265

AAdaptations. See Mating adaptationsAdolescence

depression, 109developmental stages, biosocial family, 257endophenotype, 109epigenetics, 108–109gender, 111mediators, 109–111quantitative methods, 106–109

Adolescent development. See PubertyAge at first childbearing (AFCB) analysis

intraclass correlations, 157mean age, 155variability, 156

Alleles, 63Anastasi, A., 253Ancestral patterns, biparental care

complementarity of efforts, 125costs of care, 125–126human mating system, 124–125low parentage, 126parental effort, 125

Andraca, E., 188Angrist, J., 241Antisocial behavior

AGG, 88RB, 87

Arginine-vasopressin (AVP), 210Attachment

affiliation and child health, 209mothering, affect and attention, 10personality, and sexuality

early and late short-term mating, 165–166ecological stress, 165ISDP data, 165life history pathways, 163–164

BBeaver, M., 66Behavior genetics, 99Belsky, J., 61, 64–66, 100, 163, 166Berman, K.F., 20Biosocial family research

critical/sensitive periodsbrain modalities, 254–255stimulation and hormonal responses,

255–256developmental stages

adolescence, 257AGG and RB behavior, 257fertility schemas, 258pubertal timing effects, 257–258

duration and timingcortisol levels, 253–254persistent family role, 254

social contextual influencesConley’s perspective, 252–253diathesis-stress hypothesis, 251–252differential-susceptibility hypothesis, 252epigenetic models, 251–252heritability, 250specific genes expression, 251

temporal context factorscritical/sensitive periods, 254–256developmental stages, 256–258duration and time, 253–254evolutionary time, 258–259historical time scales, 258–259

theoretical approachesecological perspective, 248–249life course theory, 249

Biparental care, 125–126Bonacich, P., 191Borgerhoff Mulder, M., 118

Index

A. Booth et al. (eds.), Biosocial Foundations of Family Processes, National Symposium on Family Issues, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7361-0, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

266 Index

Bornstein, M.H., 4Boyce, W.T., 63Bridges, R.S., 4, 13Bronfenbrenner, U., 224, 250, 251Brown, G.R., 118Burt, S.A., 85, 88–91, 257

CCalkins, S.D., 49Cardiac vagal regulation, 54Caregiver/caregiving

behavior effects, 54cardiac vagal regulation, 52child relationships, 50infancy, 55parasympathetic nervous system, 51relationship problems, toddlerhood, 56RSA suppression, 53self-regulation, 50vagal brake, 52vagal regulation, 53–54

Caspi, A., 63, 185, 237Catechol-O-methyltransferase

(COMT) gene, 226Ceci, S.J., 224, 250, 251Chantala, K., 188Child functioning. See Caregiver/caregivingChisholm, J.S., 164Cleland, J., 174Coale, A., 174Conley, D., 231, 241Consilience efforts

evoked culturebrain modularity, 173mating markets, 172–173

love, emotion and familymonogamy, 176pair-bonding, hormones role, 176warm glows, 175, 176

schemas and the evolved brainconception, 174numeracy about children, 175preconditions, fertility decline, 174

Conway, M., 256Cortisol, 212Cushing, B.S., 39

DDepression, 109Diathesis stress, 64–65

D’Onofrio, B.M., 149, 185Donovan, W.L., 9Draper, P., 163, 166Dreher, J.C., 20Dunne, M.P., 154

EEcological stress, 165Ecological theory, 248–249Ellis, B.J., 63Endophenotype, 109England, B.G., 207, 214Epigenetics, 108–109Estrus

conflicts of interest, 137–138evidence, 136–137evolution of, 137extended sexuality, 135modification, 138–139women’s sexual arousability lost, 136

Evans, G.W., 221Evoked culture, 119, 141–142, 164–166,

172–173Evolutionary biology, 120

FFamily behavior

epigenetic regulation and family conflict, 106

functioning researchevolutionary psychology, Gangestad, 150quantitative behavior genetic studies,

153–157quasi-experimental studies, 152–153social neuroscience, mate selection,

151–152gender, 111mediators, 109–111quantitative methods, 106–109

Family influences, children’s well-beinggene-environment interaction

animal models, rhesus monkeys, 185delinquency scales, 187–188DNA methylation, 186family process variables, 190–191friend social network variables, 190–191genetic variants, 192MAOA expression, 185models, genotype effect, 192–196phenylketonuria (PKU), 184–185

267Index

school process variables, 191structural and demographic variables,

188–190genetic polymorphisms, 200–201genetics-informed social sciences

genetic propensity and confounding, 184

HER2 gene, cancer research, 184personalized medicine,

183–184Father absent home, 100Fathering behavior

glucocorticoids, 41–42juveniles protection, 36parental investment theory, 36physiological mechanism, 38–40responsiveness, 37–38

Ferguson, C.J., 66Fertility patterns.

See Reproductive strategyFiez, J.A., 256Fleming, A.S., 3, 6–8, 13, 35–38, 41, 42, 50,

57, 61–66, 110, 256Flinn, M.V., 205, 207, 213, 215,

254, 255Foraging cultures, 161Foster, H., 187

GGangestad, S.W., 117, 258Gene-environment interplay (rGE). See also

Phenotype importance, rGEAGG vs. RB, 88–90environmental influences, 78family relationships and adolescent

development, 72–73genetic vulnerability, 77genotype × environment interaction

(G × E), 76–77nonshared environmental effects, 74parent-adolescent negativity, 78plethora, 77rGE and G × E, 78twins, 75types, 73vasopressin 1a receptor (avpr1a) gene, 79voles and humans, 79

Genes, hormones, and family behaviorgender, 111mediators, 109–111quantitative methods, 106–109

Genetic-environmental (GE) interactionsanimal model deployment

advantage, 238bench science genetic pathways, 238–239model organisms, 238

attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD), 222–223

children’s well-beinganimal models, rhesus monkeys, 185delinquency scales, 187–188DNA methylation, 186family process variables, 190–191friend social network variables, 191–192genetic variants, 192MAOA expression, 185models, genotype effect, 192–196phenylketonuria (PKU), 184–185school process variables, 191structural and demographic variables, 188

chronic stress, 227–228corpse brains analysis

epigenetic programming, 244genetic expression, 243

diathesis stress, 64–65epigenetic mechanisms, 243genotype expression

allele selection, 2375-HTTLPR gene, 235–236MAOA gene, 235–236single point mutation polymorphisms

(SNIPs), 233–234stressful life events, 236

glucocorticoid receptors (GR), 227heritability estimation, 232–233histone acetylation and

DNA-methylation, 243human population studies

exogenous source of variation, 240–241phenotype effects, 242

low-vs. high-SES groupsgenetic variation, 223heterogeneity, 224–225

maltreatment and poverty, 222and parenting, 63–64polymorphism

COMT gene, 226DRD4-7R, 2265-HTTLPR, 226–227MAOA activity, 225

RNA, 232, 237, 243, 244single genes, 65–66social economic status, 77

268 Index

Genetic expression, 88–90Glauber, R., 241Glucocorticoids

fathering behavior, 41–42genetic-environmental interactions, 227stress response, child health, 212

Gobbini, M.I., 12Golbin, D., 39Gottesman, I.J., 185Guo, G., 181, 185, 221–225, 233, 250

HHagan, J., 187Haley, A., 185Hamer, D.H., 239Hannon, L., 187Harrison, T., 12Haxby, J.V., 12Haynie, D.L., 187Hensch, T.K., 255High risk-taking adaptive

strategy, 163Hormones

family behaviorgender, 111mediators, 109–111quantitative methods, 106–109

and geneticsanalogous polymorphism, 23DRD1, 24gene-independent effects, 235HTT gene, 23serotonin system, 22

mood changes, 11mothering, psychobiological

analysis, 6–7postpartum learning, 14

Hunting, as parental effort, 126–128Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis,

109–111

IInstrumental variable estimation, 241International Sexuality Description Project

(ISDP), 165

JJaffee, S., 78

KKalsbeek, W.D., 188Kane, J.B., 247Kaufman, J., 222, 251Kendler, K.S., 154Kennell, J.H., 9Kim-Cohen, J., 222Kim, P., 221Kirkpatrick, L.A., 165Klaus, M.H., 9Klorman, R., 9Kohn, P., 20Kolachana, B., 20Kramer, K.K., 39

LLaland, K.N., 118Lam, C.B., 247Langstrom, N., 149Leavitt, L.A., 9Leibenluft, E., 12Lichtenstein, P., 149Life course theory, 249Linden, D.J., 173Lleras-Muney, A., 240Low level stress adaptive strategy, 163

MMammalian paternal care

animal model, 42–43function and evolution, 36–37glucocorticoids, 41–42juveniles protection, 36parental investment theory, 36physiological mechanism, 38–40responsiveness, 37–38

Mason, K.O., 174Maternal behavior

emotion, 14–15final common path, 15–16genetics

depression risk, 19and hedonics/reward, 20–22and hormones, 22–25

neurochemistry, 15, 17–18Mating adaptations

ancestral patterns, biparental carecomplementarity of efforts, 125costs of care, 125

269Index

human mating system, 124low parentage, 126parental effort, 125

arguments of design, 122byproducts, 121–122early and late short-term mating

attachment, personality, and sexuality, 165–166

estrusconflicts of interest, 137–138evidence, 136–137evolution of, 137extended sexuality, 135modification, 138–139women’s sexual arousability lost, 136

evolutionary analysisadaptation, 119adaptiveness, 120exaptation, 120function, 119secondary adaptation, 121

evolutionary biologists identification, 122

family formation and fertility, 141–142mating markets, consilience efforts,

172, 173mutual mate choice, in human societies,

132–133parental effort adaptations

discriminative investment, psychological, 131

extra-pair copulations (EPCs), 130

testosterone levels, 129parental effort views, 126–128phylogenetic analysis, 123–124and reproduction, 118–119

McCandliss, B.D., 256McClelland, J.L., 256McGowan, P.O., 244Meaney, M.J., 244Mileva-Seitz, V., 3, 36–38, 41, 42, 50, 57,

62–66, 256Morgan, S.P., 171, 258, 259Mothering, psychobiological analysis

affect and attentionattachment, 10maternal early life adversity, 12mood changes, 11postpartum blues, 10

hormonal influencehypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

(HPA) axis, 7pregnancy, 6

infants, 4maternal genetics

depression risk, 19and hedonics/reward, 20–22and hormones, 22–25

neuroanatomy, of maternal behavioremotion, 14–15final common path, 15–16neurochemistry, 15

rats, 5reward for, 12–14role of, 4sensory/perceptual regulation

odors, human infants, 8offspring’s vocalizations, 9, 10stimulus salience, in rats, 8

thesis, 5–6

NNeiderhiser, J.M., 71, 85, 88–90, 95,

105–109, 111Neuroendocrine, 208–209Nilsson, J., 66

OOxytocin (OXT), 210

PParasympathetic influences, heart rate, 51Parental behavior

animal model, murres, 42–43physiological mechanism, 38–40

Parental investment theory, 36–37Parenting determination, role of experience,

62–63Paternal care. See Mammalian paternal carePathogen load versus dismissing romantic

attachment, 166Pedersen, N.L., 154Perry, A.N., 39Phenotype importance, rGE

AGG vs. RB, 86–88theoretical rationale, 90–91

Physical aggressive (AGG), 86

270 Index

Pluess, M., 65Price, T.S., 78Protopapas, A., 256Puberty

antecedents of variations, 99–101measurement, 101–102as transition, 96–97variations, 97–99

QQuantitative genetic studies,

family behaviorcohort analysis, AFCB, 154–157social factors, 153–154

Quasi-experimental family behavior studiescausation, 152paternal involvement and

testosterone, 153

RRatchford, M., 66Regression discontinuity (RD) designs, 241Reproductive strategy

attachment, personality, and sexuality, 163–166

early and late short-term mating, 165–166

ecological stress, 165ISDP data, 165life history pathways, 163–164

fertility variation factors, 162Rosenzweig, M.R., 255Rule-breaking (RB) forms, 86Rupp, H.A., 151, 152

SSacerdote, B., 232Sak, A., 66Sale, A., 256Scarr, S., 250Schmitt, D.P., 161Serious delinquency models, 187–188Social environment and child health

affiliationattachments, 209fMRI studies, brain activity, 210–211OXT and AVP, 210

neuroendocrine response, 208–209

physiological mechanismsneuroendocrine systems, 206social interactions, sensitivity, 207–208stress endocrinology, 206–207

stress responsefamily environment, 212–215human mind and family, 211SAM and HPA systems, 212

Socioeconomic status (SES), 223Stallings, J., 9Stearns, E., 185, 233, 250Steinberg, L., 163, 166Steroid hormones, 39–40Storey, A.E., 35, 249Stress

adaptive strategy, 163–164attachment, personality, and sexuality, 165diathesis, 64–65family environment, 212–215hormones, 41–42human mind and family, 211SAM and HPA systems, 212social contextual influences, 251–252

TTaylor, M.G., 259Thornton, L.M., 154Tinbergen, N., 207Trause, M., 9Turkheimer, E., 185

VVagal regulation

behavior effects, 54caregiver/caregiving, 53–54

Van de Walle, E., 174Vaske, J., 66Violent delinquency models, 187–188Vulnerability genes. See Alleles

WWaldman, I.D., 222Waldron, M., 185Walsh, C.J., 35, 249Weinberger, D.R., 20Wiesenfeld, A.R., 9Wilson, C., 174Wilson, E.O., 171