277

Index

G. D. Wrobel (ed.), The Bioarchaeology of Space and Place, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0479-2, © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

AAbscess, 206Acapiztla, 56Access to collections, 3, 4Actuncan, 129Actun Uayazba Kab, 231Acuecuexco aqueduct, 56Adachi, N., 154Adams, B.J., 127, 128Adams, E.B., 52, 53Adams, R.E.W., 20, 27, 100, 142, 231, 268Adams, R.M., Jr., 146–148, 150, 152, 153Agarwal, S.C., 2, 5Agave, 46Age cohorts, 242Age estimation, 5Agricultural cycles, 256Agrinier, P., 28, 62Aguateca, 231, 238, 241Aguilar, M., 62Aimers, J., 110Aimers, J.J., 142Altun Ha, 24, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182,

183, 186–188, 268Alveolar resorption, 206Amaranth, 54Ambrosino, J., 122Ambrosino, J.N., 255, 257AMS, 84, 98AMS dates, 43Anales de Cuauhtitlan, 56Anaya Hernandez, A., 194Ancestors, 16, 23, 30, 78, 265, 266Ancestor veneration, 194, 218, 226Anderson, B., 217Andres, C.R., 84, 98Andrews, A.P., 149, 150, 257Andrews, E.W., IV, 149, 150, 238

Andrews, E.W., V, 238Animal skins, 265, 268Animating essences, 255, 256, 259, 261, 266,

268, 269Anthony, D., 115Anthropogenic marks, 227, 238, 239, 245Aramoni Calderón, D., 65Arango, J., 115Archaeothanatology, 247Architectural rearrangements (as a cause of

unintentional bone movement), 228Architectural renovation, 22Architecture

in caves, 100Architecture alignment, 211Ardren, T., 59Arellanos Melgarejo, R., 151Armelagos, G.J., 6Arnold, P.P., 53, 54, 58Arroyo Mariano, 151Ashmore, W., 108, 111, 198Aubry, B.S., 142Audet, C., 109, 112, 123, 124Austin, D.M., 142, 160Awe, J.J., 28, 84, 88, 108, 110, 126, 131Axe, 207, 214, 215, 218Axis mundi, 213Ayauhcalli (House of Mist), 54Aylesworth, G.R., 20Ayliffe, L.K., 174Azcapotzalco, 161Aztalan, 131Aztec, 51–53, 63, 145, 261

BBaadsgaard, A., 5Baby jaguar (unen balam), 50Bacabs, 53

278 Index

Bachand, B., 131Bachand, B.R., 48Bailey, D.W., 18Baker, G., 177Baking Pot, 108, 121Ball, J.W., 108, 142Barnhart, E.L., 194Barrera, A., 246Barrett, J., 28, 126Barrett, J.W., 100Barrick, S., 24Barton Creek Cave, 50Barton Ramie, 173Bar-Yosef, O., 179Bassie-Sweet, K., 225, 226, 228Batres, L., 49Becker, M.J., 21, 28, 65, 122, 170, 255–257,

269Beck, L.A., 79, 230Beehr, D., 131Beekman, C.S., 142, 161Belize, 144, 150, 159, 160Belize Institute of Archaeology, 84Belize river, 93, 95, 97Belize Tourism Development Project (TDP),

111Belize Valley, 110–113, 119, 121–123, 125,

126, 128, 129, 131, 132Belize Valley Archaeological Reconnaissance

project, 84Bell, C., 218Bell, E.E., 194Benson, E.P., 258, 260Benson, P.E., 59Bentley, R.A., 112Berryman, C.A., 4, 28Besom, T., 59Bey III, G.J., 143, 148Bierhorst, J., 56Biface (chert), 87Biodistance, 143, 152, 161Bioturbation, 99Bird-bone tubular beads, 43Bird Jaguar IV, 196–198Blangero, J., 155, 158, 160Blitz, J., 115Blom, D.E., 173Blom, F., 81, 150, 229, 231, 238Bloodletting, 43, 63, 198, 199Blows to the head, 59Blue (associated with sacrifice), 63Blue pigment, 52, 58, 61Boca Andrea, 151Body arrangement, 228

bundled/wrapped, 89disorderly, 82flexed, 89orderly, 82prone, 82seated, 90

Body locationassociation with architecture, 82in wet, muddy, or high-traffic areas, 82

Body manipulation, 244Body position

atypical, 111, 126flexed, 111, 121, 127, 129head to the south, 111prone, extended, 111, 129supine, 111

Boldsen, J.L., 246Bonampak, 81, 114, 196, 212, 215, 260Bone

degradation of, 229secondary movement of, 177

Bone awl, 43, 44, 63Bone (carved), 28Bone needle, 207Bone remodeling, 182Bones

and connection with maize, 215secondary manipulation of, 150

Bonor, J.L., 226, 228, 238Bonor Villarejo, J.L., 64Boone, E.H., 259, 260Bourget, S., 59Brady, J., 78, 82, 100, 226, 228Brady, J.E., 49, 57, 63, 78–82, 92, 98, 100,

150, 226–229, 231, 247, 270Braswell, J., 128, 129Breast feeding

effect on trophic level, 185Breastfeeding age, 53, 55Bricker, V.R., 213Brinton, D., 24Brittain, M., 120Broda, J., 51, 53, 56, 59Brooks, S., 239Brown, C.T., 78Brown, L.A., 173Brown, M.K., 111, 121, 255, 257, 266Bryant, J.D., 114, 179Buenavista del Cayo, 108Buikstra, J., 131Buikstra, J.E., 6, 17, 92, 194, 200, 238, 239Bullington, J., 177Bundle, 258–260, 262, 269Bundled/wrapped body, 44

279Index

Burial, 16, 22–24, 27, 32grave, 24

Burial/funerary treatment, 108Burial of war dead, 264, 265Burning

of bones after deposition, 228Burning on a censer (as a form of sacrifice),

50Burnt stones in circular formations, 176Busby, C., 16Butler, M., 231Byland, B.E., 259, 261

CC14, 244, 248Cache, 263Caches, 170, 174, 177, 268, 270Cadwallader, M., 115Cahal Pech, 108, 121, 126Cahokia, 131Cakchiquel Maya, 24Calakmul, 27, 97, 231, 266, 268, 269Cameron, C.M., 115Cannibalism, 47, 49, 52Canul, 143Canuto, M.A., 257Caracol, 24, 27, 30, 108, 110Caries, 206Carlsen, R., 17Carlsen, R.S., 214, 256Carnegie Institution, 154Carnivore tooth, 210Carot, P., 228Carrasco, D., 53, 58Carrasco, M.D., 256Carrasco, R., 100, 231Carrasco, V., 266, 268Carved human bone, 174Carved monuments, 258Castillo Chávez, O. del., 238Cave, 8, 10, 26, 39, 41, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56–60,

62–66, 225–232–240, 242–246, 270Cave Branch Rockshelter, 231Caves Branch valley, 93, 100Cecil, L., 269Celts, 48, 61Cempoala, 151Cenote, 52, 58, 226, 229, 230, 231, 238–240,

242, 243, 245Cenote de la Calaveras, 238Cenotes, 10, 79, 92Cenote X-Coton, 51Censors, 50, 65, 123Center-making, 213

Central Belize, 78, 84, 95, 98Central Belize Archaeological Survey, 84Central Mexico, 48, 51, 144, 145, 160Central Petén, 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123,

125–127Ceramics, 127, 174, 257, 269

associated with burials, 212Fine Orange ware (Tuma orange), 42from excavations, 200Mechung pottery, 42

Ceramic vessel, 20, 25, 80Cerro Cercado, 151Cerro El Manatí, Veracuz, 47Cerro Mariano, 151Cerros, 258, 263Cerro Tres Picos, 151Ch’a Cháak, 53Chacon, R.J., 5Chaîne opératoire, 247, 249Chalcatzingo, 48, 66Chalchiuhtlicue, 55, 56Chalchuapa, 268Champoton, 144Chang, M.E.T., 155Chapman, J., 16, 120Charcoal achiote, 46Chase, A., 228Chase, A.F., 24, 27, 29, 30, 99, 115, 170, 171,

194, 255, 257, 267Chase, D., 228Chase, D.Z., 24, 27, 29, 30, 99, 115, 154, 170,

171, 194, 255, 257, 267Chau Hiix, 3, 24Chávez Balderas, X., 52, 59, 65Chen Mul, 144Chen Mul Cenote, 144Chert, 24, 30Chert blades, 174Chert knife, 41Chiapanecan Highlands, 229, 231Chiapanec Highlands, 122Chiapas, 150Chiarulli, B., 24Chichén Itzá, 50, 51, 144, 238, 239, 243, 247

sacred cenote of, 241Chi Keb, J., 43, 61Chilam Balam of Chumayel, 262Child, 44, 46–48, 50, 54, 62, 126, 128Child, M.B., 257Children/subadults, 92Chinikihá, 214Chivas, A.R., 174Chloride (used to increase visibility in

cenotes), 229

280 Index

Chocolate, 258Cholula, 51, 61Chowning, A., 148Christensen, A.F., 142, 161Christensen, A.J., 226Christenson, A.J., 212, 214, 215, 258Chultun, 51, 128, 270Cigar, 41, 43, 64Cihuateteo, 145Cimchich, 53Cinnabar, 25, 26, 30, 265, 268Ciochon, R.L., 177Cists, 147, 151–153Civic-ceremonial architecture, 231Civic structures, 170Clancy, E., 127Clark, E.J., 40, 48Clark, J.E., 256Classic period, 78, 79, 84, 94, 98, 152, 154,

158, 159, 161, 170Clayton, R.N., 180Cocom, 143, 153Codex Borbonicus, 54, 55Codex Florentinus, 60Codex Magliabechiano, 54–56Codex Tudela, 54, 57Codex Vaticanus A, 55Coe, M.D., 21, 27, 100Coe, W.R., 216, 255, 267, 268Cohen, M.N., 6Colas, P.R., 247Colas, R.P., 81Colha, 28, 49, 126Collapse, 6, 142, 160Colman, A., 256Colonial, 41, 52, 60, 61Colonial documents, 143Colonialism, 6Colonial period, 79, 243Columns/colonnades, 144Comales, 52Commingling, 229, 239Commoners, 7Commoner status, 7Conch, 49Conchopata (Peru), 130Congenital absence of teeth, 94Contel, J., 55, 60Contextualization, 5Cook, D.C., 5Coombs, G., 115Copal, 52, 56, 65Copan, 3, 30, 49, 150, 231, 238, 258, 265,

268, 270

Copper, 151Copper tinklers, 52Coprolites, 41, 43, 44, 63Coral, 151Cordry, D.B., 58, 59, 65Cordry, D.M., 58, 59, 65Cormie, A., 114Cornec, J.H., 112Corporate groups, 3Corruccini, R.S., 157Cosío, D.J., 198Cotton, 43, 44, 46Coyolxauhqui, 52Cozumel, 144, 150Cradleboarding, 239Craig, G.T., 177Cranial modification, 46, 61, 227, 238–240Cremation, 81, 145, 228, 244Cremation urn, 231Crevice, 10, 225, 226, 228, 231, 238, 240,

242, 244, 245Cribra orbitalia, 44, 45, 57Crook, J., 173Crowson, R.A., 180Crypt, 198, 201, 202, 204, 206, 208, 209, 211Crystallinity Index (CI), 179Cucina, A., 4, 6, 7, 16, 28, 42–47, 57, 61, 88,

94, 142, 155, 160, 161, 210, 228, 231, 244

Cuello, 173Cueva del Lazo, 238, 242Cueva del Rayo, 238Culbert, P., 229Culbert, T.P., 27Cultural modifications (of crania and teeth), 6Cut marks, 48, 52, 153, 264Cyclical occasions, 57Cyclical time, 255–257Cyphers, A., 48

DDancing, 197, 216Danforth, M.E., 5, 6, 7Davies, D., 113, 119, 125, 129de Anda Alanís, G., 79de Anda, G., 51–53, 245, 247Death-course, 5Death God, 50Death history, 15Debitage, 23, 24, 30Decapitation, 49, 153de Cervantes Salazar, F., 54, 55de Cook Leonard, C., 49Dedication, 255–257, 267

281Index

Dedicatory burial, 48, 170, 173, 174, 177, 179, 182, 183, 187

Dedicatory contexts, 9Deep Valley, 100Deer antler, a partially burnt tobacco cigar, 43Defensive features, 196Defleshing, 51, 52, 264Defrise-Gussenhoven, E., 157Dehouve, D., 58Deity impersonation, 197, 198De La Cruz Laina, I., 52de Ladrón Guevara, S., 47Delgado Kú, P., 144, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153Demarest, A.A., 80de Márquez González, L., 238Dembo, A., 239De Mendieta, G., 56de Motolinía, B.T., 53, 54, 56Dempsey, P.J., 154Dental genetic traits, 4Dental metrics, 143, 155, 160Dental modification, 32Dental morphology, 142de Pomar, J.B., 53, 54de Sahagún, B., 53–56Desecration, 17, 228, 247, 258Desecratory, 112, 121, 122Desecratory contexts, 8de Torquemada, J., 53–55Devlin, J.B., 230de Zurita, A., 53, 54Diagenesis, 112Diego de Landa, 52, 153, 268Dismemberment, 51, 264Domenici, D., 39, 40, 62, 65, 238Dos Caobas, 196Dos Hombres, 8, 16, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 32Dos Pilas, 80, 238, 246, 260, 270Drought, 52, 56Drowning, 56, 57, 59Duday, H., 5, 16, 18, 91, 125, 230, 247Duncan, W., 122, 127, 129Duncan, W.M., 100Duncan, W.N., 7, 17, 28, 31, 51, 255,

263–265, 269Dunham, P.S., 81, 98Durán, D., 54–57Durkheim, É., 218Durst, J., 20Duverger, C., 53Dwarves, 58Dye, D.H., 5Dzewa phase, 48Dzibilchaltún, 238

EEarly Classic, 27Early Classic period, 267Early Preclassic, 150Early urban centers (development of), 7Ear spool, 25Earspools, 25, 95Eberl, M., 194, 256, 261, 267, 270Ecatotonti (Little Winds), 55Effigy censers, 144Ehecatl, 145Ek Chuah, 147Ek Xux rockshelter, 231El Bernalillo, 151El Cayo (Yaxniil), 79El Chayal, 144El Chicozapote, 196Elderfield, H., 112Elites, 9, 143, 145, 152, 160El Kinel, 9, 194, 199, 200, 204, 207, 210–218El Meco, 144El Peru-Waka’, 126El Peten, Guatemala, 270El Pilar, 113El Rey, 144El-Zaatari, S., 177, 181, 186El Zotz’, 27Embalming, 267Enamel hypoplasias, 52Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), 46Epiclassic, 161Epidural hematoma, 43Epigraphic record, 8Epstein, S., 184Ericson, J., 112Escamilla Ojeda, B., 144Escobedo, H.L., 199, 214, 216Estebaranz, F., 177Etheridge, B., 127Ethnicity, 243Ethnographic, 8, 9, 10, 78, 79, 81Ethnography, 58, 194Ethnohistoric, 8, 9, 10Ethnohistoric accounts, 143Ethnohistory, 194Etzalcualiztli, 57, 63Excavation strategies, 2Extrafunerary, 154, 157, 158Ezzo, J., 115

FFarriss, N.M., 115Fash, W., 268Fash, W., Jr., 48

282 Index

Fash, W.L., 79Faunal activity, 239Faunal remains, 229Faunal samples, 112, 116Faure, G., 112Feinman, G.M., 266Fernández Souza, L., 50Fernando Tesucún, F., 261Fertility (as a theme related to sacrifice), 62Fertility cults, 53Fiber cords, 41, 43

bracelet, 43Figurine, 207Fine, D., 177Finnegan, G., 115Fire exposure, 48, 51Firsching, F.H., 180Fistulous lesion, 43Fitzsimmons, J., 25, 26, 31Fitzsimmons, J.L., 79, 126, 194, 212, 215,

227, 228, 256, 261, 267–269Flaying, 51, 126Folan, W.J., 229, 268Food consumption patterns, 177Foreigners, 142, 143, 152Foundation deposits, 173Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)

spectroscopy, 179Fowler, C., 16Fowler, W.R., 268Fractionation rates, 114Free head splints, 239Freidel, D., 26, 31, 122Freidel, D.A., 257, 258, 263Freiwald, C., 5, 7, 93, 95, 97, 100, 111, 112,

114–116, 119, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132

Friedli, H., 184Froelich, P., 114Froelich, P.N., 179Frontera Corozal, 214FST, 158, 159, 161Fuentes y Guzmán, F.A., 52, 79Funerary behavior, 78, 81, 100Funerary context, 226Funerary practices, 9Funerary taxonomies, 228

GGalbany, J., 178Gallaga Murrieta, E., 48Garber, J.F., 121, 126, 255–258, 266, 269García Capistrán, H., 50

García Moll, R., 194, 198, 214, 215, 216Garza, S., 81, 82, 98Gat, J.R., 174Gaydarska, B., 16Geary, P.J., 16Geisen, T., 115Geller, P., 49, 50, 63Geller, P.L., 7, 15–18, 21, 23–25, 28, 31, 32Gender, 228, 243Genetic diversity, 9Gerry, J., 128Gestation, 256Gibbs, S., 82Gibbs, S.A., 82, 92, 238Gifford, J.C., 27Gillespie, S., 21, 23Gillespie, S.D., 194, 256, 257Gingivitis, 52Glassman, D.M., 64, 238Glencross, B.A., 2, 5Gold, 151Golden, C., 194, 196, 198–200, 217Golden, G.W., 257Goldstein, L., 227González González, A.H., 229González-José, R., 161González-Oliver, A., 142, 155González Torres, Y., 53Goodfellow, S., 178Goodman, A.H., 4Gordon, G.B., 238Gordon, K.D., 182, 186Gordon’s Cave # 3, 49Gossen, G.H., 212, 255, 256Graham, E., 6, 111, 142, 155, 160Grass, 42, 43, 45, 50, 63Graulich, M., 52, 53, 56, 58, 65Grave construction, 177, 187Grave goods, 176, 177, 187, 263–265, 267Grave goods/furnishings, 95Green (as a theme related to sacrifice), 56Greenstone, 22Greenstone celt, 47, 48, 58Grine, F.E., 174, 178Grove, D.C., 48Grube, N., 80, 115, 194, 196–198, 215Guagliardo, M.F., 156Guernsey, J., 216, 258, 261Gügel, I.L., 177, 178Guilliem, S., 52Guillon, M., 18, 125Gulf coast, 142–144, 151, 161Gulf Coast, 130

283Index

HHageman, J.B., 20Hales, D., 50Hall, G., 24Halperin, C.T., 64, 82Hammond, N., 27Hanks, W.F., 270Hansen, R.D., 48, 126, 257Hanson, C.A., 149, 150Harmon, A.M., 177Harris, O., 120Harrison-Buck, E., 17, 28, 30, 88, 122Harrison, P., 126Hats’ Chaak phase, 108, 109, 111, 116,

119–121, 127Headrick, A., 213, 258Health indicators (or Paleopathology), 61Healy, P.F., 82, 99Heart extraction (cardiectomy), 50Hedges, R.E.M., 127, 174Hedman, K., 131Helmke, C., 80, 81, 84, 197Helmke, C.G.B., 78, 81, 84, 86, 91, 95, 98,

108, 110, 111, 126Hematite, 25, 26, 32Hematite balls, 47Heritability, 158Hernández, C., 79, 256Hero Twins, 30, 126, 226Hero twins (Hunahpu and Xbalenque), 214Herrmann, N.H., 230Herrmann, N.P., 5Hershey, 122Highland Guatemala, 144, 161Highlands, 79Hillson, S., 155Historical individuals

identification and osteobiographical descriptions of, 7

Hodell, D.A., 97, 112, 113, 122Hoerder, D., 115Hofling, A.C., 261, 270Hofling, C.A., 7, 31Hogue, S.H., 174Honduras, 143, 150Hopewell, 130, 132Hoppa, R.D., 246Houk, B., 19, 20Houk, B.A., 194House forms, 144House-sepulcher, 20, 24, 25Houston, S., 28, 31, 258, 266Houston, S.D., 49, 50, 59, 60, 196, 199, 213,

214, 216, 257

Huemac (Toltec king), 56Huitzilopochtli, 52, 260Hull, K., 256, 261Human adaptability, 6Hurtado Cen, A., 51Hutson, S.R., 161Huxjal, 150

IIannone, G., 257Ibarra-Rivera, L., 142, 161Iconographic, 79Iconography, 10, 50, 64, 194, 197, 212, 213,

216Identity, 108, 115, 130, 132, 143, 145, 154,

243Imbelloni, J., 239Indigo, 46Infant, 43, 47–49, 51, 52, 61, 62Infants/perinatals, 92Infierno Negro pottery, 207Inka, 59Innocences (as a theme related to sacrifice), 59Interobserver error, 2, 4Intra- and interobserver error, 178Intraobserver error, 2, 155Isotopes, 5, 9, 142

carbon, 111, 174, 184–186nitrogen, 174, 184–186oxygen, 95, 111, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182strontium, 95, 111

Itza, 270Itzmal Chen Cenote, 144, 145, 154Iximiché, 28Ixiptla, 58Ixtepeque, 144Izquierdo, A.L., 151

JJacobi, K., 94Jacobi, K.P., 6, 155Jade, 258, 267Jade beads, 174Jadeite, 95, 151Jaén, T., 6Jaguar imagery, 65James, A., 59Jamison, T., 109Janaab’ Pakal, 28Janusek, J.W., 173Jenks, C., 59Je’reftheel, 8, 78, 84, 86, 87Jewelry, 87, 99

284 Index

Jiménez Moreno, W., 53Joint rule see Mul tepal, 142Jones, G.D., 162Joyce, R.A., 47, 59Jute, 41, 64

KK’altuun (stone binding) rituals, 258Kaminaljuyu, 268K’atun, 258Katzenberg, M.A., 2k’awiil (God K), 197K’axob, 213Keeling, C.D., 184Kepecs, S., 143, 161K’iche’, 212, 214, 215K’iche’ Maya, 173Kidder, A.V., 268Kieffer, C.L., 82, 98Kin, 108K’inich Janaab Pakal, 212Kiyoshi, H., 115Klaus, H.D., 155Klein, C., 258, 259Knotted bands, 258Knudson, K.J., 5, 7, 130, 143Kohn, M.J., 114, 179Koji, M., 115Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test, 156Kolodny, Y., 114Kowoj, 264, 265, 267, 269Krejci, E., 229Krueger, H., 128Kunen, J.L., 170, 171

LLa Caldera, 49Lacandon Maya, 10, 79, 247Lacanha, 81Lachniet, M.S., 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125Lady K’abal Xook, 198, 214–216La Farge, O., 81Lago Lacandón, 150, 238Laguna de Coapilla, 59Laguna de On, 160Lagunas, Z., 51Lalueza, C., 177, 178, 186Lalueza Fox, C., 177Lamanai, 4, 24, 144, 265Lambityeco (Oaxaca), 266La Milpa, 19, 24, 49l’anthropologie de terrain

archaeothanatology, 16

child death, 17decapitation, 17finger amputation, 17taphonomic, 16

La Pasadita, 196Laporte, J.P., 238Larsen, C.S., 2, 4, 6Las Casas, B., 53, 54, 56Late Classic, 21, 27, 40, 61, 62, 66Late Classic period, 3, 111, 196, 198, 200,

202, 206, 207, 217, 266La Técnica, 199Late Postclassic, 9, 39, 51Late Postclassic period, 142–144, 150, 160,

264Late Preclassic, 20, 39, 48Late Preclassic period, 199, 213, 216Leatherman, T.L., 4Leaves, 46, 47LeCount, L.J., 108, 110, 111, 120, 121Lee, T.A., 39Lee Whiting, T.A., 46, 64Le Fort, G., 212, 215Lesbre, P., 51Leventhal, R., 108, 111Leventhal, R.C., 108, 109, 111, 120, 121, 127Leyenda de Los Soles, 56Life-course, 5Life history, 15, 17, 18, 21, 31Lightning, 24Lind, M., 46Linear time, 255Lintel, 197, 198Lip-to-lip pottery caches, 64Lithic (chert), 215Local, 9, 110, 111, 114, 115, 119, 125, 127,

128–131Lohse, J., 20Longinelli, A., 114, 178, 179Looper, M., 196–198, 215, 216Looper, M.G., 27, 63, 258, 263Looting, 81, 227–229, 240, 247Looting disturbance, 204Lope, C.P., 143–145, 147, 162López Alonso, S., 51, 52López Austin, A., 52, 59, 60, 227López Luján, L., 52Lorenzen, K.J., 150Lovejoy, C.O., 239Lowe, G.W., 40, 48, 61Lowe, L.S., 48Low social status, 176Lucero, L., 82Lucero, L.J., 171, 173, 212

285Index

Luz, B., 114Lymann, L.R., 230Lytle, J.D., 178, 186

MMacal river, 95Macal Valley, 98Macayal phase, 47MacKie, E.W., 111, 120, 126MacLeod, B., 49, 82Macrobotanical remains

anona (Annona sp.), 42avocado (Persea americana), 43beans (Phaseolus sp.), 43corncobs (Zea mays), 42coyol (Acrocomia mexicana), 42gourd (Cucurbita sp.), 43jocote (Spondias purpurea), 42mamey (Mammea americana), 43squash (Cucurbita sp.), 42tempisque (Mastichendron capiri), 42totoposte (Licania arborea), 42

Madrid Codex, 79Magnoni, A., 255–257Mahalanobis’s generalized distance (D2), 155Maize, 178, 181, 184, 186, 256Maize God, 30, 31, 126, 212–216Maler, T., 216Malnutrition, 51Malvido, E., 227Mama Red cajete tripod, 153Manner of death, 244Mano/metate, 23, 214Mansilla, J., 48, 52Manzanilla, L., 49, 61, 227Marfia, A., 112, 114Marfia, A.M., 97Margarita Tomb (Copan), 30Marino, B.D., 184Márquez, L., 50Marquéz Morfín, L., 7, 150Martin, D.L., 5Martin, S., 50, 80, 115, 194, 196, 212, 215Massey, V.K., 7, 28, 49, 266Mass grave, 145, 263, 264, 265Massler, M., 179Masson, M.A., 143–145, 147, 153, 160, 162Mat fragment, 43Mathews, P., 80, 81, 196, 215Mat icon, 258Matillas Fine Orange Gulf Coast pottery, 144Matlacueye, 56Matthews, J.P., 256–258, 269Maudslay, A.P., 270

Maya, 40, 41, 49, 51, 52, 60, 64Maya Mountains, 5, 84, 93, 95, 112, 114, 119,

125, 128Mayapan, 9, 142, 143, 146, 148, 150–152,

155, 158, 231, 238, 242, 264, 269cosmopolitanism at, 143–145

Mayapán, 51Mayeda, T.K., 180Mays, S., 3McAnany, P., 65, 228McAnany, P.A., 3, 21, 122, 126, 129, 193,

194, 218, 257, 261, 267, 269McCafferty, G.G., 61McCafferty, S.D., 61McElroy, M.B., 184McGee, R.J., 257Medellin Zeñil, A., 151Medina Martin, C., 122Megged, A., 258, 259, 260, 262Meindl, R.S., 239Melsheimer, R., 174Meningitis, 61Mennonites, 84, 91Mensabak, 230, 231, 238, 240, 242, 244,

246–248Mensabak Archaeological Project, 238Merriwether, D.A., 142, 155Metric data, 5Mexica, 56, 260Mica, 23Michelet, D., 228Microwear, 9, 173, 174, 177–179, 182, 186,

188Mictlantecuhtli, 145Middle Formative, 48, 58Migrant, 114, 115, 119, 132Migrants/foreigners, 178, 182, 187Migration, 142, 155Milbrath, S., 144, 145Miller, A.G., 258Miller, K., 5, 132Miller, M.E., 216Miller, V., 51, 266Miller, V.E., 196, 216Milner, G.R., 243, 246Milpa, 212Minimum number of elements (MNE), 230Minimum number of individuals (MNI), 230,

263Minjares, A., 238Miramar, 28Missing bones (from burials), 215Missing data, 2Mississippian, 130–132

286 Index

Mitochondrial DNA, 142Mixe-Zoque, 40, 48, 50, 61Mixtec, 259, 261Mmissing data, 156Mock, S., 126Mock, S.B., 17, 28, 31, 255, 256, 266Modifications

of cranium, 122, 200of teeth, 93, 130, 210of the cranium, 93

Moholy-Nagy, H., 24Molleson, T., 177, 178Mollusk shell, 214Monaghan, J., 58, 65Mongelluzzo, R.W., 24Mopan river, 95Morales, P., 199, 207Morehart, C.T., 64Morro, 151Mortuary pathway, 5, 10, 226, 229, 230, 249Mosaic discs, 52Moser, C.L., 266Mountain/Earth monsters, 48Mountains, 26, 53–55, 57, 58, 60, 64, 66Moxviquil, 150Moyes, H., 78, 98Mul tepal, 142, 143, 161Multiple burials (or mass grave), 51Multivariate statistics, 5Mural, 258, 264

NNahua, 53, 59Náhuatl, 54, 60, 143Nájera, I.M., 52Naj Tunich, 49, 81Nakum, 27Nanoglou, S., 18Naranjo, 80, 108–110, 113, 120–122, 125Nasca (Peru), 130Nash, L.M., 99Navarro Farr, C., 256Navarro Farr, O., 122, 132Necklace, 46, 52, 54Newsome, E.A., 259Nextlahualli (Náhuatl debt payment), 58Nixtun–Ch’ich’, 265Non-cyclical occasions, 57, 59Nonfunerary, 264Non-local, 9, 111, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123,

126–131Non-residential burial, 173NORM program, 157Novotny, A., 99, 108

Núñez Enríquez, L., 214Nystrom, K.C., 155

OOaxaca, 53, 56, 130, 143Obsidian, 24, 30, 49, 63, 144, 147, 151, 215Ocarina, 207Oceloapan, 151Ojo de Agua, 80O’Leary, M.H., 184Olivella shells, 89, 95Olivier, G., 63, 258–260Olmec, 40, 47, 48, 51, 60Olsen, K.C., 181, 182Oratory burials, 150Organ, J.M., 177, 181, 186Origin, 108, 111, 115, 119, 122, 123, 125–132Ortíz, P., 47Ortiz Villarreal, V.M., 199Osborne, J., 173Osborne, R., 173Ossuary, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155, 157, 247,

264, 270Osteobiography, 17Osteological Paradox, 4Owen, V., 82Owen, V.A., 50, 62, 82, 99, 229, 238Ower, L., 112Ower, L.H., 84Oxkutzkab, 150Oztoyahualco, 49, 61

PPachuca, Hidalgo, 144Pagliaro, J.B., 122, 255, 257Paine, R.R., 246Pakal, 231Pakal Na, 30Palace, 109, 111, 121, 127Paladino, A.P., 178Palenque, 28, 114, 125, 196, 206, 212, 214,

260, 269Palka, J., 81Palka, J.W., 238, 244, 247Palkovich, A.M., 5Palm, 46Palmer, M., 112Palmul Incised pottery, 144Palombo, M.R., 174Palomo, J.M., 238Pantitlan whirlpool, 54, 55Paper, 41, 55, 56, 58, 66Parasitosis, 51Parker Pearson, M., 108

287Index

Partibility, 8, 15–17, 28Pastor, R.F., 178Pathologies

caries, 94Linear enamel hypoplasias, 94osteitis (periostitis), 94porotic hyperostosis, 94

Patterson, W.P., 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125Pavón, M.V., 5Paz Bautista, C., 45, 46Pearson’s correlation coefficient, 156Pendergast, D., 111Pendergast, D.H., 82Pendergast, D.M., 24, 170, 172–174, 176, 177,

187, 265, 268Peraza Lope, C., 146–148, 150, 152–154Pereira, G., 228Pérez-Pérez, A., 174, 177, 178, 186Perforated inverted ceramic dishes, 217Performance, 196–198Perimortem, 57Perimortem manipulation of bodies, 8Perimortem trauma

lack of evidence, 47Perinatal, 242, 243Periostitis, 201, 202, 206, 208, 210Peten Guatemala, 143Peten Lakes (Guatemala), 144Peten lakes region, 264Peterson, P.A., 82Petroglyph Cave, 50Petryshyn, J.T., 248Phillips, D.A., 150Phytoliths, 177, 181Piacenza, L., 42, 43Pico de Orizaba, 144Piedras Negras, 80, 196, 214, 216, 267Piehl, J., 126Piehl, J.C., 28, 88, 131Pigment, 268, 269Pigmentation

of bodies, 228Piña Chan, R., 229, 238Pinewood, 52Piojan, C., 48, 51, 52Pit (intrusive), 119, 123Plant bundles, 47Plaster bench, 23Playa del Carmen, 150Plaza floors, 145, 148, 153Plunket, P., 61Pohl, J.M.D., 258, 259, 261, 269Pohl, M., 63Polished river stones, 207, 210Political economy, 6

Political interactions and migration, 7Polo-Cerdá, M., 177Polychrome pottery, 202, 204, 206, 209Pomona, 196Pompa y Podilla, J.A., 142Pook’s Hill, 97Popol nah, 263Popol Vuh, 30, 212, 214, 226, 260Population affiliation, 7Populational data, 2Porotic hyperostosis, 44, 51, 52, 57, 201, 204,

210Positioning of limbs, 217Postclassic, 51, 52Postclassic period, 111, 244Postclassic political and economic

organization, 6Post-funerary rituals, 267Postmortem, 57Postmortem manipulation of bodies, 8Post-processual archaeology, 6Pottery, 144, 151Powell, J.L., 112Prechtel, M., 17, 214, 256Preclassic period, 172, 174, 187, 225Price, T.D., 5, 97, 112, 114, 119, 122, 125,

130, 131Primary burial, 176, 177, 187Primary burial/deposition, 99Problematic contexts, 4Processing of maize

and effect on isotope signature, 186Processual ecology, 6Proskouriakoff, T., 144, 146–148, 150, 152Prout, A., 59Proyecto Económico de Mayapan, 144Prufer, K.M., 64, 81, 98, 226, 228Pugh, T.W., 51, 144, 150Puleston, D.E., 82Pumice, 207Pumps (to recover artifacts from cenotes), 229Punto de Chimino, 131Puuc, 150Pye, M., 40Pyramid of the Sun, 49Pyrite, 49

QQ-mode correction, 157Quadripartite division of space, 212, 213Quenon, M., 212, 215Quetzalcoatl cult, 142Quetzal feathers, 54, 61Quiahuiztlan, 151

288 Index

RRadcliffe-Brown, A.R., 218Rain ceremonies, 79Rain God, 50, 51, 58, 60, 231Ramonal, 27Ramos, C.E., 199, 207Rancho del Niño, 151Rathje, W.L., 143, 150Ravenstein, E.G., 115Rebirth, 255, 256, 261, 267, 269, 270Rebirth (as a theme related to sacrifice), 63Reburial, 264, 267Redfield, R., 212Red (ideological concepts associated with),

269Red Queen, 28Reed, 47, 55, 61Reed, D.M., 210Reentry of grave/tomb, 30Reents–Budet, D., 27, 49, 63, 258–260Reese–Taylor, K., 63, 268, 269Reference standards, 2Reilly, F.K., 216Reilly III, F.K., 258, 261Relethford, J.H., 155, 158, 160Reptile teeth, 43Residences, 144–146, 150, 153, 154Residential architecture, 170, 231Residential history, 188Residential living spaces (used for interment

of the dead), 227Residential zone, 109, 111, 119Restall, M., 115Retainer sacrifice, 28Reverential, 255, 257Reverential contexts, 10Rhoads, M.L., 155Rice, P., 115Rice, P.M., 142, 256–258, 262, 265Ricketson, O., 227, 231Ringle, W.M., 143, 148Río Azul, 24, 231, 268Río La Venta, 41Río la Venta Project, 238Rissolo, D., 78, 226, 238Ritual contexts, 154Ritual specialists, 81R matrix analysis, 155, 157, 158, 160RMET 5.0 computer program, 158Roach, J., 51Roaring Creek Valley, 84, 93, 100Robb, J., 18Roberts, C., 3Robicsek, F., 50

Rock paintings, 41Rockshelter, 10, 79, 93, 95, 99, 100, 225, 226,

228–231, 238, 240, 241, 244, 245, 247, 248

Rodríguez, A.M., 51Rodríguez, M., 47Rodríguez, M.C., 52Rojas, C., 229, 238Rojas Sandoval, C., 79Román Berrelleza, J.A., 52, 53, 59Romano, A., 239Root disturbance, 210Root etching, 239Rose, J.C., 177Rost, R., 145Royal, 79, 80Royal Ontario Museum, 170Roys, R.L., 52, 79, 143, 262Rubber, 53–56, 58, 61Rudolph, K.Z., 131Ruppert, K., 146, 148, 154Ruz, A., 226, 230, 231, 245Ruz Lhuillier, A., 81, 145, 150, 214, 269

SSabloff, J.A., 143, 198Sacred Cenote of Chichén Itzá, 50, 51, 241Sacred object, 258, 259Sacrifice, 7, 8, 9, 32, 79, 82, 89, 92, 98, 99,

126, 170, 264, 265general, 54, 57of children, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 54, 56–61,

63Safronov, A., 196Sagebiel, K., 20, 27Sak Tz’i’, 196Samal phase, 108Sample bias, 3San Bartolo, 113, 119, 125, 216Sánchez, G.M., 46Sánchez Vargas, M., 122Sandal, 43San Felipe, 150San Isidro, 48, 57, 151San Lorenzo, 48San Martin Jilotepeque, 144Santillán, S.P., 150Saturday Creek, 173Saturno, W.A., 256Saul, F.P., 6, 7, 17, 18, 64, 210Saul, F.R., 4, 6Saul, J.M., 6, 7, 17, 18, 64, 238Saunders, N.J., 269Saunders, S.R., 2

289Index

Saxe, A.A., 227Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 46Scarification, 43Schafer, J.L., 157Schele, L., 26, 80, 257, 258, 263Scherer, A., 28, 49, 50, 59, 126Scherer, A.K., 4, 5, 7, 94, 100, 142, 152, 155,

156, 158, 159, 194, 196, 198–200, 206, 214, 217

Schmidt, C.W., 177Schmidt, P.J., 50Scholes, F.V., 52, 53, 79Schour, I., 179Schwake, S., 111, 129Schwarcz, H.P., 179, 180, 182Schwarz, K.R., 263, 264Scott, A.M., 49, 57, 78, 79, 81, 82, 92, 98,

227, 229, 231, 270Scott, R.E., 17Scurvy, 61Sealing, 256–258, 260, 263Seated body position, 44Secondary burial, 125, 131, 176, 187, 230Secondary burial/deposition, 99Secondary deposit, 263Secondary manipulation of bone, 5Secondary movement of bones, 128Secondary (subordinate) centers, 196Sedge, 265, 268Seibal, 160Selva El Ocote, 39Sequenced posthumous body treatments, 230Serafin, S., 5, 6, 145, 150, 153, 154Serrano, C., 51, 227Sex estimation, 5Sex ratio, 246Sharer, R., 30, 228Shell, 25, 41, 48, 51, 52, 58, 61, 63, 64, 174

Pinctada mazatlanica, 45Spondylus princeps, 46

Shemesh, A., 179Shield Jaguar III, 196, 198, 214, 215Shield Jaguar IV, 196, 197, 199Shimada, I., 227Shook, E.M., 268Shrine ossuaries, 9Shrines, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150–152Shrouds, 268Sibun Valley, 98Sievert, A., 79Sievert, A.K., 230Sillen, A., 179Simpson, S.W., 156Skull

buried separate from body, 126

Skull racks, 266Slaves, 53, 55Smith, A.L., 146, 148, 149, 154, 270Smith, B.N., 184Smith, R.E., 27Social identity, 7, 16, 28Social status, 2, 3, 7Soldier/war dead, 265Song, R., 176, 187Sosa, J.R., 212Soul, 256, 261, 266, 268Spaniards, 260, 265Spanish Lookout ceramic complex, 95Speleothems, 231Spence, M., 266Spence, M.W., 6, 7, 130Spencer, M.A., 186Speolethem, 207Spondylus shell, 25, 27Spores, R., 53Stanton, T.W., 121, 255–257Statistical testing, 2Steele, D.G., 7, 28Steele, G., 49Stelae, 196, 212, 258Stenzel, W., 258–260Stiner, M.C., 179Stodder, A.L., 5Stojanowski, C.M., 5, 7, 143, 155Stone, A., 82, 92, 212, 213Stone, A.J., 78, 226, 228Stone beads, 43Stone monuments, 199Stone plaque, 43Stone tools, 177Storey, R., 4, 7, 210Storm God, 49, 53Strangulation, 59Strathern, M., 16Striations (on tooth surfaces), 177, 178Stross, B., 256, 257Stuart, D., 79, 80, 100, 245, 258, 263Stuart-Williams, H.L.Q., 179, 180Stucco sculpture, 151Subadult, 48, 50–52, 57, 65Suchey, J., 239Suffocation, 59Sugiyama, S., 49, 130Suhler, C., 121, 122Suhler, C.K., 142Sullivan, L., 20, 27Sullivan, L.A., 257, 265Surovell, T.A., 179Suzuki, S., 43, 61

290 Index

TTabasco, 143Tacahuite, 151Talgua, 150Tamal, 50Tancah, 3Taphonomy, 5, 78, 194, 230, 239, 247

human damage, 82mineral deposits, 89rodent gnawing, 88root etching, 94vascular impressions, 88water damage, 89

Taschek, J.T., 108, 142Tate, C.E., 212Taube, K., 50, 60Taube, K.A., 145, 212, 213, 215, 216, 256,

261Teaford, M.F., 177, 178, 181, 182, 186Tecolote, 196, 211Tedlock, D., 30, 260Temple of Ehécatl, 52Templo Mayor, 52, 57Tenejapa, 256, 257Tenenpanco, 51Tenochtitlan, 52, 259Teotenango, 51Teotihuacan, 49, 61, 129, 132Tepictoton, 56Terminal Classic, 49Terminal Classic period, 6, 9, 127, 132, 176,

187, 199, 217, 243, 266Termination, 88, 255–257, 263, 266, 267Termination events, 10Termination rituals, 228Tetimpa, Puebla, 61Textiles, 41, 43, 46, 63Tezcatlipoca, 56Tezcoco, 51Tezozomoc, H.A., 57Than, K., 59Theory, 11Thomas, N.D., 59Thompson, D.E., 150Thompson, E.H., 81, 226, 229, 245Thompson, J.E., 78, 81Thompson, J.E.S., 150, 263Thornton, E.K., 112Three Rivers region, 17, 19, 27Three-stone hearth, 213Throat slitting, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59Tiesler Blos, V., 142, 155Tiesler, V., 3–7, 16, 18, 28, 30, 42–47, 51, 57,

58, 61, 62, 65, 79, 82, 88, 92–94, 99,

122, 126, 210, 227–231, 238, 239, 243, 244, 246, 247, 255, 264, 269

Tiger Run ceramic complex, 95Tikal, 3, 24, 49, 80, 108, 122, 125, 126, 131,

170, 173Tikal Dancer, 27Tinaja Red pottery, 202Tipu, 3Titmus, G., 24Tiwanaku, 173Tlacateteuh (“human paper streamers”), 53Tlacaxipehualiztli, 54Tlaloc, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63Tlaloques, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60Tlaltecuhtli, 145Tlatelcomila, 48Tlatilco, 49Tlazolteotl, 144Tokovinine, A., 196, 197Toltec, 56Tomb, 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 79, 80, 99, 100, 198,

211, 214, 215Tomb re-entry, 266, 269Tombs, 3tonacacuauhuitl, “the Tree of Our

Sustenance”, 60Tonacatecuhtli (“Lord of Our Sustenance”, a

reference to Tlaloc), 60Tonina, 196Tooth wear, 156Topoxté, 51, 264Totonac, 150Tovalín Ahumada, A., 199Townsend, G.C., 154Tozcuecuex (Mexica chief), 56Tozzer, A., 268Tozzer, A.M., 52, 53, 79, 81, 143, 153, 154Trachman, C., 20Trachman, R., 24Trade networks, 142Trauma

perimortem, 88, 99postmortem, 100

Traxler, L.P., 228Trepanation, 51Trik, A.S., 24, 269Tringham, R.E., 18Trophies, 266Trophy-head, 28Tsak’ phase, 123T-tests, 155, 157Tulum, 144, 150, 258Tung, T., 130Tung, T.A., 5

291Index

Tuross, N., 179Turquoise, 52, 60Twisted cords, 258Typologies, 6Tzeltal Maya, 78, 248, 256Tzoalli (amaranth dough), 55Tzutujil Maya, 258

UUaxactun, 269, 270Uaxactún, 27Ubelaker, D.H., 92, 145, 200, 238, 239Ulua Valley, 143Ungar, P.S., 177, 178, 181, 186Unmodified cranium, 44Urcid, J., 46, 53Urn burial, 61, 62, 66Uruñuela, G., 61Usumacinta Basin (Chiapas), 238Usumacinta River, 198, 199, 217

VVaca Plateau, 95Vail, G., 79, 256Valdez, F., Jr., 27Valencia Rivera, R., 50Valley of Mexico, 130van der Merwe, N.J., 184Vargas Pacheco, E., 150Varien, M.D., 115Vasquez, M.A., 5Vásquez, R., 199Veneration, 16, 29, 32Veneration of saints

in Europe, 173Veracruz, 144, 150, 151, 264Villa Rojas, A., 78, 212Violation, 264Violence, 150, 154Vogel, J.C., 184Vogt, E.Z., 80, 100, 212, 214, 245, 256

WWagner, E., 256–258, 261, 263, 265, 267, 270Walker, W.H., 249Warfare, 196Warinner, C., 179Wari (Peru), 130War prisoners, 53Wauchope, R., 81Waupel, J.W., 246Weaving, 258Webster, D., 2, 7, 21

Weiner, S., 179Weiss-Krejci, E., 4, 17, 28, 99, 108, 111, 115,

194, 228, 255, 267–269Welsh, W.B., 227–229, 231Welsh, W.B.M., 21, 23, 25, 111, 170, 269Western Belize Regional Cave Project, 84Western Chiapas, 8, 39, 40, 61Western Honduras, 5Western Mexico, 143White, C.D., 3, 6, 7, 95, 129, 130, 155, 179,

182, 184, 186, 188, 210White (ideological concepts associated with),

261White marl, 256–258, 263, 265, 267, 269

used to cover, 121Whittington, S.L., 7, 28, 210Wilkinson, R.G., 266Willey, G.R., 95, 111, 129Wonderly, W.L., 58, 59Woodbury, R.B., 269Wooden objects, 58

anthropomorphic busts, 47knives, 47scepters, 47staffs, 47

Wooden zoomorphic sculpture, 43Wood, J.W., 2, 4World tree, 213Wrapping, 256– 258, 260, 263, 265–269

of bodies, 228Wrapping/bundling of body, 216Wright, A.C.S., 112Wright, L., 229, 231Wright, L.E., 2, 4–7, 113, 125, 131, 155, 179,

182, 210Wrobel, G., 5–7, 84, 93, 95Wrobel, G.D., 94, 142, 155, 160, 227–230,

240

XXcambo, 161Xcan, 238Xibalba, 24, 27Xibalbá, 226, 245Xipe, 54Xipe Totec, 144Xiu, 143, 148, 161Xochipilli, 145Xuenkal, 30Xunantunich, 9, 80, 111, 116, 119, 120–122,

125–127, 129, 132Xunantunich Archaeological Project (XAP),

111Xunantunich Palace Excavations (XPE), 111

292 Index

YYaeger, J., 108–112, 120, 121Yahuales, 41Yahualli (Grass circles), 55Yaxchilan, 9, 114, 194, 196–200, 211–218,

260Yaxuna, 122, 258, 263, 267Yetiuh, 54Yoder, C.J., 2, 4Yucatan, 79, 94Yucatan Peninsula, 125Yucatec Maya, 263, 270Yuknoom Yich’aak K’ahk’ (Jaguar Paw

Smoke), 266Yurtsever, Y., 174

ZZacpeten, 51, 144, 263, 265, 267, 269Zaculeu, 269Zapotal, 264Zender, M., 63, 79, 212, 213Zopilote Smudged Black pottery, 202, 209,

214Zoque, 40, 58, 65Zrałka, J., 27Źrałka, J., 212Zuckerman, M.K., 6