index structured word inquiry developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry...
TRANSCRIPT
index
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Developing literacy and critical thinking through scientific inquiry about how spelling works
What is the title of this list?
• exploring, wondering and questioning • experimenting and playing with possibilities • researching and seeking information • collecting data and reporting findings • clarifying existing ideas and reappraising events • deepening understanding through the application of a
concept or rule • making and testing theories • making predictions and acting purposefully to see what
happens • elaborating on solutions to problems.
Inquiry as described by the PYP The process initiated by the teacher or the learner which moves the learner from their current level of understanding to a new and deeper level of understanding. This can mean:
• exploring, wondering and questioning • experimenting and playing with possibilities • researching and seeking information • collecting data and reporting findings • clarifying existing ideas and reappraising events • deepening understanding through the application of a
concept or rule • making and testing theories • making predictions and acting purposefully to see what
happens • elaborating on solutions to problems.
Inquiry as described by the PYP It involves the synthesis, analysis and manipulation of knowledge…
• exploring, wondering and questioning • experimenting and playing with possibilities • researching and seeking information • collecting data and reporting findings • clarifying existing ideas and reappraising events • deepening understanding through the application of a
concept or rule • making and testing theories • making predictions and acting purposefully to see what
happens • elaborating on solutions to problems.
Also Note! A necessary prerequisite for productive scientific inquiry is access to reliable verifiable data.
• exploring, wondering and questioning • experimenting and playing with possibilities • researching and seeking information • collecting data and reporting findings • clarifying existing ideas and reappraising events • deepening understanding through the application of a
concept or rule • making and testing theories • making predictions and acting purposefully to see what
happens • elaborating on solutions to problems.
index
I was always a /ˈrili/ bad speller.Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?text
index
I was always a really bad speller.
real
real
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Word Searcher
what about <realign>?
index
I was always a really bad speller.
real
real
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
prefixes suffixes
unre
lynessizees
isticallys
index
I was always a really bad speller.
unsur real
lyness
ityize
es
ist
ic al ly
s
real
prefixes suffixes
unre
lynessizees
isticallys
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
index
Investigating the spelling/meaning of <investigate>. Mean?
Built?Relatives?
Pronunciation?
<investigate>Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
in + vest + ige/ + ate → investigate ?
<investigate>Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
in + vest + ige/ + ate → investigate ?
<investigate>Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
in + vest + ige/ + ate → investigate ?
<investigate>Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
in + vestige/ + ate → investigate
12-year-old student, Thelonious, with his tutor showed me...
Oxford English Dictionary:ORIGIN Latin from in- ‘into’ + vestigare ‘track, trace out.’
<vestige>
12-year-old student, Thelonious, with his tutor showed me...
Oxford English Dictionary:ORIGIN Latin from in- ‘into’ + vestigare ‘track, trace out.’Etymology On-Line<vestige> from Fr. vestige "a mark, trace, sign," from L. vestigium "footprint, trace,"
<vestige>
12-year-old student, Thelonious, with his tutor showed me...
12-year-old student, Thelonious, with his tutor showed me...
Blog here
See page 13 in booklet..
index
How could I have not made this connection before?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<investigate><vestige>
index
How could I have not made this connection before?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<investigate><vestige>
index
How could I have not made this connection before?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<investigate><vestige>
index
How could I have not made this connection before?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<investigate><vestige>
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
• Suitable content for scientific inquiry
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
• Suitable content for scientific inquiry
2.Scientific inquiry:
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
• Suitable content for scientific inquiry
1.Scientific inquiry: Scientists seek the deepest structure that accounts for the greatest number of cases.
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
• Suitable content for scientific inquiry
1.Scientific inquiry: Scientists seek the deepest structure that accounts for the greatest number of cases.
2. Integration:
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
1.English spelling:
• Ordered meaning-based system
• Suitable content for scientific inquiry
2.Scientific inquiry: Scientists seek the deepest structure that accounts for the greatest number of cases.
3. Integration: Analysis of structure & meaning of words deepens understanding of any subject area.
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
It’s not about spelling accuracy.
“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry“Big Ideas” to guide Structured Word Inquiry
It’s not about spelling accuracy. It’s about learning to investigate the spelling system in order to develop a way of investigating the world of words and ideas.
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“The problem of education is to make the pupil see the woods by means of the trees”
Alfred North Whitehead,
The Aims of Education (1929/1957, p. 6).
<graph>
<struct/stroy>‘build’
Word Webs
Twin Bases
Refer to word searcher
‘writing, mark’
photographphotographyphotographicphotographically
autograph autographed autographing autographs
<biograph>biographybiographiesbiographer biographers biographical
graph graphic graphically graphics graphite
photograph photographed photographer photographers photographic photographically photographing photographs photography
choreographchoreographed choreographer choreographers choreographic choreography
destructdestructiondestructor
destroydestroysdestroyingdestroyerobstruct
obstructedobstructingobstruction
instructinstructioninstructorinstructed
structurestructuredstructuresstructuralstructurallyunstructuredrestructurerestructuredrestructuresrestructuring
constructreconstructiondeconstruct
‘build’
paragraph paragraphs
orthographic orthographically orthography
Word Webs
Twin Bases
Refer to word searcher
‘writing, mark’
<graph>
<struct/stroy>
Question and test those assumptions.
A short spelling test...
question
<-tion> or <-ion>?
<-tion> or <-ion>?
How can we determine the answer?
<-tion> or <-ion>?
From a popular teacher resource for teaching prefixes and suffixes…
<-tion> or <-ion>?
From a popular teacher resource for teaching prefixes and suffixes…
<-tion> or <-ion>?
From the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary…
-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .
-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .
<-tion> or <-ion>?
From the authoritative Oxford English Dictionary…
-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .
-tionsuffixforming nouns of action, condition, etc., such as completion, relation.ORIGIN from Latin participial stems ending in -t + -ion .
<-tion> or <-ion>?
Empirical question
Empirical question
Warrants scientific inquiry.
<-tion> or <-ion>?
Empirical question
Warrants
<-tion> or <-ion>?
Scientific inquiry...
<-tion> or <-ion>?
Scientific inquiry builds...
•Systemic understanding
<-tion> or <-ion>?
Scientific inquiry builds...
•Systemic understanding
• Generative learning skills
question
Investigate word structure & meaning
questionMean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
questionMean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
questionMean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
<-tion> or <-ion>?<-tion> or <-ion>?
questionMean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
ques + tion → question or
quest + ion → question
Investigate word structure & meaning
<-tion> or <-ion>?<-tion> or <-ion>?
question
<*ques> doesn’t mean anything!
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
ques + tion → question or
quest + ion → question
*
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)
quest + ion → question
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)
quest + ion → question
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)
2) Pass the “meaning test” (share a common root origin)
quest + ion → question
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)
2) Pass the “meaning test” (share a common root origin)
quest + ion → question
questionORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French question (noun), questionner (verb), from Latin quaestio(n-), from quaerere ‘ask, seek.’
questORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French queste (noun), quester (verb), based on Latin quaerere ‘ask, seek.’ See also inquest .
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Orthographic morphological relatives:1) Pass the “structure test” (linked by a coherent word sum)
2) Pass the “meaning test” (share a common root origin)
quest + ion → question
questionORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French question (noun), questionner (verb), from Latin quaestio(n-), from quaerere ‘ask, seek.’
questORIGIN late Middle English : from Old French queste (noun), quester (verb), based on Latin quaerere ‘ask, seek.’ See also inquest .
Etymonline says: quaerere ‘seek, gain, ask’
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Word SearcherFinds potentially related words.
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
sequestratedsequestratesunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnairesequestratingsequestrationunquestioningquestionnairessequestrationsunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
requestedsequesterequestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingsequestersequestriansquestionersquestioningsequesteredsequestratequestionablesequestering
questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
sequestratedsequestratesunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnairesequestratingsequestrationunquestioningquestionnairessequestrationsunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
requestedsequesterequestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingsequestersequestriansquestionersquestioningsequesteredsequestratequestionablesequestering
questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
Investigate word structure & meaning
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
sequestratedsequestratesunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnairesequestratingsequestrationunquestioningquestionnairessequestrationsunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
requestedsequesterequestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingsequestersequestriansquestionersquestioningsequesteredsequestratequestionablesequestering
questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
requested equestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingequestriansquestionersquestioning
questionable
questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
questquestsbequestinquestquestedrequestbequestsconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
requested equestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingequestriansquestionersquestioning
questionable
unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
⨯ bequest
ORIGIN Middle English : from be- [about] + Old English cwis [speech,] influenced by bequeath .
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
questquests inquestquestedrequest conquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
requested equestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingequestriansquestionersquestioning
questionable
unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
⨯ bequest
ORIGIN Middle English : from be- [about] + Old English cwis [speech,] influenced by bequeath .
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
questquests inquestquestedrequest conquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
⨯ bequest
ORIGIN Middle English : from be- [about] + Old English cwis [speech,] influenced by bequeath .
⨯ equestrianORIGIN mid 17th cent. (as an adjective): from Latin equester ‘belonging to a horseman’ (from eques ‘horseman, knight,’ from equus ‘horse’ ) + -ian .
requested equestrianquestionedquestionerrequestingequestriansquestionersquestioning
questionable
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
questquests inquestquestedrequest conquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestions
unquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaire unquestioningquestionnaires unquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
⨯ sequesterfrom Latin sequester ‘trustee.’
⨯ bequest
ORIGIN Middle English : from be- [about] + Old English cwis [speech,] influenced by bequeath .
⨯ equestrianORIGIN mid 17th cent. (as an adjective): from Latin equester ‘belonging to a horseman’ (from eques ‘horseman, knight,’ from equus ‘horse’ ) + -ian .
requested questionedquestionerrequesting questionersquestioning
questionable
Search Results for "quest"(41 matches)
Which have the base <quest> and Latin root ‘quaerere’?
questquestsinquestquestedrequestconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestionsrequestedquestionedquestionerrequestingquestionersquestioningquestionableunquestionedquestioninglyquestionnaireunquestioningquestionnairesunquestionableunquestionablyunquestioningly
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
27 of original 41 potential relatives are actual relatives.
questquestsinquestquestedrequestconquestinquestsquestingquestionrequestsconquestsquestionsrequestedquestionedrequestingquestioningquestionableunquestionable
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
Let’s work with just 18 of those 27
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
Let’s work with just 18 of those 27
quest → questquests → quest + sinquest → in + questquested → quest +edrequest → re + questconquest → con + questinquests → in + quest + squesting → quest + ing question → quest + ion
requests → re + quest + sconquests → con + quest + s questions → quest + ion + srequested → re + quest +ed questioned → quest + ion + edrequesting → re + quest + ingquestioning → quest + ion + ingquestionable → quest + ion + ableunquestionable → un + quest + ion + able
What does the interrelation of this family look like?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
quest → questquests → quest + sinquest → in + questquested → quest +edrequest → re + questconquest → con + questinquests → in + quest + squesting → quest + ing question → quest + ion
requests → re + quest + sconquests → con + quest + s questions → quest + ion + srequested → re + quest +ed questioned → quest + ion + edrequesting → re + quest + ingquestioning → quest + ion + ingquestionable → quest + ion + ableunquestionable → un + quest + ion + able
What does the interrelation of this family look like?
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
un +
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
un + quest +
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
un + quest + ion +
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
un + quest + ion + ing →
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
un + quest + ion + ing → unquestioning
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
con +
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
con + quest +
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
con + quest + s →
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
con + quest + s → conquests
uninre
con
questLatin Rootquaerere ‘ask, seek,
gain’
singed
ionablesing
Investigate word structure & meaning
Orthographic morphological
relatives
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:•All those that can be shown in a word matrix (share a base element)
uninre
conquestLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:•All those that can be shown in a word matrix (share a base element)
•Also words of the same root origin but not the same base element.
uninre
conquestLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:
uninre
conquestLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
querent, query, disquisition, require, conquer, acquisition, exquisite
These words share the root ‘quaerere’ (Etymonline):
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:
Investigate word structure & meaning
uninre
conquestLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
All these words are related to the Latin root quaerere ‘ask, seek, gain’
querent, query, disquisition, require, conquer, acquisition, exquisite
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Etymological relatives...Include a larger family of words:
Investigate word structure & meaning
uninre
conquestLatin Rootquaerere
‘ask, seek, gain’
singed
ionablesing
The matrix only shows orthographically
morphologically related words
querent, query, disquisition, require, conquer, acquisition, exquisite
Page 17 in handout
Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Teacher resource:
actioninventionlocationprotectionvacation
Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Teacher resource:
action → act + ioninvention → invent + ionlocation → locate/ + ionprotection → protect + ionvacation → vacate/ + ion
Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Oxford English Dictionary
relationcompletion
Recall references citing <*-tion> suffix:Oxford English Dictionary
relation → relate/ + ioncompletion → complete/ + ion
Question:
Question:
How many of us have explicitly taught our students that asking a question literally means to go on a quest for knowledge?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Why do most of us fail to see the link between <quest> and <question>?
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling...
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/
Investigate word structure & meaning
<question>
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/ but not the base (meaning-bearing element).
Investigate word structure & meaning
<question>
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
<qu-e-s-t>
<question>
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/ but not the base (meaning-bearing element).
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Investigate word structure & meaning
<qu-e-s-t> /kwɛstʃ/
<question>
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
• Often directs attention away from spelling-meaning links- Emphasizes the spelling of the syllable pronounced /tʃən/ but not the base (meaning-bearing element).
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<quest>
basespelled
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<quest>
basespelled
basepronounced
/kwɛstʃ/
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<quest>
basespelled
basepronounced
/kwɛstʃ/ question, questionable...
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<quest>
basespelled
basepronounced
/kwɛstʃ/
/kwɛst/
question, questionable...
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<quest>
basespelled
basepronounced
/kwɛstʃ/
/kwɛst/
question, questionable...
quest, inquest, requested...
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<quest>
basespelled
basepronounced
/kwɛstʃ/
/kwɛst/
question, questionable...
quest, inquest, requested...
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
<do>
basespelled
basepronounced
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<do>
basespelled
basepronounced
/du:/ doing, undo, redo
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<do>
basespelled
basepronounced
/dʌ/
doing, undo, redo
does, done
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
/du:/
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<do>
basespelled
basepronounced
/dʌ/
do ingesne
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
/du:/
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<do>
basespelled
basepronounced
/dʌ/
do + ing → doingdo + es → doesdo + ne → done
do ingesne
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
/du:/
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
go + ing → goinggo + es → goesgo + ne → gone
do + ing → doingdo + es → doesdo + ne → done
dogo
ingesne
• Cannot teach that the pronunciation of morphemes shift across words in English.
Investigate word structure & meaning
An instructional emphasis on the role of sound in spelling without reference to morphology (or etymology) has predictable consequences.
probe
probe
probable
probe
probe + able → probable
probe
probe + able → probable
structure & meaning
probe
probe + able → probable
structure & meaning
?
probe
probe + able → probable
structure & meaning
?
probe
probe + able → probable
✔structure & meaning
probe
probe + able → probable
✔structure & meaning
?
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
The matrix & word sums
✔ ✔structure & meaning
Oxford Dictionary:Latin root probare ‘to test.’
probe + able → probable
Oxford Dictionary:Latin root probabilis, from probare ‘to test, demonstrate.’
<probe>
basespelled
basepronounced
/proʊb/
/prɑb/
probe/ + ate/ + ion → probation
probe/ + able → probable
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
word sums
The matrix & word sums
structure & meaning
✔ ✔structure & meaning
brother
brotherbroth + er?
✔structure & meaning
brotherbroth + er
✘✔structure & meaning
innatenaturenatural
structure & meaning
in + natenate/ + urenate/ + ure/ + al
The matrix & word sums
structure & meaning
✔
<nate>
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
The matrix & word sums
structure & meaning
✔ ✔
<nate>
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
/nætʃ/ nate/ + ure/ + al → natural
The matrix & word sums
<nate> /neɪtʃ/ nate/ + ure → nature
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
/nætʃ/ nate/ + ure/ + al → natural
The matrix & word sums
<nate> /neɪtʃ/ nate/ + ure → nature
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
/neɪʃ/ nate/ + ion → nation
/nætʃ/ nate/ + ure/ + al → natural
The matrix & word sums
<nate> /neɪtʃ/ nate/ + ure → nature
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
/neɪt/ in + nate → innate
/neɪʃ/ nate/ + ion → nation
/nætʃ/ nate/ + ure/ + al → natural
The matrix & word sums
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
The matrix & word sums
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
The matrix & word sums
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…This view implies that the child learning how to read needs to learn how his or her writing system works [emphasis added]” (p. 34).
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
…[L]earning to read is learning how to use the conventional forms of printed language to obtain meaning from words…This view implies that the child learning how to read needs to learn how his or her writing system works [emphasis added]” (p. 34).
Rayner, K., Foorman, B.R., Perfetti, C., Pesetsky, D., & Seidenberg, M.S. (2001). How psychological science informs the teaching of reading, American Psychological Society, 2, 31-74.
The matrix & word sums
<nate> /neɪtʃ/ nate/ + ure → nature
Matrix from www.realspelling.com
/neɪt/ in + nate → innate
/neɪʃ/ nate/ + ion → nation
/nætʃ/ nate/ + ure/ + al → natural
The matrix & word sums
Spelling out, not naming morphemes is an implementation of an old idea...
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
Spelling out, not naming morphemes is an implementation of an old idea...
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
Spelling out, not naming morphemes is an implementation of an old idea...
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970, p 298Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
“As soon as the children’s vocabulary permits, they could take up words like major-majority, history-historical-historian, nature-natural, etc. to see how one and the same root [base or stem] changes its pronunciation as different endings are added to it. They might even profitably be introduced to the idea … that the root [base or stem] alone doesn’t really have a specific pronunciation until you know what ending goes with it.”
Carol Chomsky, 1970, p 298Reading, Writing , and Phonology
Harvard Educational Review, vol. 40 No. 2
Spelling out, not naming morphemes is an implementation of an old idea...
Chomsky’s suggestions getting recent attention...
In rereading Chomsky (1970), I realized that I had forgotten how detailed and thoughtful her suggestions were for ways that students might benefit from instruction in morphological awareness. I was further struck by how little has been done since 1970 to investigate the nature and value of instruction in morphological awareness. Now that research on instruction in morphological awareness is an area of considerable interest in many countries, the time has come to rectify this situation.
Carlisle (2010) Effects of Instruction in Morphological Awareness on Literacy
Achievement: An Integrative ReviewReading Research Quarterly • 45(4) • pp. 464–487
In rereading Chomsky (1970), I realized that I had forgotten how detailed and thoughtful her suggestions were for ways that students might benefit from instruction in morphological awareness. I was further struck by how little has been done since 1970 to investigate the nature and value of instruction in morphological awareness. Now that research on instruction in morphological awareness is an area of considerable interest in many countries, the time has come to rectify this situation.
Carlisle (2010) Effects of Instruction in Morphological Awareness on Literacy
Achievement: An Integrative ReviewReading Research Quarterly • 45(4) • pp. 464–487
Chomsky’s suggestions getting recent attention...
Research Evidence
Meta-Analyses of Morphological Instruction
Meta-Analyses of Morphological Instruction
Authors Findings Journal
Reed (2008)
7 studies
• Benefits overall • Especially less able(not statistical meta-analysis).
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
Bowers, Kirby & Deacon (2010)22 studies
• Benefits overall • Largest effect for less able• Effects for Pre-School to Gr. 2 > Gr. 3 -8
Review of Educational Research
Goodwin & Ahn (2010)17 studies
• Significant effects for less able (studied children with learning disabilities)
Annals of Dyslexia
Carlisle (2010)16 studies
Benefits overall even with youngest students. Reading Research Quarterly
Integrative review
Statistical analysis (analysis of effect sizes for outcomes across studies.)
Authors Findings Journal
Reed (2008)
7 studies
• Benefits overall • Especially less able(not statistical meta-analysis).
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
Bowers, Kirby & Deacon (2010)22 studies
• Benefits overall • Largest effect for less able• Effects for Pre-School to Gr. 2 > Gr. 3 -8
Review of Educational Research
Goodwin & Ahn (2010)17 studies
• Significant effects for less able (studied children with learning disabilities)
Annals of Dyslexia
Carlisle (2010)16 studies
Benefits overall even with youngest students. Reading Research Quarterly
Meta-Analyses of Morphological Instruction
Integrative review
Statistical analysis (analysis of effect sizes for outcomes across studies.)
Authors Findings Journal
Reed (2008)
7 studies
• Benefits overall • Especially less able(not statistical meta-analysis).
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
Bowers, Kirby & Deacon (2010)22 studies
• Benefits overall • Largest effect for less able• Effects for Pre-School to Gr. 2 > Gr. 3 -8
Review of Educational Research
Goodwin & Ahn (2010)17 studies
• Significant effects for less able (studied children with learning disabilities)
Annals of Dyslexia
Carlisle (2010)16 studies
Benefits overall even with youngest students. Reading Research Quarterly
Meta-Analyses of Morphological Instruction
Integrative review
Statistical analysis (analysis of effect sizes for outcomes across studies.)
Authors Findings Journal
Reed (2008)
7 studies
• Benefits overall • Especially less able(not statistical meta-analysis).
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice
Bowers, Kirby & Deacon (2010)22 studies
• Benefits overall • Largest effect for less able• Effects for Pre-School to Gr. 2 > Gr. 3 -8
Review of Educational Research
Goodwin & Ahn (2010)17 studies
• Significant effects for less able (studied children with learning disabilities)
Annals of Dyslexia
Carlisle (2010)16 studies
Benefits overall even with youngest students. Reading Research Quarterly
Meta-Analyses of Morphological Instruction
Integrative review
Statistical analysis (analysis of effect sizes for outcomes across studies.)
We started with a simple question...
What is the spelling structure of the word
<question>?
What is the spelling structure of the word
<question>?
•An empirical question
What is the spelling structure of the word
<question>?
•An empirical question
•Scientific inquiry
What is the spelling structure of the word
<question>?
•An empirical question → Systematic understanding
•Scientific inquiry
What is the spelling structure of the word
<question>?
•An empirical question → Systematic understanding
•Scientific inquiry → Generative investigative skills
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
2.Present a set of words that make the relevant pattern more salient.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
2.Present a set of words that make the relevant pattern more salient.
3.Help kids hypothesize a solution from carefully presented evidence.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
2.Present a set of words that make the relevant pattern more salient.
3.Help kids hypothesize a solution from carefully presented evidence.
4.Guide testing of students’ hypotheses and identify the precise pattern.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
2.Present a set of words that make the relevant pattern more salient.
3.Help kids hypothesize a solution from carefully presented evidence.
4.Guide testing of students’ hypotheses and identify the precise pattern.
5.Practice the identified pattern with appropriate tools.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
1.Catch kids with an interesting spelling question.
Structured Word Inquiry: Integrating Content & Process
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010).
Why is there a <g> in
<sign>?
<sign> Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
sign
<sign> Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
<sign> Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
sign
sign + al → signal
<sign> Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
sign + al → signal
<sign> Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
→
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
sign + al → signal
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
de + sign →
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
de + sign → design
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
de + sign → design
<s> /s/
/z/<z>
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
sign + ate + ure →
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
sign + ate + ure → *signateure
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
sign + ate + ure →
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
sign + ate + ure → signature
“no <e>”
Mean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
Page 6 of handout
suffixes that cause a change:
suffixes that do not cause a change:
Hypothesis:
Page 6 of handout
suffixes that cause a change: -ed, -er, -ing, -ure, -age, -es
suffixes that do not cause a change: -ment -s
Hypothesis:
Page 6 of handout
suffixes that cause a change: -ed, -er, -ing, -ure, -age, -es
suffixes that do not cause a change: -ment -s
Hypothesis: Vowel suffixes replace single, silent <e>s.
Page 6 of handout
a e i o u ya e i o u y
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Hypothesis: Vowel suffixes replace single, silent <e>s.
cave + ed → cavedrequire + ment →smile + ing → brave + est → brave + ly → imagine + ary → ice + y → icy
Suffixing Flow Chart(www.realspelling.com)
Research EvidenceMorphology → Vocabulary learning
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010). Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 515–537.
Research EvidenceMorphology → Vocabulary learning
Bowers, P. N. & Kirby, J. R. (2010). Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23, 515–537.
Morphological intervention Grade 4/5 students
•Generative vocabulary gains for experimental group over controls.
Activities / InvestigationsSpelling-out loud
Imagine lesson
Page of matrices
Word Searcher Activity (Word Microscope?)
<condensation>
Find the base word
Twin bases
Surface structure / Substructure
Building and announcing word sums:
Building the word sum for the word <teacher>
Step 1: Assemble morphemes.
Building and announcing word sums:
teach + er →
Building the word sum for the word <teacher>
Step 1: Assemble morphemes.
Building and announcing word sums:
teach + er →
t-ea-ch-- plus -- er -- is rewritten as --
Building the word sum for the word <teacher>
Step 1: Assemble morphemes.
Building and announcing word sums:
teach + er → teacher
t-ea-ch---- er
t-ea-ch-- plus -- er -- is rewritten as --
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 1: Assemble morphemes.
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
###
sh--o-p -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 1: Assemble morphemes.
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
###
sh--o-p -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
check the joins!
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
shop + ing →
Is it a vowel suffix?
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 2: Check the joins!
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
shop + ing →
Does the word endwith just one consonant letter?
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 2: Check the joins!
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
shop + ing →
Is there just one vowel letter beforethat consonant letter?
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 2: Check the joins!
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
Double the last letter before you add the suffix.
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 2: Check the joins!
shop(p) + ing →
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 3: Write and spell out the result.
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
shop(p) + ing →
sh--o-p -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
Building the word sum for the word <stopping>
Step 3: Write and spell out the result.
Building and announcing word sums with doubled consonants:
shop(p) + ing →
sh--o-p -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
sh--o-- double p ---- i-n-g
tell + ing →
tell + ing →
t--e-- double l -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
check the joins!
tell + ing → telling
t--e-- double l -- plus -- i-n-g -- is rewritten as --
t-e-- double l ---- i-n-g
fly + es →
fly + es →
f--l--y -- plus -- e-s-- is rewritten as--
“check the joins!”
fly/i + es →
fly/i + es → flies
f--l--y -- plus -- e-s-- is rewritten as--
fly/i + es → flies
f--l-- change the <y> to <i> ---- e-s
f--l--y -- plus -- e-s-- is rewritten as--
See a video modelling the instruction of word sums at this link:
http://www.youtube.com/user/WordWorksKingston#p/u/0/qoeyGZDstkI
Synthetic Word Sums
Substructure Surface Structureun + help + ful → hope + ing
→ hop + ing → dis + cover + y + es → try + ing →
try + es → busy + body → carry + age + es→un + heal + th + y + ly → un + nate + ure + al →
Analytic Word Sums
Surface Structure Substructurethe → little→alone →does→cornered →pliers →duckling→spilling → rightfully→bookkeeper →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
spillinghelpfullybookkeepercorneredduckling
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
spillinghelpfullybookkeepercorneredduckling
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
spilling →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
spilling → spill + ing
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
helpfully →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
helpfully → help + ful + ly
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
bookkeeper →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
bookkeeper → book + keep + er
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
cornered →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
cornered → corner + ed
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
duckling →
Spelling Out and Writing Word Structure
duckling → duck+ ling
QuickTime™ and aH.264 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Children can investigate the basic principles of English orthography right from the start.
condensationMean? Built?
Relatives?Pronunciation?
text
text
Thank you!
seaA B
see
hear here
there their
was
totoo two
inbe bee
eye I
shehea
the
Function Words
Content Words
by buy
eggis
Mean?
know no
inn
ballice
Homophones
bye
there
1 2
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page…
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness ® unhelpfulness do + es does goes
go ing doing going ne done gone
hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness ® unhelpfulness do + es does goes
go ing doing going ne done gone
hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
un + help + ful + ness ® unhelpfulness do + es does goes
go ing doing going ne done gone
hop(p) + ing → hopping hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Structural Patterns vs. Surface PatternsSurface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
do es does goes go ing doing going
ne done gone
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
Structural Patterns vs. Surface PatternsSurface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
do es does goes go ing doing going
ne done gone
Typical instruction is built on “surface patterns” of words --rules of thumb based on words as they appear on the page… without reference to the underlying, coherent meaning structure.
Another anchor chart for an “explanatory” word wall that teaches word structure through high frequency “tricky” words
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
put(t) + ing → putting putting → putting proper → proper stop(p) + er → stopper
“Exceptions” to CVC / CVVC; <i> before <e>; Two vowels go walking… are not evidence that English spelling is irregular.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
Surface patterns can hide meaningful structural patterns...
put(t) + ing → putting putt + ing → putting proper → proper stop(p) + er → stopper
“Exceptions” to CVC / CVVC; <i> before <e>; Two vowels go walking… are not evidence that English spelling is irregular.
It is evidence we misunderstand the system we teach.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness
do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping
hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business put(t) + ing → putting
putt + ing → putting proper → proper stop(p) + er → stopper
Explaining the meaning-based structure that lies beneath the surface patterns we see in the “finished word” is…
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness
do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping
hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business put(t) + ing → putting
putt + ing → putting proper → proper stop(p) + er → stopper
Explaining the meaning-based structure that lies beneath the surface patterns we see in the “finished word” is…
1) a necessary prerequisite for offering children an explicit understanding of why words are spelled as they are;
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness
do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping
hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business put(t) + ing → putting
putt + ing → putting proper → proper stop(p) + er → stopper
Explaining the meaning-based structure that lies beneath the surface patterns we see in the “finished word” is…
1) a necessary prerequisite for offering children an explicit understanding of why words are spelled as they are;
2) absent typical instruction.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness
do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping
hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business put(t) + ing → putting
putt + ing → putting proper → proper
stop(p) + er → stopper
Back to starting principles…- English spelling makes sense, is well-ordered, and designed to represent meaning. - Students have a right to be taught by teachers who have a solid
understanding of how their writing system works.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns
un + help + ful + ness → unhelpfulness
do + es → does hop(p) + ing → hopping
hope/ + ing → hoping busy/i + ness → business put(t) + ing → putting
putt + ing → putting proper → proper
stop(p) + er → stopper
Caution!
Morphology is a necessary, but by no means is it a sufficient element of instruction which makes sense of the written word.
Structural Patterns vs. Surface Patterns