity baseline ecology, 869 treatment, 609 blockage of AChbiological monitoring, 234 generators, 21 bases: clay liners, 809 benzo(a)pyrene diol epoxide: 243biological oxidation-reduction, autonomous growth: role in bass: sublethal effects, 303 carcinogenesis, 268 blood chemistry 194carcinogenesis, 266 batch charge: incineration, 757 benzo(a)pyrene blood pressure, 2 biological response, 293 autonomous nervous system, batch culture, 571 biological treatment, 609 blood-brain barriBiological treatment, 555 242 batch dumps, 390 biotransformed to a toxin, impact on toxaqueous waste treatment, autotrophic: microorganisms, batch feed incinerator, 752 235 Bloom's syndror 410556 batch process, 116, 117 carcinogenesis, 269 blower/Vacuum , conventional, 583, 584 auxiliary fuel, 742, 744 batch processes: biological carcinogenic class, 271 blowers: air poll systems classification, 582 average daily intake, 856, 876 treatment, 590 metabolic activation, 268 765biological uptake avian poisoning, 306 batch reactors, 123 natural carcinogens, 284 blowing debris: contaminant transport, 167avian toxicology, 305, 870 batch sequencing, 392 risk assessment, 866, 875 bluegill sunfish: fate of contaminants, 180 awards: waste minimization, bathing duration, 855 benzo(b)fluoranthrene: body size basis: biomagnification, 100, 294 391 battery-recycling plant, 1014 biological treatment, 609 248biomarker, 235, 247, 291awareness-building, 392 bed-depth service time, 483 benzoic acid, 85

Bed Saddles, 450, 451 Bernoulli equation, 154 beryllium

allergic reactions, 242 carcinogenic class, 271 priority metals, 761

Best Available Pollution Control Technology, 62

Best Available Technology, 61 best management practices,

424 "best" remedy, 1001 Bhopal, India, 29, 55, 56 bias: limitations, 253 bill, 36 binary fission, 571 bio-polymer slurry trench, 994,

995 bioaccumulation, 868 bioassay: use in ecotoxicology,

288 bioavailability, 853 bioavailable, 870 biochemical oxygen demand,

559, 568 biochemical properties, 868 biochemical reaction: toxic

action, 239 biochemistry: use in

toxicology, 254 bioconcentration, 871 bioconcentration factor, 99,

292 biodegradable substances, 579 biodegradation, 194

fate of contaminants, 180 laboratory studies, 632

biodegradation rates: automated respirometry, 633

biofilm, 588 biogeochemical cycling, 294 biogeochemical pathways, 868 Biokinetics, 572, 578 biological membranes, 231 biological monitoring, 234 biological oxidation-reduction,

194 biological response, 293 Biological treatment, 555

aqueous waste treatment, 410

conventional, 583, 584 systems classification, 582

biological uptake contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180

biomagnification, 100, 294 biomarker, 235, 247, 291

biomarkers: toxicological end point, 288

biomass, 585 toxicological end point, 288

biomass calculations, 587 biomass recycle, 588 biomass retention time, 569 biotic vs. abiotic losses: in situ

bioremediation, 602 biotransformation, 555, 868

effect on toxic action, 234 biphenyl: supercritical fluid

oxidation, 529 bipolar membrane:

electrodialysis, 532 bird populations: DDT, 4 birth defects: PCBs, 5 bis-(chloromethyI)ether:

carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide:

carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine:

carcinogenic class, 271 bis-(2-chloromethyl)ether: lung

cancer, 268 bis-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate,

843 bis-chloromethyl-ether:

carcinogenesis, 274 bitumen: stabilization, 663 bituminous grout, 986 black lung disease: risk

assessment, 866 Blackburn, England, 629 bladder cancer, 269

known causes, 274 bladder tumors, 275 blast furnace slag: pozzolanic

materials, 655 blending, 417 blending fuels, 408 block diagram: use in audits,

326 block displacement: horizontal

barriers, 991 blockage of ACh hydrolysis,

243 blood chemistry changes, 298 blood pressure, 248, 250 blood-brain barrier, 231

impact on toxicity, 233 Bloom's syndrome, 266 blower/vacuum unit, 470 blowers: air pollution control,

765 blowing debris: landfills, 798 bluegill sunfish: copper, 298 body size basis: toxic dose,

248

INDEX 1107

body surface area: probability distribution, 874

body weight, 855, 873 probability distribution, 874

boiler and industrial furnace regulations, 736

Boltzmann equation, 96 bomb calorimetry, 711, 737 bone marrow: toxicity, 245 boring log, 949 bottoms, 407 botulinum toxin, 231 Bourdon tube gauges, 772 BP Oil Alliance Refinery: land

treatment, 620 brain damage, 250 brain: toxicity, 245 branched structure: effect on

biodegradation, 559 breakthrough time: vertical

barriers, 972 breakthrough

adsorption, 482 contaminant transport, 164

breast cancer, 268 Bridgeport, New Jersey, 406 British House of Lords, 65 bronchitis, 244 bronchospasm, 56 brook trout: copper, 298 brown bullhead catfish: copper,

298 BTU value: incineration, 758 bubble cap columns: air

pollution, 765 bubblers, 772 bulk density, 675, 676 bulk liquids, 416

transport to TSDFs, 416 bulk liquid treatment, 1004 bulk storage, 756 bulk unit weight, 676 bulk waste storage, 413 bulk waste: incineration, 756 buoyancy: atmospheric

transport, 202 Burkitt's lymphoma, 266 burning time: impact of droplet

size, 739 business development

corporations, 373 butadiene, 84

absorption, 232 butadiene epoxide:

carcinogenic class, 271 butane: combustion constant,

714 butanone, 88

:

1108 INDEX

characterization pricepidemiological studies, butene: combustion calvert collision scrubber, 765 promotion, 267 shipment, 414253characteristics, 726 Canada, 66,70,71, 305 carcinogenic effects:H charcoal broiled stelcaustic baths: classification, 15butyl acetate, 395 cancer extropolation, 254 .! risk assessment, I caustic scrubber, 770 combustion characteristics, arsenic toxicity, 242 carcinogenic PAHs natural carcinoge caustic wastes, 394 726 DDT exposure, 4 biological treatment, 611 charring: supercritic cavitation: liquid incineration, butyl alcohol: combustion defined, 264 degradation rates, 611 oxidation, 528738characteristics, 726 effect of benzene, 251 carcinogenic risk, 861 checklist: audits, 32celery: natural carcinogens, butyl cellosolve: combustion known causes, 274 carcinogenic risk assessment, chelating agents, 23283characteristics, 726 in children, 266 284 cell destruction: toxic action, chelation: mobility

butyl rubber: geomembranes, of the scrotum, 268 carcinogenicity studies, 254 enhancement,239804 risk assessment, 859, 866 carcinogenicity tests: size of cell division, 275, 572 chemfix: stabilizatic

butylated hydroxyanisole: risk in smokers, 268 test groups, 274 Chemical Absttaet : cancer, 265 carcinogenesis, 275 cancer-see also carcinogenic carcinogenicity: testing, 274 Registration tocell growth, 571by-products: source of waste, capital costs, 1029 carcinogens, 264-284, 858

cell membrane, 231, 257 26220 capillary blood flow, 231 effect of exposure route, osomotic rupture, 567 chemical activity, 2capital costs, 365 232 toxic action, 239 activated caroon captive facility, 407 known, 273 toxin receptor, 239 chemical analyses, cadmium hydroxide, 126 carbamates, 301 potential, 273

cell synthesis, 557 chemical compatibicadmium toxicity, 245 carbohydrates, 558 carcinomas, 264 cellular activity: effect of geomembran€cadmium-bearing sludges: carbon adsorption, 476 cardiovascular system, 859

temperature, 565 chemical data: indiwaste compatibility in aqueous waste treatment, carrier gas, 730 cellular differentiation, 860 toxicity, 247storage, 417 410 cartographic layers: geographic cellular dynamics, 280 chemical equilibriu cadmium carbon contactor, 477, 478 information systems, 944 cellular membranes: chemical incompalaccumulation in kidneys, carbon dioxide cascade re-use, 396

pharmacokinetics, 229 cutoff walls,233 combustion constant, 714 case history: GIS, 946 adsorption by zeolites, 811 electron acceptor, 564 Case Law, 36 cement chemical nomenc1l carcinogenic class, 271 incineration, 775 case studies: stabilization, 645, reactions, 653 chemical oxidatior

stabilization, 651 chemical oxidatiOiconcentration in soil, 182 carbon disulfide: combustion 695 cement hydration, 654 520EPA 33/50 program, 360 characteristics, 726 case-control studies, 251, 252 cement kiln dust: pozzolanic chemical oxidatiOlimpact on kidney, 264 carbon monoxide, 63, 775 catabolic enzymes, 559

materials, 655 fate of contalandfill leachate, 144 combustion characteristics, catabolic pathways, 562 cement kilns, 408, 743 chemical plants: topriority metals, 761 726 catabolic process, 557 cement-based: stabilization 18

agents, 652 stabilization, 645, 655 combustion constant, 714 catabolic reactions, 563, 568

chemical productsstabilization agents, 652 incineration, 757, 774, 776 catalase: in situ bioremediation, cement-bentonite cut-off walls, waste, 20

973,983TCLP,51 carbon monoxide emissions, 597

Chemical Release toxic effects, 244 778 catalysis, 557 centrachidae: metal toxicity, chemical-specific

297toxicity, 296 carbon regeneration, 482 catalysts: poisoning, 731

chemical spills, 8,toxicity criteria, 304 carbon source: catalytic incineration, 730 central nervous system, 246, chemical stability

859 calcium alumino-silicate: microorganisms, catastrophe planning: audits,

stabilization, 651 556 319 807 centralized waste treatment calcium deposition: DDT, 4 carbon sources, 570 catastrophic exposure, 251 chemical storage,

facility, 374 calcium hydroxide: carbon tetrachloride Categorical Imperative, 27 chemical structuI1 centrifugal fan, 777 stabilization, 656 damage to liver tissue, 257 catfish: copper, 298 sorbent proper centrifugal separation: calcium hypochlorite, 508 dermal absorption, 232 cation exchange, 186 chemical test melparticulate removal, 761calcium: cation exchange, 191 carbon tetrachloride cation exchange capacity chemical treatme centrifugation: use in solvent calculation of free energy, 513 EPA 33/50 program, 360 clay liners, 810 pretreatmel1

recovery, 407 calculation procedure: steam stripping, 487 clay minerals, 191 biological,CERCLA,54non-carcinogenic risk, TCLP,51 fate of contaminants, 190 chemical waste, ICERCLA-see also Superfund 263 toxicity, 245 cation exchange membranes, term for hazarCERCLA: remediation, 963 calculation: carcinogenic risk, vertical barriers, 972 530 chemical-receptoCERCUS, 23 861 carbon: combustion constant, cation exchange selectivity, effect on 11ceruloplasmin, 296 calibration of models, 852 714 191 234cesium: cation exchange, 191calibration carbonate: stabilization, 650 cation selective membrane: chemicals and alchabazite: landfill liners, 822 ground water model, 178 carbonless paper: PCBs, 5 electrodialysis, 532 industry: g chalk deposits: surface water instrumentation, 772 carcinogen potency factor, causal association: toxicity, NJ and PAcontrol, 967 California business plan, 347 278, 279 252 chemistry, 81chalk: seismic velocition, 908 caliper: borehole geophysics, carcinogen potency factor-see causal relationship: chemistry advanchannel flow, 147914 slope factor carcinogens, 273 policy, 8 characteristics: waste, 49 caloric levels, 758 carcinogenesis, 265, 268 cause and effect relationship:

epidemiological studies, 253

caustic baths: classification, 15 caustic scrubber, 770 caustic wastes, 394 cavitation: liquid incineration,

738 celery: natural carcinogens,

283 cell destruction: toxic action,

239 celJ division, 275, 572

cancer, 265 cell growth, 571 cell membrane, 231, 257

osomotic rupture, 567 toxic action, 239 toxin receptor, 239

cell synthesis, 557 cellular activity: effect of

temperature, 565 cellular differentiation, 860 cellular dynamics, 280 cellular membranes:

pharmacokinetics, 229 cement

reactions, 653 stabilization, 651

cement hydration, 654 cement kiln dust: pozzolanic

materials, 655 cement kilns, 408, 743 cement-based: stabilization

agents, 652 cement-bentonite cut-off walls,

973, 983 centrachidae: metal toxicity,

297 central nervous system, 246,

859 centralized waste treatment

facility, 374 centrifugal fan, 777 centrifugal separation:

particulate removal, 761 centrifugation: use in solvent

recovery, 407 CERCLA,54 CERCLA-see also Superfund CERCLA: remediation, 963 CERCUS, 23 ceruloplasmin, 296 cesium: cation exchange, 191 chabazite: landfill liners, 822 chalk deposits: surface water

control, 967 chalk: seismic velocition, 908 channel flow, 147 characteristics: waste, 49

characterization prior to shipment, 414

charcoal broiled steaks risk assessment, 866 natural carcinogens, 284

charring: supercritical water oxidation, 528

checklist: audits, 328 chelating agents, 231, 297 chelation: mobility

enhancement, 197 chemfix: stabilization, 645 Chemical Abstract Service

Registration Number, 262

chemical activity, 285 activated carbon, 479

chemical analyses, 50, 414 chemical compatibility:

geomembranes, 803 chemical data: indicator of

toxicity, 247 chemical equilibrium, 114 chemical incompatibility:

cutoff walls, 982 chemical nomenclature, 81 chemical oxidation, 506 chemical oxidation of cyanide,

520 chemical oxidation-reduction:

fate of contaminants, 180 chemical plants: New Jersey,

18 chemical products: source of

waste, 20 Chemical Release Report, 321 chemical-specific ARARs, 58 chemical spills, 846 chemical stability: geotextiles,

807 chemical storage, 391 chemical structure, 81

sorbent properties, 187 chemical test methods, 674 chemical treatment:

pretreatment for biological, 585

chemical waste, 68 term for hazardOUS waste, 1

chemical-receptor complex: effect on toxic action, 234

chemicals and allied products industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

chemistry, 81 chemistry advances: impact on

policy, 8

INDEX 1109

chemolithotrophic: microorganisms, 556

children: impact of toxicity, 260

chlordane, 90, 91 chlordane production: waste

classification, 12 chlordane

physicochemical parameters, 292

sublethal effects, 303 TCLP,51

chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons

biodegradation, 631 F-wastes, 13

chlorinated aliphatics: biodegradation, 562

chlorinated aromatic compounds: biodegradeability, 559

chlorinated dioxins, 280 chlorinated hydrocarbons:

anaerobic treatment, 591 chlorinated organic

compounds: toxic effects, 244

chlorinated pesticides, 89 chlorinated polyethylene:

.geomembranes, 804 chlorinated solvent, 336, 391 chlorinated VOCs: chemical

oxidation, 506 chlorinated water: risk

assessment, 866 chlorine, 519 chlorine dioxide, 519

chemical oxidation, 509 chlorine emissions:

incineration, 776 chlorine equilibria:

combustion, 716 chlorine

chemical oxidation, 509 incineration, 744

chlorobenzene, 85, 710, 843, 856


landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487 TCLP, 51 toxicity, 300

chlorobenzoate: biodegradation, 561

chloroethane: steam stripping, 487

chlorofluorocarbon, 381

I

1110 INDEX

chlorofonn, 843, 861 EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 145 phannacokinetic modeling,

237 risk assessment, 866 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51

chlorophenol: adsorption by organophilic clays, 658

chlorophyll damage, 305 chlorophyta: metal toxicity,

297 chloroquine: toxicity, 245 chlorosis, 305 Chlorosulphonated

polyethylene: geomembranes, 804

chlorpyrifos: physicochemical parameters, 292

chlorine: combustion release, 709

chrome reduction: aqueous waste treatment, 409

chromium, 393 allergic reactions, 242 chemical reduction, 509 effect of exposure route,

232 EPA 33/50 program, 360 impact on kidney, 264 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 oxidation states, 193 priority metals, 761 reduction, 192 stabilization, 645, 655 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 244 toxicity criteria, 304 use of RID, 264

chromium(VI): carcinogenic class, 271

chromium, hexavalent: carcinogenesis, 274

chromosome breaks: role in cancer, 269

chromosomes, 244 role in cancer, 269

chronic daily intake, 855, 862 chronic effects

history, 4 toxicological profiles, 263

chronic exposure, 237, 860 chronic health hazard, 840 chronic illness, 245 chronic studies, 298 chronic toxicity tests, 291

chronic risk, 866 uncertainty factor, 260

chrysophyta: metal toxicity, 297

cigarette smoking, 839, 1110 cirrhosis: risk assessment, 866 cis-l,2-difluorobutene, 84 citizen suits, 44 civil law, 37 civil penalties, 48, 321 class A carcinogens, 859 class B2 carcinogens, 859 classes of carcinogens, 273 classification of biological

treatment systems, 582 classification of mineral grains

in soil, 182 classification of toxic actions,

243 classification of treatment

systems, 582 classification system, 15 clastogenic effects

(chromosome breaks), 276

clay, 181 clay liner: landfills, 795 clay-water-electrolyte system:

clay liners, 810 clay

cation exchange capacity, 190

cutoff walls, 979 hydraulic conductivity, 160 seismic velocition, 908 soil classification, 182 resistivity, 906

Clean Air Act, 62, 706 Clean Air Act Amendments

384, 706 ' Clean Harbors, Inc., 434 Clean Water Act, 61, 302 clean-up program, 67 cleaning frequency, 392 cleaning materials, 386, 388 cleaning operations, 391, 396 cleanup of process equipment:

source of waste, 20 cleanup program, 54 cleanup standards: use of risk

assessment, 840 clinical chemistry data:

indicator of toxicity, 247 clods: clay liners, 808 closed system, 102 closure, 425, 826

remediation example, 1004 closure costs, 425

closure plan, 425 closure requirements: in

pennits, 441 co-carcinogens, 272 co-solvation: fate of

contaminants, 180 coal gasification wastes:

anaerobic treatment, S91 coal mine: risk assessment,

866 coal tar: composting, 627 coal: pulverized, 741 coarse sand: retention capacity

for fuels, 186 cobalt: essential element, 29S Code of Federal Regulations,

40 codeine sulfate, 231 codes of conduct: corporate,

29 codes of ethics, 26, 29 coefficient of penneability,

540 coefficient of water

penneation, 540 cohesion: slope stability, 824 cohesionless soils: slope

stability, 824 cohesive soils: slope stability,

825 cohort studies, 251 collection and transport, 70 collision diameter, 96 collision integral, 96 column tests: adsorption, 482 combustion processes:

atmospheric transport, 202

combustion, 113, 706, 711 combustion air, 740, 742, 749,

757 combustion calculation, 707,

719 combustion characteristics:

fuels, 713 combustion efficiency, 725,

773,775 combustion gas flow, 777 combustion products, 737 combustion reactions, 707 combustion temperature, 742 combustion-see also

incineration combustors(burners), 741 cometabolism, 561, 562, 579 cometabolism: contaminant

transport, 167 cometabolite, 562

aeration teetTi...commercial facilities % waste composting degr8dIdIhandled, 16

626waste generation, 18 Comprehensive Env., commercial facility, 407

Compensation ·1commercial hazardous waste Liability Act-.industry, 406 Superfund

common law, 37 compressibility: slllli common risks, 838

tests, 675Commons, The Tragedy of compressors, 469TLC, 28 computer search: leicommunication skills: audits,

41325 concentration gradiccommunication contaminant tJ;

risk, 867 166site remediation, 1002 cOIlCentration polari:communications industry:

membrane p1'Clgeneration in NJ and PA, 54318 concept design: rescommunications: management alternatives, 1

audits, 345 conceptual layout: community, 286

alternatives. 1community concerns, 11 conception: impact community participation, 58

260Community Right-To-Know, concordant animal55 concrete sweating. community type: toxicological condenser: steam Iend point, 288

489community: role in siting, 435 conditioning: pretrcompacted clay: liner biological, 5effectiveness, 817 conductivity sensecompacted clays: landfill conductivityliners, 807

clay liners, 81~compaction, 808 site characteriz comparative negligence, 38

cone penetromete' compatibility chart for storage, confidence in go\'418 confidentiality, ~ compatibility of waste, 417,

audits, 322, 33789 confined aquifier, compatibility: clay liners, 813

confining layer, 1competitive advantage, 359 confining stress: complete carcinogens, 269,

penneabili~276 conflict among ncomplete mixing, 582

theories, 2~completeness review, 443 conflict of intel'elcomplexation management Icontaminant transport, 167

Code of Ethicfate of contaminants, 180 confounding fae mobility enhancement, 197

limitations,compliance, 47, 345 congeners, 272life cycle evaluation, 383 coning: plume ~ compliance at TSDFs, 424

pattern, 20compliance audits, 318 conjugating agelcompliance history, 326

toxic actiocomponent diagram: remedial consequences 01alternatives, 1021 consequentialistcomposite cut-off walls, 973,

27988,989 conservative as:composite liners: landfills, 796

in remedi j composting, 615, 624

commercial facilities % waste handled, 16

waste generation, 18 commercial facility, 407 commercial hazardous waste

industry, 406 common law, 37 common risks, 838 Commons, The Tragedy of

TLC,28 communication skills: audits,

325 communication

risk, 867 site remediation, 1002

communications industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

communications: management audits, 345

community, 286 community concerns, 11 community participation, 58 Community Right-To-Know,

55 community type: toxicological

end point, 288 community: role in siting, 435 compacted clay: liner

effectiveness, 817 compacted clays: landfill

liners, 807 compaction, 808 comparative negligence, 38 compatibility chart for storage,

418 compatibility of waste, 417,

789 compatibility: clay liners, 813 competitive advantage, 359 complete carcinogens, 269,

276 complete mixing, 582 completeness review, 443 complexation

contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180 mobility enhancement, 197

compliance, 47, 345 life cycle evaluation, 383

compliance at TSDFs, 424 compliance audits, 318 compliance history, 326 component diagram: remedial

alternatives, 1021 composite cut-off walls, 973,

988,989 composite liners: landfills, 796

j composting, 615, 624

aeration techniques, 624 composting degradation rate,

626 Comprehensive Env. Response

Compensation and Liability Act-see Superfund

compressibility: stabilization tests, 675

compressors, 469 computer search: regulations,

41 concentration gradient:

contaminant transport, 166

concentration polarization: membrane processes, 543

concept design: remedial alternatives, 1021

conceptual layout: remedial alternatives, 1021

conception: impact of toxicity, 260

concordant animal data, 276 concrete sweating, 391 condenser: steam stripping,

489 conditioning: pretreatment for

biological, 585 conductivity sensors, 772 conductivity

clay liners, 813 site characterization, 908

cone penetrometer test, 920 confidence in government, 434 confidentiality, 344

audits, 322, 331 confined aquifier, 934 confining layer, 147 confining stress: triaxial

permeability, 685 conflict among rules: ethical

theories, 26 conflict of interest

management audits, 345 Code of Ethics, 30

confounding factors: limitations, 253

congeners, 272 coning: plume diffusion

pattern, 205 conjugating agents: effect on

toxic action, 234 consequences of action, 26 consequentialist ethical theory,

27 conservative assumptions: use

in remedial objectives,

INDEX 1111

1010 conservation of energy, 102 conservation of mass, 102 conservatism: estimated risk,

873 conservative perspective: risk

assessment, 864 consistency: audits, 329 consolidation: use in

stabilization, 683 consolidometer: cutoff walls,

980 constant head boundaries:

finite difference method, 176

Constitution: U.S., 43 constructability

landfills, 825 remedial alternatives, 1026

construction costs, 1029 construction scenario: risk

assessment, 851 construction

cutoff walls, 980 landfills, 825

consumer boycotts, 361 container residue: source of

waste, 20 container unloading, 412 containerized liquids: transport

to TSDFs, 416 containerized waste:

incineration, 756 containerized: liquid wastes, 2 containers, 756

storage, 338 containment, 963-1000

remedial alternatives, 1023, 1024

cutoff walls, 978 storage areas, 338

containment plume: vertical barrier, 968

contaminant level: remediation objectives, 1012

contingency: in cost estimates, 1028

contaminant intake calculation, 855

contaminant migration, 846 through compacted clay,

817 contaminant release, 135, 846

mechanisms, 849 contaminant transport, 133,

167, 169 landfills, 795 liners, 812 vertical barriers, 968

I

:

:

I

:

,

1112 INDEX

contaminants of interest: site characterization, 893

contaminated runoff, 965 contaminated sites, 22

New Jersey, 24 contaminated soil, 758, 780

pre-treatment at TSDF, 419 transport to TSDFs, 416 758 incineration, 756 soil vapor extraction. 461

content: clay liners, 808 contingency: in cost estimates,

1028 contingency plan, 52, 338, 347

in permits, 441 continuity equation, 152, 170 continuous flow reaction, 123 continuous flow stirred tank

reactor, 123 continuous-flow system, 582,

585 continuous process, 116 continuous source: contaminant

transport, 164 contours

ground water, 945, 954 topographic, 945

contribution, 39 contributory negligence, 38 control systems, 774

fish toxicity, 296 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 removal in clay liners, 811 stabilization, 645, 655 toxicity, 297 toxicity criteria, 304

corporate codes of conduct, 29 corrective action, 47, 343 correlations among variables:

risk assessment, 873 correlations: limitations, 253 corrosion storage tanks, 755 corrosion: steam stripping, 506 corrosive, 49 corrosive agents

dermal absorption, 232 toxicity, 246

corrosive wastes, 50 corrosiveness: characteristics,

12 cosmic rays, 284 cosolvation: fate of

contaminants, 196 cost accounting, 392 cost estimate

site characterization, 894 site investigation, 903, 904

cost recovery, 54 cost

remedial alternatives, 1027,

creosote oil: biological slunies, 608

creosote waste: stabilization, 645

cresol m- or p-: combustion characteristics, 726

indicator chemical, 878 TCLP.51 anaerobic treatment, 591

Criner. Oklahoma, 1004 cresyI phosphate: toxicity, 246 criminal law, 37 criminal violations, 47 criteria combination method of

siting, 429 criteria pollutants, 62 criteria

siting, 428, 430 environmental and health,

261 water quality, 302

criterion, defined, 430 critical constants: table, 523 critical point, 522 cross-sectional studies, 251

toxicity, 252 crotonaldehyde: combustion

characteristics, 726 crustaceans: metal toxicity,

297 curing time: cement reactions,

toxicity, 245 use of RID, 264 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 stabilization agents, 652

cyano group: persistence, 560 cycasin: carcinogenic class,

271 cyclamate: carcinogenesis, 275 cycle, thermodynamic, 108 cyclohexane, 128



cyclohexanone: combustion characteristics, 726

cyclones: particulate removal, 761

cyclopropane: combustion characteristics, 726

cyhexatin: physicochemical parameters, 292

cymene: combustion characteristics, 726

cyprinidae: metal toxicity, 297 cytochrome, 293 Cytoxan (endoxan):

carcinogenic class, 271


sublethal effects supercritical ftui

529 lethal dose, 247

de-ionized water, : death phase: cell g death: toxicologic~

288 Dechema series, 4' dechlorinating bac

562 dechlorination, 5()l decision makers:

assessment, decision making, I

remedial action decision making p

assessment, product life cy(

decision quality: assessment,

decontamination c decreased 1Q, 250 deed restrictions, d ~p soil-mixed v

986 deep well injectio deep-sea squid: D defense mechanis

control risk, 866 risk perception, II

controlled air incinerator, 751 controlled releases, 135, 141 controls: limitations, 253 conventional biological

treatment, 582, 583 conventional liquid-phase

treatment, 583, 584 coolers and condensers: air

pollution control, 767 cooling flue gases, 760 cooling water, 387, 391 cooling: acid recovery, 407 copper carbonate complexes:

toxicity, 297 copper hydroxides: toxicity,

297 copper smelter

risk assessment, 865 toxicity, 252

copper cation exchange capacity,

191 chemical reduction, 509 distribution, 298 essential element, 295

1029 use in developing

alternatives, 1016 use in selecting alternatives,

1022 waste disposal, 358

cost-effectiveness, 57 cost-effectiveness analysis. 371 cottonseed oil: combustion

characteristics, 726 coupled flow, 161 court decisions, 37 covalent bonds, 101 cover system performance:

landfills, 800 cover systems: landfills, 797 crabs

relative toxicities, 302 sublethal effects. 303

cradle-to-grave, 7, 16, 44. 52, 59

credible scenario, 863 credible worst-case, 864 creep resistance: geotextiles,

807 creosote, 780

land treatment, 615 waste classification, 12

653 current density, 537 current efficiency, 537 current reversal:

electrodialysis, 544

current site conditions: use in remedial objectives, 1010

currently generated waste, 7 currently operating TSD

facilities: cleanup programs, 23

cutoff wall, 969 cement, 983 clay, 979 vibrating beams, 984

cutting oils: classification, 15 cyanide baths in metal plating,

391 cyanide destruction, 409, 519 cyanide

chemical oxidation, 506, 509

early episode, 8 EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 144 toxic mechanism, 242

0006, 13 daily cover, 789, 790 dairy products: PBBs, 5 dampers, 772 Darcy's experiment: finite

difference solution, 176 Darcy's law, 149 data collection: risk

assessment, 852 data logging, 771 data sensitivity, 896 database search: regulations,

41 database tracking: use in

audits, 334 databases: toxicological, 261 datum: Darcy's experiment,

155 DCE: dehalogenation, 565 DDD,90

biomagnification, 293 DDE biotransformation end

product, 235 DDT, 89 91, 301

biotransformed to a toxin, 235

history, 4

233 deficiencies

risk assessmen storage, 338

defining the prob assessment,

defining altemati' definition: hazard

71 international, ~

degradation, 879 degradation kine!

treatment, ( degradation of 01

556 degradation prod degradation rate

575 degradation: lan(

620 degreaser: waste

in storage, degreasing: F-Wl

degree of hazm degree of toxic degrees of freed dehalogenation:

biodegrad:

toxicity, 245 use of RID, 264 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 stabilization agents, 652

cyano group: persistence, 560 cycasin: carcinogenic class,

271 cyclamate: carcinogenesis, 275 cycle, thermodynamic, 108 cyclohexane, 128



cyclohexanone:. combustion characteristics, 726

cyclones: particulate removal, 761

cyclopropane: combustion characteristics, 726

cyhexatin: physicochemical parameters, 292

cymene: combustion characteristics, 726

cyprinidae: metal toxicity, 297 cytochrome, 293 Cytoxan (endoxan):


D006, 13 daily cover, 789, 790 dairy products: PBBs, 5 dampers, 772 Darcy's experiment: finite

difference solution, 176 Darcy's law, 149 data collection: risk

assessment, 852 data logging, 771 data sensitivity, 896 database search: regulations,

41 database tracking: use in

audits, 334 databases: toxicological, 261 datum: Darcy's experiment,

155 DeE: dehalogenation, 565 DDD,90

biomagnification, 293 DDE biotransformation end

product, 235 DDT, 89 91, 301


history, 4


sublethal effects, 303 supercritical fluid oxidation,

529 lethal dose, 247

de-ionized water, 396 death phase: cell growth, 571 death: toxicological end point,

288 Dechema series, 492 dechlorinating bacterium, 561,

562 dechlorination, 564 decision makers: risk

assessment, 864 decision making, 839

remedial action, 1001 decision making process: risk

assessment, 867 product life cycle, 25

decision quality: risk assessment, 867

decontamination of trucks, 416 decreased IQ, 250 deed restrictions, 851 d ~p soil-mixed walls, 973,

986 deep well injection, 411, 828 deep-sea squid: DDT, 4 defense mechanisms: storage,

233 deficiencies

risk assessment, 864 storage, 338

defining the problem: risk assessment, 867

defining alternatives, 1019 definition: hazardous waste, I,

71 international, 71

degradation, 879 degradation kinetics: land

treatment, 622 degradation of organic waste,

556 degradation products, 844, 849 degradation rate constant, 574,

575 degradation: land treatment,

620 degreaser: waste compatibility

in storage, 417 degreasing: F-wastes, 12 degree of hazard, 13, 70 degree of toxic effect, 248 degrees of freedom, 116, 524 dehalogenation:

biodegradation,

INDEX 1113

559 dehydration: fuel blending,

408 delayed effects: toxicity, 245 delayed toxic reactions, 245 demographic information: risk

assessment, 850 Denmark, 65, 66, 68, 70-72 Denmark: cleanup programs,

72 dense non-aqueous phase

liquids, 170, 982, 463, 990

density of microbial colonies. 604

density stratification: contaminant transport, 167

density: supercritical fluids, 525

deoxyribonucleic acid-see DNA

Department of Defense: cleanup programs, 23

Department of Energy: cleanup programs, 23

dependent variables, 874 deposition of dust, 853 deposition: atmospheric

transport, 214 deregulation, 55 dermal contact, 232, 853, 861 dermatitis, 244 desiccation: cutoff walls, 982 design considerations

adsorption, 481 air stripping, 456 incineration, 743, 760

design life, 368 design: remedial alternatives,

1021 desorption, 604

biological slurries, 605, 607 fate of contaminants, 184 transport through

geomembranes, 814 destruction and removal

efficiency, 709, 753, 778 detailed instruction checklist:

audit protocol, 329 detectable: risk, 866 detection limits: risk

assessment, 864 detection: impact on policy, 8 detention time, 569 deterministic methods: risk

assessment, 872 detoxification mechanisms,

275

, I'

1114 INDEX

212waste classification, 12detoxification of aqueous dichlorophenol: adsorption by dimethyl phthalate, 87 draft permit, 442waste compatibility in

wastes, 408 organophilic clays, 658 reverse osmosis, 534 dragout, 386 storage, 417 detoxification: stabilization, dieldrin, 91, 30I dimethylnitrosamine: drain boards. 386distillation column, 128

650 physicochemical carcinogenic class, 271 drain tile collection distillation method: waste oil developed countries, 65 parameters, 292 dinitrotolulene 993refining, 407 developer: role in siting, 435 dielectric constant: in toxicity, 300 drainage: geotextile distillation residue developing countries, 72 supercritical water, 526 TCLP,51 DRE: permit requwF-wastes, 12development, 291 diesel fuel: retention capacity dioxane: combustion

classification, 15 drilling methods, 91 development of human of various soil types, 186 characteristics, 726

distillation: steam stripping, in situ tests, 918 embryo, 266 diet soda: risk assessment, 866 dioxin, 272, 778

488 site investigatio~ developmental anomalies, 30 I diet biodegradation, 630

distribution coefficient, 528 drills, 424 developmental effects: factor in toxicity, 252 carcinogenesis, 270

liner effectiveness, 814 drinking water riskimpact on toxicity, 246 history, 4 classification of toxins, retardation factor, 199 remediation ediethyl selenide: combustion lethal dose, 247 245 sorption, 187 1006characteristics, 726 Love Canal, 6 developmental exposures RID: distribution drinking water weidiethylnitrosamine: species toxicity, 255 impact of toxicity, 260 impact on toxicity, 233 assessment, 8 carcinogenic class, 271 Times Beach, 7 developmental toxicity, 859 pharmacokinetics, 228 drip pans, 338diethylstilbestrol: toxicity, 255 dewatering: aqueous waste disulfoton: sublethal effects, drip tanks, 386carcinogenesis, dioxins: stabilization, 645treatment, 410 303 droplet size 274 diphenylnitrosamine, 87cutoff walls, 978 diurnal sequence, 205 liquid incinerati dieting: release of stored direct blue 6: carcinogenicvertical barriers, 967 diversity, 869 liquid injection substance, 233 class, 271dextrose: supercritical fluid DNA,558 739differential balances, 116 direct contact: risk assessment, oxidation, 529 reparr, 266, 276, 283 drum storage, 391differentiation: role in 870diamino groups: persistence, synthesis, 276 drum unloading &promotional cancer, 267 disbenefits, 371560 target of carcinogens, 265 drum-reconditionildiffusion, 166, 847 discretionary siting criteria, diaphragm cut-off walls, 973, toxicity tests, 276 diffusion coefficient, 95 430 waste comp:984 toxin receptor, 239 use in transfer rate, 450 disk harrow: land treatment, storage, 417 diaphragms, 772 DNA mutations: effect on vadose zone, 464 615 drumsdiatomaceous earth, 532 carcinogensis. 266

diffusion coefficient-see also dispersion, 846 opening, 421document review: audits, 333, diatoms: metal toxicity, 297 Appendix A dispersion analysis, 769 incineration, 7:diazinon, 91, 30 I 341diffusion dispersion in impoundments: storage, 338dibenz(a,h)acridine: documentation, 334 clay liners, 813 tidal currents, 845 dry cleaners: smamanagement audits, 345 carcinogenic class, 271 contaminant transport, 166, dispersion generators.dosage and intake: risk dibenz(a,h)anthracene: 167 atmospheric, 201 dry lime injectiOiassessment, 855 carcinogenic class, 271 fate of contaminants, 183, atmospheric transport, 201, removal, 7~dibenzofurans: biodegradation, dose, 247 184 202 maximum tolerated, 255 dry scrubber, 762630 landfill liners, 796 contaminant transport, 163, dose fractionalization, 238 acid gas remo'dibrom: sublethal effects, 303 liner effectiveness, 812 165, 167 dose of toxin, 248 dry storage areas dichloroethylene: landfill pharmacokinetics, 230 fate and transport, 199 dose-effect relationship, 248 drying: stabilizati leachate, 145 soil vapor extraction, 462 dispersivity: in situ dose-mortality curve, 289 due diligence. 31dichlorethane, 88 transport through bioremediation, 601 dose-response model: due diligence au!dichlorobenzene geomembranes, 814 disposal facilities, 52, 405, 406 linearized multistage, DuPont, 358combustion characteristics, diffusive flow: vertical barriers. contaminated sites, 9

860 DuPont's Charnt 726 972 disposal needs: remedial dose-response relationships, 586landfill leachate, 145 diffusive transport, 167 alternatives, 1021

246, 276, 858 durability test: 51TCLP,51 diffusivities: supercritical disposal options, 840 classification of toxins, 244 688toxicity, 300 fluids, 525 disposal: remediation example, extrapolation, 254, 261 durability: geotedichloroethane, 843 digestive system, 296 1004

dosimetry, 275 durable goods iTindicator chemical, 878 dilatometer test, 921, 923 dissolution channels: in situ double-bonded carbons: waste genElandfill leachate, 145 dilution bioremediation, 601

persistence, 560 duration of expcTCLP,51 contaminant transport, 163 dissolution: fate and down fired combustor, 742 dichloroethylene stabilization, 692 contaminants, 180, 197 dursban: subleth downgradient wall: vertical combustion characteristics, dimethyl amine: persistence, dissolved air flotation, 396 dust: deposition

barrier, 968 726 560 dissolved solids: effect on dye studies, 388downwash: atmospheric TCLP,51 dimethyl formamide: biodegradation, 567 dyes, 393dispersion, 213 dichloromethane combustion distillation, 395, 407 dyestuff: clas5if downwind receptors: EPA 33/50 program, 360 characteristics, distillation bottoms Dynamic Leach atmospheric dispersion,

landfill leachate, 145 726 fuel blending, 408

waste classification, 12 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 distillation column, 128 distillation method: waste oil

refining, 407 distillation residue

F-wastes, 12 classification, 15

distillation: steam stripping, 488

distribution coefficient, 528 liner effectiveness, 814 retardation factor, 199 sorption, 187

distribution impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228

disulfoton: sublethal effects, 303

diurnal sequence, 205 diversity, 869 DNA, 558

repair, 266, 276, 283 synthesis, 276 target of carcinogens, 265 toxicity tests, 276 toxin receptor, 239

DNA mutations: effect on carcinogensis, 266

document review: audits, 333, 341

documentation, 334 management audits, 345

dosage and intake: risk assessment, 855

dose, 247 maximum tolerated, 255

dose fractionalization, 238 dose of toxin, 248 dose-effect relationship, 248 dose-mortality curve, 289 dose-response model:

linearized multistage, 860

dose-response relationships, 246, 276, 858

classification of toxins, 244 extrapolation, 254, 261

dosimetry, 275 double-bonded carbons:

persistence, 560 down fired combustor, 742 downgradient wall: vertical

barrier, 968 downwash: atmospheric

dispersion, 213 downwind receptors:

atmospheric dispersion,

212 draft permit, 442 dragout, 386 drain boards, 386 drain tile collection systems,

993 drainage: geotextiles, 806 DRE: permit requirement, 441 drilling methods, 915

in situ tests, 918 site investigation, 914

drills, 424 drinking water risks:

remediation example, 1006

drinking water wells: risk assessment, 852

drip pans, 338 drip tanks, 386 droplet size

liquid incineration, 739 liquid injection incineration,

739 drum storage, 391, 756 drum unloading & storage, 413 drum-reconditioning waste:

waste compatibility in storage, 417

drums opening, 421 incineration, 756 storage, 338

dry cleaners: small quantity generators, 21

dry lime injection: acid gas removal, 762

dry scrubber, 762 acid gas removal, 762

dry storage areas, 756 drying: stabilization, 667 due diligence, 319 due diligence audit, 351 DuPont, 358 DuPont's Chambers Works,

586 durability test: stabilization,

688 durability: geotextiles, 807 durable goods manufacture:

waste generation, 20 duration of exposure, 853 dursban: sublethal effects, 303 dust: deposition, 214 dye studies, 388 dyes, 393 dyestuff: classification, 15 Dynamic Leach Test, 672

INDEX 1115

E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co. see DuPont

Earth Day, 28 earthworms: land treatment,

616 ecological effects, 868 ecological exposure

assessment, 870 ecological risk, 868 ecological risk characterization,

872 econometric model, 366 economic analysis, 365 economic factors, 9 economics of waste

management, 391 ecosystem function, 868 ecosystem response, 868 ecosystems, 285

risk assessment, 869 ecotoxicity, 285

risk assessment, 870 ecotoxicology, 284, 868, 869 ectroplating operations:

D-waste,13 education program, 391 educational institutions: small

quantity generators, 21 effect of exposure route, 232 effective diffusion coefficient:

liner effectiveness, 813 effective diffusivity: use in

stabilization, 686 effective dose, 229 effective stack height: ground

level concentration, 211 effective stress: aquifer, 161 effectiveness: use in selecting

alternatives, 1022, 1023 effluent limitations, 61 egg products: PBBs, 5 egg shells: DDT, 4 elasticized polyolefin:

geomembranes, 804 electric arc furnace dust, 19 electrical and electronic

machinery industry: generation in NJ and PAPA,18

electrical and gas services industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

electrical attraction, 101 activated carbon, 479

electrode potential, 510 electrodialysis, 530, 537

design restrictions, 543 use in metal recovery, 408

,

1116 INDEX

electrokinetic soil endangered species: risk Environmental Manager, 330 decontamination, 996 assessment, 869 environmental monitoring, 424

electromagnetic conductivity: Endangerment Assessment environmental plans: use in site characterization, 908 Handbook, 840 audits, 326

electrostatic forces: sorption in endogeneous decay constant, environmental risk soils, 186 575 audits, 344

electron acceptor, 557, 563 endogenous decay, 586 remedial alternatives, 1027 electrophoretic paints: endogenous phase: cell growth, enzyme activity: effects of

ultrafiltration, 537 571 temperature, 565 electroplating, 386 endogenous respiration, 572 enzyme production: biological

waste compatibility in endrin, 51 treatment, 579 storage, 417 energy balance, 102 enzyme systems: effects of

electrodialysis, 530 energy costs, 366 temperature, 565 operations D-waste, 13 energy coupling cycle, 558 enzyme/substrate complexes, reverse osmosis, 534 energy dispersive microscopy: 557 rinse water classification, 15 use in stabilization, 678 enzymesF-wastes, 12 energy of formation, 121 non-carcinogens, 257

electrostatic precipitator, 762 energy potential, 154 role in progression, 267 particulate removal, 761 energy recovery: supercritical EP Toxicity Test, 50

electrowinning: use in metal fluid oxidation, 522 EPA acceptable risks, 865 recovery, 408 energy source: EPA approach, 859

elevation head, 155 microorganisms, EPA identification numbers, 50 elimination kinetics, 238 556 EPA IRIS database, 260 elimination: pharmacokinetics, energy: Gibbs free energy, 114 EPA Method 9090, 805

228 ENFLEX/lNFO,41 EPA's 33/50 program, 360 ellimination: effect on toxic enforcement, 47 EPA

action, 234 enforcement ability: role in enforcement, 47 embryo, 245 public opposition, 434 Office of Solid Waste, 44

development in human, 265 engineering design: remedial risk assessment, 839 emergency condition: alternatives, 1021

target risks, 866 incineration, 753 engineering profession: Code epidemiologic studies, 250, emergency control systems, of Ethics, 30

859774 engineering property tests, 675 epidemiological data, 273 emergency coordinator, 424 enthalpy, 107, 121 epidemiological investigations, emergency plan, 424 enthalpy of combustion gases,

268emergency planning: at 721 epidemiological studies, 252, TSDFs,421 entrainment separator, 768

282emergency procedures, 392 air pollution control, 767 limitations, 253 emergency responses: audits, entrainment: atmospheric

epigenetic, 268, 280 334 transport, 201 epigenetic carcinogens, 269 eminent domain: use in siting, entropy, 108, 121 epithelial cells: 437 environmental audit, 317

emission control dust: environmental characteristics, pharmacokinetics, 229classification, 15 841

emission factor, 140 environmental compliance epithelial linings: emission monitors, 773 audit, 322 pharmacokinetics, 229 emission rate: atmospheric environmental consequences: epithelium, 275

dispersion, 211 product life cycle, 25 epoxides emissions: risk basis, 778 environmental consulting carcinogenic class, 271 emphysema, 56 market, 3 persistence, 560 employee participation, 392 environmental ethics, 25, 28 toxicity, 246 employee training records, 343 Environmental Health Criteria, equalization, 569 enclosed reactor system: 261 pretreatment for biological,

composting, 626 environmental impact, 376 585 enclosure: land treatment, 618 remedial alternatives, 1021 equation of continuity, 152, end point, 243, 247 environmental journalism, 7 170

: ecotoxicology, 287 environmental law: U.S., 35 equation of state, 106 end products: process environmental management: equilibrium, 104, 115

modifications, 386 future, 25 air stripping, 455

equilibrium constant, 114, 115, ethyl formarc:" charac~120

ethyl isopropyl ...combustion, 716 Equilibrium Leach Test, 672 ethyl lactate: com'"

characteri_equilibrium state, 104

ethyl nitrite: comIIIIiequipment breakdown reports, characteristiali

392 ethyl parathion: sub equipment changes, 365 effects, 303 ,~ equipment costs, 1029 . ethyl propyl ethetdequipment needs: remedial ethylbenzene~ 126> ~

alternatives, 1021 air stripping, ~ equipment records, 392 in situ bioremedi

process modifications, 385 indicator cbel8isl equipotentials, 173 stearn strippin&>"

two dimensional flow, 158 toxicity, 300 )erosion ethylbenzene air III

fate and transport, 139 ethylene, 120 i landfills, 798, 801 ethylene dichloride

erythrocyte protoporphyrin, biodegradation.247 combustion cbaJ

dose-response relationship, 726 249 in situ bioreme(

escort issues: audits, 331 ethylene glycoll1l4 ethane, 82 toxic effect,

combustion characteristics, ethylene glycol . 726 composting, 62

combustion constant, 714 dose-response I degradation product, 565 ethylene oxide, 1~

ethanol elimination, 236 carcinogenic cI lethal dose, 247 combustion chi

ether (diethyl): combustion 726 characteristics, 726 reaction with I

ethers, 87, 89 ethylene propylel Ethic of the Future, 27 geomembra ethical standards, 25 ethylene ethical test, 26 combustion et ethical theories, 26 726 ethics, environmental, 25 combustion Cl

professional codes, 29 ethylenimine: C81

ethyl acetate, 395 .. class, 271 combustion charactenstlcs, etiology of canCl

726 European Comm ethyl alcohol, 395 .. European Parlial

combustion charactenstlcs, evacuation: Tim4 evaluation: audi.726

combustion constant, 714 evaporation, 141 use in solven heat value, 712

evaporation pon ethyl benzene biodegradation, 594 evapotranspirati

landfills, 798 landfill leachate, 145 excavation andethyl bromide: combustion excavation tech!characteristics, 726 excavation: cullethyI cellosolve: combustion

particulate eJcharacteristics, 726 remediationethyl chloride: combustion

excess air, 710,characteristics, 726 combustion,ethyl ether: combustion

excesS air CalClcharacteristics, 726

equilibrium constant, 114, 115, 120

combustion, 716 Equilibrium Leach Test, 672 equilibrium state, 104 equipment breakdown reports,

392 equipment changes, 365 equipment costs, 1029 equipment needs: remedial

alternatives, 1021 equipment records, 392

process modifications, 385 equipotentials, 173

two dimensional flow, 158 erosion

fate and transport, 139 landfills, 798, 801

erythrocyte protoporphyrin, 247

dose-response relationship, 249

escort issues: audits, 331 ethane, 82


combustion constant, 714 degradation product, 565

ethanol elimination, 236 lethal dose, 247

ether (diethyl): combustion characteristics, 726

ethers, 87, 89 Ethic of the Future, 27 ethical standards, 25 ethical test, 26 ethical theories, 26 ethics, environmental, 25

professional codes, 29 ethyl acetate, 395


ethyl alcohol, 395 combustion characteristics,

726 combustion constant, 714 heat value, 712

ethyl benzene biodegradation, 594 landfill leachate, 145

ethyl bromide: combustion characteristics, 726

ethyl cellosolve: combustion characteristics, 726

ethyl chloride: combustion characteristics, 726

ethyl ether: combustion characteristics, 726

ethyl formate: combustion characteristics, 726

ethyl isopropyl ether, 87 ethyl lactate: combustion

characteristics, 726 ethyl nitrite: combustion

characteristics, 726 ethyl parathion: sublethal

effects, 303 ethyl propyl ether, 87 ethylbenzene, 126,710

air stripping, 456 in situ bioremediation, 602 indicator chemical, 878 steam stripping, 487 toxicity, 300

ethylbenzene air stripping, 456 ethylene, 120 ethylene dichloride

biodegradation, 589 combustion characteristics,

726 in situ bioremediation, 601

ethylene glycol monomethyl: toxic effect, 248

ethylene glycol composting, 627 dose-response curve, 258

ethylene oxide, 120 carcinogenic class, 271 combustion characteristics,

726 reaction with DNA, 268

ethylene propylene: geomembranes, 804

ethylene combustion characteristics,

726 combustion constant, 714

ethylenimine: carcinogenic class, 271

etiology of cancers, 268 European Community, 65 European Parliament, 65 evacuation: Times Beach, 7 evaluation: audits, 328 evaporation, 147,965

use in solvent recovery, 407 evaporation ponds, 1004 evapotranspiration, 147, 965

landfills, 798 excavation and disposal, 996 excavation techniques, 976 excavation: cutoff walls, 976

particulate emissions, 140 remediation example, 1004

excess air, 710, 711, 724, 725 combustion, 708

excess air calculations, 725

INDEX 1117

excess air temperature curve, 713

excess air vs. temperature, 723 exclusive list, 12 exit interview: audits, 342 exogenous microorganisms: in

situ bioremediation, 602 expanded analysis checklist:

audit protocol, 329 experimental animals, 254 expert assessments: compared

to public opinion, 10 expert panels: use in

toxicology, 254 expiration date, 389 explosions, 424

combatibility in storage, 418

explosive limits, 728 explosive wastes: incinerator,

758 explosives: composting, 627 exponential-growth phase: cell

growth, 571 export, 66, 73 exposure assessment, 844

Lackawanna refuse site, 879 exposure conditions, 263 exposure duration: impact of

toxicity, 260 Exposure Factors Handbook,

840 exposure interval, 238 exposure medium, 845 exposure pathway, 226, 845 exposure period, 237 exposure point, 845, 852

concentrations, 872 exposure route, 226, 853

impact on toxicity, 233 exposure scenarios, 850


exposure to toxins, 251 exposures: ecological data, 870 extensive properties, 104 extinction: toxicological end

point, 287 extracellular complexes, 557 extracellular enzymes, 556 Extraction Procedure, 50, 669 extraction wells

soil vapor extraction, 461 vertical barrier, 968

extraction leaching tests, 667 supercritical fluid, 521

extrapolating animals to humans: uncertainty

1118 INDEX

freeze/thaw durabiJiquench, 760 factor, 259 fate of substances: toxicology, financial institutions: audits, stabilization, ~ temperature, 758 acceptable daily intake, 258 228 346 freeze/thaw: stabiJizmetals, 719 extrapolation, 871 fatty tissue deposits, 306 financial reporting: property 675fluid bed incinerator, 744, 750 extrapolation error: toxicity fatty tissues: DDT, 4 audits, 351 freezing and thawin

fluid hearth, 747 models, 280 feasibility analysis: pollution financial strength: TSD audits, walls, 982 fluidized bed reactor: extrapolation of animal data: prevention, 362 346 freezing: stabilizati(

biological treatment, 589 risk assessment, 860 feasibility study, 54, 57, 888, financing: pollution prevention, frequency of detectifluidized-bed incinerators, 747 extrapolation of dose-response, I DO I 373 frequency of grossf1uoranthrene: biological 281 objectives, 964 fine sand toxicological,

treatment, 609 extrapolation fecundity: toxicological end retention capacity for fuels, 288fluorene: biological treatment, high-to-Iow dose, 261 point, 288 186 frequency of mass:

Federal Administrative hydraulic conductivity, 160 609 toxicological ' toxicity data, 864 Procedures Act, 40 fingerprint analysis, 737 fluorideExxon Corp., 394 288

accumulation in bone, 233 Federal Emergency finite difference, 175 frequency of toxicExxon Valdez oil spill, 29 lethal dose, 247 Management Agency: Finland,68eye: toxicity, 245 246

Love Canal, 6 fire prevention at TSDFs, 417 flux freshwater fish, 291 Federal Register, 40, 49 fire protection, 423 Darcy, 170 Freundlich isotherr

Darcy velocity, 151federal regulation: early fire water runoff, 417 non-linear adsorF-wastes, 12 history, 8 fire: combatibility in storage, fly ash Froude No.: use itfabric filter, 762

federal statutory law, 36 418 landfill liners, 812, 819 correlations,fabricated metal industry Federal Tort Claims Act, 39 first law of thermodynamics, pozzolanic materials, 655 fruit flies: toxicityclassification, IS Federal Water Quality Act, 103 flying: risk assessment, 866 fuel blending, 407generation in NJ and PA, 18

706 first order reaction, 122 FMC Corporation, 388 fuel in subsurfacefacilities feed systems: incineration, fish kills, 285 foam, 720 distribution,contaminated sites, 9

755, 756 fish tissue, 286 foliar damage, 305 fuel oil, 713 land disposal, 411 feedback: audits, 340 fish Food and Agriculture fuel/oil storage: npublic participation, 434 feedstock taxes, 55 hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 Organization, United 330treatment, storage, and feedstocks, 365 non-predaceous, 285 Nations, 261 fugitive dust, 139disposal, 52 feral mammals, 305 relative toxicities, 302 food chain, 285, 294, 305, 965facility audits, 346 feral plants, 305 toxicity, 299 306, 868 deposition, 21' facility description: in permits, feral species, 285, 305 fishing, 851 predators, 286 generation, 84'441 ferrocyanide, 520 fixation, 642 remediation example, ID07 fugitive emission:facility development, 405 ferrous sulfate: chemical stabilization, 689 risk assessment, 852 fume incineratio~Facility Manager, 330 reduction, 509 fixed hearth incinerator, 747, food: biomass ratio, 585 fumigationfacility operations, 405 fetal toxicity, 859 748 foreign laws, 64 atmospheric d facility standards: incineration, fetotoxicity, 245 flame temperature, 724 formaldehyde, 126 plume diffusic 709 fetus: development in humans, flares, 730 formate, 87 fundamental carnfacility types, 405 266 flexible membrane liner: use in fossil fuel combustion, 299 Ethics, 30 facility: defined, 405 fiber drums, 756 landfills, 793 four-stage process: risk furfural: combusfacility needs assessment, 425 Fick's law, 95, 464 flood-forming organs: effect of assessment, 839 characterisl

factor of safety liner effectiveness, 813 benzene, 251 fractured bedrock: resistivity, furniture and fix!cutoff walls, 976 field testing, 898 flooding: air stripping, 457 generation906slope stability, 825 film transport: activated flow chart: mass balance, 116 18fractured media, 168failure mechanisms: landfills, carbon, 479 flow control, 68 fractured media flow: 822 filter cake flow diagram fully integrated contaminant transport, fair: risk, 866 classification, 15 facility, 411 gamma: borehol 167familiar: risk, 866 cutoff walls, 973 flow lines, 173 914fractured rock: vertical fanning: plume diffusion filter: use in landfills, 793 two dimensional flow, 158 garbage, 44barriers, 973 pattern, 205 filtration flow net, 158, 173 gas collection: I fracturing: in situfans and blowers: air pollution aqueous waste treatment, flow-through toxicity test, 290 gas constant, HIbioremediation, 601control, 765 410 flow gas velocities, 7 frameshift mutation: role in Faraday's law, 537 fate of contaminants, 180, control in incineration, 772 gas velocity: in,cancer, 269 fate and transport, 133 192 steady, 172 gas-law constar France, 66, 68, 71, 72 risk assessment, 849 geotextiles, 806 transient, 172 gaseous emissit frank malignancy, 267 fate and transport analyses: particulate removal, 761 unsteady, 172 gases: transpol1free energy, 510 risk assessment, 841 use in solvent recovery, 407 flowchart, 117 geomemb

free product, 592 fate information: toxicological final disposal, 359 flue gas, 710, 751, 747, 753, gasoline (varial biodegradation, 593 profiles, 263 financial assurance at TSDFs, 768 charactenvolatilization, 195fate of contaminants, 133, 180 425 analysis, 778

quench, 760 temperature, 758 metals, 719

fluid bed incinerator, 744, 750 fluid hearth, 747 fluidized bed reactor:

biological treatment, 589 fluidized-bed incinerators, 747 fluoranthrene: biological

treatment, 609 fluorene: biological treatment,

609 fluoride

accumulation in bone, 233 lethal dose, 247

flux Darcy, 170 Darcy velocity, 151

fly ash landfill liners, 812, 819 pozzolanic materials, 655

flying: risk assessment, 866 FMC Corporation, 388 foam, 720 foliar damage, 305 Food and Agriculture

Organization, United Nations, 261

food chain, 285, 294, 305, 306,868

predators, 286 remediation example, 1007 risk assessment, 852

food: biomass ratio, 585 foreign laws, 64 formaldehyde, 126 formate, 87 fossil fuel combustion, 299 four-stage process: risk

assessment, 839 fractured bedrock: resistivity,

906 fractured media, 168 fractured media flow:


fractured rock: vertical barriers, 973

fracturing: in situ bioremediation, 601

frameshift mutation: role in cancer, 269

France, 66, 68, 71, 72 frank malignancy, 267 free energy, 510 free product, 592

biodegradation, 593 volatilization, 195

freeze/thaw durability: stabilization, 688

freeze/thaw: stabilization tests, 675

freezing and thawing: cutoff walls, 982

freezing: stabilization, 667 frequency of detection, 844 frequency of gross mortality:

toxicological end point, 288

frequency of mass mortality: toxicological end point, 288

frequency of toxic end point, 246

freshwater fish, 291 Freundlich isotherm, 479

non-linear adsorption, 189 Froude No.: use in Onda

correlations, 453 fruit flies: toxicity tests, 276 fuel blending, 407, 408 fuel in subsurface: phase

distribution, 593 fuel oil, 713 fueVoil storage: role in audits,

330 fugitive dust, 139, 846, 854,

965 deposition, 214 generation, 849

fugitive emissions, 135 fume incineration, 706 fumigation

atmospheric dispersion, 214 plume diffusion pattern, 205

fundamental cannons: Code of Ethics, 30

furfural: combustion characteristics, 726

furniture and fixtures industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

gamma: borehole geophysics, 914

garbage, 44 gas collection: landfills, gOO gas constant, 106 gas velocities, 751 gas velocity: incineration, 777 gas-law constant, 106 gaseous emission, 294 gases: transport through

geomembranes,816 gasoline (variable): combustion

characteristics, 726

INDEX 1119

gasoline stations, 48 gasoline-contaminated soils: in

situ bioremediation, 594, 596

gasoline: retention capacity of various soil types, 186

gastric mobility, 231 gastro-intestinal tract, 231

impact on toxicity, 232 gastrointestinal absorption, 231 gastrointestinal system, 853 gastrointestinal tract

absorption of toxins, 234 pharmacokinetics, 229

gatehouse, 412, 413, 416 gauge pressure, 155 Gaussian diffusion model, 852 Gaussian dispersion:


Gaussian distribution: atmospheric transport, 206

GC/MS, 737 gene transfer, 562 general instruction list: audit

protocol, 329 general response actions, 1013,

1015 generalized mass balance

equation, 115 generation of hazardous waste,

14, 17 generator, 49

liability of TSDF, 416 generators, 14, 50, 59

responsibility, 44 small quantity, 52 source reduction, 356

generic site: remedy selection, 1004

genetic changes: carcinogens, 265

genetics: impact on toxicity, 246

genotoxic, 244, 268 genotoxic action, 280 genotoxic agents, 267 genotoxic carcinogens, 268,

860 genotoxic influence, 283 genotoxic mechanism, 275 geographic information

system, 944 use in siting, 428

geogrid: use in landfills, 793 geologic profile: example, 950 geological cross section:

Lackawanna refuse site,

I

1120 INDEX

hemoglobin, 247,monitors, 776 Henry's constant. 879 cutoff walls, 979 habitat: alteration, 285 removal, 770 Henry's constant geomembrane, 803 hydraulic conductivity, 160 hair: allergies, 242 ./health and safety, 900

Appendix Jcutoff walls, 988 retention capacity for fuels. Haldane equation, 578 plan, 61 Henry's law, 93liner effectiveness, 814 186 half-life, 238 site characterization, 894

soil vapor exl!properties, 804 seismic velocition, 908 calculation, 236, 582 training, 61 hepatotoxic comluse in landfills, 793 slope stability, 824 half-velocity constant, 573, health consequences: product heptachlor, 90 geophysical interpretation, 913 soil classification, 182 575 life cycle, 25

TCLP,51geophysics, 905-913 gravimatric survey, 911 halides: stabilization agents, health concerns: use in heptane, 395, 391geosynthetic clay liner: gravity separation, 761 652 developing alternatives,

landfills, 795 ground level concentration, halogen combustion et1016 726geosynthetics: test methods, 209,210 combustion, 716 health effects, 251

heptane penneati 805 ground penetrating radar, 911 incineration, 744 Health Effects Assessment liners, 809geotextile, 806 ground water, 845 halogenated aliphatics Summary, 261

herbicides, 89, 3llandfill liners, 799 calibration, 178 degradation by H2~ +UV, health of public: Code of relative toxiciluse in landfills, 793 land treatment, 618 518 Ethics, 29

heterogeneity: ingerm cells, 244 horizontal barriers, 989 supercritical fluid oxidation, health risks: remedial media, 168Germany, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, remediation objectives, 529 alternatives, 1027

heterogeneous: S'305 1012 halogenated aromatics: health status 149cross boundary shipment, use in potable water, 146 supercritical fluid factor in toxicity, 252

heterotrophic me70 vertical barriers, 969 oxidation, 529 impact on toxicity, 246 in situ bioremediation, 595 ground water modeling, 178, halogenated compounds: hexachloro-I,3-thealth-see also risk

TCLP,51use of "hazardous", 8 180 biodegradation, 564 assessment hexachlorobenezgerminal cells, 283 ground water monitoring halogenated derivatives, 559 heaping, 615

biodegradeabtoxin receptor, 239 in permits. 441 halogenated ethers: heart disease: risk assessment, gestation, 266 role in audits, 330 carcinogenesis class, 271 steam strippil 867

TCLP,51impact of toxicity, 260 ground water pathways: risk halogenated hydrocarbons: heart function: arsenic toxicity, toxicity, 245 assessment, 848 stabilization agents, 652 hexachlorobutad242

landfill leachGibbs free energy, 114, 115, grouping chemicals by halogenated solvents, 407 hearth-type incinerators, 744, 120 toxicity, 393 classification, 15 steam strippi 745

hexachlorocyclcGibbs free energy-see also grout curtains, 973 F-wastes, 12 heat, 103 biologicalAppendix C vertical barriers, 967, 973 land treatment, 620 heat of condensation, III

gills, 285 grout: monitoring wells, 932 halogenation: effect on hexachlorocyclclatent heat of fusion, III copper, 298 grouted liner system, 991 biodegradation, 559 supercriti<latent heat of vaporization,

glacial till growth,291 hammer provisions, 45 oxidation,III hexachloroeth31cutoff walls, 979 toxicological end point, 288 hamster: LDso for dioxin, 255 specific heat, 110

steam strippiin situ clay, 810 growth factors: development in hardness: effect on toxicity, heat balances, 364 TCLP,51glassmaking: stabilization, 666 humans, 266 302 heat capacity, 109 . ..

hexane, 386, 3~global ecosystems, 3 growth kinetics, 571, 572 Hartley method, 467 heat generation: combatlblhty glucuronic acid: conjugating growth rate: effect of hazard,839 combustion'in storage, 418

726agent, 234 temperature, 566 communications, 347 heat of combustion, 113, 738 glycol ethers: toxic effect, 248 growth yield coefficient, 573, index, 862 combustion,heat of formation, 112

hexanone: indi(glycols: stabilization agents, 574 indices, 263 heat of reaction, 112 878652 guanine in DNA: hazard identification, 841 heat of vaporization, 112

goals carcinogenesis, 268 Lackawanna Refuse Site, hexavalent chr<heat recovery, 758 D-waste, 13audits, 321 guidance, 1032 878 catalytic incinerator, 731

remediation, 1007 guidance documents, 40 Hazard Ranking System, 55 reduction, I'heat release, 752, 756, 777 good management practices, guidelines for testing of Hazardous Air Pollutants, 62, hierarchy: waslincinerator, 707

336,338 chemicals, 254 63 357heating value, 711 good operating practices, 356 guidelines Hazardous and Solid Waste high ash wasteheavy metals, 231

high intensity gradient: hydraulic, 150 risk assessment, 840 Amendments, 45 binding to reactive groups, grain size distribution, 676 use in remedial objectives, hazardous material inventory: high molecul81239

301cutoff walls, 978 1008 use in audits, 326 excretion in bile, 234 soil vapor extraction, 463 toxicological testing, 254 hazardous waste legislation: high slump co stabilization agents, 652

granite: seismic velocition, 908 guinea pig: LDso for dioxin, history, 4 high-density pHeight Equivalent Theoretical granular activated carbon, 476 255 hazardous waste manifest, 53 (HOPE):Plate, 499

803,8().jgrate type incinerators, 745 Gunn, A.S., 28 hazardous waste: definition, I, HELP model, 141 gravel pack: monitoring wells, 44,49,68 high-energy rrlandfills, 80 I

932 HCI slurries,hematocrit, 298 gravel habitat loss, 305 emission, 778

INDEX 1121

monitors, 776 ( removal, 770

,j health and safety, 900 plan, 61 site characterization, 894 training, 61

health consequences: product life cycle, 25

health concerns: use in developing alternatives. 1016

health effects, 251 Health Effects Assessment

Summary. 261 health of public: Code of

Ethics. 29 health risks: remedial

alternati ves, 1027 health status

factor in toxicity, 252 impact on toxicity. 246

health-see al so ri sk assessment

heaping, 615 heart disease: risk assessment,

867 heart function: arsenic toxicity,

242 hearth-type incinerators, 744,

745 heat, 103

heat of condensation, III latent heat of fusion, III latent heat of vaporization,

III specific heat, 110

heat balances, 364 heat capacity, 109 heat generation: combatibility

in storage, 418 heat of combustion, 113. 738 heat of formation, 112 heat of reaction, 112 heat of vaporization, 112 heat recovery. 758

catalytic incinerator, 731 heat release. 752. 756, 777

incinerator, 707 heating value, 711 heavy metals, 231

binding to reactive groups, 239

excretion in bile, 234 stabilization agents, 652

Height Equivalent Theoretical Plate, 499

HELP model, 141 landfills, 80 I

hematocrit. 298

hemoglobin, 247. 298 Henry's constant. 93. 451 Henry's constant-see also

Appendix A Henry's law, 93

soil vapor extraction. 465 hepatotoxic compounds, 862 heptachlor, 90

TCLP,51 heptane, 395, 398


heptane permeation: clay liners, 809

herbicides, 89, 301 relative toxicities, 302

heterogeneity: in porous media. 168

heterogeneous: stratum in soil, 149

heterotrophic metabolism, 556 hexachloro-I,3-butadiene:

TCLP,51 hexachlorobenezene

biodegradeability, 558 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51

hexachlorobutadiene landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487

hexachlorocyclohexane: biological slurries, 613

hexachlorocyclopentadiene: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

hexachloroethane steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51

hexane, 386. 395 combustion characteristics,


hexanone: indicator chemical, 878

hexavalent chromium O-waste, 13 reduction, 192

hierarchy: wastes management, 357

high ash wastes, 743 high intensity burner, 740, 741 high molecular weight PAHs,

301 high slump concrete, 976 high-density polyethylene

(HOPE): geomembranes, 803, 804

high-energy mixers: biological slurries, 607

high-viscosity wastes: incineration, 755

higher explosive limit, 725, 729

highly branched chemicals: persistence, 560

histogram carcinogenic risk, 877 risk val ues, 873

histology, 296 history, 3 hollow stem auger, 915 home accidents, 838 homeostasis, 291 homogeneous: stratum in soil,

149 Hooker Chemical Co.: Love

Canal,S hoppers, 416 hormone

role in carcinogenesis, 266 toxin receptor, 239

host community, 443 role in siting, 435

host fees: use in siting, 439 House Health and Environment

Subcommittee, 56 household hazardous waste, 22 housekeeping, 387

changes, 364 practices, 391

How clean is clean?, 59,840, 1001

Huber AER, 706 human activity patterns, 850 human behavior: impact on

cancer, 283 human embryo, 265 human epidemiological data,

274 human equivalent doses, 232 human health data, 263 human health protection, 58 human populations:

toxicological data, 250 human welfare: Code of

Ethics, 30 humic matter: fate of

contaminants, 183 hydrated bentonite: cutoff

walls, 973 hydrated lime: stabilization,

656 hydraulic barriers, 963-997

in situ bioremediation, 601 hydraulic conductivity, 150,

160, 808, 925 clay liners, 810 cutoff walls, 976, 978

1122 INDEX

incineration, 705in situ, 925 in situ treatment, 516 imminent danger, 48 waste handled, 16landfill liners, 807, 822 UV light, 508 immiscible, 168 in industrial kilns, 408stress dependent, 980 hydrogen sulfide immiscible fluids: mobility history, 706 use in stabilization, 684 combustion characteristics, enhancement, 198 liquid injection, 736 vertical barrier, 969, 970 727 immiscible phase: fate of

incineration-see alsohydraulic connection: : combustion constant, 714 contaminants, 180 combustionremediation example, hydrogen immiscible phase partitioning:

inclusive list, 121004 combustion characteristics, contaminant transport, inoc'edoI_incomplete combustion, 713hydraulic controls: in situ 727 167 increase in plasma levels: bioremediation, 600 combustion constant, 714 immune system, 242

dose-effect, 248 hydraulic fracturing: horizontal hydrogeologic models, 852 effect of benzene, 251 incremental risk, 838, 863barriers, 991 hydrogeology: in situ role in carcinogenesis, 266 indemnification, 39, 65hydraulic gradient, 150, 151 bioremediation, 601 immunity, 39 independent variables, 874 hydraulic head, 154 hydrologic cycle, 147 immunological effects: dose

hydraulic ram feeder: Hydrologic Evaluation of response relationships, India, 66, 71 incineration, 757 Landfill Performance: 261 indicator chemicals

Lackawanna Refuse Site, hydraulic retention time, 570, landfills, 80 I immunosuppressants, 267 575,585 hydrology, 147 immunosuppression, 268 878

risk assessment, 841 suhydraulic transport: landfill hydrolysis of acetylcholine, impaction separator: air liners, 796 243 pollution control, 768 indicator species: risk o

assessment, 869 inorganichydrazines hydrolysis: fate of impaction: particulate removal, indices of toxicity, 870 clcarcinogenic class, 271 contaminants, 180, 194 761

inorganica: ' indiscriminate disposal: early natural carcinogens, 283 hydrometallurgy, 408 impaired learning, 250 insecticides,laws, 8

indiscriminate dumping, 8 insomnia:hydrocarbon air mixtures, 725 hydrophilic compounds: implementability, 57 hydrocarbon destruction, 751 pharmacokinetics, 230 remedial alternatives, 1025

indoor fumes: Love Canal, 6 inspection, .hydrocarbon emissions: hydrophobic character of use in developing audits,induced draft fan, 753

industrial groups: waste incineration, 776 PAHs,301 alternatives, 1016

inspectionhydrocarbon saturation: effect hydrophobic compounds: use in selecting alternatives, classification, 12 TSDF-«lon adsorption, 480 pharmacokinetics, 230 1022

hydrocarbon vapor, 757 hydrophobic organic implementation time: remedial Industrial Revolution, 3 institutiOlW CIII,' industrial solvent: toxic effect, developil!l

hydrocarbon waste, 713 compounds: sorption, alternatives, 1027 1016 ,_ hydrocarbon, 82, 285 185 import of wastes, 66, 73 248

industrial sources: PA and NI, instrument dillcombustion, 716 hydrophobicity: sorbent impoundments, 416 instrumentm.18aquatic toxicity, 299 properties, 187 in situ biological treatment, incineratioo,industrial waste: term for

hazardous waste, 1 instrumentatiolleffect on birds, 306 hydroxide precipitation, 92 582

hydrochloric acid, 710 hydroxide sludges: in situ bioremediation, 592 generaticinequities: role in public combustion release, 709 stabilization, 649, 650 in situ bioremediation system, 18opposition, 434 removal, 762 hydroxides solubility, 192 596

insurance, 360infectious waste: exluded from stabilization agents, 652 hyperkeratosis: arsenic in situ clay formations, 810 audits, 319hazardous, 2 hydrodynamic dispersion toxicity, 242 in situ mixing liability, 49infiltration, 147, 965 contaminant transport, 163 hysteresis effect: sorption, 184 remediation example, 1004

intake dose. Zlandfills, 798 inflation analysis, 369

land treatment, 620 stabilization, 689 intake: chroDilhydroflouric acid in situ remediation: soil vapor intalox saddle,information sources: site

information, 892 integral ba1IIIlremoval, 762 ice: seismic velocition, 908 extraction, 468 electrodialysis, 532 ideal gas, 106 in situ tests: drilling, 918

information 'systems: use in Integrated RiIstabilization agents, 652 ideal site, 433 in situ vitrification, 664 audits, 334 SYStem8hydrogen bonding, 101 ignitability: characteristics, 12 in-drum mixing: stabilization,

infra-red incinerator, 780 Integrated RiIenzymes, 557 ignitable, 49 689 System-ingestion, 853 of surface soils, 873 integrated tIel

sorption, 186 ignitable wastes, 49 in-plant changes, 357 sorption in soils, 184 ignition temperature, 749 in-plant vitrification: 422pharmacokinetics, 230 stabilization, 649 illicit dumping, 423 stabilization, 666

hydrogen chloride: illite: cation exchange capacity, inadequate facilities: risk assessment, 870 Intel Corp" 3 intelligence: 1 ingestion route, 231 intensive JllOI

incineration, 776 191 contaminated sites, 22 inhalation, 853

pharmacokinetics, 230 hydrogen cyanide: combustion illuminating gas (coal incentives: pollution interactions 8

characteristics, 727 gas): combustion prevention, 359 remedilinhaled particles, 232 hydrogen peroxide, 516 characteristics, 727 incident prevention, 416 1032inhibition, 560 biological treatment, 577

chemical oxidation, 509 immediate effects: toxicity, at TSDFs, 421 interactions I

in situ bioremediation, 596, 245 incident prevention measures, 286toxic action, 239 597,602 immigration, 868 423

incineration, 705 waste handled, 16 in industrial kilns, 408 history, 706 liquid injection, 736

incineration-see also combustion

inclusive list, 12 incomplete combustion, 713 increase in plasma levels:

dose-effect, 248 incremental risk, 838, 863 indemnification, 39, 65 independent variables, 874 India, 66, 71 indicator chemicals

Lackawanna Refuse Site, 878

risk assessment, 841 indicator species: risk

assessment, 869 indices of toxicity, 870 indiscriminate disposal: early

laws, 8 indiscriminate dumping, 8 indoor fumes: Love Canal, 6 induced draft fan, 753 industrial groups: waste

classification, 12 Industrial Revolution, 3 industrial solvent: toxic effect,

248 industrial sources: PA and NI,

18 industrial waste: term for

hazardous waste, 1 inequities: role in public

opposition, 434 infectious waste: exluded from

hazardous, 2 infiltration, 147, 965

landfills, 798 inflation analysis, 369 information sources: site

information, 892 information 'systems: use in

audits, 334 infra-red incinerator, 780 ingestion, 853

of surface soils, 873 pharmacokinetics, 230 risk assessment, 870

ingestion route, 231 inhalation, 853

pharmacokinetics, 230 inhaled particles, 232 inhibition, 560

biological treatment, 577 toxic action, 239

inhibitory effects: biodegradation, 569

initial site characterization, 890

initiation, 283 initiation of cancer, 265 initiators, 276

carcinogenic, 864 injection wells % waste

handled, 16 innocent landowner defense,

348 inorganic aqueous waste:

classification, 15 inorganic carcinogens, 270 inorganic salts

effect on steam stripping, 504

supercritical water oxidation, 529

inorganic sludges/solids: classification, 15

inorganics: incineration, 751 insecticides, 301 insomnia: arsenic toxicity, 242 inspection, 47,391,423,424

audits, 335, 336, 341 inspection and maintenance: at

TSDFs, 421 institutional concerns: use in

developing alternatives, 1016

instrument diagrams, 364 instrumentation, 773

incineration, 771 instrumentation industry:

generation in NI and PA, 18

insurance, 360 audits, 319 liability, 49

intake dose, 229, 853 intake: chronic daily, 862 intalox saddle, 451 integral balances, 116 Integrated Risk Information

Systems, 858 Integrated Risk Information

System-see IRIS integrated treatment processes,

422 Intel Corp., 373 intelligence: lead toxicity, 250 intensive properties, 104 interactions among criteria:

remedial alternatives, 1032

interactions among chemicals, 286

INDEX 1123

interest rate, 368 interlocks, 773 internal energy, 103 internal mix atomizer, 739 International Agency for

Research on Cancer, 275 international law, 64 interstate commerce clause,

17,43 interview: audits, 331, 332 intracellular enzymes, 557 intraparticle diffusion:

activated carbon, 479 intuitive site selection, 428 inventory control, 48 inventory records, 364 inversion: atmospheric

dispersion, 213 invertebrates, 286

hydrocarbon toxicity, 300 toxicity, 299

investigation plan, 892 investigatory tests: leaching

tests, 668 invitational process: facility

siting, 437 involuntary risk, 866

perception, 11 ion exchange

contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180,

183, 190, 191 land treatment, 617 use in metal recovery, 408

ion-selective membranes: electrodialysis, 530

ionization: fate of contaminants, 180, 197

IQ decrease, 250 Iraq: mercury poisoning, 5 IRIS, 261 IRIS database, 260, 858 iron oxide: pozzolanic

materials, 655 iron sulfate: redox reactions,

192 iron


effect on hydrogen peroxide, 597

essential element, 295 oxidation states, 193 oxidation to promote

precipitation, 192 stabilization, 655

irreversible effects: toxicity, 245

irrigation, 845

1124 INDEX

isobutyl alcohol: combustion characteristics, 727

isokinetic sampling, 769 isolation of waste, 392 isopac,951 isopentane: combustion

characteristics, 727 isopropyl acetate: combustion

characteristics, 727 isopropyl alcohol, 395


isopropyl: persistence, 560 isotherm constants, 480 isotropic: stratum in soil, 149 Italy, 66, 71, 72

Japan, 65, 66, 71, 72 mercury poisoning, 5 PCBs, 5

job descriptions: audits, 332 joint and several liability, 39

TSD audits, 346 juvenile fish, 291 juvenile life stages, 291

KLa-see transfer rate constant

K-wastes, 12 kaolinite


cutoff walls, 979 sublethal effects, 303

kepone: sublethal effects, 303 kerosene


heat value, 712 ketones, 395

chemical oxidation, 513 kidney, 231

damage, 244, 250 tumors, 275 toxicity, 245 copper, 298 elimination of toxins, 234 metal toxicity, 264

kiln dust pozzolanic materials, 655 stabilization, 645

kiln seals, 753 kilns, 743

cement, 408 kinetic energy, 103 kinetics, 121,572 knockout drums, 460

knowing endangerment, 48 known carcinogen, 858

labeling, 338, 391 drums, 339

laboratory, 412, 413 laboratory animals:

toxicological data, 250 laboratory column studies: in

situ bioremediation, 60 I Laboratory Cone Index, 677 laboratory packs: waste

compatibility in storage, 417

laboratory samples: waste minimization, 388

laboratory screening: biological systems, 632

laboratory studies: biological treatment, 632

laboratory tests, II Lackawanna Refuse Site,

1023, 1928 risk assessment, 878

lacquer thinner, 407 lactic dehydrogenase: effect of

copper, 299 lag phase: cell growth, 571 lagoon-sealing techniques, 991 lagoons, 786

release of contaminants, 142

laminar flame burners, 741 land ban, 45 land disposal, 52, 785, 786

costs, 365 facilities, 407, 411 prohibitions, 45 stabilization, 643

Land Ethic, 28 land farming, 411, 615, 786 land treatment, 615

applicable wastes, 620 ecotoxicology, 305 enclosures, 618 mathematical models, 619 slurry phase treatment, 610 waste migration pathways,

617 land use, 841

activity patterns, 850 landfill, 787

% waste handled, 16 failure, 823 gas collection, 800 linear performance, 801 liquids in, 45 operation, 825

release of contaminants, 142

requirements, 46 landfill leachate

contaminants, 143 generation, 141 release, 145

landfilling versus stabilization, 644

Langmuir model: non-linear adsorption, 189

Laplace equation, 172, 173 large quantity generators, 16 larval life stages, 298 latency period, 245 latent heat, III lateral drainage layer: landfill

liners, 799 law of conservation of mass,

115 law

environmental, 35 state and local laws, 41

laws and regulations, 28 LDSO,257

ecotoxicology, 289 leachant, 667 leachate, 145, 667

collection systems, 792 biological treatment, 590 clay liners, 809 landfills, 793

leaching of soluble chemicals, 846

leaching test, 146, 667 leaching

land treatment, 620 stabilization, 642

lead, 64, 396 accumulation in bone, 233 adsorption by zeolites, 811 anemia, 247 concentration in soil, 182 early exposures, 4 EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 health effects, 250 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 removal in clay liners, 811 stabilization, 645, 655 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxic effects, 257 toxicity, 293, 296, 297 toxicity criteria, 304 toxicity in children, 245,

260

lead carbonate: precipitation in natural waters, 192

lead level in blood, 249 lead oxide, 719 lead shot, 306 leak detection system, 48 leak detection

landfills, 794 storage tanks, 755

leaking drums: storage areas, 339

leaking tanks: cleanup programs, 23

leaks, 142, 391 source of waste, 20

leather and leather g~ds . industry: generatIon In

NJ and PA. 18 legal aspects of waste

management, 25 legal practice, 25 lenders: audits, 346 lethal dose, 246 lethality, 870 leukemia: effect of benzene,

251 leukopenia: arsenic toxicity,

242 level control, 772 LEXIS, 41 liability, 343

audits, 344 cradle-to-grave, 44 incentive for pollution

prevention, 360 insurance, 49 joint and several liability,

39 strict liability, 39 Superfund, 59 system, 54 TSD facility, 416

liability definition audit, 319 life cycle analysis, 376 life style, 853 life-cycle, 291 life-cycle tests: toxicity, 291 lifestyle carcinog~nesis•. 282 lifestyle factors: lImitations,

253 lifestyle-associated sources,

284

stabili,...... 689<~

lime sludge: cltlli limestone: seismil

908 ,. limitations: risk·.

864 limiting reactant. lindane.90 ,"

acewnulatic:JlFl 233

dermal absorpl physicocbemill

parametenl TCLP, 51 lethal dose, 11

line source. 13$ linear extrapOlali

toxicity III linear non-thresI:

858 linear sorption 11 linearized muhi

279 linearized multi

risk asSCSl liner systems. 9

landfills, 79:l linseed oil: COl

characteri lipid solubility

pharmac< 230

lipids: pharmlll lipophilic com

accumulatic 233

dermal absc pharmacoki

liquefaction. 5 liquid chlorilll liquid feed tal liquid film, 4.1 liquid injecti<J

725.731 liquid mass tr

450 liquid organic liquid partitic liquid-liquid

steam 5

liquids in lar liquids releal listed waste, lifetime cancer risk, 284, 838 lists of hazaJlifts: clay liners, 808

49,70ligand: mobility enhancement, lithium: catil198 liver cancer:lighting, 391, 423

274lime, 655, 695

lead carbonate: precipitation in natural waters, 192

lead level in blood, 249 lead oxide, 719 lead shot, 306 leak detection system, 48 leak detection

landfills, 794 storage tanks, 755

leaking drums: storage areas, 339

leaking tanks: cleanup programs, 23

leaks, 142, 391 source of waste, 20

leather and leather goods industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

legal aspects of waste management, 25

legal practice, 25 lenders: audits, 346 lethal dose, 246 lethality, 870 leukemia: effect of benzene,

251 leukopenia: arsenic toxicity,

242 level control, 772 LEXIS,41 liability, 343

audits, 344 cradle-to-grave, 44 incentive for pollution

prevention, 360 insurance, 49 joint and several liability,

39 strict liability, 39 Superfund, 59 system, 54 TSD facility, 416

liability definition audit, 319 life cycle analysis, 376 life style, 853 life-cycle, 291 life-cycle tests: toxicity, 291 lifestyle carcinogenesis, 282 lifestyle factors: limitations,

253 lifestyle-associated sources,

284 lifetime cancer risk, 284, 838 lifts: clay liners, 808 ligand: mobility enhancement,

198 lighting, 391, 423 lime, 655, 695

stabilization, 645, 656, 662, 689

lime sludge: classification, 15 limestone: seismic velocition,

908 limitations: risk assessment,

864 limiting reactant, 119 lindane, 90

accumulation in fat cells, 233

dermal absorption, 232 physicochemical

parameters, 292 TCLP,51 lethal dose, 247

line source, 135 linear extrapolation: use of

toxicity model, 281 linear non-threshold model,

858 linear sorption models, 187 linearized multi-stage model,

279 linearized multistage model:

risk assessment, 860 liner systems, 989

landfills, 792 linseed oil: combustion

characteristics, 727 lipid solubility:

pharmacokinetics, 230

lipids: pharmacokinetics, 229 lipophilic compounds


dermal absorption, 232 pharmacokinetics, 230

liquefaction, 557 liquid chlorine, 508 liquid feed tanks, 772 liquid film, 449 liquid injection incinerator,

725, 736 liquid mass transfer coefficient,

450 liquid organics recovery, 409 liquid partition coefficient, 466 liquid-liquid equilibrium:

steam stripping, 492 liquids in landfills, 45, 47 liquids release test, 669 listed waste, 49 lists of hazardous wastes, 12,

49, 70 lithium: cation exchange, 191 liver cancer: known causes,

274

INDEX 1125

liver damage, 244 : dose-effect, 248

liver enzymes, 254 liver swelling: arsenic toxicity,

242 liver tumors, 275 liver

copper, 298 copper accumulation, 297 damage by carbon

tetrachloride, 257 detoxification site, 233 elimination of toxins, 234 repair capacity, 246 toxicity, 245 toxicity tests, 256

livestock, 845 LNAPL,168 LOAEL: uncertainty factor,

260 local acceptance, 58 local citizens, 867 local community, 359

role insiting, 435 local effects: toxicity, 245 local laws, 41 local override of facilities, 436 local toxic effects, 246 location specific ARARs, 58 lofting: plume diffusion

pattern, 205 log-normal distribution, 247,

258 logit model: use of toxicity

model,281 lognormal: distribution, 874 Long-Evans: LDso for dioxin,

255 long-term bioassays, 288 long-term effectiveness, 57 long-term effectiveness: use

in selecting alternatives, 1022

long-term exposures: risk assessment, 844

long-term impact: waste management, 9

long-term toxicity testing, 254 long-term toxicity tests, 291 looping: plume diffusion

pattern, 205 loss prevention, 392 Love Canal

drain tile, 993 history, 5 pump & treat system, 993 surface water control, 967

low temperature soil de-volatilizers, 780

1126 INDEX

low-density polyethylene: management chart: use in use in risk assessment, Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 386 geomembranes, 804 audits, 326 880 mercuric chloride: use as

low-dose extrapolation, 278 management strategies: maximum contaminant level inhibitor, 630 low-dose testing, 275 pollution prevention, 361 goals, 61 mercuric ions: accumulation in low-intensity burner, 742 management strategy: United maximum ground level blood plasma, 233 low-temperature soil treatment, States, 24 concentrations, 209 mercury

997 management support: audits, maximum likelihood accumulation in kidneys, lower explosive limit, 725, 729 319 polynomial, 280 233 lowest achievable emission mandatory siting criteria, 430 maximum possible allergic reactions, 242

rate, 64 manganese: essential element, concentration test, 672 early exposures, 4 lowest observed adverse effect 295 maximum specific growth rate, early history, 5

level, 258 lowest observed effect level,

258, 291 lubricating oils, 391, 407

classification, 15 lumber and wood products

industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

lung cancer, 244, 268, 282 known causes, 274

lung damage, 56 lung fibrosis, 244

toxicity, 245

m-delphene, 90 machine parts, 391 machinery, except electrical


macroencapsulation: stabilization, 647

macronutrients, 567 magnesium: cation exchange

capacity, 191 magnesium: stabilization, 655 magnetometer, 912 maintenance, 392, 423

remedial alternatives, 1021 preventive, 392 procedures, 364, 391 records, 364, 381

malathion, 30 I lethal dose, 247

malignancy, 267 malignant tumors, 264 mammalian cell cultures:

toxicity tests, 256 toxicity tests, 276

mammalian species, 284, 305 inhalation, 232

mammalian toxicology, 285, 870

mammals, 305 management: role in pollution

prevention, 387 management audit, 318, 345

stabilization, 655 manifest, 16, 364, 416

role in audits, 330, 334 manifest system, 44, 52, 66, 70 manifestation, 238 manifestations of toxic effects,

242 Mantel-Bryan model, 279 manufacturing plants:

contaminated sites, 9 manufacturing sources, 20 market sport value, 287 marking storage tanks, 391 mass balance, 102

air stripping, 448, 455 procedure, 116

mass loading rate, 451 mass transfer: steam stripping,

497 massive bedrock: resistivity,

906 material balance, 364

steam stripping, 492 material safety data sheets,

344, 364, 381 material substitution, 391 materials handling, 392

at TSDFs, 420 materials of construction

storage tanks, 755 supercritieal water

oxidation, 529 steam stripping, 506

materials storage: process modifications, 386

materials-handling: emmissions, 140

mathematical models atmospheric dispersion, 211 risk assessment, 852

maximally exposed individual, 860

maximum achievable control technology, 63

maximum concentration limit guidelines: use in risk assessment, 880

maximum concentration limits:

573 maximum substrate

concentration, 580 maximum tolerated dose, 255,

274,275 McCabe-Thiele diagram, 499 mean cell residence time-see

solids retention time mean values, 876 measurement ability: impact

on policy, 8 measurement end point, 287 measuring performance: audits,

321 mechanical atomizer, 739 mechanical dispersion:


mechanical ram, 747 mechanism of toxic action,

242 mechanisms

toxic action, 238, 263, 862, 871

stabilization, 646 mechanistic models, 278 median lethal dose, 247, 373 medical surveillance program,

61 medium sand: retention

capacity for fuels, 186 MEK, 395, 398 melanosis: arsenic toxicity,

242 membrane filtration: use in

metal recovery, 408 membrane fouling, 543 membrane lipids: effects of

temperature, 565 membrane processes, 530 membrane rejection, 539 membranes: ultrafiltration, 536 membranous tissue:

pharmacokinetics, 229 memorable: risk, 866 mental development, 247 mercaptans: chemical

oxidation, 506

EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 impact on kidney, 264 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxicity, 296, 297

mergers audits, 319 property audits, 351

mesocosms, 289 meta-xylene, 86 metabolic activation, 268 metabolic activity disruption,

297 metabolic detoxification, 237 metabolic rates, 235 metabolic steps, 556 metabolic transformation, 235 metabolic transformation:

effect on toxic action, 234

metabolism, 557 metabolism studies, 871 metabolism: toxicity tests, 256 metabolites: effect on toxic

action, 234 metal carbonates: stabilization,

650 metal detoxification, 293 metal emissions, 777 metal finishers, 373 metal hydroxides: solubility,

192 metal painting, 390 metal plating, 386


metal precipitation: aqueous waste treatment, 409

metal scrap: recycling, 396 metal toxicity, 296 metal-finishing: waste


metallic oxides: incineration, 743

su 889

methox subl TCLP.

methyl c

methyl com

727. If' com~ heat-.~

methYI;j... care , combu ':

727 .~

methyl butyl! combusll characii:ll 727

methyl chlorlll combustiOl1

727 steam strip

methyl cyclol combul charactl 727

methyl ether combu! characl 727

methyl ether charac1

methyl ethyl charac'

-------- -- -- --

Merck, Sharp & Dohme, 386 mercuric chloride: use as

inhibitor, 630 mercuric ions: accumulation in

blood plasma, 233 mercury

accumulation in kidneys, 233

allergic reactions, 242 early exposures, 4 early history, 5 EPA 33/50 program, 360 excretion in bile, 234 impact on kidney, 264 landfill leachate, 144 priority metals, 761 stabilization agents, 652 TCLP,51 toxicity, 296, 297

mergers audits, 319 property audits, 351

mesocosms, 289 meta-xylene, 86 metabolic activation, 268 metabolic activity disruption,

297 metabolic detoxification, 237 metabolic rates, 235 metabolic steps, 556 metabolic transformation, 235 metabolic transformation:

effect on toxic action, 234

metabolism, 557 metabolism studies, 871 metabolism: toxicity tests, 256 metabolites: effect on toxic

action, 234 metal carbonates: stabilization,

650 metal detoxification, 293 metal emissions, 777 metal finishers, 373 metal hydroxides: solubility,

192 metal painting, 390 metal plating, 386


metal precipitation: aqueous waste treatment, 409

metal scrap: recycling, 396 metal toxicity, 296 metal-finishing: waste


metallic oxides: incineration, 743

metalloenzymes, 297 metallothionen, 293 metals emissions: incineration,

709 metals recovery, 408 metals

combustion, 719 incineration, 778 stabilization agents, 652

metaphoric rocks: seismic velocition, 908

metastasis; 267 metastasize: cancer, 264 methane, 82, 713


combustion constant, 714 methane monooxygenase, 562 methanol, 98, 398 methanotrophs, 562 method of LeBas, 97 methodology

acceptable daily intake, 260 subsurface investigation,

889 methoxychior, 90, 301

sublethal effects, 303 TCLP,51

methyl acetate: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl alcohol combustion characteristics,

727 combustion constant, 714 heat value, 712

methyl bromide carcinogenic class, 271 combustion characteristics,

727 methyl butyl ketone:


methyl chloride combustion characteristics,

727 steam stripping, 487

methyl cyclohexane: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl ether ketone: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl ethyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727

INDEX 1127

methyl ethyl ketone, 395, 398 EPA 33/50 program, 360 indicator chemical, 878 supercritical fluid oxidation,

529 TCLP,51

methyl formate: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl isobutyl ketone EPA 33/50 program, 360 landfill leachate, 145

methyl isocyanate, 56 methyl mercury, 5

half-life, 236 toxicity, 245

methyl methane sulphonate: reaction with DNA, 268

methyl propyl ketone: combustion characteristics, 727

methyl-2-pentanone: indicator chemical, 878

methyl-hexane, 83 methylcholanthrene:

carcinogenic class, 271 methylene chloride, 395

landfill leachate, 145 pharmacokinetic modeling,

237 steam stripping, 487

methylmercury: uptake by fish-eating birds, 306

Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 280

microbes isolation, 631 microbial communities, 555,

616 microbial concentrations, 580 microbial density, 604 microbial growth, 588 microbiology, 555 microcosms, 288 microeconomic analysis, 365 microencapsulation, 647 micronutrients, 569 microorganisms: toxicity tests,

256 Midland, Michigan, 406 migration

contaminant, 846 vertical barriers, 967

migration of contaminants: remediation example, 1007

migration pathway: remediation example, 1006

1128 INDEX

Millington and Quirk relationship, 464

Minamata Bay: mercury poisoning, 5

mineral processing industry: biological slurries, 607

mineral spirits No. 10: combustion characteristics, 727

mineralization, 555 minimum substrate

concentration, 579 minimum technology

requirements, 46 Minnesota: arsenic poisoning,

8 minnow: sublethal effects, 303 mirex: sublethal effects, 303 miscarriages: PCBs, 5 Missouri

large generators, 21 small quantity generators,

21 sources, 22 Times Beach, 7

mist eliminators: air pollution control, 767

mistrust: role in public opposition, 434

mites: land treatment, 616 mitochondrion: toxic action,

239 mixed function oxidases, 293 mixed liquor: biological

treatment, 585, 586 mixed soil, 986 mixer design: biological

slurries, 607 mixers: storage tanks, 755 mixing of hazardous wastes,

392,417 mixing

biodegradation, 569 biological slurries, 607 cutoff walls, 981 pre-treatment at TSDF, 419

mixtures of toxins: risk assessment, 864

mobile incineration systems, 778

mobility, 844 fate of contaminants, 181,

196 stabilization, 641

modeling: risk assessment, 852 models: linear sorption, 187 models: pharmacokinetic, 237 models: toxicity, 278

modulus of elasticity: geomembranes, 803

Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria as, 824

moisture biodegradation, 565 moisture content, 675

stabilization tests, 675 moisture: clay liners, 808 molal volumes, 97 molar ideal gas law constant,

106 molecular charge: sorbent

properties, 187 molecular diffusion

contaminant transport, 166 leakage, 145

molecular size: sorbent properties, 187

molecular structure biodegradeability, 558

effect on adsorption, 480 molecular weight cutoff:

ultrafiltration, 544 molecular weight: effect on

adsorption, 480 mollusca: metal toxicity, 297 molozonide: chemical

oxidation, 513 molten ash, 743 molten salt process, 706 momentum: atmospheric

transport, 201, 202 monitoring, 54

at TSDFs, 422, 424 data, 852 housekeeping programs,

391 landfills, 826 remedial alternatives, 1021,

1025 monitoring wells, 180, 931

installation, 934, 936 nested, 934 PVC, 932 report, 952 rock, 934 screened interval, 952 site investigation, 913 stainless steel, 933 Teflon, 933

monitors carbon dioxide, 775 emission, 773 oxygen, 775

Monod equation, 573, 580 Monod kinetics, 578 Montana: in situ

bioremediation, 602

Monte Carlo methods: risk assessment, 872

montmorillonite, 657 cation exchange capacity,

191 Moolgavkar-Knudson model,

280 moral action, 27 morbidity, 253 morphology, 296 mortality, 246

toxicological end point, 287 most probable exposed

population, 860 most probable land use: use

in remedial objectives, 1010

motor amperage, 777 motor oils, 17 motor vehicle accident, 838 mouse experiment, 275 mucous membrane irritant, 56 mucous membrane:

pharmacokinetics, 229 mucous present: absorption,

232 multi-state model: use of

toxicity model, 281 multiple exposures:

accumulation, 238 mudstones: remediation

example, 1004 MUltiple Extraction Procedure,

673 multiple toxicological effects:

acceptable daily intake, 259

multiple-hearth incinerator, 744, 747

multistage model, 279 municipal waste: early laws, 7 muscle: copper, 298 mushrooms: natural

carcinogens, 283 mustards: carcinogenesis, 271 mutagenic effects:

classification of toxins, 244

mutagenicity, 276 toxicity tests, 256

mutated oncogene, 266 mutation, 283, 562 mutation in bacteria, 268 mutation: toxic action, 239

n-butane, 82, 83 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 396

n_methylnitrosourea: neurol0§i"carcinogenic class, 271 neurotox~' .....

neutral' •n_methylnitrosourethane: carcinogenic class, 271

n-pentane, 82 aq,::~\-' neutroft:

naphtha, 395 914 ,.' naphtha: heat value, 712 N-knef. naphthalene: combustion large .

characteristics, 727

naled: sublethal effects, 303

P~~liC~'naphthalene: combustion Slung •......... constant, 714

naphthalene: reverse osmosis, Ne:as~~534 . naphthylamine dyes: bladder small .New York: .•.••21 "', National Ambient Air Quality large g '.

Standards, 62 small q ': I National Contingency Plan, 58

cancer, 273

21 .

national inventory, 67 Niagara Falts~ National Library of Medicine, Canal.~

261 Niagara GaUiaIi6 ·u,national plans, 65

National Pollutant Discharge Niagara Schnilf Elimination System, 61 Canal,6~

national primary drinking nickel, 92 .';j water standards, 61 nickel-bearing

National Priorities List, 54, 55, elec~ 878, 963 nickel

National Priority Lists: allergic rell/; contaminated sites, 23 carcinogene

National regulations, 69 carcinogero National Society of concentratil

Professional Engineers: effect of el Code of Ethics, 29 232

national standards, 62 EPA 33/50 natural carcinogens, 283 land treatn: natural gas, 713 landfill lea natural pesticides, 283 removal in Natural Resources Defense stabilizatio

Council, 839 toxicity eri natural selection, 562 use of Rf[ natural: risk, 866 nicotine:letha nausea: arsenic toxicity, 242 NIMBY sync:necrosis, 246 nislrOsamide! needs assessment, 425 . class, 2 negative pressure: incineration, nitrates

753 electron II negligence, 38 stabilizatil nekton, 870 nitric acidneoplasms, 264 electrodianeoprene: geomembranes, 804 stabilizatiNernst equation, 510 nitrification:nerve damage, 238

nitrobenzemNetherlands, 66, 69, 71, 72, combusti

613 727biological treatment, 606 TCLP,5cleanup programs, 72 toxicity,neuroactive insecticides, 30 I

n-methylnitrosourea: carcinogenic class, 271

n-methylnitrosourethane: carcinogenic class, 271

n-pentane, 82 naled: sublethal effects, 303 naphtha, 395 naphtha: heat value, 712 naphthalene: combustion

characteristics, 727 naphthalene: combustion

constant, 714 naphthalene: reverse osmosis,

534 naphthylamine dyes: bladder

cancer, 273 National Ambient Air Quality

Standards, 62 National Contingency Plan, 58 national inventory, 67 National Library of Medicine,

261 national plans, 65 National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System, 61 national primary drinking

water standards, 61 National Priorities List, 54, 55,

878,963 National Priority Lists:

contaminated sites, 23 National regulations, 69 National Society of

Professional Engineers: Code of Ethics, 29

national standards, 62 natural carcinogens, 283 natural gas, 713 natural pesticides, 283 Natural Resources Defense

Council, 839 natural selection, 562 natural: risk, 866 nausea: arsenic toxicity, 242 necrosis, 246 needs assessment, 425 negative pressure: incineration,

753 negligence, 38 nekton, 870 neoplasms, 264 neoprene: geomembranes, 804 Nernst equation, 510 nerve damage, 238 Netherlands, 66, 69, 71, 72,

613 biological treatment, 606 cleanup programs, 72

neuroactive insecticides, 30I

neurological damage, 244 neurotoxicity, 244 neutralization, 394

aqueous waste treatment, 410

neutron: borehole geophysics, 914

New Jersey large generators, 21 public input to siting, 432 siting criteria, 430 waste generation, 17

New Source Review, 63 New York: Love Canal, 6

small quantity generators, 21

large generators, 21 small quantity generators,

21 Niagara Falls, New York: Love

Canal,6 Niagara Gazette: Love Canal,

6 Niagara School District: Love

Canal, 6 nickel,92 nickel-bearing waste:

electrodialysis, 538 nickel

allergic reactions, 242 carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic class, 271 concentration in soil, 182 effect of exposure route,

232 EPA 33/50 program, 360 land treatment, 618 landfill leachate, 144 removal in clay liners, 81 I stabilization, 645 toxicity criteria, 304 use of RID, 264

nicotine:lethal dose, 247 NIMBY syndrome, 434 nistrosamides: carcinogenic

class, 271 nitrates

electron acceptor, 564 stabilization agents, 652

nitric acid electrodialysis, 532 stabilization agents, 652

nitrification: effect on pH, 567 nitrobenzene


TCLP,51 toxicity, 300

INDEX 1129

nitroethane: combustion characteristics, 727

nitrogen compounds: biodegradeability, 559

nitrogen dioxide, 63, 128 nitrogen oxides, 718 nitrogen

combustion constant, 714 nutrient requirements, 567

nitromethane: combustion characteristics, 727

nitrosamines, 89 carcinogenic class, 271

nitroso-ureas: carcinogenic class, 271

nitrosopiperidine: carcinogenic class, 271

no action alternative Lackawanna Refuse Site,

878 risk assessment, 852

no observed adverse effect level, 258

no observed effect level, 258, 291

no-flow boundaries: finite difference method, 176

no. 6 fuel oil: retention capacity of various soil types, 186

noble metal, 730 non-aqueous phase liquid, 170,

173,465,465,595 contaminant transport, 167

non-carcinogenic risk, 862 calculations, 263

non-carcinogens, 257, 858 non-contact cooling water,

387, 394 non-degradation policies: risk

assessment, 852 non-flammable gas:


non-genotoxic carcinogens, 279, 284

non-ideal sorption, 189 non-lethal stress, 291 non-point sources, 294 non-polar compounds


pharmacokinetics, 230 non-polar molecules:

biotransformation, 234 Non-Random Two Liquid

model,492 non-slagging incinerators, 745

1130 INDEX

overhead decan'organic solvents: mobility nonane: combustion Occupational Safety and operating permit stripping,enhancement, 196characteristics, 727 Health Act, 60 incineration, 709 overland flow, ] organic vapor analyzer, 926, nonaqueous phase liquid, 168, Occupational Safety and air, 64 overt symptomc941594 Health Administration, operating procedures: process toxicologiorganically modified clay, 659, nonattainment, 62 284 modifications, 385 288660nongenotoxic carcinogens, 860 occurrence: toxicological end operating records, 381 owners, 59landfill liners, 796, 812, 821nonreacting system: mass point, 288 operating temperature, 744 oxidation reduc

stabilization, 657balance, 117 octane: combustion operating variables, 365 510organics: clay liners, 809 nonvolatile organics, 89 characteristics, 727 operation oxidation staleSorganism response, 868 normal distribution, 874 octanol-water partition landfills, 825 oxidation-reduc

not memorable: risk, 866 coefficient, 98, 230, 292 remedial alternatives, 1021 biomarkers, 292 microbial, 5}notes: audits, 340 sorption, 188 operational monitoring, 420 Organization for Economic

contaminaJll,Notice of Deficiency, 442 octet rule, 81 operator data logs, 364 Co-operation and fate ofco~notification, 49 odors: landfills, 798 operators, 59 Development-see

oxidation .'I'nozzle-see atomizer OECD guidelines, 254 opposition to facilities, 361, OECD incineraticJ9,.nozzle: liquid injection off-site facilities, 406 434 Organization for Economic supercriticaf

incinerator, 738 off-site waste, 16 optical microscopy: use in Cooperation and oxidizers: stabi!nuclear power plant: risk off-specification products: stabilization, 678 Development, 68 652

assessment, 866 waste classification, 13 optimization; 366 Organization of African Unity, oxidizing atmo nucleus: toxic action, 239 Office of Management and optimum: clay liners, 808 73 oxygen analysi nuisance, 37 Budget, 49 order of a reaction, 122 organization: management oxygen correc1number of species: Ohm's law, 537 organ transplantations, 267 audits, 345 incinerati

toxicological end point, oil & grease organ weights: dose-effect, 248 organochloride pesticide: oxygen deman288 biological treatment, 611 organic acids: stabilization accumulation in fat cells, treatmenl

numerical methods: finite degradation rates, 611 agents, 652 233 oxygen exch81difference, 175 stabilization agents, 652 organic aqueous wastes: organochlorine compounds, cyanide,

numerical siting criteria, 431 oil re-refining, 407 classification, 15 301 oxygen requirlnutrient cycling, 868 oil recovery, 407 organic carbon concentration: relative toxicities, 302 oxygen uptakenutrient dynamics: oil spill contingency plans: use in treatment organochlorines, 301 oxygen utiliza

toxicological end point, role in audits, 330 selection, 583 effect on birds, 306 oxygen288 oil-water emulsions: separation organic carbon partition organohalogen exposure: effect chemical 0

nutrient requirements, 568 by ultrafiltration, 537 coefficient, 99, 187 on reproduction, 305 combustiOl nutrients: effect on oils: classification, 15 organic carbon partition organophilic clay, 650 flue gas 811

biodegradation, 567 Old Forge, PA: risk coefficient-see also stabilization, 649, 657 in situ biOI nylon, 720 assessment, 878 Appendix A organophosphate pesticides: oxygenated cnylon polymer: biodegradation, on-site audit, 327, 331 organic chemical industry: effect on birds, 306 supercri

559 on-site facilities, 16, 407 waste generation, 18 organophosphates, 301 oxidati< on-site waste, 16 organic chemistry, 81 inhibition of cholinesterase oyster: relati' on-site workers: risk organic compounds enzymes, 293 .. ozone, 63, 5(o & M costs, 1029 assessment, 849 properties in supercritical organophosphorous peslIcldes: chemical E

o-Aminoazotoluene: oncogene, 283, 266 fluids, 523 toxic effects, 242, 244 513carcinogenic class, 271 mutated, 266 transport through organophosphorus compounds ozone/UV: d

o-Chlorotoluene: supercritical role in carcinogenesis, 266 geomembranes, 816 dermal absorption, 232 509fluid oxidation, 529 oncogenic progression, 267 organic content of the soil: soil relative toxicities, 302 ozonide: che

0-Toluidine: carcinogenic Onda correlations, 450 vapor extraction, 463 organophosphorus pesticides, 513class, 271 example, 452 organic liquids recovery, 409

90o-Xylene: supercritical fluid one-in-a-million risk, 277, 865 organic liquids: classification, orientation: audits, 331oxidation, 529 risk assessment, 866 15 p-dichlorobcorifice, 772 oats cell carcinoma, 268 Ontario, 434 organic material: sorption, 185 p-wastes, 13orthophosphate: nutrient objectives open buring, 706 organic nitrogen compounds: packaging, : requirements, 567remediation, 1007 open system, 102 supercritical fluid packed andOSHA,851site characterization, 893 operability: remedial oxidation, 529 OSHA 1910.120: audits, 334 partic'

site investigation, 894 alternatives, 1026 organic permeants: clay liners, packed tOWEosmotic pressure, 539 siting, 431 operation and maintenance: 809 biologicscell membrane, 567 observational approach, 965 remedial alternatives, organic polymer: stabilization packing chsosteoporosis, 244 obstacles to pollution 1024 agents, 652 451osteosarcoma, 274 prevention, 375 operating activities: disruption organic sludges/solids: PAH compcoutdoor activities: risk occupational carcinogenesis, by audit, 330 classification, 15 treatnassessment, 850 283 operating manuals, 364 organic solvent, 363, 386

organic solvents: mobility enhancement, 196

organic vapor analyzer, 926, 941

organically modified clay, 659, 660

landfill liners, 796, 812, 821 stabilization, 657

organics: clay liners, 809 organism response, 868

biomarkers, 292 Organization for Economic

Co-operation and Development-see OECD

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 68

Organization of African Unity, 73

organization: management audits, 345

organochloride pesticide: accumulation in fat cells, 233

organochlorine compounds, 301

relative toxicities, 302 organochlorines, 301

effect on birds, 306 organohalogen exposure: effect

on reproduction, 305 organophilic clay, 650

stabilization, 649, 657 organophosphate pesticides:

effect on birds, 306 organophosphates, 301

inhibition of cholinesterase enzymes, 293

organophosphorous pesticides: toxic effects, 242, 244

organophosphorus compounds dermal absorption, 232 relative toxicities, 302

organophosphorus pesticides, 90

orientation: audits, 331 orifice, 772 orthophosphate: nutrient

requirements, 567 OSHA, 851 OSHA 1910.120: audits, 334 osmotic pressure, 539

cell membrane, 567 osteoporosis, 244 osteosarcoma, 274 outdoor activities: risk

assessment, 850

overhead decanter: steam stripping, 488

overland flow, 147 overt symptomology:


owners, 59 oxidation reduction potential,

510 oxidation states, 193 oxidation-reduction reactions

microbial, 558 contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 192

oxidation incineration, 749 supercritical fluid, 521

oxidizers: stabilization agents, 652

oxidizing atmosphere, 751 oxygen analysis, 775 oxygen correction:

incineration, 775 oxygen demand: in situ

treatment, 599 oxygen exchange: impact of

cyanide, 242 oxygen requirements, 563 oxygen uptake, 633 oxygen utilization, 563 oxygen

chemical oxidation, 509 combustion constant, 714 flue gas analysis, 778 in situ bioremediation, 596

oxygenated compounds: supercritical fluid oxidation, 529

oyster: relative toxicities, 302 ozone, 63, 507

chemical oxidation, 509, 513

ozone/UV: chemical oxidation, 509

ozonide: chemical oxidation, 513

p-dichlorobenzene, 90 P-wastes, 13 packaging, 359, 376 packed and tray columns:

particulate removal, 761 packed towers, 447, 765

biological treatment, 589 packing characteristics: table,

451 PAH compounds: biological

treatment, 606

INDEX 1131

PAHs biological treatment, 590 biological slurries, 605, 608 biological treatment, 611 in situ bioremediation, 602 slurry phase treatment, 610

paint filter test, 669 paint manufacture: source of

waste, 20 paint sludges: waste


paint stripping liquid waste: degradation by peroxide, 517

paints, 390 pall ring, 451 palladium: combustion catylist,

730 pallets, 391 panels: use in toxicology, 254 paper and allied products


paper mills: save ails, 358 Paracelsus, 225 paraffin: stabilization, 663 paraffin oil: combustion

characteristics, 727 paraldehyde: combustion

characteristics, 727 paraoxon

ACLE inhibitor, 242 biotransformation end

product, 235 paraquat: toxicity, 245 parathion, 91, 301


dermal absorption, 232 sublethal effects, 303 lethal dose, 247

Part B permit, 440 participation by employees,

392 particle density: flue gas, 761 particle size distribution, 676

stabilization tests, 675 particles: inhalation, 232 particulate capture, 751 particulate emissions, 140,777

atmospheric transport, 200 incinerator, 751

particulate matter, 63 emissions, 138

particulate removal, 769 air pollution, 761

particulates, 709, 710, 741 partition coefficients, 98

I

1132 INDEX

soil vapor extraction, 464 partitioning to sediments, 845 partitioning

fate of contaminants, 183 land treatment, 620

Pasquill chart, 203, 206 passive containment: vertical

barriers, 968 passive contaminant control,

965 pathologic properties:

toxicological profiles, 263

pathological changes, 254 pathological findings, 254 pathway, 844

use in problem definition, 1006

use in remediation objectives, 1007

pathways for contamination, 965

PB-PK models, 237 PCB 1234: supercritical fluid

oxidation, 529 PCB 1254: supercritical fluid

oxidation, 529 PCBs, 61, 89, 90, 338, 339,

778 human exposures via milk,

5 GIS, 946 relative carcinogenic

potencies, 272 89,778 accumulation in fat cells,

233 biodegradation, 630 biodegradeability, 559 history,S multistage model of

toxicity, 280 permit requirement, 442 remediation example, 1005 stabilization agents, 645,

652 supercritical fluid oxidation,

529 toxicity due to structure,

242 waste classification, 13

PCBs-see polychlorinated biphenyls

PCE: dehalogenation, 565 peanut butter, 284, 838

risk assessment, 866 peer review: use in toxicology,

254

peer-reviewed toxicological information, 261

penalties: civil, 321 Pennsylvania

permit schedule, 442 waste generation, 17

pentachlorobenzene: toxicity, 300

pentachlorophenol biodegradeability, 558 biological slurries, 608 biological treatment, 590 degradation by peroxide,

516 in situ bioremediation, 602 land treatment, 615 TCLP,51 waste classification, 12

pentane combustion characteristics,


peptide links: enzymes, 557 perception gap, 867 perception

public, 10 risk, 866 role in public opposition,

434 perch

copper, 298 sublethal effects, 303

perched water table, 933 perchloroethylene, 395

landfill leachate, 145 performance

remedial alternatives, 1025 use in developing

alternatives, 1016 performance standards

incineration, 709, 710 perfused organs: toxicity tests,

256 perfusion, 231

impact on toxicity, 233 peripheral nervous system, 246 permanence: remedial

alternatives, 1023 permeability, 231

gases, 815 solvents, 816 stabilization tests, 675 use in stabilization, 684 water, 816

permeable treatment beds, 997 permeameter: cutoff walls, 980 permethrin: sublethal effects,

303

permit application, 364, 441, 442

permit requirements: remedial alternatives, 1021

permits, 364 NPDES, 61 use in audits, 326, 333, 349

permitting, 46, 66, 440 public participation, 439

persistence in the environment, 844

persistent chemicals, 559 persistent compounds, 558

biodegradation, 630 personnel: audit, 324 pesticide containers:

classification, 15 Pesticide Residues, 261 pestic ides, 89


manufacture, 56 natural, 283 remediation example, 1005 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 petroleum and refining


petroleum products biodegradation, 593 phase distribution, 593

petroleum refining sludges: slurry phase treatment, 610

petroleum refining: waste classification, 12

petroleum sludges: degradation rates, 611

petroleum-based materials, 391 pH control, 772 pH monitoring, 343 pH: effect on biodegradation,

566 phagocytosis, 231 pharmaceutical manufacture:

waste generation, 20 pharmacokinetic data:

toxicological profiles, 263

pharmacokinetic modeling, 236, 284

pharmacokinetics, 235 pharmacological action, 246 pharmacological research, 254 phase diagram, 152, 523 phase equilibrium, 104 phase partitioning: mobility

enhancement, 198

physiological:phase rule, 104, 105 toxins, 2,phase separation: steam

phytotoxicity,stripping, 492 pica behavior, phase-equilibria, 489 pickle liquor, phenanthrene: biological

electrodialytreatment, 609 waste class: phenobarbital: promotion of waste com]liver tumors, 267

storage,phenol, 85, 395 .. piezometer, 9:adsorption by organophI1lc

aquifier moclays, 658 biomarker for benzene, 235 piezometer ne carcinogenesis, 272 piezometric at chemical oxidation, 509 monitori

degradation by ozone, 515 pigments, 388 dermal absorption, 232 pile driver, 9~

landfill leachate, 145 pilot studies: anaerobic treatment, 591 extraCU( chemical oxidation, 506 pilot-scale tel mobility enhancement, 197 systems stabilization agents, 652 pinfish: suble

phenolics: waste compatibility pinholes: cia: in storage, 417 piping: soil ,

phenoxy acid herbi~ides, 301 469 phenylphenol: carcinogenesIs, pitot tubes, i

275 pits, 786 Philippines, 70 planimetrics philosophy: ethics, 26 inform phosphorus plankton: re

incineration, 744 302 nutrient requirements, 567 planning, 8S

photoautotrophic: emergen( microorganisms, 556 audits, 3:

photographic dyes, 393 site inve! photographic film processors: waste mi

small quantity generators, planning fo: 21 planningp~

photosynthesis inhibition, 305 plant operal phreatic zone, 161 plasma glu( phthalate, 87 plastic cOlli phthalate esters, 89 973, physical characteristics of plastic conI

waste, 416 plastic: rec physical chemical pro~erties plasticizer:

see also AppendIX plating, 92 A plating bat

physical separation: electrod pretreatment for plating wabiological, 585 minimt

physical-chemical properties, platinum

91, 869 allergicrisk assessment, 844 combul

physico-chemical processes, plausibilit

447 plebiscite:physiological effects,. 291

plug flowphysiological properties, 868 plug flowphysiological threshold: plume, l'acceptable daily intake,

atIDOSl258

phase rule, 104, 105 phase separation: steam

stripping, 492 phase-equilibria, 489 phenanthrene: biological

treatment, 609 phenobarbital: promotion of

liver tumors, 267 phenol, 85, 395

adsorption by organophilic clays, 658

biomarker for benzene, 235 carcinogenesis, 272 chemical oxidation, 509 degradation by ozone, 515 dermal absorption, 232 landfill leachate, 145 anaerobic treatment, 591 chemical oxidation, 506 mobility enhancement, 197 stabilization agents, 652

phenolics: waste compatibility in storage, 417

phenoxy acid herbicides, 301 phenylphenol: carcinogenesis,

275 Philippines, 70 philosophy: ethics, 26 phosphorus

incineration, 744 nutrient requirements, 567

photoautotrophic: microorganisms, 556

photographic dyes, 393 photographic film processors:

small quantity generators, 21

photosynthesis inhibition, 305 phreatic zone, 161 phthalate, 87 phthalate esters, 89 physical characteristics of

waste, 416 physical chemical properties

see also Appendix A

physical separation: pretreatment for biological, 585

physical-chemical properties, 91,869

risk assessment, 844 physico-chemical processes,

447 physiological effects, 291 physiological properties, 868 physiological threshold:

acceptable daily intake, 258

physiological: classification of toxins, 243

phytotoxicity, 305 pica behavior, 852 pickle liquor, 19, 388, 407

electrodialysis, 532 waste classification, 12 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 piezometer, 930, 932

aquifier monitoring, 933 piezometer nest, 934 piezometric surface: aquifier

monitoring, 933 pigments, 388 pile driver, 984 pilot studies: soil vapor

extraction, 470 pilot-scale testing: biological

systems, 632 pinfish: sublethal effects, 303 pinholes: clay liners, 813 piping: soil vapor extraction,

469 pitot tubes, 772, 777 pits, 786 planimetrics: geographic

information systems, 944 plankton: relative toxicities,

302 planning, 891

emergency, 423 audits, 320 site investigation, 892 waste minimization, 362

planning for TSDF needs, 425 planning production, 392 plant operations: audits, 318 plasma glucose, 298 plastic concrete cut-off walls,

973, 984 plastic containers, 417 plastic: recycling, 396 plasticizer: PCBs, 5 plating, 92, 390 plating bath, 386

electrodialysis, 530 plating waste, 92

minimization, 386 platinum

allergic reactions, 242 combustion catylist, 730

plausibility: limitations, 253 plebiscites: use in siting, 439 plug flow, 582, 585 plug flow reactor, 123 plume, 170


INDEX 1133

contaminant transport, 164, 165

data presentation, 945 delineation, 939

plume rise: atmospheric transport, 200-202

plutonium: carcinogenesis, 274 pocket penetrometer, 677

stabilization tests, 675 point estimates, 872, 876 point mutation, 266, 276

role in cancer, 269 point mutation in DNA, 270 point source, 135

contaminant transport, 163 polar compounds:

pharmacokinetics, 230 polar molecules, 231 polar substances:

pharmacokinetics, 230 polarity: effect on adsorption,

480 Polaroid Corporation, 393 policies and procedures:

management audits, 345 policy making, 839 policy manuals: use in audits,

326 political art, 436 political aspects of waste

management, 25 pollen: allergies, 242 pollution indices: toxicological

end point, 288 pollution prevention, 355, 357

assessment, 362 economic incentives, 358 legal incentives, 359 strategies, 361

Pollution Prevention Act: United States, 359

polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 86, 89

human exposures via milk, 5

polychlorinated biphenyls, 60, 90, 272

polychlorinated biphenyls-see PCBs

polychlorinated dibenzofurans: birth defects, 5

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 299

carcinogenesis, 269 carcinogenic class. 271 toxic effects, 244

polycyclic aromatics, 96 biodegradeability, 558 biological treatment, 609

1134 INDEX

polycyclic aromatics-see also PAHs

polyester elastomer: geomembranes, 804

polyethylene, 720 heat value, 712 incineration, 752 stabilization, 663

polymeric materials: biodegradation, 559

polymerization: liquid injection incineration, 738

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: cancer 268 '

polypropylene: stabilization, 663

polystyrene, 396 biodegradation, 559

polyurethane (foamed): heat value, 712

polyvinyl alcohol, 537 polyvinyl chloride

geomembranes, 804 monitoring wells, 932

ponds, 786 population, 286

affected, 841 most probable exposed 860 sensitive, 844, 864 ' exposed, 845

population dynamics: ecological risk, 868

porosity, 153 primary, 935 retardation factor, 199 secondary, 935

porosity of soils: in situ vitrifiation, 665

porous media: heterogeneity, 168

portland cement reactions, 653 stabilization, 645

possible carcinogen, 858 post-closure care, 826

international, 72 postnatal development, 245 potassium dichromate:

stabilization agents, 652 potassium permanganate

chemical oxidation, 509 stabilization agents, 652

potassium: cation exchange capacity, 191

potency, 276 potential carcinogens, 275 potential energy, 103

potential human carcinogens, 274

potentially exposed populations: risk assessment, 849

potentially responsible parties, 54, 59

potentiometric surface: aquifier monitoring, 933

powder coating technology, 390

powdered carbon-activated sludge system, 586

powdered chemicals, 390 power generation: incineration

758 ' pozzolan-based: stabilization

agents, 652 pozzolan: stabilization, 645,

655 pre-application conference

443 ' pre-shipment waste analysis,

414,416 pre-term birth, 250 pre-testing of refractories, 743 pre-treatment at TSDF, 420 pre-visit questionnaire, 325

audits, 325 precipitation, 965

aqueous waste treatment of metals, 409

contaminant transport, 167 fate of contaminants, 180,

183, 191 land treatment, 617 landfills, 798 stabilization, 649 use in metal recovery, 408

precognitive development in children: lead toxicity 257 '

pre~ognitive development Impact of toxicity, 260 toxicity, 245

predation, 305 predator prey relationships

868 ' predators, 285 predictive capacity:

ecotoxicology, 285 pregnancy: exposure to lead,

250 preheating, 736 premanufacture notification 60 preparation of waste: at '

TSDFs, 416 present worth analysis, 367


pressure atomizer, 739 pressure controllers, 772 pressure drop: air stripping,

457 pressure transmitters, 772 pressure

control in incineration, 772 hydraulic head, 155

pressuremeter test, 924 pretreatment

biological slurries, 604 biological treatment, 603 incineration, 755

prevalence of toxic compounds, 8

prevalence studies: toxicity, 252

preventative maintenance, 392 prevention of significant

deterioration, 64 primacy, 40 primary combustion, 741 primary controls: remedial

alternatives, 101 primary manufacturers: waste

generation, 20 primary metals industry:

generation in NJ and PA 18 '

primary producers, 286 p~mary productivity, 285 pnmary utilizers, 561 Principal Organic Hazardous

Constituents, 709, 710 permit requirements, 444

printi~g and publishing Industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

printing industry, 386, 388 printing ink manufacture:

source of waste, 21 prior exposure: impact on

toxicity, 246 priority pollutants, 61 priority pollutants-see also

App. A private-party sites: cleanup

programs, 23 privilege: attorney-client, 323 probability density functions,

873 probability distributions 872

risk assessment, 874 ' probability-see also risk probability-see also

stochastic probability: rare events, 864 probable carcinogen, 858

probit model: use of toxicity, f(, ., ~281 propertY trIIlIlJIJproblem solving: site

property tnMIIremediation, 1002 c~Pprocedure-driven checklist:

audit protocol, 329 propertY""'" procedures, laboratory, 12 propy~=

site investigation, 899 propyl a1coIIIIl

procedures to prevent hazards: c~ in permits, 441 propylene dilJIi

process chemistry, 365 process flow diagrams, 364 com"cbanillllll! process information, 441

727'H~ in pennits, 441 propyleneOllil

process modifications, 385 charlillll process sensors: incineration, propylellO .'~l@

753 combulliali process variables: incineration, 727

773 combulliclll product changes, 356 prospective. product design, 359 prostate: dollfi product elimination, 365 prostrate c. product life cycle, 25, 376 protective me: product spills: in situ manage

bioremediation, 592 proteCtive II1II production, 392 toxic~ production methods, 365 proteins, 55& production of phenols: protocols: au

classification, 15 protooncogel production of waste, 20 protoplasm, : production records, 364 protoporphyJ production schedules, 364 protozoa: 181 productive capability: PRPs, 59

toxicological end point, psoralens: n: 287 283

productivity, 305 psysiochemi toxicological end point, 288 public aceq

products of incomplete object combustion: pennit public aW8I requirement, 442 history, •

professional development: public expe Code of Ethics, 30 public hea\l

professional duties: Code of publicintol

Ethics, 30 Public Law public mistprogression, 283

progression of cancer, 265, public opiD public opp267 public part promoters, 279

siting CIcarcinogenic, 864 public perlpromoting agents, 275

promotion of cancer, 265, 267 public perl public pre promotive mechanisms, 280

864propane, 82, 713 public rei combustion characteristics,

com727

public re'combustion constant, 714 public sta properties of supercritical

Caewater, 526

probit model: use of toxicity, 281

problem solving: site remediation, 1002

procedure-driven checklist: audit protocol, 329

procedures, laboratory, 12 site investigation, 899

procedures to prevent hazards: in permits, 441

process chemistry, 365 process flow diagrams, 364 process information, 441

in permits, 441 process modifications, 385 process sensors: incineration,

753 process variables: incineration,

773 product changes, 356 product design, 359 product elimination, 365 product life cycle, 25, 376 product spills: in situ

bioremediation, 592 production, 392 production methods, 365 production of phenols:

classification, 15 production of waste, 20 production records, 364 production schedules, 364 productive capability:


productivity, 305 toxicological end point, 288

products of incomplete combustion: permit requirement, 442

professional development: Code of Ethics, 30

professional duties: Code of Ethics, 30

progression, 283 progression of cancer, 265,

267 promoters, 279

carcinogenic, 864 promoting agents, 275 promotion of cancer, 265, 267 promotive mechanisms, 280 propane, 82, 713


combustion constant, 714 properties of supercritical

water, 526

properties-see physical chemical properties

property transfer audits, 346 property transfer remediation:

cleanup programs, 23 property values: audits, 348 propyl acetate: combustion

characteristics, 727 propyl alcohol: combustion

characteristics, 727 propylene dichloride:


propylene oxide: combustion characteristics, 727

propylene combustion characteristics,


prospective cohort studies, 251 prostate: dose-effect, 248 prostrate cancer, 268 protective measures:

management audits, 345 protective mechanisms:

toxicity, 245 proteins, 558 protocols: audits, 327 protooncogene, 266 protoplasm, 558 protoporphyrin, 247 protozoa: land treatment, 616 PRPs,59 psoralens: natural carcinogens,

283 psysiochemical properties, 868 public acceptance: remedial

objectives, 1011 public awareness, 8

history, 4 public expectation, 29 public health protection, 860 public intolerance, 361 Public Law, 36 public mistrust, 435 public opinion, 10 public opposition, 434 public participation, 54, 434

siting criteria, 432 public perception, 7, 361 public perception of risk, 10 public press: risk assessment,

864 public relations: risk

communication, 867 public review, 443 public statements by engineers:

Code of Ethics, 30

INDEX 1135

public trust, 25, 434 public welfare: Code of Ethics,

29 public

acceptable risks, 865 role insiting, 435

Publicly Owned Treatment Works,61

puff, 135 pulmonary disease: effect of

exposure route, 232 pulmonary sensitizers, 261 pulmonary system, 853 pulverized coal, 741 pump and treat, 992

impact of desorption, 185 pumps: liquid incineration, 755 purge and trap technique, 88 purified water: electrodialysis,

530 pydrin: sublethal effects, 303 pyrene: biological treatment,

609 pyridine solvent, 393


TCLP,51 pyrolysis, 711, 749 pyrometallurgy,408 pyrophoric wastes: incinerator,

758 pyrrolizidine alkaloids:


quality assurance audits, 319 site investigation, 903

quality circles, 392 quality control plans: site

characterization, 894 site investigation, 903

quantal response, 289 quantification limits: risk

assessment, 864 quantitation limit, 50 quantitative risk assessment,

58, 839 quantitative structural-activity

relationships, 241 quaternary ammonium: use in

organophilic clays, 659 quench system, 741 quench zone, 743 questionnaire: audits, 325, 327

rabble arms, 747 Rachel Carson, 285

1136 INDEX

radiation: risk assessment, 866 radioactive materials:

stabilization agents, 652 radioactive: excluded from

hazardous, 2 radionuclide flux: impact on

cancer, 283 radionuclides, 284 radium-226: carcinogenesis,

274

receiving, 414 receiving areas, 416 receptor doses, 853 receptor populations, 870 receptors, 853

affinity with carcinogen, 272

risk assessment, 844 toxic action, 239 use in problem definition,

refinery wastes: recycling, 394 refinery: flares, 730 refractories, 743 refractory compounds, 558 refractory lining, 743 refractory selection, 743 refuse, 44 regeneration: carbon, 476 regenerative power of tissues,

246

Remedial Investigation, 54, 56, 888

Remedial Investigation Feasibility Studies, 55

remediation objectives, 964, 1007 observational approach, 965 passive control, 965 stabilization, 641, 644

remedy selection, 1001 radium: accumulation in bone,

233 rainout, 846 random variables, 873

correlation, 874 Raoult's law, 93

soil vapor extraction, 465 Raschig Rings, 450 rasching ring, 451 rate constant, 122, 123 rate limiting factor

biological treatment, 606 in situ bioremediation, 596

rate of biological degradation, 566

rate of degradation, 564 rate of heat release, 756 rate of reaction, 121 rate-limiting step: soil vapor

extraction, 463 rates of metabolism, 235 raw materials, 359, 363, 365

process modifications, 385 RCRA, 9, 43, 706

Amendments, 706 re-authorization, 359 amendments, 45, 706

RCRA-see Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

re-refining of oil, 407 reacting system: mass balance,

119 reaction rate constant, 121 reactions: combustion, 707 reactive, 49 reactive wastes, 50 reactivity: characteristics, 12 reactor, 123 reactor design: biodegradation,

569 Reagan administration, 55 reagent, 652 real estate: audits, 319 reasonable maximum exposure:

risk assessment, 861 reasonably prudent person, 38 recalcitrant compounds, 558

biodegradation, 630

1006 recirculation toxicity test, 290 record keeping, 420 record keeping requirements,

424 use in audits, 334

Record of Decision, 54, 58 Lackawanna Refuse Site,

878 recovery facilities, 406, 410 recovery of acid, 407 recreational quality, 287 recreational use scenario: risk

assessment, 850 recruitment, 868 rectifying section: steam

stripping, 488 recycle reactor, 125 recycling, 125, 355, 363

biological treatment, 585 effectiveness, 398

recycling facilities, 406 recycling of biomass, 570 recycling of metals:

electrodialysis, 530 recycling of solid waste: early

history, 8 red blood cell count, 298 redox potential: attenuation

processes, 193 redox: fate of contaminants,

192 reduction in toxicity, mobility,

and volume, 57 reduction of contamination:


reduction of particle size: biological treatment, 607

reduction of sorption by cosolvation, 196

reductive dechlorination: anaerobic treatment, 592

reductive dehalogenation, 564 reference dose, 258, 842, 862

probability distribution, 875 non-carcinogens, 859 uncertainty, 864

refineries, 396

regenerative VOC incineration, 735, 736

regional screening of sites, 426 registration, 66 regulations, 40

generators, 50 stabilization, 643 transporters, 50 U.S., 49 minimum technology, 46

regulatory compliance, 424 regulatory feasibility: remedial

alternatives, 1026 regulatory guidance: remedial

alternatives, 1032 regulatory "hammers", 359 regulatory initiatives, 8 regulatory requirements: use

in remedial objectives, 1008

regulatory signals: cancer, 265 regulatory structure, 9 regulatory systems:

international, 64 regulatory test: leaching tests,

668 relative ground level

concentration, 211 relative risks, 10 relative values: risk

assessment, 867 relaxation technique: finite

difference method, 176 release mechanism, 845 release to soils, 845 release to surface water, 845 releases to water, 140 relevant and appropriate

requirements-see ARARs

relevent requirements: use in remedial objectives, 1008

reliability: use in selecting alternatives, 1022, 1023

remedial action programs, 72 remedial alternatives: defining,

1019

remote mix area: cutoff walls, 980

remote process batch mixing: stabilization, 692

remote sensing, 905 renewal toxicity test, 290 repackaging of waste, 417 repair capacity: cells, 246 repair history, 392 report preparation: audits, 342 reporting requirements, 52

TSD facilities, 52 reports: use in audits, 334 reproduction, 868

effect of benzene, 251 reproductive effects, 870

classification of toxins, 245 reproductive performance:


reproductive potential, 291 requirements: use in remedial

objectives, 1008 residence times: supercritical

fluid oxidation, 522 residential use scenario: risk

assessment, 850 residual risk: use in selecting

alternatives, 1023 residuals management at TSD

facility, 414, 421 residue: stabilization, 641 resin covered glass, 720 resistance: borehole

geophysics, 914 resistivity: site characterization,

905 resolution: epidemiological

studies, 251 resource extraction, 3 Resources Conservation and

Recovery Act-see RCRA

respiration, 563, 853 respiratory tract: absorption,

232 respirometry, 633 respirometry studies, 560

retention retention retention

sl retrospec.iIlIl return to reuse, 355 reverse os

use in meIi6l reversible effellI reversible pnJlIII review and evlli

audit prijII Reynolds No.::.

correl_ riboflavin defic Right-To-Kno'fl risk, 837

background, cancer, 280 carcinogenil non-carcino uncertainty,

risk assessmer use in reRIC

1008, l( guidance, ~

Risk Assessm Superfw

risk calculatio risk character!

Lackawanl risk communi risk definitior risk managen risk perceptio

role in pul 434

risk sharing: opposit

risk simulati4 risk versus c

aItema risk-derived

Remedial Investigation, 54, 56, 888

Remedial Investigation Feasibility Studies, 55

remediation objectives, 964, 1007 observational approach, 965 passive control, 965 stabilization, 641, 644

remedy selection, 1001 remote mix area: cutoff walls,

980 remote process batch mixing:

stabilization, 692 remote sensing, 905 renewal toxicity test, 290 repackaging of waste, 417 repair capacity: cells, 246 repair history, 392 report preparation: audits, 342 reporting requirements, 52

TSD facilities, 52 reports: use in audits, 334 reproduction, 868

effect of benzene, 251 reproductive effects, 870

classification of toxins, 245 reproductive performance:


reproductive potential, 291 requirements: use in remedial

objectives, 1008 residence times: supercritical

fluid oxidation, 522 residential use scenario: risk

assessment, 850 residual risk: use in selecting

alternatives, 1023 residuals management at TSD

facility, 414, 421 residue: stabilization, 641 resin covered glass, 720 resistance: borehole

geophysics, 914 resistivity: site characterization,

905 resolution: epidemiological

studies, 251 resource extraction, 3 Resources Conservation and

Recovery Act-see RCRA

respiration, 563, 853 respiratory tract: absorption,

232 respirometry, 633 respirometry studies, 560

response: ecotoxicological, 869

response actions: remediation, 1013

retardation, 181, 247 fate and transport, 199 effect of distrubution

coefficient, 200 fate of contaminants, 180,

183 landfills, 797 liner effectiveness, 814 processes, 183

retardation of growth: dose-effect, 248

retention capacity of soils, 186 retention rate, 855 retention times: biological

slurries, 607 retrospective cohort study, 252 return to manufacturer, 393 reuse, 355 reverse osmosis, 532, 538

use in metal recovery, 408 reversible effects: toxicity, 245 reversible process, 108 review and evaluation list:

audit protocol, 329 Reynolds No.: use in Onda

correlations, 452 riboflavin deficiency, 243 Right-To-Know, 359 risk, 837

background, 863 cancer, 280 carcinogenic, 861 non-carcinogenic risk, 862 uncertainty, 863

risk assessment, 54, 837-885 use in remedial objectives,

1008, 1009 guidance, 861

Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, 840

risk calculation, 857 risk characterization, 860

Lackawanna refuse site, 880 risk communication, 867 risk definition audit, 319 risk management, 839 risk perception, 866

role in public opposition, 434

risk sharing: role in public opposition, 434

risk simulation, 877 risk versus cost: remedial

alternatives, 1028 risk-derived objective, 1010

INDEX 1137

risks, drinking water: remediation example, 1006

RITZ model: land treatment, 619

roasting: acid recovery, 407 rock, 181 rock coring equipment, 929 rock quality designator, 929 rock sampling, 929 rodon-222: carcinogenesis, 274 roll-off containers:

incineration, 756 Rollins Environmental

Services, 406 Roman Empire, 3 root causes, 345 rosin oil: combustion

characteristics, 727 rotary kiln, 408, 744 rotary kiln design, 752 rotary kiln incinerator, 746

particulate removal, 769 Dow Chemical, 406

rotating biological contactor, 588

rototiller: land treatment, 615 route of exposure: acceptable

daily intake, 259 Royal Hardage site, 1004 rubber and miscellaneous

products industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

rubble: seismic velocition, 908 Rules of Practice: Code of

Ethics, 29 rules-see also regulations rules: ethical theories, 26 runoff, 142, 618

sabotage, 56 saccharin

carcinogenesis, 275 risk assessment, 865, 866

Safe Drinking Water Act, 61 safe levels of carcinogens, 284 safety factors

acceptable daily intake, 258,260

cutoff walls, 976 remedial alternatives, 1025 use in remedial objectives,

1010 safety considerations: remedial

alternatives, 1021 safety gear, 392

1138 INDEX

safety margin: incineration, unrealistic, 873 concentration in soil, 182 remedial alternatives, 1027 753 use in remedial objectives, essential element, 295 use in selecting alternatives,

safety measures: audits, 331 1010 oxidation states, 193 1022 safety of public: Code of schedule for review of permit, stabilization, 655 short-term toxicity tests, 288.

Ethics, 29 443 TCLP,51 289 safety: at TSDFs, 423 schedule landfill leachate, 144 shrimp salmonidea: metal toxicity, audits, 328 semi-permeable membrane, relative toxicities, 302

297 production, 392 530 sublethal effects, 303 salt content: effect in site characterization, 894 semibatch process, 116 signal substance: toxin

incineration, 744 site investigation, 900 semipermeable membrane, receptor, 239 salt scheduling, 392 530,532 Silent Spring, 4, 285

lethal dose, 247 schedule requirements: sensitive ecosystem, 870 silica, 232, 743 seismic velocition, 908 remedial alternatives, sensitive populations, 844 silicates

sample types, 897 1022 sensitive public facilities: risk pozzolanic materials, 655 sampling, 895 scope: site characterization, assessment, 850 stabilization, 645, 651 sampling and testing 893 sensitive species, 869 silt

procedures, 899 scored checklist: audit sensitive subpopulations, 864 cutoff walls, 979 sampling locations and

frequency, 897 sampling locations: site

characterization, 894 sampling platform, 769 sampling ports, 769 sampling

audits, 335 groundwater, 941 rock,929 soil,927 soil gas, 939

sand + gravel mixture: hydraulic conductivity, 160

sand pack: monitoring wells, 932

sand cutoff walls, 979 hydraulic conductivity, 160 retention capacity for fuels,

186 seismic velocition, 908 soil classification, 182 slope stability, 824

sandstone remediation example, 1004 seismic velocition, 908

sandy formations: in situ bioremediation,601

sanitary landfills, 796 SARA, 55, 261, 359 sarcomas, 264 saturated zone, 147 saturation temperature, 105 save-alls, 358 scaling method of siting, 429 scaling values, 429 Scandinavian countries, 70 scanning electron microscopy:

use in stabilization, 678 scenarios

protocol, 329 scrap metal, 396 screened interval: monitoring

wells, 932, 952 screening, 1019

factors, 843 constraints: facility siting,

437 risk assessment, 841 technologies, 1015 techniques, 426

screening of chemicals, 842 screening tests: biodegradation,

560 scrubbers, 770 sea water: seismic velocition,

908 seams: clay liners, 813 second law of thermodynamics,

108 second order reaction, 122 secondary combustion, 741 secondary combustion

chamber, 751 secondary exposures, 850 secondary manufacturers:

waste generation, 20 secondary substrate, 562 secondary utilizers, 561 security: at TSDFs, 421 sediment transport: landfills,

801 sediment: cutoff walls, 981 seepage quantity: flow nets,

174 seepage velocity, 152 seeps, 142 segregating waste, 364, 387,

392 seismic velocities, 908 selection of remedy, 1001 selenium

sensitivity analysis, 852 risk assessment, 873

sensitivity between individuals: acceptable daily intake, 258

sensitivity differences: species toxicity, 255

sensitizers, 261 separation of chemicals, 391 separation: fuel blending, 408 sequence of a toxic response,

239 sequencing batch reactor, 590 Sequential Leach Test, 673 set time, 678 Seveso, Italy, 7 sevin, 301 sewer map, 388 sex

factor in toxicity, 252 impact on toxicity, 246

sexual maturation impact of toxicity, 260 toxicity, 245

shaft work, 104 shale: seismic velocition, 908 sheepshead minnow

sublethal effects, 303 acute toxicity test, 290

sheet pile cut-off walls, 973 Shelby tube samplers, 927 shelf life: source of waste, 389 Sherwood and Holloway

equation, 450 shock loading, 569 shock: anaphylactic, 242 short circuiting

in situ bioremediation, 601 soil vapor extraction, 461

short-term costs, 9 short-term effects, 242 short-term effectiveness, 57

soil classification, 182 hydraulic conductivity, 160

silty clay: hydraulic conductivity, 160

silver priority metals, 761 stabilization, 655 TCLP,51 toxicity criteria, 304

simulation: Monte Carlo methods, 873

single point resistance: borehole geophysics, 914

site background, 894 site characterization, 890, 903

sources, 892 site cleanup, 72

incineration, 780 site development costs, 1029 site investigation, 851 site layouts: use in audits, 326 site plan fully integrated, 412 site remediation

complexities, 1002 objectives, 964 problem definition, 890

site screening methods, 428 site selection, 426

landfills, 791 site-screening methods, 429 sites: risk assessment, 864 siting criteria, 428, 430, 436 siting new facilities, 840 siting objectives, 431 siting process: trade-offs, 433 siting: public participation, 434 size class structure:


skin area exposed: probability distribution, 874

skin cancer, 267

f slope of

253, slope

823 sludge

reten sludge

reco sludge ,

minimizing, biological'"

sludges from .. operatiOll8 15

slug: contaminl 163

slurry trench C1I

vertical bam slurry wall, 97: slurry walls-s

walls slurry-phase bi

treatrneD1 slurry-phase til

605 degradation

small quantity 21,52

smectite: catia capacity,

smokers, 282 smoking

factor in to risk assesS( risk percep role in prol

snail darter, 2 social aspect!

manage soda ash, 764

nI 1

remedial alternatives, 1027 I 1 use in selecting alternatives, 1022

short-term toxicity tests, 288,

I 289 shrimp

relative toxicities, 302 sublethal effects, 303

signal substance: toxin receptor, 239

Silent Spring, 4, 285 silica, 232, 743 silicates

pozzolanic materials, 655 stabilization, 645, 651

silt cutoff walls, 979 soil classification, 182 hydraulic conductivity, 160

silty clay: hydraulic conductivity, 160

silver priority metals, 761 stabilization, 655 TCLP,51 toxicity criteria, 304

simulation: Monte Carlo methods, 873

single point resistance: borehole geophysics, 914

site background, 894 site characterization, 890, 903

sources, 892 site cleanup, 72

incineration, 780 site development costs, 1029 site investigation, 851 site layouts: use in audits, 326 site plan fully integrated, 412 site remediation

complexities, 1002 objectives, 964 problem definition, 890

site screening methods, 428 site selection, 426

landfills, 791 site-screening methods, 429 sites: risk assessment, 864 siting criteria, 428, 430, 436 siting new facilities, 840 siting objectives, 431 siting process: trade-offs, 433 siting: public participation, 434 size class structure:


skin area exposed: probability distribution, 874

skin cancer, 267

known causes, 274 skin soil loading: probability

distribution, 874 skin surface area, 855, 873 skin: repair capacity, 246 slag, 743

pozzolanic materials, 655 slagging incinerators, 745 slop oil, 396

classification, 15 land treatment, 620

slope factor, 278, 842, 859, 872, 875

probability distribution, 874 for carcinogens, 858 uncertainty, 864

slope factor-see also carcinogen potency factor

slope of dose-response curve, 258

slope stability: landfill liners, 823

sludge age-see solids retention time

sludge leaching: use in metal recovery, 408

sludge minimizing production, 576 biological treatment, 603

sludges from painting operations: classification, 15

slug: contaminant transport, 163

slurry trench cutoff wall vertical barriers, 967, 969

slurry wall, 973 slurry walls-see also cutoff

walls slurry-phase biological

treatment, 582 slurry-phase treatment, 603,

605 /degradation rates, 609

small quantity generator, 16, 21,52

smectite: cation exchange capacity, 191

smokers, 282 smoking

factor in toxicity, 252 risk assessment, 866 risk perception, II role in progression, 268

snail darter, 28 social aspects of waste

management, 25 soda ash, 764

INDEX 1139

air pollution, 762 sodium arsenite: lethal dose,

247 sodium borohydride: chemical

reduction, 509 sodium chloride: lethal dose,

247 sodium fluoride: lethal dose,

247 sodium hydroxide: air

pollution, 762 sodium hypochlorate:

stabilization agents, 652 sodium montmorillonite:

monitoring wells, 932 sodium selenite: ecotoxicity,

290 sodium

cation exchange, 191 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 soil, 149, 181

biological slurries, 605, 607 biological treatment, 603 water partition, 592 chemical oxidation, 506 in situ bioremediation, 594 low temperature

incineration, 780 soil aeration-see soil vapor

extraction soil bulk density: probability

distribution, 874 soil cap: remediation example,

1004 Soil Conservation Service, 139 soil contaminated with spilled

solvents: classification, 15

soil contamination: risk assessment, 863

soil exposure, 861 soil gas surveys, 939 soil heaping, 629

application to PARs, 629 soil ingestion rate: probability

distribution, 874 soil injested, 855 soil mantle, 182 soil moisture content: soil

vapor extraction, 463 soil on skin: probability

distribution, 874 soil particle size, 139

biological slurries, 605 soil pathways: risk assessment,

846 soil pH: land treatment, 618

1140 INDEX

role in audits, 330 soil properties: land treatment, use in steam stripping, 503 source reduction, 355 spill residues: waste 620 solubility product, 92 grants, 360

classification, 13soil resistivity, 906, 907 solubilization of toxic sources and types, 17 spill response: role in audits.soil sampling, 927 substances: combatibility sources of information

330soil sorptive capacity: land in storage, 418 site characterization, 892 spillage and runoff at TSDFs, treatment, 617 soluble silicates: stabilization, use in problem definition,

421soil vapor extraction, 460 657 1007 spills, 142 soil venting-see soil vapor solute flux: landfill liners, 820 sources of waste, 20

contaminated sites, 22 extraction solute phase: in situ Southern Africa, 66, 69, 71, 72 source of waste, 20soil washing, 996 bioremediation, 592 sovereign immunity, 39

split-barrel sampler, 927 soil water partition coefficient, solutes: contaminant transport, spacing extraction wells, 473 spontaneous potential: 98 162 Spain, 66, 71

borehole geophysics, 914 soil, contaminated: biological solution: transport through spalling, 743, 772

sport fish, 845 slurries, 613 geomembranes, 814 sparging: in situ Sprague Dawley: LDso for soil-bentonite backfill: cutoff solvent based painting, 390 bioremediation,

dioxin, 255 walls, 976 solvent distillation: packaged 597 spray dryer, 760, 762 soil-bentonite cut-off walls, units, 395 spatial arrangement of 274spray rinsing, 386 972-983 solvent extraction, 527 compound: effect on statisticalspray roaster: acid recovery, soil-mixed walls, 986 solvent extraction technique, toxicity, 240

407 s soil-waste interactions: cutoff 89 spatial distribution, 841 statisticalspreadsheets: risk assessment, walls, 979 solvent flux: ultrafiltration, 542 spatial distribution of toxicity,873soil-waste mixture: remediation solvent recovery, 394,407 contaminants, 844 Statute Law,'sprinklers, 417 example, 1004 solvent recycling, 394 spawning inhibition, 298 statutes of ' stability class: ground level solar energy: atmospheric solvent stripping: use in metal special receptacles, 388

concentration, 211 steady flow, 11 dispersion, 203 recovery, 408 special waste, 68 steady-state. )Jstabilitysolid stem auger, 915 solvent: contaminant transport, species: surrogates in toxin steady-state eqatmospheric, 203 Solid Waste Act of 1965, 44 162 tests, 255 biologic.cutoff walls, 978 solid waste solvents, 101, 386, 388, 391, species characteristics: risk steady-state pi'geotextiles, 807 defined, 2, 45 394 assessment, 864 steam spargen of slurry trenches, 973 biological treatment, 582, fuel blending, 408 species differences: inhalation, 755stabilization, 641, 642 614 halogenated, 49 232 steam tables, effectiveness, 660solid waste feed: incineration, incineration, 730 species diversity, 868 steam tablesstable system, 104756 land treatment, 620 absorbed dose, 232 Appendstack gas, 775 solid waste management units, spent, 49 toxicological end point, 288 steel industry, oxygen correction, 775 47 somatic cell, 244, 283 species dominance: PennsylvaJstack gas temperature: solid waste storage: songbirds: land ethic, 28 toxicological end point, waste clasi atmospheric dispersion, incineration, 756 sonic sensors, 772 288 steel manufa.:211solidification-see also soot, 743 species of concern, 871 source of'stack height stabilization sorbate, 10I species sensitivity: acceptable waste corr atmospheric dispersion, 211solidification, 641, 642 sorbent, 10I daily intake, 259 storage,atmospheric transport, 20 I solids concentration, 604 sorbent properties, 187 specific discharge, 151 stem cell, 261stacks: incineration, 768 biological slurries, 607 sorption, 101, 187, 189~ 476, specific entropy, 108 stepped-doW!stainless steel: monitoring solids retention time, 585 847 specific gravity, 676 steriochemistwells, 933 biodegradation, 570 contaminant transport, 167 stabilization tests, 675 enzymes,standard electrode potentials: calculation, 576 fate of contaminants, 180, specific growth rate, 572, 577 stochastic mltable, 511 solids, dissolved: effect on 183, 184 specific heat, 109, 110 assessnstandard heat of formation,biodegradation, 567 non-ideal conditions, 189 specific yield: aquifer, 161 stochastic ml114biological treatment, 603 organic content on soils, spent carbon regeneration, 476 stone, clay, I standard heat of reaction, 114 supercritical water 187 spent halogenated solvents, 49 industrstandard industrial oxidation, 529 sorption by organophilic spent material: source of NJ andclassification, 18solubilities of metal clays, 659 waste, 20 storage contlstandard of performance:hydroxides, 192 source-pathway-receptor spent oil, 396 storage facHremediation objectives, solubility-see also Appendix analysis: development of spent pickle liquor: storage systc1012A alternatives, 1014 electrodialysis, 532 755standard parameters: risk solubility, 91, 100 sorption of organics, 183 spent solvent, 391 storage, 827 assessment, 855 effect on adsorption, 480 source spill potential, 423 areas, 39 standard penetration test, 919 effect on biodegradation, risk assessment, 844 spill prevention, 52, 338, 347, at TSDF!standard state, 113 559 use in problem definition, 392 audits, 3:standards, 256 in supercritical water, 526 1006 audits, 334

role in audits, 330 spill residues: waste

classification, 13 spill response: role in audits,

330 spillage and runoff at TSDFs,

421 spills, 142

contaminated sites, 22 source of waste, 20

split-barrel sampler, 927 spontaneous potential:

borehole geophysics, 914 sport fish, 845 Sprague Dawley: LDso for

dioxin, 255 spray dryer, 760, 762 spray rinsing, 386 spray roaster: acid recovery,

407 spreadsheets: risk assessment,

873 sprinklers, 417 stability class: ground level

concentration, 211 stability

atmospheric, 203 cutoff walls, 978 geotextiles, 807 of slurry trenches, 973

stabilization, 641, 642 effectiveness, 660

stable system, 104 stack gas, 775

oxygen correction, 775 stack gas temperature:

atmospheric dispersion, 211

stack height atmospheric dispersion, 211 atmospheric transport, 201

stacks: incineration, 768 stainless steel: monitoring

wells, 933 standard electrode potentials:

table, 511 standard heat of formation,

114 standard heat of reaction, 114 standard industrial

classification, 18 standard of performance:

remediation objectives, 1012

standard parameters: risk assessment, 855

standard penetration test, 919 standard state, 113 standards, 256

drinking water, 61 standards-see also regulations starches and enzymes removal:

ultrafiltration, 537 state concurrence, 58 state laws, 41 state planning for TSDF needs,

425 state properties, 104 state role in siting, 436 state Superfund programs, 23 static piles, 624 static toxicity test, 290 stationary phase: cell growth,

571 statistical limitations:

carcinogenicity testing, 274

statistical resolution: animal studies, 254

statistical uncertainty, 284 toxicity, 258

Statute Law, 36 statutes of limitations, 39 steady flow, 172 steady-state, 116 steady-state equations:

biological treatment, 575 steady-state process, 117 steam spargers: storage tanks,

755 steam tables, 107 steam tables-see also

Appendix C steel industry, 388

Pennsylvania, 18 waste classification, 12

steel manufacture source of waste, 21 waste compatibility in

storage, 417 stem cell, 266 stepped-down exclusion, 428 steriochemistry, 82

enzymes, 557 stochastic methods: risk

assessment, 872 stochastic models, 873 stone, clay, glass, and concrete


storage containers, 338 storage facilities, 52, 786 storage systems: incineration,

755 storage, 827

areas, 391 at TSDFs, 415, 416 audits, 336

INDEX 1141

contaminated sites, 9 deficiencies, 338 impact on toxicity, 233 pharmacokinetics, 228 release of contaminants,

142 remedial alternatives, 1021 remedial alternative, 1022

storativity: aquifer, 161, 173 stormwater runoff: remediation

example, 1005 stratified sampling: audits, 335 stream flow, 147 strength: stabilization tests,

675 stress: release of stored

substance, 233 stressor response, 289 strict liability, 39, 65 stripping-see air stripping stripping-see steam stripping stripping factor, 449, 455 stripping: use in solvent

recovery, 407 structural affinity, 285 structural contour, 954 structure of compound: effect

on toxicity, 240 structures: atmospheric

dispersion, 212 sub-acute effects: toxicological

profiles, 263 sub-chronic exposure, 237

uncertainty factor, 260 sub-lethal responses, 289 sub-populations: risk

assessment, 849 subacute exposure, 237 subcellular effects, 286 subchronic risks, 861 subgrade: landfills, 800 subsidence: in situ vitrification,

665 substrate, 556 substrate concentration, 573

biological treatment, 578 substrate synthesis, 585 subsurface characterization,

887-890, 926, 957 subsurface environment:

contaminant fate, 181 suction head: vadose zone, 161 suitability: use in developing

alternatives, 1015 suitability of waste, 416 sulfate: conjugating agent, 234

electron acceptor, 564 stabilization agents, 652

sulfide ores: toxicity, 252

torts, 37 total di

bi total by total by

inc' total pc

co toxaphene,

1142 INDEX

textiles production: waste sulfide: chemical oxidation, surveillance, 423 technical assistance programs, generation, 20

509 susceptibility: acceptable daily 374 thallium: priority metals, 761

sulfur intake, 258 technical illiteracy, 27 thawing: stabilization, 667 combustion, 716 suspected sites, 23 technology-based standards: The Imperative ofcombustion constant, 714 suspended growth systems, use in remedial Responsibility, 27incineration, 744 585, 586 objectives, 1011 theorem of corresponding

stabilization, 663 suspended growth treatment, technology: use in remedial states, 524 compounds, 559 586 objectives, 1008 I thermal incinerator, 731sulfur dioxide, 63 Swan Hills, Alberta, 439 Teflon: monitoring wells, 933 thermal relief vent, 753 chemical reduction, 509 Sweden, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71 telescoping method well thermal stability: geotextiles, combustion constant, 714 cleanup programs, 72 installation, 937 807removal, 762, 770 swelling bentonite: cutoff temik, 301 thermocouple, 772 sulfuric acid: classification, 15 walls, 980 temperature-activity thermodynamic properties-

sulphonates: biodegradeability, swimming, 851 coefficient, 566 see also App. C 559 symptoms of intoxication, 245 temperature thermodynamic properties, 104

Sun Oil Company: in situ synergism, 246, 578 . atmospheric dispersion, 212 thermodynamics, 102 bioremediation, 594 synergism in toxicity, 282 biodegradation, 565 steam stripping, 491 sunfish synergism borehole geophysics, 914 thermoplastic: stabilization

copper, 298 carcinogenic, 282 control in incineration, 771 agents, 652, 663 sublethal effects, 303 risk assessment, 864 tensile strength: thin wall samplers, 927, 928

sunlight: atmospheric synergistic effects, 299 geomembranes, three "Ts" of combustion, 706, dispersion, 203 synthesis: microbial, 557 803 750supercritical fluids, 521 synthetic lube oils, 391 b' ..,ocmiAliJTenth Amendment, 43 three-compartment cell: supercritical water oxidation, synthetic organics: teratagenic effects, 302 electrodialysis, 532 ;~~SiJ 528 biodegradability, 558 toxic, 49,,1teratogenicity, 245 threshold, 277, 278, 858 Supenund, 9, 25, 54 synthetic pesticides, 301 terrain conductivity: site biological treatment, 579 toxic action, 1:

Supeifund Exposure Syracuse Research Center, 261 characteristics, 910 non-carcinogens, 257 toxic dose, 2M Assessment Manual, 840 system boundary, 102 toxic effects, ~terrestrial ecosystems, 288 threshold concentration: Supenund law, 23 systemic effects, 246 terrestrial toxicology, 305 biological inhibition, 578 toxic endpoint Supenund process, 55 systemic poisoning, 244, 246 ecotoxicolotest pits: site investigations, threshold limit value, 257 Supenund Program: risk systemic toxins, 233 toxic equivale 939 time for investigation:

assessment, 878 test procedures, 899 contaminated sites, 23 toxic gas gen

Superfund Public Health combatiitesticular damage: toxic effect, Times Beach: history, 7 Evaluation Manual, 840 T-cells, 267 418248 tin, 396 Superrund site: vertical table saltlethal dose, 247 toxic inhibitic testing, 11 tissue affinity: impact on barriers, 973 Taiwan, 66, 71 biologicaltoxicity, 256 toxicity, 233 former TSDFs, 425 PCBs, 5 testing procedures tissue concentrations: toxic responSi

Supenund: remediation, 963 tank bottoms: land treatment, 232site characterization, 894 toxicological end point, superheated steam, 127 620 Toxic Substal site investigation, 898 288superheated vapor, 105 tank farm, 413

tetrachlorobenzene: toxicity, tissue cultures: toxicity tests, 60,778Supreme Court, 43 tanks: permit requirements, Toxic Use 8I256300sunace aerators: biological 441 Reductitetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin tissue residues, 293 slurries, 607 tar or asphalt heat value, 712 toxicity, 50 tissue-gas partition: inhalation, see dioxin sunace features: atmospheric tar residues: classification, 15 leaching p231tetrachloroethenedispersion, 212 target dose, 229, 853 biodegradlTitle III: audits, 334 anaerobic treatment, 592sunace impoundments, 827 target for toxic action, 245 characterilTNT-contaminated sediments: biodegradation, 564sunace topography, 845 target organ dose-respccomposting, 626 landfill leachate, 145 sunace water control, 967 classification of toxin, 245 extrapolatitobacco smoke, 284 landfills, 801 impact on toxicity, 233 tetrachloroethylene, 128

TOC: landtillieachate, 145 uncertain~ sunace water toxic action, 263 EPA 33/50 program, 360

tolerance distribution models, toxicity assel release, 845 target species, 301 indicator chemical, 878 ecological278runoff, 147 taxes: feedstock, 54 steam stripping, 487 Lackaw8IItolerance mechanisms, 296 fate and transport, 140 TCDD: physicochemical TCLP,51

toluene, 85, 388, 395, 707, toxicity char use in potable water, 146 parameters, 292 tetrachloromethane: landfill toxicity data710,725sunactants TCE,838 leachate, 145

combustion characteristics, toxicity data biological slurries, 605 dehalogenation, 565 textile industry, 537 toxicity scor 727in situ bioremediation, 596 TCE epoxide, 562 textile mill products industry: toxicity test! reuse printing, 388 surrogate chemicals, 841 TCLP test, 388 generation in NJ and PA,

biodegradation, 594 toxicity thre surrogate species, 255 team: audit, 324 18

q

textiles production: waste IS, generation, 20

thallium: priority metals, 761 thawing: stabilization, 667 The Imperative of Responsibility, 27 theorem of corresponding

states, 524 Ithermal incinerator, 731 3

thermal relief vent, 753 thermal stability: geotextiles,

807 thermocouple, 772 thermodynamic properties

see also App. C thermodynamic properties, 104

12 thermodynamics, 102 steam stripping, 491

thermoplastic: stabilization '1 agents, 652, 663

thin wall samplers, 927, 928 three "Ts" of combustion, 706,

750 three-compartment cell:

electrodialysis, 532 threshold, 277, 278, 858

biological treatment, 579 non-carcinogens, 257

threshold concentration: biological inhibition, 578

threshold limit value, 257 time for investigation:

contaminated sites, 23 Times Beach: history, 7 tin, 396 tissue affinity: impact on

toxicity, 233 tissue concentrations:


tissue cultures: toxicity tests, 256

tissue residues, 293 tissue-gas partition: inhalation,

231 Title III: audits, 334 TNT-contaminated sediments:

composting, 626 tobacco smoke, 284 TOC: landfill leachate, 145 tolerance distribution models,

278 tolerance mechanisms, 296 toluene, 85, 388, 395, 707,

710,725 combustion characteristics,

727 reuse printing, 388 biodegradation, 594

combustion constant, 714 EPA 33/50 program, 360 heat value, 712 indicator chemical, 878 in situ bioremediation, 602 incineration, 756 landfill leachate, 145 steam stripping, 487 toxicity, 300

topographical features: atmospheric dispersion, 212

topography: atmospheric dispersion, 212

torts, 37 total dissolved solids: effect on

biodegradation, 567 total hydraulic head, 155 total hydrocarbons:

incineration, 776 total petroleum hydrocarbon:

composting, 626 toxaphene, 90, 301

biomagnification, 293 TCLP,51

toxic, 49 toxic action, 226 toxic dose, 248 toxic effects, 238 toxic endpoint, 859

ecotoxicology, 287 toxic equivalency factors, 272 toxic gas generation:


toxic inhibition, 578 biological treatment, 577

toxic response: exposure. route, 232

Toxic Substances Control Act, 60,778

Toxic Use and Waste Reduction Program, 393

toxicity, 50 leaching procedure, 50 biodegradation, 560 characteristics, 12 dose-response, 246 extrapolation, 864 uncertainty, 226

toxicity assessment, 857 ecological, 870 Lackawanna refuse site, 880

toxicity characteristic, 13 toxicity data- see App. B toxicity data, 858 toxicity scores, 842 toxicity tests, 291, 305 toxicity threshold, 237

INDEX 1143

toxicokinetics, 236 toxicological data, 250 toxicological database, 226,

280 toxicological effects, 247 toxicological end point, 247 toxicological information

sources, 261 toxicological information:

adequacy of toxicology data, 256

toxicological profiles, 261 toxicological testing:

guidelines, 254 toxicology, 225

aquatic, 870 definition, 225 mammalian, 870

Toxnet, 261 TP (silvex): TCLP, 51 trace metal poisoning, 306 trace metal toxicity, 295 trace nutrients, 569 tracking wastes, 44 trade associations, 373 tradeoffs

facility siting, 433 use in selecting alternatives,

1023 Tragedy of the Commons, 28 training, 52, 338, 364, 392

at TSDFs, 423 audits, 325 health and safety, 61 in permits, 441 management audits, 345

training programs: audits, 334 training requirements, 347 tranquilizers, 231 trans, 84 trans-l,2-diftuorobutene, 84 transconjugants, 591 transfer rate constant, K La,

450 transfer stations: waste

generation, 18 transformation of

contaminants, 846 transformation

pharmacokinetics, 228 toxicity models, 280

transformer coolant: PCBs, 5 transient, 116 transient flow, 172 translocation: role in

carcinogenesis, 266 transmissivity, 160

aquifer, 173

,

l

1144 INDEX

in situ bioremediation, 601 transport, 846 transport medium, 845 transport processes: activated

carbon, 479 transport through liners, 819 transportable incinerator, 779 transport

: cell wall, 557 landfill liners, 821 release of contaminants,

142 transportation

international, 70, 73 remedial alternatives, 1021

transportation distances, 433 transportation equipment


transportation services industry: generation in NJ and PA, 18

transporters, 50, 59, 66 liability of TSDF, 416

traveling: risk assessment, 866 tray columns: air pollution,

765 treat or contain: remedial

alternatives, 1024 treatability, 844

parameters, 416 biodegradation, 560, 568 remedial alternatives, 1022 testing in biological

systems, 632 tests, 694

treatment at TSDFs, 420 treatment facilities, 52, 406,

408 contaminated sites, 9

treatment sludges: waste generation, 18

treatment storage and disposal facilities, 405

treatment: bulk liquids, 1004 source of waste, 20

trench stability: cutoff walls, 973

trenches: in situ bioremediation, 595

trespass, 37 trespasser scenario: risk

assessment, 850 tri-o-cresyl phosphate:

irreversible nerve damage, 238

tri-pack, 451 trial bum, 709, 773, 777

triaxial permeability test, 686 use in stabilization, 685

triaxial tests: cutoff walls, 980 tricalcium silicate:

stabilization, 653 trichlorobenzene: toxicity, 300 trichloroethane: EPA 33/50

program, 360 trichloroethane: landfill

leachate, 145 sorption by organophilic

clays, 659 sorption or glacial fill, 189

trichloroethylene, 117, 126, 395

biodegradation, 562, 565, 631

degradation by ozone, 516 EPA 33/50 program, 360 in situ bioremediation, 598 indicator chemical, 878 landfill leachate, 145 pharmacokinetic modeling,

237 soil vapor extraction, 470 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51 volatilization from soil, 467

trichlorophenol adsorption by organophilic

clays, 658 TCLP,51

trickling filter, 582, 588 triethylene melamine:

carcinogenic class, 271 trinitrotoluene: toxicity, 300 trout, 288

copper, 298 sublethal effects, 303

truck decontamination, 416 truck unloading, 412, 416 truck waiting area, 412,413 trust: risk perception, II TSD audits, 346 TSD facilities

cleanup programs, 23 incident prevention, 416

tumor induction, 274 classification of toxins, 244

tumors, 264, 275 turbine mixers: biological

slurries, 607 turbine oils: classification, 15 turbulence, 741

atmospheric transport, 202 turnover, 391 turpentine, 395


heat value, 712 two-dimensional flow, 157 two-film theory, 449 types of wastes generated: NJ

and PA, 19

U-wastes, 13 U.S. Congress, 7, 55 U.S. Constitution, 43

interstate commerce, 17 U.S. Department of

Agriculture, 139 U.S. FDA, 865 U.S. National Academy

of Sciences: risk assessment, 839

U.S. Statutes at Large, 37 UK, 66, 71 ultimate oxygen demand, 560 ultrafiltration, 535, 542 ultrafiltration membranes, 536 ultraviolet light stability:

geotextiles, 807 uncertainty

acceptable daily intake, 258, 260

adequacy of toxicology data, 256

carcinogenicity testing, 274 remedial objectives, lOll risk assessment, 857, 867,

873 site remediation, 965

uncertainty factors: acceptable daily intake, 258

unconfined aquifer, 147 unconfined compressive

strength: use in stabilization, 678

unconsolidated material, 159 uncontrolled releases, 135, 141 uncontrolled sites, 72 underground storage tanks, 48

audits, 326 property audits, 349

undetectable: risk, 866 unfair: risk, 866 unfamiliar: risk, 866 uniform: distribution, 874 Union Carbide, 29 unit cancer risk estimate, 280 United Kingdom, 65, 68, 70

Poisonous Waste Act, 8 remediation, 998 storage limitation, 50 waste classification, 12

United Nations Environment Program, 2, 70, 73

United States Code, 36 United States: waste

generation, 16 universal gas constant, 94,

106, 122 universal precepts: ethical

theories, 27 Universal Quasi Chemical

model,492 unknown consequence: risk

perception, II unsaturated aliphatics:

biodegradation, 559 unsaturated zone, 147, 161 unsteady flow, 172 upflow expanded beds, 476 upgradient vertical barrier, 970 upper bound estimate: risk

assessment, 861 uptake dose, 229 uranium workers: lung cancer,

273 uranium: impact on kidney,

264 urban storm runoff, 294 USA, 66, 71 utilitarianism, 27 utility requirements: remedial

alternatives, 1021 utilizers, 561 UV/peroxide: chemical

oxidation, 509

vacuum distillation, 395 vacuum distillation system,

397 vacuum extraction-see soil

vapor extraction vacuum gauges, 772 vacuum monitoring wells: soil

vapor extraction, 469 vacuum stripper, 490 vacuum stripper discharges:

waste classification, 12 vadose zone, 161

contaminant migration, 939 in situ bioremediation, 603 monitoring, 941 soil vapor extraction, 461 volatilization, 195

value judgments, 867 facility siting, 433

value judgments in siting, 433 value systems, 27 van der Waal's Forces, 101

activated carbon, 479 sorption in soils, 184 stabilization, 649

van't Hoff equati vane shear test, 9 vapor extraction 1

vapor partition co soil vapor extr

vapor pressure, 9: vapor pressure-:

Appendix) vapor-liquid part

coefficient, variability: risk ~

863 vadose zone: mo vectors: landfills, velocity head, IS venturi scrubber, verification checl

protocol, 3: verification parar vertebrata: metal vertical barriers, Vesilind, A.A., 2

.veterinary pathol toxicology,

vibrating beam c 973,984,9

VI at needle, 678 Vi 'lnam, 305 vinyl,720 vinyl chloride, 8·

biodegradatiol carcinogenesii carcinogenic I combustion cl

727 dehalogenatio landfill leacm liver cancer, : stearn strippifi TCLP,51 toxicity, 281

vinyl chloride w cancer, 27:

vinyl ether: corn charaeterisl

violent polymeri combatibili 418

VIP model: land 619

viscosity liquid inciner. supercritical I

visual systems, I j vitrification, 664

VOC incineratol VOCs see volat

compound void ratio, 153

NJ

60

36

274 I 7,

ble

[i41 48

~80 ro

, Int

United States Code, 36 United States: waste

generation, 16 universal gas constant, 94,

106, 122 universal precepts: ethical

theories, 27 Universal Quasi Chemical

model,492 unknown consequence: risk

perception, II unsaturated aliphatics:

biodegradation, 559 unsaturated zone, 147, 161 unsteady flow, 172 upflow expanded beds, 476 upgradient vertical barrier, 970 upper bound estimate: risk

assessment, 861 uptake dose, 229 uranium workers: lung cancer,

273 uranium: impact on kidney,

264 urban storm runoff, 294 USA, 66, 71 utilitarianism, 27 utility requirements: remedial

alternatives, 1021 utilizers, 561 UV/peroxide: chemical

oxidation, 509

vacuum distillation, 395 vacuum distillation system,

397 vacuum extraction-see soil

vapor extraction vacuum gauges, 772 vacuum monitoring wells: soil

vapor extraction, 469 vacuum stripper, 490 vacuum stripper discharges:

waste classification, 12 vadose zone, 161

contaminant migration, 939 in situ bioremediation, 603 monitoring, 941 soil vapor extraction, 461 volatilization, 195

value judgments, 867 facility siting, 433

value judgments in siting, 433 value systems, 27 van der Waal's Forces, 101

activated carbon, 479 sorption in soils, 184 stabilization, 649

van't Hoff equation, 539 vane shear test, 921 vapor extraction wells, 460 vapor partition coefficient, 466

soil vapor extraction, 465 vapor pressure, 92, 136 vapor pressure-see also

Appendix A vapor-liquid partition

coefficient, 99 variability: risk assessment,

863 vadose zone: monitoring, 939 vectors: landfills, 798 velocity head, 155 venturi scrubber, 764 verification checklist: audit

protocol, 329 verification parameters, 416 vertebrata: metal toxicity, 297 vertical barriers, 967 Vesilind, A.A., 28 veterinary pathology: use in

toxicology, 254 vibrating beam cut-off walls,

973, 984, 986 VI at needle, 678 VI tnam, 305 vinyl,720 vinyl chloride, 844

biodegradation, 565 carcinogenesis, 274 carcinogenic potencies, 281 combustion characteristics,

727 dehalogenation, 565 landfill leachate, 145 liver cancer, 268 steam stripping, 487 TCLP,51 toxicity, 281

vinyl chloride workers: liver cancer, 273

vinyl ether: combustion characteristics, 727

violent polymerization: combatibility in storage, 418

VIP model: land treatment, 619

viscosity liquid incineration, 737 supercritical fluids, 525

visual systems, 859 -I vitrification, 664

VOC incinerator, 730, 731 VOCs see volatile organic

compounds void ratio, 153

INDEX 1145

volatile air emissions, 137 volatile organic compounds,

63,88 air stripping, 447 incinerator emmissions, 729 soil vapor extraction, 460

volatilization, 585, 846 biological slurries, 607, 608 fate and transport, 136 fate of contaminants, 180,

195 transport through

geomembranes, 814 volume reduction, 385 volume source, 135 voluntary: risk, 866

wake effects: atmospheric dispersion, 213

warning signs, 423 washings of chemical reactors:

classification, 15 washout: biological treatment,

586 waste analysis, 414

incineration, 709 waste analysis plan, 343 waste analysis records: role in

audits, 330 waste characteristics: in

permits, 441 waste classification: storage

areas, 339 waste compatibility, 789 waste contractor audit, 319 waste degradation, 557 waste exchange, 356, 398 waste fuel analysis, 720 waste heat boiler, 753, 759 waste management plan, 436

economic incentives, 358 waste minimization, 355, 357

audit, 319, 362 definition, 356 history, 357 legal incentives, 359 strategies, 361

waste minimization audit, 319, 362

waste oil, 407 fuel blending, 408

waste preparation, 412 waste profile form, 415 waste properties: incineration,

737 waste receiving, 414, 416 waste reduction, 355 waste releases, 359

1146 INDEX

waste sand: classification, 15 waste segregation, 392 waste site

risk assessment, 865 waste solvents recovery, 408 waste storage: at TSDFs, 416 waste stream prioritization,

374 waste suitability, 416 waste survey, 363 waste: defined, 2 wastewater: hazardous, 16 water, 707 water bodies: atmospheric

dispersion, 212 water content: cutoff walls,

978 water gas (variable):


water ingested, 855 water level measurement, 924,

925 water quality criteria, 302

use in risk assessment, 880 water splitting, 543 water table, 161

monitoring wells, 932 perched, 933

water-reactive waste: fire prevention, 417

water recycling, 394 seismic velocition, 908 transport through

geomembranes, 816 Waxman, Henry A., 56 weathered surface material:

seismic velocition, 908 Weber No.: use in Onda

correlations, 453 Weibull model: use of toxicity

model, 281 weigh belt scales, 772 weigh scale, 412, 413 weight of evidence, 859 weight of organ: dose-effect,

248 welfare of public: Code of

Ethics, 29 well construction, 931 well installation, 936 well points, 993

well spacing: soil vapor extraction, 473

WESTLAW,41 wet electrostatic precipitator,

764 wet gas scrubbers, 394 wet scrubber, 764, 775, 776

particulate removal, 761 wet/dry durability:

stabilization, 688 stabilization test, 675

wetting and drying: cutoff walls, 982

wetting contactors: acid gas removal, 762

wetting: stabilization, 667 wildflowers: land ethic, 28 Wilke-Chang method, 97 wind currents, 846 wind erosion: fate of transport,

139 wind speed, 846

ground level concentration, 211

wind: atmospheric transport, 208

windrows, 624 wine: risk assessment, 866 Wisconsin: land ethic, 28 wood bark: heat value, 712 wood chemical treatment

facility in, 780 wood preservation industry:

waste classification, 12 wood preservatives: in situ

bioremediation, 602 wood preserving wastes:

biological slurries, 608 wood preserving: waste

classification, 12 wood products: land treatment,

615 wood sawdust: heat value, 712 wood-preserving wastes:

biological treatment, 590 work, 103, 104, 109 work flow diagrams, 364 work plan: site investigation,

893 work product: privilege, 323 worker safety, 60

remedial alternatives, 1027 worker scenario: risk

assessment, 850

working papers: audits, 341 workplace exposure:

toxicological data, 250 World Health Organization,

275 environmental health

criteria, 261 worst-case assessment, 863 worst-case conditions, 872 worst-case estimate: risk

assessment, 861 worst-case risks, 851 worst-case scenario, 867


x-ray diffractometry: use in stabilization, 678

risk assessment, 866 xenobiotic molecule: effect on

toxicity, 240 xenobiotics, 299 xeroderma pigmentosa, 266 xylene, 395, 398,710


combustion constant, 714 EPA 33/50 program, 360 indicator chemical, 878

yeast: toxicity tests, 276 yes/no checklist: audit

protocol, 329 yes/no guide: audit protocol,

329 yield/production: toxicological

end point, 287, 288

zeolite: landfill liners, 796, 811, 821

zero order reaction, 122 zero tolerance, 342 Zimpro PACT process, 586 zinc

essential element, 295 land treatment, 618 stabilization, 655 toxicity, 297 toxicity criteria, 304

zoning, 851

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