index [link.springer.com]978-1-4614-5441-0/1.pdf · index clinical outcome 185 co1esevelam 375,449...
TRANSCRIPT
INDEX
Symbol
8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 302
A
Acanthosis nigricans 16,53,343Acarbose 147, 185, 360, 361, 365, 366 ,
406Acromegaly 78, 166, 341Adaptive immunity 68Adenocarcinoma 231 , 235Adipocyte 47 ,240,243-247,350,351 ,
365 ,397,403-405Adipokine 42,46,47,240,244-247Adiponectin 46, 53, 245 , 246, 351 , 365 ,
384 ,404Adipose tissue 46-48,240,243-247,
278 ,351 ,365,397,403-405Advanced glycation end product (AGE)
107, III , 142, 221 , 273Agaricus 384Aggressive phenotype 51, 53, 58Aging population 42, 44Akt 225 ,236,241 ,242,279,296,298,
303 ,405Aldose reductase (AR) 79,97, 100, 102,
112,167,221 ,222,273-275 ,387Aldosterone antagonist 117Alogliptin 7,462Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 148 360, ,
361 ,365,366,406,450
Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) 168,169,381 ,390
Alpha subunit 2,3Alzheimer's disease (AD) 466,468, 469Aminoguanidine 119AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)
47,48,236,401-405Amputation 8,9, 10, 123, 124, 126, 128,
131,133,134,155,156,176,357,415 ,422
Amylin 144,148,149,291,303,317,352 ,361 ,368,450,453
Amyloidosis 166, 303, 317Anatomical change 88,94Angiogenic growth factor 91, 92Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
97,108,110, 113, 116-119, 140,225Angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker
(ARB) 113,116-119Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABP!)
126-129,133Antibodies anti GAD65 (GADA) 198,
199Antigen presentation 65, 69, 81, 20 I,
208Antigen presenting cell (APC) 63, 64,
66,67,69,197,200,201 ,203-205,209 ,253,255,256,260-262
Anti -islet autoantibody 266 , 267Antioxidant 167-169,221 ,222,276,
277 ,300,304,386,388
473
474
Apoptosis 48,67,82,95,143,157,195,201 ,204,205,210,236,261 ,265,291-293 ,297-302,304,315,349,350 ,448
AS160 241 ,242,404Atherosclerosis in youth 56Autoimmunity 4,9,22,63,65,67-72,
77, 167, 194-199,201 ,202,204,205,207-209,211 ,252,255,25~
258 ,259,265-267,312,314,315,317 ,347
Automated screening algorithm 89Autonomic neuropathy 1,56, 125, 162,
163,170,171 ,176-178,181 ,182,185, ]87-189,373,422
Autophagy 292
B
Bariatric surgery 358 ,441 , 446 , 452 ,453 ,459,460
Basal insulin see Insulin, basalBBDP rat 257 ,261B cell 7,64,65, 67-69 , 166,209
receptor 69Behavioral and psychological symptoms
of dementia (BPSD) 465 , 468Beta cell 7,10, 14, 15,20,22,24,26,
49 ,51 ,53,54,62-64,66,67,69-72,78,142,145,148,194-200,203,205-2] 1, 240 , 241, 243, 252-256,258-261 , 265 , 266 , 276 , 288-296,298-305,310-317,320-322,324,325 ,327-329,334,335,34] ,343,346-350,353,362,367,371 ,373-375,386,387,391 ,399,400,4]8,448,449
apoptosis ]95, 205 , 291-293 , 299 ,300 ,302,448
dysfunction 24, 53, 252 , 254 , 256 ,266 ,276,289,295,298,300,302-304,325,34] ,348,349,353,386
loss ]94,198,205,208,211 ,29] ,294 , 311, 313-317
mass 255 , 266 , 290 , 291 , 293-295 ,305 ,311,312,315,317,328,349
pathology 3] 5
DIABETES
regeneration 10, 292-294, 305 , 310 ,311,316,367
Bidirectional relationship 86Bilberry 399-401, 405, 408Bitter melon 385 , 386 , 399-401 , 404 ,
406-408Bolus insulin see Insulin , bolusBromocriptine 449Bypass 126,133,134,233,446,460Bystander effect 260
cC57BLlK mouse model 257Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) 234 , 235Candida albicans 127Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 234 ,
235Cardiovascular disease 1, 52, 56-58,
77,79, 109, 115, 140-142, 144, 148,149,219-221 ,223-227,244,276,289 ,351 ,352,382,405,421 ,439,444 ,453
Cardiovascular risk 33, 52, 56-59, 115,141,145,148,162,171 ,180,189,347 ,356,359,384,440,441 ,446,448
Cassia cinnamon 386, 387CD4 +CD2Y T cell 68,202,260,262CD4 +T cell 3, 64, 66-69, 199,200,
202-204, 208 , 262CD4 +T helper cell 64, 68,262CD8 +T cell 3, 64, 66, 67, 69, 199,200,
202,203,208,209,262CD 11 c" dendritic cell 65Cerebrovascular disease 227 ,422Charcot's arthropathy 125, 131, 162,
166Chromium 389, 390Chronic distal symmetric sensory/
sensorimotor 158, 161, 162Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 113, 115,
117,118,363Chronic wound 133Classification 3, 12-15, 18, 77, 78, 80,
89,113,114,128,155,156,158,177,257,310-313,341,429
Clinical challenge 51
INDEX
Clinical outcome 185Co1esevelam 375 ,449Complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM) 382Complex carbohydrate 325,335, 366,451Compliance 118, 182, 184, 366 , 371 ,
416 ,418,421 ,430,468Complication 1,2,5,6,8-10,12,16, 17,
20,22,24,26-28,30,31 ,33,40,51 ,52,54-59 ,62,63,72,77,79,83,86,88,95,97, 107, 110, 11 2, 115, 116,123, 124, 139-144,149, 155-157,161, 162, 167, 171, 180, 182,185,188,1 89, 245, 247, 272-276, 282,340 ,342-345,348,353,356,357,359,364,373,374,376,382-384,397 ,399,408,414,415,418,420,421,429-431 , 434 , 435, 438 -440 ,446 ,450,453,460,467
Con gen ital anomaly 27,30Congestive heart fai lure (CHF) 219,
220 ,365,439,449,452Continuous blood glucose monitoring
system (CGMS) 22, 144Continuous subcutaneous insu lin infusion
(CSII) 22,144,373,414,415,417,418
Conventional Treg (cTreg) 204Copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD 296 , 300 ,
302 ,304Coronary artery disease (CAD) 144,
220 ,358,422Corticosteroid 10 I, 161, 344Coxsackievirus B (CYB) 7 1,254,257,
260 -262, 264, 265Creatinine 108,1 13,11 6- 11 8, 275, 361,
364 ,366, 423 ,430Cushing's syndrome 5, 78, 3 11, 34 1CYB4 "Tuscany strain" 265CXCL 10 22, 202 , 209 , 254 , 265Cycl ic guanos ine monophosphate 185Cystic fibros is (CF) 17, 78,235,3 12,34 1Cytokine 46,48,49,64,67,68, 70, 72,
81,1 10, 11 1, 200, 202-2 10, 243, 245,247, 254-256, 260-263, 265, 266,274 ,276,278,303,348,351
Cytolytic T lymphocyte-a ssociatedantigen 195
475
Cytomegalo virus (CMY) 71, 78, 207 ,208,259,262,263,341 ,422,432-434
Cytotoxic T-1ymphocyte (CTL) 21 ,202 -204 ,206,207, 209 ,210
D
Dendritic cell (DC) 65, 69 , 70, 201 -206 ,209 ,210,260,263
Depression 112, 187, 234 , 468Diabetes mellitus (DM) 1-8,12- 15, 17,
20,2 1,24,26,29,35-40 ,42,43,5 1,53,62,63,68, 77-8 1, 85, 88,91 ,107,1 39, 140,1 55-157,1 70,1 71,177,1 83,1 86,1 89,1 94, 2 19, 235,240 ,252,272,273, 276,288,289,310 -3 13,32 1,322,334,340-342,344 ,346,347,350,351 ,356-358 ,374,381 , 382 , 388 -39 1, 396 -399,4 14,417,420,435,438,440,442,444 ,445,447,459,465,466,468
autonomic neuropathy (DAN)176-179,188,189
associated loci 65 , 298classification 3,12-14,77,78,
311-313,341complication 1,8,9, 12,26,54,
57, 72, 79, 86, 88, 97, 110, 116,139-141 , 155,156,16 1,171 ,180,275 ,356,357,376,408,4 15,420,42 1, 460 , 467
erectile dysfunction (DED) 185, 186education 356 , 357foot (DF) 1, 123- 134, 155,156, 176
ulcer 124, 126, 128, 130, 131,133, 134
gestational 5,12- 14, 17,24,25,27-31 ,78,293 ,34] ,4 17,418
ketoacidosis 53, 54, 264 , 342 , 343 ,353,369,4 17
kidney disease 109, 111, 113,1 14macular oedema (DMO) 89, 94,
99-101maculopathy 92management 6, 7,28,29,31 ,57, 139,
149,341 ,356,357,373,374,376,396 ,397,406,408,465,468
hospital 148, 149
476
medication 52, 140, 145, 147, 148nephropathy 5,9,79,107,113,116,
275 ,358,421neuropathy (DN) 8,9,107-113,
115-119,155-164,166-171 ,176,177,179, 183, 185, 186
treatment 119, 166, 168peripheral neuropathy (DPN) 162,
165,169,170,180prevention 258 ,389,391 ,443,460,
461retinopathy 9,26, 88-102, 107, 113,
124,162,388,421types
Type I (TIDM) 2-4,6,7,9, 10,13-15,20-22,26,27,43,53-56,58,62,63-72,77,78,83,86,91 ,92,94,107-109,112,113,115-117,140,141,144,157,161 ,171 ,177,180,187,194-205,207-211 ,225,231 ,235,237,252-267,276,310-317,340-343,346,347,352 ,353,357,365,368,371-375,391 ,392,417,418,421 ,435,450,459
fulminant 4,20-22idiopathic (Type IB) 4, 15, 18,
20,63,341,347Type 2 (T2DM) 2,4-7, 10, 13-15,
17,24,26,32,35-40,42-44,46,48,49,51-59,68,77,78,83,86,91,92,94,98,101,107-109,112,113,115,116,118,139-142,144,145,148,149,155,157,159-162,171 ,177,180,187,219-221 ,231 ,235,237,240-244,246,247 ,273,276,281 ,288-292,294-299, 303-305, 310-315,317 ,322,324,325,328,329,332-335,340-343,346-353,356-358,360,362,364-368,371 ,375,376,382-392,396,397 ,399,401-403,417,421 ,438-441 ,443,444,446-452,459-463 , 465-469
other specific types 13, 15,341
DIABETES
Diagnostic challenge 53Diagnostic criteria 5, 20, 28, 29, 78,
178, 179, 340 , 341 , 345 , 348 , 353Dietary therapy 441Diffuse exudative maculopathy 93Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
130Digit symbol substitution test (DSST) 467Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) 7, 144,
148, 149,226,326,328,332-335,350,361 ,366,367,448,451 ,452,459
inhibitor 7, 144, 148, 149,226,328,332 ,333,335,366,367,448,451 ,452 ,459
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 157Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 22,
254 ,256Down syndrome 78, 341
E
Education 6,33,52,58, 123, 130, 134,177, 189,356,357,376,415,417,430 ,444,445,449,468,472
Emerging therapeutic target 100Encephalomyocarditis virus 22,207,
254 ,258Endocrinopathy 14, 17, 78, 341Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) 235Endothelial dysfunction 142, 185, 221,
222 ,225,439End stage renal disease (ESRD) 9, 107,
109,110,116,118,421 ,422Enterovirus (EV) 22,71,207,252,257,
260 ,261 ,263,264Environmental influence 263Epidemiology 20,52,80,94, 108, 155,
156,194,207,466Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 207,422ER-MP23+ macrophage 65Eruptive xanthomas 343Escherichia coli 127Exercise 6, 13, 16, 30, 31, 33, 43, 48,
56-58,83,107,118,161 ,178, 180,244 ,343,344,356-358,363,368,369 ,371 ,372,376,423,440,441 ,443 ,444
Exocrine cancer 23 I
INDEX
F
Fastin~ plasma glucose (FPG) 5,33,4~ , 79,140,144,148,289,341 ,342,344 ,366,372,418
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) 178187 '
Fenofibrate 100-102Fenugreek 399-402,404, 406-408Fetal hyperinsulinemia 25Fetal surveillance 31Fluorescein angiography 89,98Foot-and-mouth virus 257 ,258Forkhead winged helix transcription
factor (FoxP3) 68,204Framingham 144,219,220,439Framingham study 439Free fatty ac id (FFA) 42,46,47,
240,243-245 ,247,279,299,322,347 -351 ,365,389
G
Gastrointestinal (GI) 21,27,142,158,176- 178,181-184,189,325,329,332 ,350,364,366,375,388,406,433 ,442,448-450,461
Gene expression 95,210,222,247,265,274 ,297,299,301 ,302,322,403
Gene therapy 374Genetics 3, 9, 14-16 20 21 40 43 54
62,63 ,65,71 ,72,77,78,83,86,94,107, 109,110,119,155,157,166,194-197,201,205,208,229,232,234,240,243,252-254,257,258,260,263,266,279,288,289,298,299 ,305,340,341 ,346,351 ,352460 '
Genetic factor 43 , 86, 94, 107, 109, 110,119,155,157,195-197,201 ,254298 '
Gestational diabetes see Diabetesgestational '
Ginseng 385 ,398-402,404,408Glibenclamide 30,295,360-363,387,
391 ,447
477
Glic lazide 360-363,384,447Glinide 226 ,447,448,45 1,452Global epidemic 1, 5 1, 123, 438Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
107, 110, 112-114Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 9, 109,
113,116-119,367,423Glomerular hyperfi Itration 110Glucagon 2,4,7,17,21 ,22,181 ,184,
189, 226, 230, 292, 297, 304, 3 16,325 ,341 ,346,350,353 361 366368 ,372,386,448,452' , ,
G lucagon-like peptide (GLP) 7,22,144, 148, 149, 18 1, 226, 302, 304,305 ,325,326,329,332,333,335,350 ,361 ,366,367,376,448,449,451 -453
GLP-l 7,22,144, 148, 149,181,226 ,302,304,305,325,329,332,333 ,335,350,361 ,366-368 376448 ,449,45 1-453 "
analogue 333 , 361 , 367 , 452receptor agonist 22 226 332 335
361 , 367 ,448,451-453 ' ,Glucagonoma 78, 311, 341Glucokinase activator (GKA) 16, 78,
326-328,335,375Glucokinase (GK) 5,54,296,305,
319 -321 ,324,326,328,341Glucomannan 383Gl ucose 2-7 ,10,16,21 ,22,24,25,
28-33 , 36, 43, 44, 46 -49 , 52-54,56,58,70,77,79,82,85,94,95,97-99 ,102, 107, Ill, 112, 115,118,1 19,129,139,140-149,16 1,181,185,187, 189, 198,220,221 ,223 ,225,240-247,255,260,265,273 ,274,276,277,279,289,291,294-296, 298 -302, 304 , 305, 311,313 , 3 19-335, 340 -342 , 344, 345 ,347 -351 ,356-359,362-364,365,366,372-375,381 -391 ,396,397,399 -408,414-418,429,430,435,439 ,440,444,445,447-451 ,459,462 ,468
challenge test (GeT) 28,29,385
478
homeostasis 4, 46, 48 , 140, 181, 243 ,245 ,294,300,320,332,340,341 ,375 ,403,448
stimulated insulin secretion 240 ,298,304 ,319,320
transporter 2 (GLUT2) 296 ,305, 320transporter 4 (GLUT4) 2,3,241-243 ,
247 ,347,403-405Glucotoxicity 273 ,288,297,299,300,
302 ,303,305,349Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 14,
21,22,55,68,198,203,256,264,346 ,347
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 222 ,296,300 ,304
Glycated LDL 221Glycation 12, 79, 98, 107, 111 , 142,
15~ 167,221 ,273,274,277,345Glycemic
control 7, 13, 27 , 31-33, 54-56, 58,63,76,82-84,97,98, 108, 115,129,139-146,148,149,155,160,161,166-168,171 ,176,177,180,181,187,189,204,221 ,243,272,333-345,350,351 ,356-359,365,368 ,371 ,375,376,386,391 ,415,417 ,418,435,446,450-452,465,467 ,468
excursion 147,418target 30,31 ,359variability 139-144 ,147-149,415,
452Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) 274Glycopyrrolate 188Glycosuria 16,25,77,345,451GIycosylated hemoglobin A Ie (HbA Ic)
7,13,21 ,31 ,58,83-85,98,109,115,129,139-141 ,144,147-149,221 ,331-334,342,344,345,353,357 , 359 , 360 , 362-364, 366-368,371 ,375,382,383,386,387,389-391 ,415-417,430,439,440,442 ,444,445,447-450,452,462,467
DIABETES
Glycosylation end product (AG E) 12,79,82,98,107,111 ,112,119,139,140,142,157,168,221-224,273,274 ,452
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)328 ,329,335
agonist 328Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) 185Guar gum 384Gymnema 387 ,399,400,408
H
Heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) 111Helper T cell (Th) 199,202,203,205,
206 , 208-210, 254Hemodynamic pathway 107, 110Hepatocyte nuclear factor-l a (HNF-la)
5, 16,54,341Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (HNF-4a)
5, 16, 78, 296 , 341Herbal medicine 381 ,384-387,396-403 ,
406-409Herpesviridae 259 , 263High density lipoprotein (HDL) 99,220,
221 ,224,347,348,359,383,387,439 ,445,450,462
High risk HLA-DR3/DR4 genotype263 ,313,346
Homeostasis 2,4,32,46-48,140,181 ,205 ,208,243,245,246,273,283,294 ,300,320,324,332,340,341 ,375 ,384,400,403,408,448
Host response 80, 81, 266Human enterovirus (HEV) 257 ,264,
265 ,267Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) 3, 14,
15,21 ,65,67,71 ,77,83,195-197,253 ,263,266,310,313,316,317,346 ,347,422,425
Hydrogen peroxide (H20 2) 132,277,300
Hyperbilirubin 28
INDEX
Hyperglycemia 3,12,13,15-17,25,26,28-30,54,64,71 ,76,77,79,94,95,97,107,109-112,119,142-144 ,148,157-159,162,181 ,194,207,219-223,225-227,234,236 ,240,241 ,272-276,278,289,295 ,311-313,320,324,325,341,342 ,345-347,349,350,368,372,382 ,385,396,397,401 ,405-408,415 ,416,432,439,441 ,448,451 ,460 ,466
Hyperosmolar state 342, 343, 369Hyperthyroidism 5, 78, 341Hypocalcaemia 28Hypoglycemia 6, 7, 17,27,30,32,40,
58,115,140,141 ,144,147-149,158,176-178,181 ,189,312,326,333 ,357,363,364,366,368,370-374,386,391 ,415-417,429,440 ,447-453,462,465-467
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena1 axis 466
I
IFIHI 253-255,266Immunosuppression 72,204,374,
428-30,434, 435Incretin 7,49, 142,304,329,332,334,
335 ,341,343,350,353,376,414,447,448,450,452,453,459,462,463
based therapy 7, 329, 332-335, 448 ,452
Incretine analogue 459 ,462Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (100) 69,
204Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
275-280Inflammation 33,46,47, 57, 67-69,
81-83 ,98,101 ,102,110,114,117,118,127,129,145,158-161,166,180,195,196,202-205,207-210,221 ,234,235,243,245,247,252,254 ,255,261-263,265,266,277,302 ,303,348,351 ,365,366,396,397 ,408,415,424,431 ,432,439,460,466
479
Infrapop Iiteal artery 130, 134Innate immunity 22,62,64,65,67,69,
70,195,203,205,259,263Insulin 2-7 ,9, 10, 12-17,20,22,24,
25, 30-33 , 42, 43 , 46-49, 51, 53-55 ,57,59,62-65,67,68,70-72,76-78,82,83,110,130,140-142,144-149,161,168,180-182,189,194,195,197,199-202,208,210,219-221 ,224-226,230,236,237,240-247,253-255,260-262,264,265,272,276-279, 281, 282, 288-305,310-313,315,316,319-332,334,335,341 ,343,346-353,357,358,360-376,382-392,396,397,399-405, 408, 414-418, 420, 421 ,429 ,432,435,440,442,447-453,459,461 ,463,466
autoantibody (lAA) 68, 197, 199bas~ 146,147,295,368,370,371 ,
383 ,386,403,414,417,450,451 ,453
bolus 357 ,371 ,372,415,450,453detemir 147,370growth factor (lGF) 236 , 370intensive therapy 20,22,371promoter factor-l (lPF-I) 5, 16,78,
341pump 373,414,415,417receptor (lR) 2, 3, 16, 43 , 78, 146,
225 ,241-243,246,247,279,296,298 ,321-325,335,384,387,391 ,400-402, 404
beta 279receptor substrate (IRS) 225 ,
241-243,245,247,279,297,298,400 ,404,405
resistance 4, 5, 10, 15-17 , 24, 25, 30,33,42,43,46-48,51 ,53,57,59,83, 11~ 142,208,221 ,224,225,230 ,236,240-247,272,276-279,282 ,289,298,315,319,321 ,341 ,343 ,346-351 ,353,371 ,372,376,383-386,389,391,396,397,401,405 ,408,417,449,450,452,466
480
secretion 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22,24, 25,47,77,142,145,147,194,199,2 10,240, 241 ,243 ,246,255,260,288,289,294,295, 298-302,304 , 305 , 310 , 3 11, 3 19-332, 334,346 ,348-350,362, 363,368,371 ,372,376,386,396,397,399,400,402 ,408,414,435,447
sensitizer 7,326, 360 ,376,461signal casc ade, TRIB3 298s ignaling 47 ,48,219,225,240-243 ,
245 -247,277,279,281 ,282,298,385 ,389,397,400,40 1
Insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2)14,55,68, 19~ 199-201 ,203,20~
260,265,266,3 12Insulitis 64,65, 69, 194-197, 199, 203,
208 ,209-2 11, 25 7,259,260,262,265 ,267,3 14,316, 317
Intensive treatment 52, 118, 141, 225 ,440 ,468
Interferon (IFN) 78, 195,202-205,207 ,209,210,254-256,260,26 1,263-265
Type IIFN 261Inter leukin (lL) 47 , 67, 68, 80, 8 1, 82,
111 , 195,202,203,204, 205,207,208 , 209 ,210, 245 ,254,255,256,260 ,26 1,265,267, 276 ,303
IL- I13 276Interventional stud y 186, 289 , 3 13Intrapancreatic mucinous neoplasia 232Ischemia 28,91 -93 , 124, 127, 128, 130,
133, 134, 178, 276, 432classification 128
Isletamyloid polypeptide (lAPP) 291,
303 ,352,368autoantibody 194, 196- 199, 208 , 266 ,
310 ,3 12-314,316auto antigen 64, 196, 198-200, 204 ,
265 ,266cell antibody (ICA ) 14,55,68,198,
264 ,3 1Icell tran splantation 374 ,423,435
DIABETES
K
Ketoacidosis 4, 13, 15, 2 I , 22, 40 , 53,54,63,77, 161,264,342,343,347,353,364, 369, 374, 4 16, 4 17
Kilham rat virus (KRV) 259 , 262 ,263Klinefe lter ' s syndrome 341Kras2 oncogene 229, 232, 233
L
Langerhans cell 2,9,62, 194,206,230,349
Laser photocoagulation 99 , 100, 102Lepti n 42 ,46,47,245,246,350,383,
404Lifestyle 5, 7, 33, 36, 43 , 44, 48, 49 ,
5 1,59,155,226,227,277,352,356 -358 , 364 , 398 ,430,441 -446 ,453 ,462
Lifesty le modification 33 , 356 , 44 1-444,446,453,462
Linagliptin 7,462Lip id 46 ,58,76,77,79,82,89,98-102 ,
107, 110,112,117- 119,155, 171,224-226,241 ,243,273,276,277,279 ,280,282,300,302,322-325 ,328,333,351 ,356,359,365,376,382 ,385,398,401 ,408,445,448,449 ,452,461
Lipotoxicity 243,277,288,299-303 ,305 ,324,325,335,349,460
Ljungan virus (LV) 180,258,261Loss of prot ective 123, 124, 127 , 162Low den sity lipoprotein (L DL) 117,
220 -222 ,224-226,347,358,359,375 ,383,384,386,387,389,445,452
Lymphocytic choriome ningitis viru s(LCMV) 254 , 260
M
Macroalbum inuria 54,108,109, 116Macrophage 3,22,47,65,69,81 ,101 ,
160, 20 1, 205, 206, 209, 2 10, 222,225 ,245, 247 , 255 ,258-263 ,278,303
INDEX
Macrosomia 24,25,27,30,32, 58,418Macrovascular complication 8, 10, 12,
57,63,139,141 ,142,149,155,171Macrovascular disease 56, 115, 126Macular oedema 89, 90, 93, 99, 100Magnesium (Mg) 390, 391Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
130Maitake mushroom 389Major histocompatibility complex
(MHC) 63,65-67, 195-197 ,200,265
class I (MHC-I) 196,203,265class II (MHC-II) 195,209,265
Management 1,6, 7, 10,24,28-32, 39,52,57-94,97,98,102,130-134,139,141,145, 148, 149, 159, 160, 164,168-171 ,180,183,341 ,356-359,368 ,369,373-376,396,397,399,406 ,408,409,416,418,428,429,441 ,443,446,449,465,467-469,472
Manganese superoxide dismutase(MnSOO) 274
Maternal hyperglycemia 26Maturity onset diabetes of the young
(MOOY) 5,14-16,54,312,321,341 ,351
Mechanism of action 99,236,264,322 ,329,362,364-366,375,384,386 ,-388
Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 29,33,357
Medication 6, 33, 49, 52, 57, 58,102, 140, 144, 145, 147-149, 159,169,179,180,182,187,188,236,237 ,358,360-362,368,376,382,383 ,388,392,414,421 ,422,430,444-446,448,452,453,468,472
Mengovirus 254 , 258Metabolic syndrome 15, 46 , 62, 77, 246 ,
272 ,273,276-279,348,381 ,391,443 ,460
481
Metabolism 4,44,46,48,49, 76, 77, 82,157,225,241-244,246,247,255,277 ,279,289,294,300-302,313,319-325,327,328,335,344,356,362,376,389,396-399,402,447
Metformin 7,30,31 , 144, 148, 166,182,236,300,302,304,326,333,360-364,366-368,376,384,387,397,400,444,447-452,459-462
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) 126
Microalbuminuria 54,56,108-110,113,115, 116, 118,423,439
Microbiota 266,267Microvascular complication 8, 10, 16,
20,22,88,112,115,139,141,156,167,272,357,467
Microvasculardisease 54,57,107,113,115,126,139,274,466
Milk thistle 381 ,386Mineral 180,389,390Mini mental state examination (MMSE)
466Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
(MAYS) 261Molecular mimicry 72,208,256,260,
262 ,264,265Multiple daily insulin injection (MOl)
144,414-418Mums infection 207
N
Nateglinide 360,361,363,391,447Natural health product (NHP) 381 , 392Natural killer cell (NK) 63, 69, 70, 203 ,
205 ,206,210,256,265Natural killer T cell (NKT) 70, 196,
205,206,209Natural progression 89Natural regulatory T cell (nTreg) 204Neoplasm 78, 341Nephropathy I, 5, 8-10,51 ,54,55, 79,
107-110,113-116,118,119,124,127,162,225,272,275,342,358,406,421
482
Neurocognitive assessment 466, 467Neuroendocrine tumor 231 , 235Neuropad 188Niacinamide 391Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADPH) 222 , 273 , 280 ,296 ,322,323
oxidase 273 , 280 , 296Nitric oxide (NO) 67, 110, 142, 145,
185,186,210,219,221 ,225,256,263 ,275,276,278,280
synthase 186, 219, 221 , 225, 275 ,276
NOD mice 64-70,257,259,260,262,266 ,267,314,316
Non-invasive vascular monitoring 134Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy
(NPDR) 89, 90, 92, 96, 98, 100Nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) 202 ,
210 ,221 ,223,273,274,277,303Nutraceutical 381,389,397,406,409Nutritional prevention 319,324
oObesity I, 4, 5, 15, 25, 26, 30, 33,
35,36,39,40,42-49,51-53,55,56,58,59, 77, 82, 124, 129, 130,155,159,167,184,186,219,220,226 ,229,233,240,242-247,272,273 ,276-279,281 ,283,288,293,311-313,315,321,322,324,325,340 ,343,346-352,358,376,438,439 ,441-443,446,447,453,460,461 ,471
Db/Db mice 246 , 403 , 404Offloading 123, 130, 131, 134Oligoadenylates synthesis enzyme 1
(OAS I) 254 , 255 , 266Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
89Orlistat 358 ,446,459,461-463Osteomyelitis 126-129Oxidative stress 48, 98, 107, III , 112,
139,142-145,147-149,272-282,297 ,300,302,304,322,325,385,386
DIABETES
p
Painful neuropathy 161, 163, 416Pancreas 2,7, 10, 14, 16,22,24,47,
48 ,65,70, 115, 145, 157, 196, 198,207 ,209,230-232,234,236,237,257 ,261 ,263-265,276,288-290,292-295,303,305,310,311 ,313-315,317,320,329,341 ,346,350 ,352,362,373,374,399,406,414 ,418,420,421 ,423-434,436
Bcell 288 ,315cancer 229-237endocrine function 181, 230, 398,
429exocrine function 230islet 3,7, 10,63, 194,230,243,257,
258,261,264,265,293,296,298,300 ,301 ,304,314,322,328,332,347 ,366
lymph node (PLN) 63, 70, 205 , 206 ,208 ,210,314
transplantation 115, 157,374,420,421 ,426,428-430,432,436
Pancreatitis 5, 16, 22, 78, 234 , 235 , 294 ,315 ,341 ,366-368,424,430,431 ,433 ,435
Paramyxoviridae 258Parvovirus 259 ,262Pathogenesis 4, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 25 ,
35,47,48,62-65,68,69,71,72,77,79,80,88,97,99, 100, 110, 112,124, 142, 167, 185, 194,206,211 ,241 ,252,253,257,259,261 ,262,264-267,273,311,312,314,340,343 ,348,350,353,397,398,406,435 ,459
Pathogenetic treatment 167, 169, 176,189
Pathophysiology 2, 7,28,49,51 ,53,79,89,95,108,110,119,132,142,155-157,245,340,346,353,468,469
Patient education 52,58,123,130,415,430 ,468
Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) 203 ,205 ,207,210
PCSK9 226
INDEX
Periodontal disease 1, 9, 76, 79-83 , 86Periodontitis 76, 79-84, 86Peripheral 7-10 ,22,25,47,48,56,
63,64,65,67-69,72,77,89,91 ,98,123-130,142,145,156,159,162,168,169,177,185,187,188,199-20 I, 203 , 204 , 210 , 219 , 220 ,227 ,234,241 ,244,255,264,275,277 ,319,357,364,370,396,421 ,422 ,439
Peroxynitrite 142, 221 , 275 , 278, 279 ,282
Pharmacologic therapy 12, 13,358,359Pheochromocytoma 78, 341Phosphatase and tension homologue
(PTEN) 241 ,242Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)
236 ,241 ,242,247,279,403-405Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE-5)
inhibitor 186, 187Phosphoinositide 3-kinase 225Physical activity 30, 33, 36, 42, 44 , 56,
57,59,188,220,288,358,415,430,441-444, 459-463
Phytochemical 407 ,408Picornaviridae 257 ,258,264Pioglitazone 226 , 360 , 361, 364-366,
449-452Piragliatin 375Plasma fatty acid 219 ,221 ,225,227,
325Plasma glucose 5,21 ,28,33,43, 79,
140,147,225,289,341,342,344,366 ,372,404,405,418,468
Poliovirus (PV) 257 ,264Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)
157,168,274,275Polycythemia 28Polydipsia 53, 55, 77, 79, 342Polyinosinic-po1ycytidylic acid (PET)
180,256Polyol 12,79,97,107,111 ,112,142,
157,221 ,222,273-275Polyphagia 6, 77, 79, 342Polyuria 1,6,53,55, 77, 79Positron emission tomography (PET)
180Postoperative management 428
483
Postprandial blood glucose 140, 147,148,372,382,383,387
Pramlintide 148,361 ,368,450Premature complication 51, 59Prepregnancy counselling 58Prevalence 1,2,4,5,13,14,17,20,21 ,
24,35-40,42-45,51 ,52,54-57,77,78,80,82,83,88,91 ,108,118,123,155-157 ,159,163,164,169,171 ,177,178,181 ,182,185,186,188,194,220,263,316,340,343,345,352,397,438-440,453,466,471
Prevention 49 , 52, 57, 86, 98, 101, 102,119,130,134,139,149,155,156,176, 189, 194,211,225,226,258,267,288,305,319,324,325,359,383-385,389,391 ,392,399,408,415,439,440,444,460,461 ,465,466
Prickly pear cactus (PPC) 381 ,388Probiotics 267Proinflammatory cytokine 46 , 202, 204,
207 ,209,243,247,261-263,265,348
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)89-94,97-99,101
Propantheline 188Protein kinase B (PKB) 241 ,242,247Protein kinase C (PKC) 97, 100, 107,
111 ,112,119,142,157,167,241 ,242,273,274,304,322,329
inhibitor 119PKCN~ 241 , 242
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 195,241,242
nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) 195,197,201,253
Proteinuria 107,109-111 ,113,115-118Pseudomonas aeruginosa 127Psyllium 383 , 384Public health 51,59,352,446Pycnogenol 381 ,388,389
Q
Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test(QSART) 188
484
R
Ranolazine 448 , 449Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 98, Ill ,
112, 142, 143,21~273,274,276,
277 ,279,299-301 ,304Recipient selection 421Regeneration 10,99, 167,288,292-294,
297 ,298,305,310,311,316,367,373,400
Regulatory T cell (Treg) 64, 68, 69,196,201 ,202,204,206,207,253,259-263
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS) 110, Ill, 115, 117-119
Reovirus 259, 262Repaglinide 360,361 ,363,447Resistin 245,351,365Respiratory distress syndrome 27Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) 47,
245-247,351Retrovirus 259, 262 , 263Risk factor 6, 25, 26, 33, 46 , 52, 56-58,
82,94,100,107-109,119,124-127,140,144,149,166,167,171,177,180,208,220,226,229,230,232-234,236,237,242,252,340,341 ,350,351 ,359,376,415,422,439 ,441 ,444,448,465
Rosiglitazone 148,226,280,303,360,361,364,365,400,467
Rotavirus (RY) 71,207,208,259,262,263 ,266
Rubella virus 17,71 ,72,207,208,258,263,264,341,346
Ruboxistaurin mesylate 100
S
Salacia 387 ,406-408Saxagliptin 7, 148, 360 , 361 ,366,462Secretagogue 7,236,295,298,322,
360 ,399,449Sedentary lifestyle 48 ,51 ,277,352Self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG)
31, 140, 144, 149,357
DIABETES
Sensation 9, 123, 124, 127, 128,161-163,165,182,188
Serum fructosamine 345Sexual dimorphism 171Sitagliptin 7, 148,333,334,360,366,
451 ,462Sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT)
inhibitor 7,374,375,459,462Soluble fibre 381-384Somatostatin 180, 184, 230 , 292Spin trapping 280-282Standardization 14,39, 177, 179, 182,
198,200,345,388,417Staphylococcus aureus 126Stem cell therapy 10Streptozotocin (STZ) 157,208,223,
260,280,385,388,403,405Suboptimal treatment 58Sudomotor autonomic neuropathy 188Sulfonylurea 7, 16, 144, 148, 302 , 321 ,
328 ,333,360-364,366,367,389,397 ,414,440,447-452,461
Sulodexide 119Superoxide (02- ) radical 142,221 ,222,
274 ,278,300,322Supplement 130,183,371 ,381-383 ,
388-390, 392Surgical procedure 132, 358 ,421 ,423,
425 ,435,460,463Survivin 315 , 316
T
Tcell 3,7,9,14,21,22,62-70,72,195,197,199-206,208-210,253-257,260-266,314,422,429
receptor (TCR) 66,67, 197,200,201 ,205,253,256,260,314
Tea 344 , 387 , 400 , 40 1, 403 , 404,406-408
Thermoregulatory sweat test (TST) 188Thiazolidinedione (TZD) 48, 148,225,
226 ,236,333,360-362,364-366,376 ,400,448,449
Thrifty gene 352Tissue-specific antigen 64, 20 I
INDEX
Togaviridae 258 , 263Tolerance 5, 16,25,28,29,33,36,43,
48,62-65 ,67-70,72,79, 194, 196,197,200, 201 ,203,204,208,240,246,253,260, 276 ,279,289, 294 ,313 ,325,329,331 -334 , 342,344,345 ,348,350,351 ,375,383 ,388,390 ,401 ,439,440,444,450
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 22, 203 ,205,255 ,256, 259 -261 , 263
Total contact 13 ITraditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
397-399,405,408Trad itional med icine 396,397,399Transcutaneous tissue oxygen (TcPO z)
130Transluminal angioplasty 134Transp lantation 7,9, 10, 70, 72, 102,
11 5,11 6,1 57, 209, 374, 417, 41 8,420-426, 428 -436
Treatment 1,5-7,9,10,12,13, 16-1 8,20 ,22,24,28, 30,40,48,52-54 ,57-59 , 72, 77, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89,98-102 , 107,108,1 14-119 , 123 , 124,129-134,1 39- 14 1, 144, 148, 149,155-1 57,1 59,1 60, 162, 166-1 7 1,176, 177, 180-1 82, 184-1 89,1 94,2 11, 2 19, 225-227, 230, 23 1, 233,235 -237,260,261 ,263,267,275,280 ,283,288,302,304, 305 ,319,324,326,329, 33 1-333,335 ,343,348, 35 1, 353, 356, 357,359, 360,362 ,364,366,367,369,371 -376,381 -392,397-399,403,405,408,409,416-4 18,420,421 ,432,435,436,438-444, 446, 447, 451-453,459 -462, 465-468, 472
Triamcinolone acetonide 10 1Trihexyp henidy l 188Tumor necrosis factor-a lpha (TNF-a)
46 ,47,67,80-82 ,10 1, 111, 2 10, 245,247 ,255,261 ,276,303,351
Tumor-suppressor gene CDKN2A 229,232 ,233
Turmeric 406-408Turner syndrome 14, 78, 341
48 5
uUDP-N-acety l glucosamine 274Ulceration 8,56, 124, 125, 127, 128,
155, 156, 162, 163,176,188,433Ulnar nerve compression 159Urbanization 36 ,42,44
vVascular dement ia 466Vascu lar disease 8, 10,26,27,56, 123,
124,1 26, 127, 141, 147, 162, 220,357 ,422,439,440,448,452
Vascular endo the lial growth facto r(VEGF) 91,92,97- 100, 102, 110,III
Anti -V EGF 100, 102Vasopeptidase inhibitor 11 9Very low den sity lipoprotein (VLDL)
224 ,225Vildagliptin 7, 333, 334, 361, 366, 367,
462Vira l infection 20 , 22 , 63 , 7 1, 72, 163,
207, 208,252-258, 260, 263-266,341
Vitamin 0 352Vitrectomy 99,101 , 102VP-l prot ein 257 , 261 ,264,265
wWagner 's classification 128Weight reduction 107, 11 8, 356, 357,
371 ,376,382,438,440,451 -453,459-461
Wolfberry 398 , 399 , 408
y
Yam 390 , 398, 405 , 408Young onset 54
zZinc tran sporter 199,299,346Zucker rats 276 , 323 , 329, 331