Index

a (see Volume fraction) AA (see Ascorbic acid) 4-Acetamido-4’-isothiocyano-

2,2’-disulfonic acid stilbene, 246

Acetylcholine, 206,243,252, 271,331

Action potential (Al?), 245 Adenosine, 252 Adenosine triphosphate

(ATP), 165,288 Adhesives, 121 Adrenaline (see Epinephrine) Adrenal cells, 278,280,281,

283,284,288,291 Ag/AgCl reference electrodes

(see Silver/silver chloride electrodes)

y-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 243,247

Amphetamine (AMPH), 167, 170,243,248,277,279, 291,292,295

Amygdala, 64, 186,196,199, 201-204,226

AMPH (see Amphetamine) Anisotropy, 30,31 Anoxia, 69 ANS (see a-Naphthalene

sulfonate) Anterior cingulate, 202 Anterior chamber of eye, 118 Antero-ventral thalamic

nucleus, 169 Anthraquinone 2,6-disulfonate

(AQDS), 4,11

Index

Antipyrine, 271 Aplysia californica, 271,275 AQDS (see Anthraquinone 2,6-

disulfonate) Artificial sea water (ASW), 272 Asc (see Ascorbic acid) Ascorbate (see Ascorbic acid) Ascorbate oxidase, 53,68 Ascorbic acid (Ascorbate, Asc,

AA), 2,3,5,15-17,19, 47,49,51-53,66,68,69, 123,124,126,127, 133, 134,154, 156, 157, 165, 167,170,185,221-223, 225,226,228-238,241- 254,271,288,309,316

Link with excitatory amino acids, 241-251

Measurement in vivo in brain, 221-254

Neuropsychological effects of, 251-253

Voltammetry in vivo with carbon paste electrodes, 234-241

Working electrodes for ascorbate detection, 225-234

Aspartate, 244 Aspartate-P-hydroxamate, 244 ASW (see Artificial sea water) ATP (see Adenosine triphosphate) Autoradiography, 196 Autoreceptors, 186,193,203,

288,291,322 Auxillary electrodes, 119,314

341

342

Baclofen, 243 BAN (see Basolateral

amygdaloid nucleus) Basolateral amygdaloid

nucleus (BAN), 196, 197,200,202

BBB (see Blood-brain barrier) Bicarbonate, 60 Bipolar stimulating

electrodes, 189 Blood-brain barrier (BBB), 222 Bovine serum albumin (BSA),

232 Brain extracellular

microenvironment (BEM), 27,28, 32,36, 37‘46-70

Brain slices, 81-114,131,132, 171,247

Brainstem, 117,128,226 BSA (see Bovine serum albumin)

CA1 region, 131 Ca2+ (see Calcium) Cadmium (Cd+),164,170,251 Calcium (Ca2+), 5,60,61,64,67,

164,185,221,243,244, 284,285,293,296,322

Carbamoylcholine, 280 Carbon electrodes (see also

Carbonfiber electrodes), 6, 14,20,47,48,121,225

Surface chemistry, l-22 Carbon fiber electrodes

(CFEs) (see also Carbon- fiber tnicroelectrodes$, 43,119,138,153-156, 158-163,167,170,172, 225-228,239,240,246, 250-271,277,282,292, 297

Monitoring catecholamine release, 153-173

Applications, 163-171 Electrochemical methods,

155-160

Index

Experimental models, 160-163

Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMs), 2,9,10,14,34, 47,49,50,53,56,57,63- 65,67,69,84-88,119, 120,181,186,187,189, 195,197,198,211,296

Carbon paste, 48 Carbon powder, 230 Carbon paste disk electrodes,

227 Carbon paste electrodes

(CPEs), 56,223,227- 232,234-241,245,249- 251

Carbon powder electrodes (CPWEs), 22,231

Carbon ring electrodes, 273, 277,279,298

Carbon surface types, 15-22 Catecholamines (see also

Dopamine and Norepinephrine), 53,64, 67,145,147,156,160- 162,165,166,168,169, 171,172,277,279-281, 285,289-291,294,296, 299

Caudate-putamen (CP), 189, 192,196-202

Cd2+ (see Cadmium) Cerebellum, 30,31,118,136,

139-141,145-147,243, 244

Cerebral cortex, 32, 186, 199, 201-204,243,244

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 52, 59

CFEs (see Carbon fiber electrodes)

CFMs (see Carbon fiber microelectrodes)

Characterization of electrodes, 122

Chareine current. 63

Index 343

Chemical microsensors, 180 Chloral hydrate, 53,164,249,

250 Chloride (Cl-), 61,247,324,

326,329 p-Chlorophenylalanine, 271 Choline, 243 Choroid plexus, 221 Chromogranin A, 288 Chronoamperometric/

chronocoulometic measurements, 13 7-147

Detection of norepin- ephrine in CNS tissues, 131-147

Methods, 119-131 Chronoamperometry, 51,52,63 Chronocoulometric measures,

117 Chloride (Cl-), 61,324,325,329 Cl- (see Chloride) CIO,- (see Perchlorate) Clonidine, 288 Co2+ (see Cobalt) Cobalt (Co2+), 244 Cocaine, 321,327-330 Colloidal graphite, 181 Continuous amperometry,

157,170,172,173 Cortex (see Cerebral cortex) Cl? (see Caudate-putamen) CPEs (see Carbon paste

electrodes) CPWEs (see Carbon powder

electrodes) CSF (see Cerebrospinal fluid) Cyclic voltammetric response,

281 Cysteate, 244 Cytochrome c, 12

DA (see Dopamine) Dehydroascorbic acid

(DHAA), 223,225 Density of electronic states

(DOS), 13

Dentate gyrus, 131,143,249 Depression, 117 Desipramine, 171 Detection limit (DL), 5,6,10,13 DHAA (see Dehydroascorbic

acid) Differential normal pulse

voltammetry (DNPV) (see also Differential pulse voltammet y), 52- 54,63,157,158,166

Differential pulse amperometry, 157, 161, 169,172

Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), 46,53,54, 63,154,228, 245271-273

Diffusion, 27-70,179,188,194, 196,198,222,310

Diffusion coefficient, 49, 188, 198,310

Diffusion layer (r), 47,48 Digitonin, 284 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic

acid (DOPAC), 5,16, 18,19,53,54,66,123, 154,156,157,165-168, 170,172,185,229,237, 274,316

L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl- alanine (L-DOPA), 210

Diketogulonic acid, 225 Dirac delta function, 34 Disordered carbon surface, 15 DL (see Detection limit) L-DOPA (see L-3,4-

Dihydroxyphenylalanine) DOPAC (see 3,4-Dihydroxy-

phenylacetic acid) Dopamine (DA), 2,5,15-21,

38-43,53-59,63,64,66, 67,69,118,126,127, 133, 134,140,145,146,153- 157,159,163,165-171, 179,180,183-212,229,

Index 344

232-234,237,238,240. 241,243; 248; 252; 27& 279,292,295-299,307- 309,312-314,316-333

Dorsal tegmental bundle, 203 Dorsal lateral geniculate, 202 DOS (see Density @electronic

states) DNPV (see Differential normal

pulse voltammetry) DPV (see Differential pulse

voltammetry)

EAAs (see Excitatory umnzo acids)

Eadie-Hofstee transforma- tions, 318,320

ECF (see Extracellularfluid) ECP (see Electrochemical

pretreatment) Edge effects, 42 EDTA, 252 EGO (see Electrochemical

graphitic oxidefilm) Electrical stimulation, 130 Electrochemical recording

electrodes, 119 Electrochemical detection, 132 Electrochemical graphitic

oxide (EGO) film, 14, 20,21,28

Electrochemical pretreatment (ECP), 20,21

Electrochemically treated electrodes, 167

Electrode calibration, 48 Electron transfer, 3,4,224,226 Electron-transfer rate

constant(s), 3,4 Epinephrine (Adrenaline),

282,283,292,309 Ethanol, 275 N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), 328 Eu+~‘+~, 12 Excitatory amino acids

(EAAs) (see also

Aspartate, Glutamate, Kainate, NMDA), 162, 169,241,243,244,246- 252

Exocytosis, 285,287-291,293- 296,298

Extracellular fluid (ECF), 222- 234,238,239,241-243, 245‘251-254

Faraday’s law (constant), 280, 309

Fast cyclic voltammetry (FCV), 39,40,43,44, 54-56,63,154,171,172, 225

Electrically stimulated overflow, 189-198

Electrodes and instrumentation, 180-184

Extrapolation to synaptic cleft processes, 205- 212

For studying dopamine diffusion, release and uptake, 179-212

Regional differences, 198,205 Sensitivity and selectivity,

184-187 Temporal response

(deconvolution techniques), 187,188

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, 52,179-181,183,185, 186,189,198,203,298

Fe(CN),-3/-4, 11, 12, 15,22 Fiber electrodes, 122 Fluorescence imaging

techniques, 269 Fluorometer, 333 “Foot” signals, 286,287 Fourier transformation, 185 GABA (see FAminobutyric

acid) GC (see GZassy carbon)

Index

GDC (see Giant DA cell) Giant DA cell (GDC), 275 Glassy carbon (GC), 8, 10, 11,

13,14,16-18 Glial cells, 222,244,246 Glucose, 221,276 Glucose oxidase, 275 Glutamate, 68,244-247,252 Glycine, 243 Glycosaminoglycans, 28 Graphite epoxy electrodes, 56,

119-121 Graphite, 12,56,119-121 Guanfacine, 288 L-Gulono-y-lactone oxidase,

221

H+ (see Proton) Haloperidol, 170,322 Halothane, 53 Heaviside step functions, 34 Heteroexchange model, 244,

250 5-HIAA (see &Hydroxyindole-

3-acetic acid) High-performance (pressure)

liquid chromatography (HPLC), 132,141

High-speed chrono- amperometry, 154

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 8, lo-14,16

Hippocampal slices, 11,131, 132,141-145

Hippocampus (see also Hippocampal slices), 30, 31,117,234,241,243, 244,249,250

Homovanillic acid (HVA), 29, 240,241

HOPG (see Highly ordered pyrolytic gruphite)

HPLC (see High-performance [pressure] liquid chromatography)

345

HSO,-, 20 5-HT (see Serotonin) HVA (see Homovanillic acid) 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-

OHDA), 158,187 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid

(5-HIAA), 123,154, 239,240

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (see Serofonin)

Hypothalamus, 117,226 Hypoxia, 68

Idazoxan, 288 Immunoassay, 269 Immunofluorescence, 296 In vivo microdialysis, 173,238 In oculo transplants, 129-131 In vivo voltammetry, 1,2, 6,9,

309 Internal cyclization, 283 Intracellular voltammetry,

270,271,273,274 Inulin, 28 Invertebrates, 270 Ion shifts, 27-70 Ion-selective microelectrodes

(ISMs), 34,42,49,60, 68,269

Iontophoretic methods, 39,43, 272

Ischemia, 60,62,68 ISMs (see Ion-selective

microelectrodes) Isolated rat tail artery, 164 Isopropanol, 181

K+ (see Potassium) Kainate, 244 KC1 (see Potassium chloride)

Lactone, 10 LC (see Locus ceruleus) Linear sweep or square wave

voltammetry (LSV), 51, 228,236

346 Index

Lipid peroxidation, 252 Locus ceruleus (LC), 117,118,

128,130,131,133,135- 137,139,141,203,226

LSV (see Linear sweep or square- wave voltammetry)

Magnesium (Mg2+), 59-61,67, 244

Mania, 117 Manganese (Mn2+), 244 Mass transport, 46,54,69 Mazindol, 329,330 Medial forebrain bundle

(MFB), 56, 65, 140,186, 189,203

Medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), 58,186,199, 200,202

Mercury electrodes, 225 Mesoamygdaloid, 18,196,205 Mesotelencephalon, 198 Metacerebral neuron cells,

272,273 Methoxyflurane, 327,340 N-Methylamphetamine, 143 Metronidazole, 271 MFB (see Medial forebrain

bundle) Mg2+ (see Magnesium) Michaelis-Menten kinetics, 38,

41,189-191,201,318, 324,328

Microcolumn liquid chroma- tography, 269,282

Microdialysis (see also in viva microdialysis), 166,167, 173,184,239,241,238

Microgel electrophoresis, 269

Microinfusion, 246 Mn2+ (see Manganese) Molecular layer, 136,137,139 Monoamine oxidase, 153,240,

332 Monolayer oxides, 15,22

MPFC (see Medial prefrontal cortex)

Mutilayer oxides, 16,20,22 Multiple electrodes, 119, 120

Na+ (see Sodium) NAc (see Nucleus accumbens) NaCl (see Sodium chloride) NADH, 3,19 Nafion, 5, 14,19,22,56,57, 66,

67, 119, 123, 124, 130, 134,138, 144, 154, 167, 181,184,187-189,191, 194,196,198,203

a-Naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), 66,68

NE (see Norepinephrine) NEM (see N-Ethylmaleimide) Neocortex, 30 Neostriatum, 30 Neuromuscular junction, 206 Nicotine, 278,280-282,284,

289-293,295 Nigrostriatal system, 241,248 Nitric (NO;), 20 NMDA, 164,244,252 NO; (see Nitric) Nomifensine, 147,170,193,

207-209,274-278 Noradrenaline (see

Norepinephrine) Norepinephrine (NE), 5,19,

20,58,64,117-119,123, 124,126-129,131-141, 145-147,153-156,160, 162-166,169,171,173, 203-205,243,279,281- 284,292,309

Normal pulse voltammetry (NW), 51,52,63

NPV (see Normal pulse voltammetry)

Nucleus accumbens (NAc),57, 58,164,170,183,193, 198-202,206,209

Nyquist criteron, 185

Index 347

O/C ratio(see Oxygen/Carbon ratio)

6-OHDA (see 6- Hydroxydopamine)

OLC (see OZd locus ceruleus grafts [transplants])

Old locus ceruleus (OLC) grafts (transplants), 132,134,136

Olfactory tubercle, 168 Optical and electron-

microscope techniques, 269

Optical lobe, 30 Ordered basal plane, 22 Organosilane reagents, 3 2 Oxidation signals, 127 Oxidation current, 133 Oxides, 12,15,20,22 Oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratio, 15

Planorbis corneus, 274-277, 297,299

Paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, 163

Pargyline, 153,164-166,168 170,332

Parkinson’s disease, 179,205 Patch-clamping, 285 PBS (see Phosphate-bufired

saline) PC12 (see Pheochromoctyoma

cells) PEA (see Phospha tidyl-

ethanolamine) Perchlorate (ClO;), 20 Petroleum pitch, 8 pH, 55,59,63-65 Phenanthrenequinone, 12 Phenol, 10 Pheochromocytoma (PC12)

cells, 291-296 Phosphate-buffered saline

(PBS), 67,231 Phosphatidylethanolamine

(PEA), 231

Piperoxan, 288,290,291 Platinum-coated electrodes,

211,273-275,314 Polyacrylonitrile, 8 Potassium (K’), 42,55,59, 60,

64,65,68,131-135,137, 139,141-145,243,247, 273,274,280,282,292- 295,307,316,322

Potassium acetate, 55 Potassium chloride (KCl), 55,

274,280,292,295 Potentiostat, 314 Precision rotator, 314 Pressure ejection, 127,133,

137,278 Pristine surface, 15-17,22 Proteoglycans, 28 Proton (H+), 59,60,63,64,185 Pulse voltammetry (see also

Di,fferential normal pulse voltammetry, Differential pulse voltammetry), 63

Purkinje cell, 118,136-139,141 Pyrrolo-quinoline quinone

W’QQ), 328

Q(moW, 33 Quinone, 10,18,19

Raphe nuclei, 226 Recording electrodes, 125,136 Redox potential, 309,327 Reduction current, 127,133 Reference electrode, 119 Release, 58,64,118,138,140,

161,171,179,188,195, 196,198, 202-204,208, 211,240,288,291,295- 297,308,310,317, 321, 322,331

Representative elementary volume (REV), 28,34

Reserpine, 271,274 Retina, 55

348

REV (see Representative elementary volume)

Reverse-pulse chrono- amperometry, 225

Ringer solution, 297 Ro 4-4062,210 Rotating disk electrode

voltammetry, 305-312, 314319,321,323,324, 327,330-333

Study of time-resolve kinetics of biogenic amine release and transporter activity, 305-334

Ru[NH~]~+~‘+~, 12

SCH 23390,210 Schizophrenia, 117,179 SCV (see Staircase voltammetry) Secondary ion mass

spectrometry, 269 Sensitivity, 22,184 Serotonin (5-hvdroxv-

tryitamine, 5-HT), 126, 127.154,156.171.252, 271-275; 309’ ’ ’

Sertraline, 171 Silver/Silver (Ag/AgCl)

electrodes, 55, 63, 119, 156,162,163,311,315

Simultaneous electrophysiology and electrochemistry, 110- 113

Single carbon-fiber elecrodes, 119,120

Single cell analysis, 269-299 Extracellular voltammetry

at single cells 276- 298

Intracellular voltammetry in invertebrates, 270-276

Sodium (Na’), 61,244,247, 282,324,325,329

Index

Sodium chloride (NaCl), 62, 131

sp* Hydridized carbon, 7 Spatial scale, 36 Spinal cord, 30,117,226 Spreading depression (SD},

60,62,68,69 Square-wave voltammetry,

52,69 Stability, 6 Staircase voltammetry (SCV),

228,229,235,236,241, 245

Stearate-modified CPE, 232- 234

Stimulation electrode(s), 131, 136,161

Stratum radiatum, 131 Striatoamygdaloid area, 197 Striatum, 38,52-54,56-58,

153,158,184, 187, 194, 195,201,202,204,205, 211,229,234,237,243, 244,248,308,310,315, 326

Submonolayer oxidized carbon surfaces, 17

Substantia nigra, 158,248 Sucrose, 28 Sulpiride, 193,208,210 Superior cervical ganglion,

128 Suprachiasmatic nuclei, 226 Sympathetic ganglion

neurons, 292 Synaptosomes, 243,244,312

Tetramethylammonium (TMA’), 28,30-35,37- 41,57,66,68

Tetraphenylborate exchanger, 60

Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 162,170, 251

Thalamus, 68,203 Time-resolved kinetics, 305

Index 349

TMA’ (see Tetramethylammonium)

TMA-method, 28,30,34,39,40 Tortuosity (h), 29-32,35,36,

46,49,57,58 Transplantation, 128 Triton, 231 TTX (see Tetrodotoxin) L-Tryptophan (Trp), 211,272 Tuberoinfundibular DA

system, 201 Tyramine, 143 Tyrosine, 243

UHV (see Ultrahigh vacuum) Ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), 15 Untreated electrodes, 169,170 Uptake, 36,38,43,44,57,58,

145,147,179,189,193- 196,198,200,201,203, 204,207,209,211,222, 277,308,310,317,318, 321,323,324,326-331

Uric acid, 123,239,240,309

Valinomycin, 60 Ventral tegmental area, 164 Ventral mesencephalon, 187 Veratridine, 143,145,332 Vertical lobe, 30,31 Vesicles, 28%287,293-295,

332 Volume changes, 68 Volume fraction (a), 30,32,

33,35,36,46,49,50, 57,58,67

Working electrodes, 225

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 14

YLC (see Young locus ceruleus grafts [transplants])

Young locus ceruleus (YLC) grafts (transplants), 132-135

Yohimbine, 288