Index of Subjects

Acanthocyclops sensitivus 360Accelerated Polishing Machine 66, 71, 72acid mine drainage, and GSHP systems 302Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 157aerial photograph interpretation (API)

Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 461, 462, 464, 469Hong Kong landslide hazard and risk management 473, 477,

500, 503, 505–507mountain roadside slope failures 511, 513vertical stereo images of landslides 21–30, 261–264

aerial photographycoastal recession monitoring and assessment 172, 174mapping of debris flow events, Scotland 53

‘aestifer’, definition 290, 308Aggregate Abrasion Value (AAV) Test 71aggregates, skid resistance 61–72agriculture, and groundwater governance in N China 267, 269,

271, 273–278air temperatures, in UK 297–298alcogels 431alluvium

3D geological model 96, 100, 101–102, 103modelling of groundwater recharge through, using ERT 199–

209properties of coarse-grained alluvia 145–155response to water 429stygobites in 362, 363thermal properties 316see also colluvium

aluminium ore mining, fault reactivation 85–86Alyuda Neurointelligence 2.2 program. 117Amalgamated Tin Mines of Nigeria 390–391andesites

laboratory rock test based on freeze-thaw 179–198skid resistance 63–64, 67–68, 70, 72

ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system) 100anhydrite 31–38

thermal diffusivity 296anthropogenic effects on stygobites 364anthropogenic thermogeological ‘anomaly’ in Gateshead

307–312Antrobathynella stammeri 360, 361, 363aquifers

affecting tunnelling of Thames Water Ring Main, UK 13–17aquifer properties and open-loop GSHP systems 303, 313–

323, 325–334, 335–346aquifer thermal energy storage 290, 303barometric water-level fluctuations 245–250groundwater governance in N China 267–282heat advection in fractured rock aquifers 290land subsidence induced by water pumping, Kalochori,

Greece 369–382and limestone hydrogeology, Wye catchment, Derbyshire,

UK 221–225parameter sensitivity analysis of Chalk tracer tests 237–244Permo-Triassic sandstone, recharge modelling using ERT

199–209potential, Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 39–50Scottish aquifer productivity 227–235stygobite distribution 361–364see also groundwater

ArcGIS 141, 361architectural history, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata,

Italy 385–386Arrock Fault 215artesian aquifers, and GSHP systems 302, 303Ashanti Goldfields Corporation 390Ashworth, M.R.F. 134, 136, 391

ASTM D5321, compared with a new freeze-thaw test 181,185–189, 190, 195–196

atmospheric pressure, and water-level fluctuations 245–250

bacterial activity, in pyritic mudstones 157barite 215barometric water-level fluctuations 245–250‘Basal Beds/Sands’ 316, 321, 327basalt

skid resistance 63, 68, 70, 71, 72thermal conductivity 296

Basement Till 166, 167, 176bauxite mining, fault reactivation 85–86beach deposits, Holderness coast 167–168beach profile surveys, Holderness, UK 169bedding planes, mining-induced shear 78, 84, 90Bedwell’s Columnar Flint 8Bee Low Limestone Formation 215, 216, 219, 220, 222Bell, A.D.M. 134, 136, 390, 391bentonite clay 214Bernal, J.D. 390Billingham Anhydrite Formation 31biofilms, and stygobites 364Biological Records Centre 361bioremediation source area project 96–104BIOSYS database 361Birmingham University 133, 136, 390bog bursts, flows and slides 123–124, 126–127Bolton, C.M. 134Bond, G. 134boreholes

Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 41, 43–44, 47–48, 50in area of gypsum dissolution, Darlington, UK 31, 32borehole logs and superposition principle 400–401borehole yield data, Scottish aquifers 227–235Chalk tracer test parameter sensitivity 237–244data collection for SABRE 3D geological model 97, 98–104ERT survey for groundwater recharge modelling 202–203geological and geoltechnical investigation, Kalochori, Greece

373–374geophysical log database for London, UK 317–322ground investigation for Thames Water Ring Main, UK 5–20groundwater fauna 360, 362, 363for GSHP systems 285–287, 295, 302, 303, 307–312, 335–346,

348, 350, 351–352hydrograph analyses, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 211,

220–221, 223see also wells

Bridgnorth Sandstone 201, 203brine abstraction and fault reactivation 86British Army, Joint Intelligence Board 134British Association for the Advancement of Science 168British Cave Research Association Biological Records 361British Columbia, University of 389British Geological Survey 169, 227, 305, 309, 361, 417

National Geoscience Data Centre 305National Geotechnical Database 305

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 404Building Research Establishment 434building stones, durability 408–409Bullhead Bed 17–18buried channel in coastal glacial deposits 167

‘calanchi’, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata, Italy 386calcareous rocks, stygobites in 363calcite

in Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 180dissolution in expansive pyritic mudstones 157–164

dissolution process 426–427in minewater-based GSHP systems 353, 355, 356

Camisea pipeline system, Peru 251–259, 450Canadian Geological Survey 389canal construction, and strength of peat 129, 132carbon dioxide degassing, minewater-based GSHP systems

352–356carbonate rocks, stygobites in 362, 363Carslaw & Lubin’s Equation 286case histories, value of study of 400, 435Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy (CAMS) 327,

332catchwaters in Hong Kong, risk assessment 459–471cause and effect diagrams 97Cave Research Group 361caves, groundwater fauna 360, 362, 363chalcedony 353, 356Chalk

and GSHP systems 302, 313–323, 327–334, 335–346regional geology of London Basin 413–417, 419stygobites in 362, 363thermal properties 290, 316tracer test parameter sensitivity analysis 237–244transmissivity 326tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main, UK 8, 16–18

Channel Tunnel Rail Link 261–264Chee Tor Limestone Member 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222chiller system, Royal Festival Hall, London 335, 339Chilmark Oolite Member 408–409Chronica Monasterii De Melsa (The Chronicle of Meaux

Abbey) 168classifications 402

landslide probability 453peat and peat failure 123–124, 126–127sinkhole types 139–140

clay minerals, in Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 180clay wayboards, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 215,

220, 223clays

bentonite 214Flysch Rosso, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Italy 83–87and GSHP systems 302Kalochori, Greece 372–374thermal conductivity 296

cleavage, and friction 432cliff failures 418–420, 450–453

in areas of coastal recession 175–176ClimateMaster WE 120, 348Cloos, Hans 404cluster estimation 100Coal Authority (UK) 347–348coal fires, India 84Coal Measures, thermal conductivity 307–312coal minewater-based GSHP systems 347–357coal mining subsidence, and fault reactivation 73–84, 89–92coal-bearing rocks, mineral surface reactions in 429coarse intergranular rock, stygobites in 361, 362, 365coarse-grained alluvia, properties of 145–155coastal erosion, Thermaikos Gulf, Greece 370, 381coastal landslides see landslidescoastal recession analysis, Holderness, E Yorkshire, UK

165–178collinearity 114, 115–116, 120colluvium

and Hong Kong landslides 448, 475, 477, 478, 480–481,483–484, 503, 508

roadside slope failure, Bhutan and Ethiopia 513, 517, 518,520, 521, 522

conductivity monitoring, for GSHP systems 339cone penetration testing of peat 131

confidence, and probability assessment 455–456Conksbury Bridge Lava 218Consent to Discharge 328, 331, 333, 337Consent to Investigate a Groundwater Source (CIG) 327,

328–331, 332, 334, 337consequence assessment 446constant rate recharge testing 331constant rate tests for GSHP systems 339consultancy and contracting system, Hong Kong 502contaminated sites, and GSHP systems 302, 347contracting tenders and specifications, Hong Kong 502Crangonyx islandicus 363Crangonyx subterraneus 360Cronkston-Bonsall Fault 222crop production, and groundwater governance in N China

267, 269, 271, 273–278cross-section surveys, montain road slope failures 511, 513Crymostygius thingvallensis 363cryptic species 360, 365

dacite, skid resistance 63–64, 67–68, 70, 72dam site investigation, and superposition principle 400–401Dana, James 404Darcy’s Law 285Darlington Syncline 36data scaling 115databases and datasets

BGS digital geological dataset 305BIOSYS 361borehole logs for London, UK 317–322engineering strength and density (UK) 305Hong Kong landslides/natural terrain hazard and risk 447–

448, 501, 502, 503–507, 508National Resistivity Depth Sounding 203PHREEQC thermodynamic database 353pipeline incidents 448–450Scottish Aquifer Properties Database (SAPD) 227–235sinkhole inventory 140–141UK Meteorological Office climate temperature data 297

debris channelization ratio 508debris floods, Hong Kong catchwaters 461, 469debris flows

Bhutan 517dynamic modelling 485–486Hong Kong 478–479, 480, 484–485, 503, 507Scotland 51–60

debris slidesEthiopia 521, 522Hong Kong 448Hong Kong catchwaters 461, 469, 470

‘degree of belief’ probability 447, 452–454density, engineering strength and density dataset (UK) 305Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform,

UK 295Derbyshire Dome 214Derwent Valley Water Board 215descriptors, appropriate 406–409, 413, 435desk studies

Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 461, 462–464landslide hazard and risk management, Hong Kong 503, 508

Devensian Glaciation 165, 361, 362dewatering, during tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main,

UK 13–17dGPS see GPS and dGPS applicationsdigital elevation modelling 507digital geological dataset (DigMapGB) 305digital photogrammetry

coastal recession monitoring 169, 175landslide interpretation 21–30, 261–264

digital terrain mapping 21–30, 202, 261–264

530

diorites, thermal conductivity 296displacement analysis, and pore pressure reinflation testing

487–498dissolution, in limestone aquifer, Wye catchment, Derbyshire,

UK 211, 218–219, 223DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids), source area

modelling 96dolerite, geotechnical properties 421, 422, 423dolerite sills, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 215dolines, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 218dolomite, strength 423dolomitization, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 216,

221, 222Domesday Book 168, 169domestic heating from minewater-based GSHP systems

347–357Drab Till (now Skipsea Till) 166, 167, 176durability of building stones 408–409Dynamic Friction Tester (DFTester) 65–66, 68–69, 72dynamic modelling of debris flows 485–486

earth pressure balancing machine (EPBM) 16‘Earth systems’ concept 263earthquakes 89, 90–91, 92, 387East Riding of Yorkshire Council, UK 168–169, 170–171East Shropshire Permo-Triassic Sandstone Groundwater

Modelling Project 201ecology, subterranean 359–360Edlington Formation 35elastic modulus, Turkish ignimbrites 111, 115–120electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), for groundwater

recharge through superficial deposits 199–209Elias, M.M. 135, 136embankments

construction after marine intrusion, Thermaikos Gulf, Greece369, 371, 372

road fill, Ethiopia 521, 523, 526‘Enfield-Haringey Scheme’ 314engineering geology

early development 404–406education and training, Hong Kong 443, 500–501, 508–509present and future 433–434research and development 434–435see also geology for engineers

engineering strength and density dataset (UK) 305Environment Agency for England and Wales 199, 201, 208,

211, 220, 313, 317, 325–334, 335, 338, 345, 361environmental degradation, following water pumping-induced

subsidence 369–382environmental impact assessment, Camisea Pipeline system,

Peru 251, 257Equilibrium Skid Resistance (ESR) 66, 69–71erosion, Hong Kong catchwater hazard 460–461, 463–464,

469, 470erosion pipes, Hong Kong landslides 478, 481Erosion Post coastal monitoring system 168–169, 172–174, 176European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group 448European Union Water Framework Directive 227, 359, 365evaporites, prediction of sinkholes 139–144event tree approach to landslide risk assessment 455expert knowledge 447, 454, 455Eyam Limestone Formation 216, 217, 218, 222, 223

fabric 422–423failure

behaviour of rock specimens 422–426landslide-related ruptures of NGL pipeline, Peru 251–259, 450and uniformitarianism 399–400see also debris flows; landslides; slope failure

Farrington, J.L. 133–134, 135, 136, 389–392

fault trees 455faults

Basilicata region, Italy 383during tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main, UK 7–8mining-induced reactivation 73–94

FEFLOW 45, 333, 344feldspars 428, 432felsic volcanic rocks, skid resistance 63–64, 67–68, 70, 72fen (and transitional) peat deposits 123, 126ferric hydrosulphates, precipitation in pyritic mudstones 157ferrihydrite 353Fickian matrix diffusion 237field studies

Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 461, 464and mapping and API for landslide investigation 21–30,

261–264, 502, 503–508, 511–528mountain roadside slope reconnaissance 511, 513, 517, 520

filtration of minewater used for GSHP systems 350, 351fishbone diagrams 97fissured rocks, stygobites in 362, 363Flamborough Chalk Formation 165Fleming, I. (author) 135flooding

Hong Kong catchwaters 461, 469risk from mining-induced fault reactivation 73, 82

floodplain sinkhole hazard 140–141fluid abstraction, and fault reactivation 73, 86–92fluorescein tracer tests 339, 340–341, 345, 346Flysch Numidico (Numidian Flysch) 383, 387Flysch Rosso (Red Flysch) 383–386, 387FMINSEARCH 241Foster-Smith, J.R. 134, 135Foster-Smith, R. (son of J.R.) 134, 135, 136Fourier’s Law 285, 298–299fracture mechanisms, fabric and strength 422–426fracture spacing in Chalk

and GSHP systems 325–326, 329, 334, 336–337and tracer test parameters 237–244

fractured rock aquifersheat advection in 290stygobites in 361, 362, 364

Fraser, W.E. 134, 136freeze-thaw laboratory rock test 179–198freeze-thaw severity index, Turkey 180–181frequency (of event occurrence) and probability 447–452friction angle, coarse-grained alluvia 145–155friction of mineral surfaces 432–433Fryxell, F.M. 135fuzzy models 100

gabbrofabric 421, 422strength 423thermal conductivity 296

gas and NGL pipelines, landslide-related ruptures 251–259,448–450

gas and oil abstraction, and fault reactivation 86–89Gault Clay 419–420Geikie, Archibald 404, 405, 406General Aquifer Research Development and Investigation

Team (GARDIT) 327Geological Ordnance Survey 398Geological Section ISTD 133–136Geological Society of London 50, 134, 398, 406, 501

Engineering Group working parties on land surface evalu-ation 261, 263

Hong Kong Regional Group 443Geological Society of South Africa 389–390Geological Survey and Investigation (GSI3D) software 96geology, early history of 397–398

531

geology for engineers 404–406, 434geomorphological landslide models for hazard assessment,

Hong Kong 473–486geomorphological mapping

history of 261–264Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 461, 462–463, 464–

465, 469–470, 471geomorphology of Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata, Italy

386geotechnical properties

and GSHP systems 304–305and silica gels 429–433see also index properties; parameters

geotechnics research and development 434–435Gillespie, Jackie 391Gini coefficient 276–279GIS applications 124, 127, 141, 361, 470glacial deposits

coastal recession 165–178debris flow events, Scotland 51–60modelling of groundwater recharge through, using ERT 199–

209glaciation, effect on groundwater fauna 360, 362–363glaciofluvial deposits, modelling of groundwater recharge

through, using ERT 199–209Glossop, Rudolph 434Glossop Lectures (1st) 406Glossop Lectures (9th) 395–441gneiss

strength 423swelling 427–428

Godfrey, J.H. 135goethite 350, 352Gold Fields Rhodesian Development Corporation 389gold mining

fault reactivation 84–85and J.L. Farrington 389–390sinkhole collapse events 139

Gondwana shales 41GPS and dGPS applications 97, 168–169, 172, 176, 477granite

fabric 421, 422strength 423swelling 428thermal conductivity 296, 298

granodiorite, thermal conductivity 296gravels

3D geological model 96, 100, 101–102, 103stygobites in 361thermal properties 296, 316

Green, G.W. 391grey water use, from thermally ‘spent’ minewater 350greywackes

difficulty of core sampling 107skid resistance 63, 66–67, 69–71, 72

ground collector loop (for closed-loop systems) 295–296ground conditions

and GSHP systems 304–305and uniformitarian and superposition principles 400–404

ground heat reserve management 290ground source cooling systems 283, 288, 290, 295, 303, 304

in Chalk aquifer of London, UK 313, 325–334, 335–346ground source heat pump systems (GSHPs)

introduction 281, 283–293closed-loop systems 284–288, 290, 291, 295–296, 301–304,

307–312, 325, 328geological factors affecting performance 295–306open-loop systems 283, 284, 288–289, 290, 291, 295, 296,

303–304, 325–357ground temperature, and GSHP systems 297–301, 307–323

groundwater, sub-artesian, and tunnelling for Thames WaterRing Main, UK 13–17

groundwater abstractioneffect on stygobites 364and fault reactivation 86–89licence, for GSHP systems 331–332, 334testing, for GSHP systems 329–331, 332, 338–339

groundwater conditions, and GSHP systems 301–304groundwater ecosystem 359–360groundwater flood damage, from mining-induced fault

reactivation 73, 82groundwater flow

flow velocity and heat advection 290and GSHP systems 296, 303, 320–321, 332, 333, 334–335, 339tracer test parameter sensitivity analysis 237–244

groundwater governance in N China 267–282groundwater level migration, London, UK 314–315, 327groundwater management, stygobites in Great Britain 359–368groundwater modelling

Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 45–47, 50flow modelling for GSHP systems 334–335recharge modelling using ERT 199–209tracer test parameter sensitivity analysis 237–244

groundwater organisms 359–368groundwater pollution, potential from GSHP systems 302,

328, 334groundwater productivity, Scottish aquifers 227–235groundwater quality, and GSHP systems 302, 304, 327, 334groundwater recharge

Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 44–45, 48, 50Lea Valley artificial recharge trials and schemes 314, 319, 320modelling using electrical resistivity tomography 199–209recharge testing, London 331, 332Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 218

groundwater salinity, Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 48, 50groundwater storage, and barometric efficiency 245–250groundwater temperature, and GSHP systems 297–301,

307–323groundwater use, equity effect of, in N China 276–278grouting, in GSHP systems 302, 308GSHP see ground source heat pumpsGSI3D software 96gypsum

mineral surface reactions in 429in minewater-based GSHP systems 353precipitation in pyritic mudstones 157–164seismic reflection surveys for gypsum dissolution and subsid-

ence 31–38

halite, mineral surface reactions in 429halotrichite 157hard bands, tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main, UK

17–19Hartlepool Anhydrite Formation 31, 35–38Harwich Formation 18–19, 326hazard, definition 445hazard assessment

geomorphological landslide models, Hong Kong 473–486hazard and consequence assessment 446sinkholes 139–145

hazard management, debris flows, Scotland 51–60hazard and risk management

natural terrain hazard studies, Hong Kong 487–488, 501, 502,503–507, 508

roadside slope failures, Bhutan and Ethiopia 511–528see also landslides; risk

heat advection in fractured rock aquifers 290heat exchangers 283, 288, 304, 328, 335, 339

chemical clogging 352–356heat flow map for UK 298–301, 303

532

heat migration downwards from urban environment 307–312,314

heat pump evaporator 285, 288heat pumps for GSHP systems 283–285, 288Heim, Albert 404Hessle Till 166highways see roadsHoek-Brown criterion for rock mass strength 402, 421–426Hong Kong Geological Survey 443Hong Kong Institution of Engineers 500, 501Hong Kong Regional Group of the Geological Society of

London 443hornfels, thermal conductivity 296Huff, L.C. 136Hunt, C.B. 135Hutton, James 398, 404hydraulic gradient, and GSHP systems 303hydrogeochemistry, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 211,

218–219, 223hydrogeology

Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 41–43Chalk aquifer of London, UK 315–317, 336–337‘hydrogeology in heat engineering’: introduction to papers 281Scottish aquifers 228Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 221–225see also aquifers; groundwater

hydrograph analyses, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 211,220–221, 223

hydrological analysis, Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment461, 462, 465, 467

hyperbolic tangent function 115, 120hyporheic zone ecology 360, 361, 364–365

ignimbriteslaboratory rock test based on freeze-thaw 179–198prediction of mechanical properties 107–122

Image J regressive analysis, swelled pyritic mudstone 160–162Imperial College, London 405inception horizons, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 213,

216–217, 218, 223index properties

Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 182–183, 185–187, 189,190–191

Flysch Rosso, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Italy 386Turkish ignimbrites 107–122

industrial growth, and groundwater governance in N China267

injection tests, for GSHP systems 338–339Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (Hong Kong) 501,

502Institution of Civil Engineers 405Institution of Mining and Metallurgy 390Inter-Service Topographical Department, Geological Section

133–136, 390, 391International Association for Engineering Geology and the

Environment 406International Energy Agency 308intrusive rocks, thermal conductivity 296Ion, D.C. 135, 136iron see pyriteirrigation

Arani-Kortalaiyar Basin, India 39, 41, 43, 47–48, 50excessive water pumping, Kalochori, Greece 374–375and fault reactivation 86and groundwater governance in N China 268, 269, 276–278and sinkhole hazard 141, 143

Ishikawa diagrams 97

jarosite 157

kaoline 428karst

aquifer characteristics in 212–213hydrogeology, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 221–225predicting sinkholes 139–144stygobites in 361, 362, 363

kernel density smoothing 99King, W.B.R. 389Kinnesswood Sandstone Formation 230knowledge uncertainty 454Kuenen, P.H. 134

Labey, Jane 136, 390, 391laboratory testing

mountain roadside slope failures 513, 517, 520–521of peat 132potential expansive effects in pyritic mudstones 159–160rock test based on freeze-thaw 179–198

lagoon, caused by water pumping-induced subsidence 369–382Lambeth Group 5–20, 315, 316, 326–327, 336, 400, 414Lanarkshire Coalfield 350land systems mapping history 261–264landscape model, for landslide hazard assessment, Hong Kong

476–477landslides

in areas of coastal recession 175–176engineering geological approach to assessment and mitiga-

tion, Bhutan and Ethiopia 511–528geomorphological models for hazard assessment, Hong Kong

473–486in Hong Kong 443, 447–448, 454, 455, 456, 459–498Hong Kong catchwaters affected by 459–471Isle of Wight 418–420, 450–452landslip prevention and mitigation programmes, Hong Kong

489, 499–500, 502mining-induced fault reactivation 83, 86, 90, 91peat, in Ireland 123–132and pipeline ruptures 251–259, 448–450pore pressure reinflation testing, Hong Kong 487–498probability classification 453reactivation of relict landslides, Bhutan 513, 517, 518reactivation of relict landslides, UK 454, 455risk assessment 445–458Scarborough, UK 450–452slide of 1885 and active slides, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Italy

383–387vertical stereo aerial photograph interpretation 21–30, 261–

264Lapworth, Herbert 405, 406, 433–434Lapworth Museum of Geology, Birmingham, UK 136, 390laser scanning, coastal recession monitoring 169, 175Late Devesian Glaciation 201lavas

thermal conductivity 296Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223

learning rate 15limestones

and GSHP systems 302heat advection in 290hydrogeology, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 221–225mineral surface reactions in 429sinkhole collapse events 139strength 423stygobites in 361, 362, 363

limonite (yellow boy) 160Lincolnshire Limestone 302line diagrams, Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 465loams, thermal conductivity 296Lochgelly Coalfield 350loess soils, fissuring after groundwater pumping 89

533

London Basin 313–323, 325–327, 413–418London Clay Formation 5–20, 315, 316, 320, 326, 327, 332,

336, 337, 344, 403, 410, 414London Licensing Policy 327London Plan 325lost villages, Holderness coast, E Yorkshire, UK 168Lower Greensand Formation 419Lowland Catchment Research (LOCAR) 199Ludford, A. 133–134, 135, 136, 390, 391Lyell, Charles 398, 404

Magnesian Limestone 83manganese precipitation, minewater-based GSHP systems

352–356mapping

for coastal recession monitoring 169, 172, 176digital geological dataset (DigMapGB) 305, 309digital topographic 469–470earliest geological maps 398field mapping and API for landslide investigation 21–30,

261–264, 511–528geological mapping, Hong Kong 443geomorphological, Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment

461, 462–463, 464–465, 469–470, 471ground temperature beneath London, UK 318–323groundwater recharge using ERT 199–209heat flow map for UK 298–301, 303history of land systems mapping 261–264landslide hazard and risk management, Hong Kong 502, 503,

505, 507–509landslide susceptibility 511morpho-chronological, for landslide hazard assessment, Hong

Kong 476–477regional geology of London Basin 414stygobite distribution in Great Britain 361superficial thickness map 305

marblemineral surface reactions in 429strength 423thermal conductivity 296

Marcellus Shale Formation 157–164marine intrusion, following water pumping-induced subsidence

369–382MATLAB 100, 239, 241melanterite 157Mercia Mudstones, 3D geological model 96, 100, 102, 103metamorphism, prehnite-pumpellyite 63, 71micas 428, 432microbial biofilms, and stygobites 364microbial oxidation in pyritic mudstones 157Mid Lambeth Hiatus 7–8Military Engineering Experimental Establishment (MEXE)

261, 262–263military geology 133–136Miller’s Dale Limestone Member 216, 217, 222–223mineral crystals, swelling on saturation 427–428mineral precipitation in minewater-based GSHP systems 348mineral surface reactions 426–429mineralization, limestone hydrogeology, Wye catchment,

Derbyshire, UK 214, 215, 216mineralogy

Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 180rock specimens 420–426skid resistance of aggregates 63, 71

mines, groundwater fauna 360, 362, 363minewater water treatment and drainage in abandoned mines

347minewater-based GSHP systems 296, 302, 308, 347–357mining subsidence/geohazards

and fault reactivation 73–94

SWIFT prediction program 83MLR see multiple linear regressionmodelling

ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interference System) 100conceptual model of Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 221–

225determinants of tubewell ownership, N China 272–276dynamic modelling of debris flows 485–486finite-element simulation of subsidence, Kalochori, Greece

369–382geomorphological landslide models for hazard assessment,

Hong Kong 473–486hydrochemical impact of minewater-based GSHP systems

352–356mining subsidence and fault reactivation 82numerical flow modelling, Hong Kong catchwaters 469–470potential expansive effects in pyritic mudstones 157–164prediction of mechanical properties of ignimbrites 111–121sinkhole prediction 139–145uncertainty in 3D geological models 95–105see also groundwater modelling

MODFLOW/MT3D 344–345momentum coefficient 115Monsal Dale Limestone Formation 215, 216, 218, 219, 222,

223Morrison, A.L. 391mountain pipelines, landslide hazard site investigation 256–259mudflows, Hong Kong catchwaters 461mudstones

expansive effects of pyritic zones 157–164and GSHP systems 301translational bedding plane shear 78

multiple linear regression (MLR), mechanical properties ofignimbrites 111–116, 119–120

muscovite 428

natural gas and NGL pipelines, Camisea, Peru 251–259, 450natural terrain hazard and risk programmes, Hong Kong

447–448, 501, 502, 503–507, 508Nelson, C. 135neural networks, mechanical properties of ignimbrites 114–117,

120New Consolidated Goldfields 389Niphargus aquilex 360Niphargus fontanus 360, 361, 365Niphargus glenniei 359, 360, 363, 365Niphargus kochianus irlandicus 360Niphargus kochianus kochianus 360, 363nitrate pollution, effect on stygobites 364norite, strength 423North Derbyshire Water Board 221North London Abstraction Recharge Scheme (NLARS) 314

ochre 157, 350, 352oil and gas abstraction, and fault reactivation 86–89oil pipelines

annual probability of landsliding 453incidents database 448lack of information on landslide triggers in remote areas 455

Oldhaven member 18–19olivine 428, 432opal 430, 431opal-CT 180Ordnance Survey 398‘ords’ (sandbars) 167–168, 172, 174Oxford University 391oxidation in minewater-based GSHP systems 352–356

palaeokarst, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 217Paludina Limestone 8

534

parametersChalk tracer tests 237–244coarse-grained alluvia 145–155Ethiopian highlands sediments 520Flysch Rosso, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Italy 386, 387‘lumped parameters’ 408–409Middle Himalayan Sediments, Bhutan 513, 517Turkish ignimbrites 107–122see also geotechnical properties; index properties

particle shape, coarse-grained alluvia 145–155particle size analysis, debris flow events, Scotland 53, 56,

57–58particle surfaces, and silica gels 432–433particulates in minewater used for GSHP systems 350Passage Beds 419–420peat, in debris flow events, Scotland 54, 57peat slope failure in Ireland 123–132Peclet number 238, 242, 243, 303Pendleton, R.L. 135Penning, W.H. 405petrology of rock specimens 420–426Phemister, T.C. 134, 389, 390PHREEQC 162–164, 353PHREEQCI 352–356piezometer installations, Thames Water Ring Main, UK 8piezometric level variation, and land subsidence, Kalochori,

Greece 375, 378, 381pipelines, landslide-related ruptures 251–259, 448–450Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford 391PLAXIS (v8.6) 2D finite-element code 377–378point load index test, Turkish ignimbrites 110Polished Stone Value (PSV) Test 61, 62, 66, 68–69, 71, 72pollution

by urban heat loss 307effect on groundwater fauna 360, 364see also contaminated sites; groundwater pollution; thermal

pollutionpolymerization 429–431Ponsford, D.R.A. 391pore pressure reinflation testing, landslide management, Hong

Kong 487–498pore water pressure, Thames Water Ring Main 8porosity

Ankara andesites and imbrignites 182–183, 185, 187, 190–191example of a ‘lumped parameter’ 408–409and GSHP systems 296in limestone aquifers 212–213

Portland Sand Formation 408–409Portland Stone Formation 408–409prediction of expansion in pyritic mudstones 157–160prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphism 63, 71pressure transducers 245–250privatization of tubewells, N China 268, 269, 270–271Proasellus cavaticus 360, 361, 365probabilistic methods of sinkhole prediction 139–145probabilistic risk assessment 445–458problem solving, and superposition principle 402–404, 406Pseudocandona eremita 360Purple Till (now Withernsea Till) 166, 167, 176pyrite oxidation, minewater-based GSHP systems 352–356pyritic mudstones, expansive effects 157–164pyrolusite 353, 356

quantitative risk assessment 445–458quartz

quartz diorite strength 423quartz mica schist, thermal conductivity 296in silica gels 429–433see also silicate rocks

quartzites

strength 423thermal conductivity 296thermal diffusivity 296

radially convergent dispersion 237, 240rainfall

and cliff failures 175–176, 450and debris flow events, Scotland 51, 52–53, 58and landslide of 1885, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata,

Italy 383–385, 387and landsliding, Hong Kong 473, 483, 487–498and roadside slope failures, Bhutan and Ethiopia 513, 519,

521, 524randomness (aleatory uncertainty) 454Ray, L.L. 135Reading Formation 11, 12, 13Red Flysch (Flysch Rosso) 383–386, 387regressive analysis, swelled pyritic mudstone 160–162relict sand channels, tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main,

UK 5–20remediation

after Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 467–469landslide-related ruptures of NGL pipeline, Peru 258road reinstatement following slope failures, Ethiopia 521–522

remote sensing 21–30, 261–264, 507report sheets, Hong Kong catchwater slope instability 465–467Representative Elemental Volumes (REVs) 410–413, 435RES2DNV version 202, 3.54research, in engineering geology 434–435resistivity surveys see electrical resistivity tomography (ERT)rhodochrosite 353risk

definition 445of fatality from peat slope failure 129, 131–132

risk assessment and management 443GSHP systems 288–289, 333, 338Hong Kong catchwaters 459–471landsliding 445–458see also hazard assessment; landslides

river gravels, 3D geological model 96, 100, 101–102, 103rivers

conceptual model of Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 221–225

hyporheic assemblages 360, 361, 364–365roads

aggregate skid resistance 61–72construction, and strength of peat 129, 132roadside slope failures in Bhutan and Ethiopia 511–528

rock fabric 422–423rock falls, Glen Ogle, Scotland 52rock mass strength, Hoek-Brown criterion 402, 421–426rock slides, Hong Kong catchwaters 461rock specimens, behaviour of 420–426rock test based on freeze-thaw 179–198‘roll back’ of properties affected by coastal recession 171, 172,

176Rose, E.P.F. 389, 390, 391roughness and roundness of coarse-grained alluvia 145–155Rowe Chalk Formation 165Roxby Formation 32, 35, 38Royal Artillery 133Royal Engineers 390Royal Engineers Museum and Library, Chatham, UK 136Royal Festival Hall, London, UK, groundwater cooling

system 335–346Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 135

Sabine, P.A. 391SABRE (Source Area BioREmediation project) 96–104salt tracer tests 339, 340–341, 346

535

sanadine 428sand channels, tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main, UK

5–20sandbars (‘ords’) 167–168, 172, 174sands

geological and geotechnical investigation, Kalochori, Greece372–374

thermal conductivity 296sandstones

and GSHP systems 301–302recharge modelling in superficial deposits overlying 199–209skid resistance of greywackes 63, 66–67, 69–71, 72strength 423stygobites in 361thermal conductivity 296, 307–312translational bedding plane shear 78

saprolite, landslides, Hong Kong 475, 478, 480, 481, 483Savigear system 263scale, appropriate 409–413, 435scale deposition in GSHP systems 304scanning electron microscopy, surface texture of aggregates

69–71, 72scarps and fissures, mining-induced 79–80, 82, 84–85, 86–89,

90–92schists, thermal conductivity 296Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental

Research 227Scottish Aquifer Properties Database (SAPD) 227–235Scottish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) 227Scottish Natural Heritage 361Scottish Water 227scour features, tunnelling for Thames Water Ring Main, UK

8–10sea defences

and coastal recession 168, 171–172probability of failure 452–453

sea level rise, Thermaikos Gulf, Greece 370, 381Seaford Chalk 8, 16–18Seaham Formation 32, 35–38Sedgwick, Adam 398seismic reflection surveys for investigation of gypsum

dissolution 31–38seismicity, and fault reactivation 90–91sensitivity analysis 115serpentine 432serpentinites, thermal conductivity 296shales

expansive effects of pyritic zones 157–164thermal conductivity 296translational bedding plane shear 78

Shanxi Graben System 89shear displacements, mining-induced 78–82, 84, 85, 90shear strength

coarse-grained alluvia 145–155peat 125, 127–128, 129–131, 132

Sherwood Sandstone Group 32, 83, 302, 308Shotton Archive 136, 390Shotton, F.W. 133, 136, 389, 390Shropshire Groundwater Scheme 199siderite 353sigmoid function 115silica gels 429–433silicate rocks, mineral surface reactions in 427–429silts ands siltstones, thermal conductivity 296sinkholes, prediction by probabilistic methods 139–144site characterization, coarse-grained alluvia 145–155site investigation

for SABRE 3D geological model 96–97and superposition principle 400–404and uniformitarian principle 399–400

skid resistance, aggregates 61–72Skipsea Till 166, 167, 176slake durability index, Ankara andesites and imbrignites 182,

183, 185–186, 187, 190slickensides, roadside slope failures, Ethiopia 522, 523slope failure

catchwater hazard in Hong Kong 460–461, 463–464, 469peat slope failure in Ireland 123–132roadside slopes, Bhutan and Ethiopia 511–528and uniformitarianism 399–400, 403see also debris flows; landslides

slope instability report sheets, Hong Kong catchwater riskassessment 465–467

slope stabilization works, Hong Kong 499–500, 509Smith, William 398, 404, 413–414Society of Economic Geologists (USA) 390soil-atmosphere thermogeological boundary conditions 290soils

Black Cotton Soil, Ethiopia 520, 522tropical (residual), and mining-induced fault reactivation 82–

83, 89see also alluvium; colluvium; loess

Sorsbie, R.F. 405sough hydrogeology, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 216,

223Source Area BioRemediation (SABRE) project 96–104space heating from minewater-based GSHP systems 347–357Spatial Development Strategy for London 325spatial variation of coastal recession 170–172specific capacity values, Scottish aquifers 227–235speleogenesis 212, 215–216, 223sphericity, coarse-grained alluvia 145–155spontaneous combustion, Indian coal deposits 84springs, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 211, 216, 217–218,

223standards and geotechnical control, Hong Kong 501–502steatite 432step tests for GSHP systems 339Stephens, J.V. 389storm events, and catchwater hazard, Hong Kong 460–461,

469strain analysis, and pore pressure reinflation testing 487–498stratigraphy

historical development of 398influence on limestone hydrogeology, Wye catchment,

Derbyshire, UK 221–225Streatham Fault 7–8strength

engineering strength and density dataset (UK) 305Hoek-Brown criterion for rock mass strength 402, 421–426

stress path testing, rainfall-induced landsliding 487–498stygobites in Great Britain 359–368stygophiles 360, 361, 362stygoxenes 360, 362stylolites, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 217subsidence

finite-element simulation, Kalochori, Greece 369–382predicting sinkholes 139–144seismic reflection surveys for gypsum dissolution and subsid-

ence 31–38see also mining subsidence

subterranean ecology 359–360sulphates see ferric hydrosulphatessuperficial deposits

3D geological modelling 95–105modelling of groundwater recharge through, using ERT 199–

209superficial thickness map 305thermal conductivity 296

superposition principle 397, 398–399, 400–404, 435

536

surface roughness, coarse-grained alluvia 145–155surface texture of aggregates 69–71, 72swelling, in pyritic mudstones 157–164SWIFT program 83Swinton, W.E. 135

Taddington Anticline 215Tazmanites cysts 159tectonic activity, Campomaggiore Vecchio, Italy 383tectonic earthquakes 89, 92Teith Sandstone Formation 361temperature

baseline, for London, UK 313–315, 338of minewater from English abandoned mines 348, 349monitoring, for GSHP systems 342–345see also air temperatures; ground temperatures

temporal variation, of coastal recession 172–174tenders and specifications, Hong Kong 502tension cracks

landslides, Hong Kong 478, 481roadside slope failures, Bhutan 517

terrain evaluation, vertical stereo imagery 21–30, 261–264terrain model, for landslide hazard assessment, Hong Kong

476–477Terzaghi, Karl 402–403, 406, 409, 433–434Thames Water Ring Main, UK 5–20Thanet Sand Formation 5–20, 316, 326–327, 336, 337, 338,

414Theis (1935) Equation 286thermal breakthrough/interference 334, 346

definition 288–289thermal conductivity, and GSHP systems 296–297, 316thermal diffusivity, and GSHP systems 296thermal feedback, definition 288–289thermal plume migration in GSHP open-loop systems

288–289, 313, 333thermal pollution, and aquifer temperature change 290thermal response test 309thermal springs, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 211,

217–218thermogeological ‘anomaly’ in Gateshead, UK 307–312thermogeological boundary conditions (soil-atmosphere) 290thermogeological risk assessment 288–289‘thermogeology’, definition 285Thiobacillus spp. 157Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) 284, 285tills see glacial depositstin mining 390–391Tisbury Glauconitic Member 408–409tolerance value in MLR 114, 116‘total geology’ concept 263Townhead Vein, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 223tracer tests

GSHP systems 338, 339parameter sensitivity analysis 237–244

transducers for measuring barometric water-level fluctuations245–250

transmissivity values, Scottish aquifers 227–235Transport and Road Research Laboratory, UK 261, 263tree roots, and electrical resisitivity results 203trenches, closed-loop heat extraction 288Trent River Basin 216trial pitting, roadside slope failures, Bhutan and Ethiopia 511,

512, 513, 520, 522–523triaxial tests, and pore pressure reinflation testing 489, 490,

491, 492tubewells, and groundwater governance in N China 267–282tuffs

thermal conductivity 296Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 215, 216, 217, 222, 223

tunnelling, Thames Water Ring Main, UK 5–20

UK Meteorological Office, climate temperature datasets 297ultrasonic velocity, Turkish ignimbrites 109–110uncertainties and probability 447–452, 455–456uncertainty in 3D geological models 95–105uniaxial compressive strength

Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 183, 187, 189–190Turkish ignimbrites 111, 115–118, 119

uniformitarian principle 397, 398–400, 404, 435Upper Greensand Formation 419Upper Miller’s Dale Lava 222uranium mining, and fault reactivation 84–85urban thermogeological heat islands 307–312, 314, 319US ASTM D5321, compared with a new freeze-thaw test 181,

185–189, 190, 195–196US Geological Service, Military Geology Unit (MGU)

135–136

vane testing, peat 129–131, 132variation inflation factor (VIF) in MLR 114, 116volcanic rocks, thermal conductivity 296volcanic strata, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK 214, 215,

217, 222, 223volumetric heat capacity, London Basin deposits 315vulnerability index, for Hong Kong catchwater risks 470

walkover surveys, Hong Kong catchwater risk assessment 461,464

water absorption, Ankara andesites and imbrignites 182–187,189, 190–191

Water Company of Thessaloniki, and land subsidence 369, 375water feature survey, for GSHP systems 328–329water mites 360water supply, Thames Water Ring Main, UK 5–20water table fall, and tubewell ownership, N China 268, 270,

273, 278water tracing experiments, Wye catchment, Derbyshire, UK

211, 216, 219–220, 223wayboards, limestone hydrogeology, Wye catchment,

Derbyshire, UK 214, 215, 220, 223weathered rock, and Hong Kong landslides 448weathered rocks, appropriate description of 411weathering

depth, and superposition principle 400–401laboratory rock test based on freeze-thaw 179–198

well doublet open-loop GSH schemes 288–289well shrimp see Niphargus glennieiwells

barometric water-level fluctuations 245–250ground source heat systems 288–289, 295groundwater fauna in 360, 362, 363land subsidence induced by water pumping, Kalochori,

Greece 369–382municipal wellfields, Chennai, India 43–44, 47–48, 50tubewells and groundwater governance in N China 267–282well-bore mixing and capturing 242–243see also boreholes

White Chalk Subgroup 8, 16–18Williams, W.R. 134, 136, 391Wimbledon Fault 7–8, 10Withernsea Till 166, 167, 176Woo Dale Limestone Formation 214, 215, 217, 218, 219, 220,

221–222Woolwich Formation 10, 11, 13World War II, military geology 91, 133–136, 390

XLSTAT 115XRD analysis, Ankara andesites and ignimbrites 180

Yorkshire Geological Society 134

537

Index of Localities

Aberfan, S Wales 404Afghanistan 83–84Africa 84–85, 139, 389–391, 400–401,

512, 518–526Alberta, Canada 363Aldbrough, E Yorkshire 169Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA 139Alport, Derbyshire 211Altquhar Burn, Scotland 361Amazon Basin 251–259, 448, 450Anargiri, Greece 369Andes 251–259, 448, 450Ankara, Turkey 179–198Arani River, India 39–50Ashford Dale, Derbyshire 215Ashford-in-the-Water, Derbyshire 211Ashwood Dale, Derbyshire 212, 218, 219Australia 84, 123, 263

Bakewell, Derbyshire 212, 214, 217Balkans 363Barmston, E Yorkshire 171Basilicata, Italy 383–387Bee Low, Derbyshire 220Belgium 74Bhutan 512–518, 526Black Rock Cottages Spring, Derbyshire

212Bradwell, Derbyshire 215Brazil 277, 403Bridlington, E Yorkshire 167, 168, 170British Columbia, Canada 59Brixton, London, UK 16Brockwell Park, London, UK 10Brook Bottom Spring, Derbyshire 212Brooklyn, New York, USA 313Bubble Springs, Derbyshire 212, 216Buxton, Derbyshire 211

Cairndow, Scotland 58Cales Dale Springs, Derbyshire 212California, USA 88–89Calling Low, Derbyshire 218, 219Calton Hill, Derbyshire 214, 219Calver, Derbyshire 215Cambridgeshire 237–244Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata,

Italy 383–387Canada 59, 82, 157, 309, 313, 314, 319,

334, 348, 363, 389Caribbean 85–86Carter’s Mill Resurgence, Derbyshire

212Castleguard Cave, Alberta, Canada 363Castleton, Derbyshire 215, 216Catalyud, Spain 139Chee Dale, Derbyshire 211, 212Chelmorton, Derbyshire 219Chennai, India 39–50China 84, 89, 267–280, 290Clare (Co.), Ireland 127Cloudy Hill, Hong Kong 473–486Collie Coal Basin, Australia 84Colombia 82–83, 448Coppermills, London, UK 12, 18–19Cork, Ireland 309

Cornwall 360, 365Cowdale, Derbyshire 217Cowdenbeath, Scotland 347–357Cressbrook Mill Spring, Derbyshire 212Crete 369Cubatao, Brazil 403Cubuk, Turkey 180Cuilcagh Mountain, Co. Fermanagh,

Ireland 125Cumbria 261Cunning Dale Shack, Derbyshire 219

Dale Head Farm, Derbyshire 220Darlington, Co. Durham 31–38Deepdale Spring, Derbyshire 212Derbyshire 211–225Devon 360, 365Dimlington, E Yorkshire 167Dinaric Alps 363Dominican Republic 85–86Donbass (Donetsk), Ukraine 77–82Donegal (Co.), Ireland 124Dorset 455Dove Holes Dale, Derbyshire 219Dove Valley, Derbyshire 215Dowlow Quarry, Derbyshire 219Dublin, Ireland 309Dumfries, Scotland 227Durham (Co.) UK 31–38

Eakring, Derbyshire 218Easington, E Yorkshire 167East Anglia, UK 237–244Ebro Valley, Spain 139–144English Channel 419Eonyang (South Korea) 425Ethiopia 512, 518–526Eyam, Derbyshire 215

Fermanagh (Co.), Ireland 125Fife, Scotland 227, 230, 347–357Flamborough Head, E Yorkshire 174Florina, Greece 369Formosa (now Taiwan) 136, 496France 136, 363

Galveston, Texas, USA 86, 88Gardermoen, Norway 348Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, UK

307–312Georgia 455Germany 75–76, 135, 136, 428–429Ghana 390Glasgow, Scotland 347–357Glen Ogle, Scotland 51–60Glendun, Ireland 127Gloucester Place, London, UK 12–13Golbasi, Turkey 180, 196Great Douk Cave, N Yorkshire 361Great Rocks Dale Spring, Derbyshire

212Great Shacklow Springs, Derbyshire

212, 217Greece 369–382

Hai River Basin, China 267–280

Hardendale Fell, Cumbria 261Hay Dale Spring, Derbyshire 212Heerlen, Netherlands 348Hell Kettles, Darlington, Co. Durham

31–38Highcliffe Farm, Derbyshire 220, 221Hillcarr Sough, Derbyshire 216Hillhead, Derbyshire 215Himalaya 512–518, 526Hindlow Quarry, Derbyshire 219Holderness, E Yorkshire 165–178Holme Grove Risings, Derbyshire 212Hong Kong 23, 404, 411, 443, 447–448,

454, 455, 456, 459–510Honor Oak, London, UK 16–17Hornsea, E Yorkshire 171, 172, 173Horseheath, Cambridgeshire 237–244Houston, Texas, USA 86, 88Hubberdale Mine, Derbyshire 215Hurworth Place, Darlington, UK 31

Iceland 363, 416Illy Willy Water, Derbyshire 212, 218,

219India 39–50, 84Indianapolis, USA 284–285Invermoriston, Scotland 58Iran 145–155Ireland 123–132, 309, 314, 362Isle of Wight 418–420, 450Italy 383–387, 403

Jackfield, Shropshire 403Japan 309, 314Jura, France 363

Kalochori, Greece 369–382Karakoram 83–84Kashmir 83–84Katowice, Poland 347Kazakhstan 76–77Kent 403Kenya 389Kerry (Co.), Ireland 124, 126–127Kidtor Spring, Derbyshire 212Knocknageeha Bog, Co. Kerry, Ireland

124, 126–127Knotlow Mine, Derbyshire 222Knottingley, S Yorkshire 31Kortalaiyar River, India 39–50

Lake District 361Lantau Island, Hong Kong 487–498Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, USA 86Lathkill Dale, Derbyshire 212, 217, 220Lee Valley, UK 5–20Lees Bottom, Derbyshire 211, 212, 217Liège, Belgium 74Limburg, Netherlands 74–75Lincolnshire 261Litton Spring, Derbyshire 212Llyn Ogwen, Capel Curig, N Wales 124,

127, 129Lo Wai, Hong Kong 469Lochearnhead, Scotland 52–53

538

London 5–20, 281, 283, 290, 295, 309,310, 313–346, 400

London Basin 413–418Long Island, New York, USA 313Louisiana, USA 402Lover’s Leap Spring, Derbyshire 212Lumphinnans, Fife, Scotland 347–357Lyme Regis, Dorset 455

Macedonia, Greece 369–382MacKay Creek, British Columbia 59Madras, India 39–50Magpie Sough, Derbyshire 216, 223Mappleton, E Yorkshire 167, 171–172Meenacharvy Bog, Co. Donegal, Ireland

124Meerbrook Sough, Derbyshire 216Messara Valley, Crete 369Michigan, USA 263Middle East 89Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire 211, 212, 217Mojave Desert, California, USA 88Monks Dale, Derbyshire 212, 214, 218,

221Monsal Dale, Derbyshire 216Mossend, Lanarkshire, Scotland 348Mount St Helens, Washington State,

USA 452

Netherlands 74–75, 348New Orleans, Louisiana, USA 402New River Head, London, UK 17–18New York, USA 313New Zealand 61–72Nigeria 390–391Norfolk 237–244, 284North Oxen-le-Fields, Darlington, Co.

Durham 32North Sea 416Norway 135, 157, 348Norwich, Norfolk 284Nutseats Quarry, Derbyshire 220

Ogle Burn, Scotland 51–60Osaka, Japan 309, 314Otter Hole, Buxton, Derbyshire 212Over Haddon, Derbyshire 218

Pakistan 83–84, 270Papua New Guinea 21Peak Forest, Derbyshire 214Pennsylvania, USA 139, 157–164Peru 251–259, 448, 450Peter’s Dale, Derbyshire 214

Pictor Spring, Derbyshire 212Pimlico, London, UK 9–10Pisa, Italy 403Platt Brook, Shropshire 199–209Poland 75, 347, 348Portland Square, London, UK 17–18Potford Brook, Shropshire 199–209Pudding Springs, Derbyshire 212Puilatos, Spain 139

Raynes Park, London, UK 10–12Rest and Be Thankful, Scotland 58Río Aguas, Spain 21–30, 261–264Ripon, N Yorkshire 31Rockhead Spring, Derbyshire 212Rookery Bridge Spring, Derbyshire 212Rowsley, Derbyshire 211Royal Festival Hall, London 335–346

Salisbury, Wiltshire 408Sau Mau Ping, Hong Kong 404Saudi Arabia 89Scarborough, N Yorkshire 450–452Scotland 51–60, 124, 227–235, 347–357,

361Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire 261Selby, N Yorkshire 308Selva, Peru 251–259Sevenoaks, Kent 403Shanghai, China 290Shanxi Province, China 89Shetland, Scotland 124Shettleston, Glasgow, Scotland 347–357Shropshire 199–209, 403Sierra, Peru 251–259Smithic Sands, E Yorkshire 174South Africa 84–85, 139, 389–390South America 82–83South Farm, Norfolk 237–244South Korea 425Soviet Union (former) 76–82Spain 21–30, 139–144, 261–264Staden, Derbyshire 219Staffordshire 403Stoke Newington, London, UK 18–19Streatham, London, UK 13–14Surrey, UK 5–20Sweden 28, 157, 309, 314Switzerland 284

Taddington Dale, Derbyshire 211Tai Po, Hong Kong 473–486Taiwan (formerly Formosa) 136, 496Tamil Nadu, India 39–50

Tehran, Iran 145–155Tern River, Shropshire 199–209Texas, USA 86Thames Valley, UK 5–20, 313–323Thessaloniki, Greece 369–382Thessaly Plain, Greece 369Tibet 21Tooting Bec Common, London, UK

14–16Topley Pike Spring, Derbyshire 212Torside Reservoir, UK 261Tunstead Quarry, Derbyshire 219Turkey 107–122, 179–198, 453Tyneside 307–312, 319

Ukraine 77–82USA 82, 86–89, 135, 139, 157–164, 251,

263, 284–285, 313, 348, 402, 452Utah, USA 82

Ventnor, Isle of Wight 418–420, 455

Wales, North 124, 127, 129Wales, South 361, 404Walton’s Wood, Staffordshire 403Washington State, USA 452Well Head Spring, Derbyshire 212Whitby, N Yorkshire 452–453White Cliff Spring, Derbyshire 212White Scar Caves, N Yorkshire 361Whitton, London, UK 10Wiltshire 408Winge Carribee Swamp, Australia 123Winnipeg, Canada 309, 313, 319, 334Withernsea, E Yorkshire 171, 172, 173Woodale, Derbyshire 212, 215Woodhead Reservoir, UK 261Woolow Spring, Derbyshire 212Wormhill Springs, Derbyshire 212, 216,

219Wye Head Resurgence, Derbyshire 212Wye River, Derbyshire 211–225Wyoming, USA 82

Xian City, China 89

Yatestoop Sough, Derbyshire 216Yellow River Basin (Lower Reaches),

China 267–280Yorkshire, East 165–178Yorkshire, North 31, 308, 361, 450–453Yorkshire, South 31

Zambia 389Zimbabwe 389

Index of Authors

Atkinson, T.C. 237Audibert, J.M.E. 251

Ball, D.F. 227Banks, D. 283, 307, 313, 347Banks, V.J. 211Barker, K.J. 129Barker, R.D. 199

Binal, A. 107, 179Birks, D. 335Black, P.M. 61Bonachea, J. 139Boylan, N. 126, 131Bromhead, E. 383Brown, M.J. 51Busby, J. 295

Buss, S.R. 281Butler, A.P. 237

Carter, A. 335Cave, M.R. 95Cendrero, A. 139Charalambous, A.N. 39Cheshomi, A. 145

539

Clarkson, M.H. 335Clatworthy, J.C. 135Cone, S. 335Coppola, L. 383Cuthbert, M.O. 199

Davies, M.C.R. 51De Freitas, M. 397Devonald, D.M. 473Donnelly, L.J. 73Dykes, A.P. 123

Edwards, R.J.G. 261

Fakher, A. 145Farnsworth, H.F. 267Farrington, P.A. 389Fraga Pumar, A. 347Fry, V.A. 325

Galve, J.P. 139Gandy, C.J. 307Garratt, P. 39Goulty, N.R. 31Graham, M.T. 227Griffiths, J.S. 21, 261Guerrero, J. 139Gunn, J. 211Gutiérrez, F. 139

Hart, A.B. 21Hart, J.R. 499Headon, J. 313Hearn, G.J. 511Hencher, S.R. 473Hengesh, J.V. 251Hodgson, I. 395

Hoover, S.E. 157Huang, J. 267Huang, Q. 267

Jennings, P. 126, 131Johns, T. 359Jones, C.J.F.P. 145

Kachi, S. 237

Lawley, R. 295Lee, E.M. 251, 445Lehmann, D. 157Lelliott, M.R. 95Lewis, M. 295Long, M. 126, 131Loupasakis, C. 369Lowe, D.J. 211Lucha, P. 139Ludford, A. 133

MacDonald, A.M. 227Mackay, R. 199Martin, R.P. 459Massey, C.I. 511Mather, A.E. 21Mathias, S.A. 237Milne, F.D. 51Murphy, W. 165

Nardone, R. 383Newman, T. 5Ng, K.Y. 487Nyman, D.J. 251

Ó Dochartaigh, B.É. 227

Parry, S. 443, 499Petley, D.N. 487Philip, L.K. 165Price, M. 245Proudlove, G.S. 359

Quinn, J.D 165

Reeves, H. 295Reid, J.M. 129Remondo, J. 139Rescio, P. 383Robertson, A.L. 359Robinson, V.K. 313Rose, E.P.F. 135Rozelle, S. 267Rozos, D. 369

Sargent, C. 31Smith, J.W.N. 359Sun, H.W. 473

Tellam, J.H. 199Thompson, J.A. 473

Underwood, C. 307

Wang, J. 267Ward, R.S. 237Waters, A. 313Watson, I. 347Wealthall, G.P. 95Werrity, A. 51Wilson, D.J. 61Winter, M.G. 3, 129Withers, J. 307

Younger, P.L. 307, 335

540

Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology andHydrogeology2009 Volume 42 ISSN: 1470-9236

Scientific Editor: M.G. Winter, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), UK

Assistant Scientific Editors (engineering geology): M.G. Culshaw, University ofBirmingham and British Geological Survey, UK; (geomaterials): E. Bromhead, KingstonUniversity, UK; (hydrogeology): M. Streetly, Environmental Simulations International, UK.

Editorial Board: R. Allington, GWP Consultants LLP, UK; A. Butler, Imperial College ofScience Technology & Medicine, UK; A.N. Charalambous, Hydrolaw Limited, UK;M. Czerewko, Scott Wilson, UK; N. Dixon, Loughborough University, UK; L. J. Donnelly,Halcrow Group Limited, UK; D. Entwistle, British Geological Survey, UK; D. Gooddy, BritishGeological Survey, UK; J.S. Griffiths, University of Plymouth, UK; D. Gunn, BritishGeological Survey, UK; N. Harries, CL:AIRE, UK; K. Hiscock, University of East Anglia, UK;S. Jefferis, Environmental Geotechnics Limited, UK; I. Jefferson, University of Birmingham;R. Moore, Halcrow Group Limited, UK; D. Norbury, David Norbury Limited, UK; G. Reeves,LLW Repository Ltd, UK; M.O. Rivett, University of Birmingham; J.W.N. Smith, Shell GlobalSolutions, UK; N. Walton, University of Portsmouth, UK; R. Ward, Environment Agency, UK

Associate Editors: R. Ahmad, University of the West Indies, Jamaica; N. Boylan,University of Western Australia, UK; J. Cassar, University of Malta, Malta; R. Fell, Universityof New South Wales, Australia; A.W. Hatheway, University of Missouri-Rolla, USA;P. Jennings, AGEC Limited, Republic of Ireland; M.S. Lawrence, BC Hydro, Canada;B. Misstear, Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland; K.C. Ng, Geotechnical EngineeringOffice, Hong Kong; P. Paige-Green, CSIR Built Environment, South Africa; F. Schokking,GeoConsult, The Netherlands; R. Stacey, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa; J. Vrba,Senior Consultant, Czech Republic; J. Walstra, Ghent University, Belgium; J. Wasowski,National Research Council, Italy; A. Williams, BECA Infrastructure Ltd, New Zealand.

Published by

The Geological Society

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© 2009 The Geological Society of London

We wish to thank the following people for their assistance with the reviewing of papers submittedto QJEGH during the last 12 months.

Arch, Stuart Doyle, Peter Lee, E. M.Arthur, Simon R. Edmonds, Clive Lee, MarkBanks, David Edmunds, Mike Lu, PingBanwart, Steve Edwards, Paul Malone, AndrewBath, Adrian Einstein, Herbert Mora-Castro, SergioBrassington, Rick Elliot, Trevor Neale, SimonBroholm, Mette Elmer, Richard Nikolayev, DmitryBusby, Jonathan P. Evers, Sarah Nooy van der Kolff, ArtBuss, Stephen R. Giles, David Northmore, KevinButcher, Tony Guthrie, Richard H. Packman, MikeButler, James Hayes, Phil Pantelidou, HeleniCachandt, Gerd Heathcote, John A. Reeves, Dr Helen J.Calow, Roger Herbert, Alan Rengers, NiekCepeda, Jose M. Ho, K.K.S. Riemer, WynfrithChandler, Jim Hobbs, Peter Riley, MichaelCobb, Alan Hughes, Paul Rukin, NickCooper, Tony Hunt, Barry Salciarini, Dr DianaCripps, John Hutchinson, Jean Siegesmund, SiegfriedDaly, Donal Ibsen, Maia-Laura Slenders, HansDe Freitas, Mike Jackson, Peter Sukhija, BalbirDebono, Godwin Jones, Lee D. Thornton, StevenDelgado Rodrigues, Jose Kolisoja, Pauli Toll, David G.Dijkstra, Tom A. Koor, Nicholas P. Van Beek, RensDixon, Neil Kummert, Michael Warburton, JeffDodds, James Lam, Thomas Whitaker, David A.Donohue, Shane Lanyon, Bill Wood, PaulDottridge, Jane Law, Ryan

Contents of Volume 42

Part 1 February 2009EditorialM.G. Winter 3

The impact of adverse geological conditions on the design and construction of the Thames WaterRing Main in Greater London, UKT. Newman 5

Some limitations in the interpretation of vertical stereo photographic images for a landscapeinvestigationA.B. Hart, J.S. Griffiths & A.E. Mather 21

Seismic reflection survey for investigation of gypsum dissolution and subsidence at Hell Kettles,Darlington, UKC. Sargent & N.R.Goulty 31

Recharge–abstraction relationships and sustainable yield in the Arani–Kortalaiyar groundwater basin,IndiaA.N. Charalambous & P. Garratt 39

A recent debris flow event and implications for hazard managementF.D. Milne, A. Werritty, M.C.R. Davies & M.J. Brown 51

The skid resistance performance of natural New Zealand aggregates using a dynamic friction testerD.J. Wilson & P.M. Black 61

A review of international cases of fault reactivation during mining subsidence and fluid abstractionL.J. Donnelly 73

A structured approach to the measurement of uncertainty in 3D geological modelsM.R. Lelliott, M.R. Cave & G.P. Wealthall 95

Prediction of mechanical properties of non-welded and moderately welded ignimbrite using physicalproperties, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and point load index testsA. Binal 107

Discussion of ‘Peat slope failure in Ireland’ by N. Boylan, P. Jennings & M. Long, Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 41, 93–108A.P. Dykes, N. Boylan, P. Jennings & M. Long 123

Discussion of ‘Peat slope failure in Ireland’ by N. Boylan, P. Jennings & M. Long, Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 41, 93–108M.G. Winter, K.J. Barker, J.M. Reid, N. Boylan, P. Jennings & M. Long 129

Discussion of ‘Terrain evaluation for Allied military operations in Europe and the Far East duringWorld War II: ‘‘secret’’ British reports and specialist maps generated by the Geological Section,Inter-Service Topographical Department’, by E.P.F. Rose & J.C. Clatworthy, Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 41, 237–256A. Ludford, E.P.F. Rose & J.C. Clatworthy 133

Part 2 May 2009Predicting sinkholes by means of probabilistic modelsJ.P. Galve, F. Gutierrez, A. Cendrero, J. Remondo, J. Bonachea, J. Guerrero & P. Lucha 139

A correlation between friction angle and particle shape metrics in Quaternary coarse alluviaA. Cheshomi, A. Fakher & C.J.F.P. Jones 145

The expansive effects of concentrated pyritic zones within the Devonian Marcellus Shale Formation ofNorth AmericaS.E. Hoover & D. Lehmann 157

Understanding the recession of the Holderness Coast, east Yorkshire, UK: a new presentation oftemporal and spatial patternsJ.D. Quinn, L.K. Philip & W. Murphy 165

A new laboratory rock test based on freeze–thaw using a steel chamberA. Binal 179

The use of electrical resistivity tomography in deriving local-scale models of recharge throughsuperficial depositsM.O. Cuthbert, R. Mackay, J.H. Tellam, R.D. Barker 199

Stratigraphical influences on the limestone hydrogeology of the Wye catchment, DerbyshireV.J. Banks, J. Gunn & D.J. Lowe 211

Using transmissivity, specific capacity and borehole yield data to assess the productivity of ScottishaquifersM.T. Graham. D.F. Ball, B.Eu. Ou Dochartaigh & A.M. MacDonald 227

A parameter sensitivity analysis of two Chalk tracer testsS.A. Mathias, A.P. Butler, T.C. Atkinson, S. Kachi & R.S. Ward 237

Technical Note: Barometric water-level fluctuations and their measurement using vented and non-vented pressure transducersM. Price 245

Technical Note: Landslide-related ruptures of the Camisea pipeline system, PeruE.M. Lee, J.M.E. Audibert, J.V. Hengesh & D.J. Nyman 251

Discussion of ‘Some limitations in the interpretation of vertical stereo photographic images for alandslide investigation’, by A.B. Hart, J.S. Griffiths & A.E. Mather, Quarterly Journal of EngineeringGeology & Hydrogeology, 42, 21–30R. Edwards & J.S. Griffiths 261

Part 3 August 2009Review ArticlesIneson Lecture: The evolution of groundwater governance: productivity, equity and and changes inthe level of China’s aquifersJ. Wang, J. Huang, Q. Huang, S. Rozelle & H.F. Farnsworth 267

Hydrogeology in Heat EngineeringIntroduction to the ‘Hydrogeology in Heat Engineering’ papersS.R. Buss 281An introduction to ‘thermogeology’ and the exploitation of ground source heatD. Banks 283Initial geological considerations before installing ground source heat pump systemsJ. Busby, M. Lewis, H. Reeves & R. Lawley 295Anthropogenic thermogeological ‘anomaly’ in Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, UKD. Banks, C.J. Gandy, P.L. Younger, J. Withers & C. Underwood 307Regional distribution of ground temperature in the Chalk aquifer of London, UKJ. Headon, D. Banks, A. Waters & V.K. Robinson 313Lessons from London: regulations of open-loop ground source heat pumps in central LondonV.A. Fry 325Groundwater cooling at The Royal Festival Hall, LondonM.H. Clarkson, D. Birks, P.L. Younger, A. Carter & S. Cone 335The operational performance of Scottish minewater-based ground source heat pump systemsD. Banks, A. Fraga Pumar & I. Watson 347Research ArticlesThe distribution and diversity of stygobites in Great Britain: an analysis to inform groundwatermanagementA.L. Robertson, J.W.N. Smith, T. Johns & G.S. Proudlove 359Finite-element simulation of land subsidence induced by water pumping in Kalochori village, GreeceC. Loupasakis & D. Rozos 369Photographic FeaturePhotographic Feature: The ruined town of Campomaggiore Vecchio, Basilicata, ItalyL. Coppola, R. Nardone, P. Rescio & E. Bromhead 383DiscussionDiscussion of ‘Terrain evaluation for Allied military operations in Europe and the Far East duringWorld War II: ‘secret’ British reports and specialist maps generated by the Geological Section,Inter-Service Topographical Department’, by E.P.F. Rose & J.C. Clatworthy, Quarterly Journal ofEngineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 41, 237–256P. Farrington 389

Part 4 November 2009Review ArticleThe Ninth Glossop LectureIntroductionI. Hodgson 395Geology; its principles, practice and potential for GeotechnicsM.H. de Freitas 397Engineering Geology in Geotechnical Risk ManagementIntroduction to Engineering geology in geotechnical risk managementS. Parry 443Landslide risk assessment: the challenge of estimating the probability of landslidingE.M. Lee 445Qualitative risk assessment of catchwaters in Hong Kong based on simplified geomorphologicalhazard mappingR.P. Martin 459Geomorphological landslide models for hazard assessment: a case study at Cloudy Hill, Hong KongD.M. Devonald, J.A. Thompson, S.R. Hencher & H.W. Sun 473The use of pore pressure reinflation testing in landslide management in Hong KongK.Y. Ng & D.N. Petley 487Engineering geology and the reduction of geotechnical risk: challenges facing the profession in HongKongS. Parry & J.R. Hart 499Engineering geology in the management of roadside slope failures: contributions to best practicefrom Bhutan and EthiopiaG.J. Hearn & C.I. Massey 511Index 529