index to astronomy in india, 1784-1876

– 253 –

INDEX

acharjis, 164, 165Aggarwal, Abhilasha, 144Agra School Book Society, 125, 126–7Agricultural and Horticultural Society, 96Ahmad, Naheed F., 115, 117, 121, 151Airy, George Biddell, 65, 66, 70algebra, Aryabhata and, 158–9almanacs, 19, 163, 164, 166, 167

See also calendars Anderson, Katherine, 67Anglicists, 137, 138, 144

and Orientalists, debate on medium of instruction, 122–3

Ansari, S. M. R. 4, 48, 117, 131Antiquity of Hindoo Medicine ( J. Forbes

Royle), 21Arabic astronomy, 17, 155Arnold, David, 5, 163, 190Arrowsmith, Aaron, 58Aryabhata, 2, 158–9Aryan civilization, periodization of, 160Aryans, Orientalists’ interest in, 16Asiatic Society of Bengal, see Asiatick

SocietyAsiatick Researches, 13, 15, 22, 26, 34, 44,

61, 134Asiatick Society, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 67

and modern astronomy, 57, 62racial character of, 96

Assyrian astronomy, 159astrolabes, 28, 171astrologers, 2, 77, 164–5, 166, 167astrological instruments, 14, 26–7, 28, 29,

170–1See also astronomical instruments

astrological clock, at Ramnagar Fort Museum, 170–1

astrology, 154, 163Alexander Johnston’s views on, 24–5and astronomy, 2, 14, 23–9, 34, 130,

163–4, 171European view of, 23–5H. T. Colebrooke’s views on, 23horoscopes, importance in, 166, 167Orientalists and, 23, 28–9origins of, 23, 24re-evaluation of, 163–72, 186, 170–1,

172and scientifi c rationality, 171–2

astronomers, 72amateur astronomers, 69–70and assistants, relationship, 84–5

See also Indian assistantsdilettantes, 37, 38, 39, 64, 69, 70, 71, 188

astronomical instruments, 2, 14, 23, 26–8, 39, 41

and astrology, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34as curiosities, 62–3modern, Indian role in construction of,

88modern astronomy and, 45, 46, 56, 66

astronomical medicine, 72astronomical observations, publication of,

69, 70, 71 Astronomical Society of India, 186astronomical tables, 30, 32astronomy

colonial history, 4–7Indian, see Indian astronomymodern, see modern astronomypre-colonial history, 1–3

astrophysics, Indian achievements in, 186Aubin, David, 45Awadh, 77, 108

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254 Astronomy in India, 1784–1876

Ayurveda, 15, 21

Bailly, Jean-Sylvain, 30, 31Balfour, Francis, 71Ballantyne, James Robert, 128–9, 130Ballhatchet, Kenneth, 140Bapu, Subaji, 124, 125, 127, 155, 162Barker, Robert, 40, 41Barrow, Henry, 67, 87–8, 89Barrow, Ian J., 4Barrow’s theodolite, 87, 88Basalla, George, 74 Bayly, Christopher A., 2, 5, 124, 150, 161Bedford Catalogue (William Henry Smyth),

69Bedford-Aylesbury axis, 69Bell, John, 116Benares, 112, 128, 189

astrology in, re-evaluation of, 170–1modern science, response to, 112Sanskrit elite of, 130

Benares Debating Club, 171Benares observatory, of Jai Singh, 40–1, 42Benares Sanskrit College, 111, 126, 128–9

astronomical education in, 128Bapu Deva Sastri and, 131, 155 mathematics department, remodelling

of, 130modern science, approach to, 130, 131–2neo-Orientalist approach to education,

128, 137Western knowledge, incorporation of,

130–1Bengal, 8, 9, 12, 59

astronomy in, 57, 62, 63See also Calcutta observatory; Chowring-

hee observatoryBengal Almanac and Annual Directory for

1822, 33Bengal calendars, 23, 25, 32, 33Bentinck, Lord, 123 Bentley, John, 31Beresford, G., 136Bhabha, H. J., 186Bhabha, Homi K., 6Bhandarkar, D. R., 166Bharat Kala Bhavan, of the Benares Hindu

University, 171

Bharatiya Jyotish Sastra (S. B. Dikshit), 2Bhaskara II, 124, 157, 168

discovery of calculus, debates over, 157Bhaskaracharya, see Bhaskara IIBhatta, Omkar, 124, 155Bhattotpala, 158, 159Bhugola, 155–6Bhugolsara (Omkar Bhatta), 125Bibliotheca Indica, 157Bija Ganita (Bhaskara II), 125, 129, 157binomial theorem, 17Biswas, Arun Kumar, 181Blacker, Valentine, 59, 60, 86Board of Education, Bombay, 120Bombay, 8, 9, 46, 107, 112–13

co-constructiveness in, 104, 108, 139, 150, 151, 188, 189

mercantile culture of, 141modern astronomy in, 137, 150–1, 153

See also Bombay Group; Bombay observatory; Colaba observatory; Elphinstone College

racialized demarcation of space, 107Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,

102, 103, 158 See also Literary Society of Bombay

Bombay Calendar and Almanac for 1855, Th e, 146

Bombay calendars, 32, 33, 65, 101, 168, 169Bombay Courier, 69–70, 71Bombay Education Society (BES), 114Bombay Ethnographical Survey, 166Bombay Group, 111, 112, 156, 157

Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s contribution to, 150

astronomy, practical approach to, 122Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar and,

116Colaba observatory and, 112Lancelot Wilkinson and, 122, 127

Bombay Native Education Society (BNES), 102, 114, 115, 116, 120

Bombay Native School Book and School Society (BNSBSS), 114

Bombay Native Schools, 114Bombay observatory, 46–7, 52, 56, 72, 76,

173, 188astronomer’s appointment, 48–49, 56

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Index 255

astronomer’s role, 64, 65East India Company and, 47, 48, 49, 55establishment of, 48John Curnin and, 49, 122

See also Curnin, JohnLiterary Society of Bombay and, 47, 48,

55, 56as meteorological and magnetic observa-

tory, 8, 46plan, 105, 106shift , to Colaba 49–50

See also Colaba observatoryBombay Times, 70Bombay University, 147Bose, P. N., 96Bose, S. N., 186botany, and Indian plant taxonomy, 91Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta (Brahmagupta),

157Brahmagupta, 157, 158Brahmanas, 160Brahmins, 16, 17, 19, 29, 30, 89, 105, 135,

160, 164, 188and astrology, 130in Elphinstone College, 117, 120and modern astronomy, 89–90 See also Chhatre, Keru Laxman; Jamb-

hekar, Bal Gangadhar ShastriBrandis, Dietrich, 91Brief Notice of the Late Mr. Lancelot Wilkin-

son, A, 126Brihat Samhita (Varahamihira), 157, 159British amateur astronomy, 69British Association for the Advancement of

Science, 66British India Society, 136British naturalists, collaboration with Chi-

nese, 109Broun, John Allan, 81, 82–3

Indian assistants, views on, 84–5, 101Brown, C. P., 23Buchanan, Claudius, 133Buchanan, Francis, 59Buist, George, 54, 68, 117, 139, 175

Arthur Bedford Orlebar, criticism of, 138, 139

astronomical observations, publication of, 70

astronomy–weather link, observations on, 71

Colaba observatory, description in ‘Guide to Bombay’, 146–7

Indian assistants, views on, 101Keru Laxman, views on, 99–100lectures at Colaba observatory, 65, 143meteorological observations, 68scientifi c interests, 65

Burmese astronomy, division of time in, 26Burney, Henry, 19, 26Burrow, Reuben, 17, 22, 41, 42, 44, 45, 57,

156Indian astronomy, views on, 17, 18, 19,

42Indo-European links, views on, 17, 18

calculus, Bhaskara and, 157Calcutta, 8, 9, 46, 57, 96, 128Calcutta Medical College, 128Calcutta observatory, 4, 61, 62, 74, 76, 128,

188Andrew Scott Waugh’s dispatch on, 93–4East India Company and, 57establishment of, 59–61Radhanath Sikdar’s role at, 92, 93, 94, 96relocation to Chowringhee, 60, 61surveys and, 59, 61See also Chowringhee observatory

Calcutta Review, 145, 157, 161Caldecott, John, 99

and Trivandrum observatory, 80, 81–2calendars

astrology, criticism in, 23–4Bengal calendars, 23, 25, 32, 33Bombay calendars, 32, 33, 65, 101, 168,

169National Calendar, 162Prabhu Rupee Calendars, 164, 166, 167,

168–70See also almanacs; Indian calendars

Campbell, J. 88Candy, Francis James, 149Candy, Th omas, 114, 119, 120, 125, 126

and Poona Sanskrit College, report on, 118, 119

cartography, 4

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celestial phenomena, and human constitu-tion, relationship, 71–2

Central English School, 114, 116, 141Chakrabarti, Pratik, 6, 191Chakravarty, A. K., 92, 161 Chambers, Charles, 173–4, 178–9Chandra Sekhar, Samanta, 162Chapman, Allan, 88Chemla, Karine, 191Chesson and Woodhall’s Miscellany, 170Chhatre, Keru Laxman, 97, 103, 104, 105,

107, 108, 116, 117, 120, 138, 145, 146, 149, 151, 172, 190

and Arthur Bedford Orlebar, relationship between, 98, 99, 150

astronomical observations, 99–101Bombay calendars, contribution to, 101 Colaba observatory, role at, 101dial instrument of, 158George Buist’s opinion of, 99–100Graha-Sadhanachi-Koshtake, 163professorship at Poona, 101–2and Siddhantas, 163and solar eclipse expeditions, 102, 180

Chinese zodiac, 159Chinnici, Ileana, 181Chowringhee observatory, 57, 189

and Hindu College, 112See also Calcutta observatory

Christopher Z. Minkowski, 5chronological epochs, 29–43, 154, 158, 187

debates regarding, 14, 29, 34, 163and Mosaic chronology, 32William Jones’s views on, 30

chronometers, 49, 57, 61, 64, 72, 100, 102, 147, 179

co-constructiveness, 12, 75–6, 85–6, 89, 103, 107, 108, 109, 111, 121, 156, 184, 187, 188–91

Arthur Bedford Orlebar and, 98, 150See also Orlebar, Arthur Bedford

Bombay Group and, 150See also Bombay Group

Colaba observatory and, 76, 97–8, 99–100, 104, 150

institutional obstacles to, 95, 96–7See also Chhatre, Keru Laxman;

Husain, Seid Mir Mohsin; Jamb-

hekar, Bal Gangadhar Shastri; Sikdar, Radhanath

Cohn, Bernard S., 165Colaba, 50, 68Colaba observatory, 54, 56, 64, 102, 104,

105, 107, 108, 137, 143, 145–6, 173–5, 186, 189, 190

Arthur Bedford Orlebar and, see Orlebar, Arthur Bedford

Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar and, see Jambhekar, Bal Gangadhar Shastri

Charles Chambers and, 173–4, 178–9Charles Wilkins’s opposition, 50–1co-constructiveness in, 76, 97–8,

99–100, 104, 150See also co-constructiveness

diffi culties in establishment of, 50, 51–2Dinshaw Edulji Wacha’s comment on,

142educational function, 143, 146, 147and Elphinstone College, 102, 112,

150–1, 116–17and Elphinstone Institution, 145, 147establishment of, 46–56George Buist’s description in ‘Guide to

Bombay’, 146–7George Buist’s meteorological observa-

tions at, 68Government of India and, 186Govind Narayan Madgaonkar’s com-

ments on, 174–5Indian Navy and, 68, 146, 147, 150John Curnin and, see Curnin, JohnJoseph Patton and, 145, 146Literary Society of Bombay and, 53, 54,

55, 56magnetic and meteorological work at, 66,

68, 98, 99, 173 Marine Department and, 145, 146plan, 106racialized demarcation of space, 105–7scientifi c lectures at, 65superintendence of, Charles Chambers’s

racial views, 178–9Colebrooke, H. T., 17, 33, 49, 134, 158–9

Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta, translation of, 157

Indian astronomers, views on, 20–1

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Index 257

Indian chronology, appraisal of, 159, 160Indian zodiac, views on, 17origins of astrology, views on, 23–4precession of the equinoxes, views on,

161Colebrooke, R. H., 45Colebrooke, Th omas Edward, 159, 160College of Fort William, 128, 132–4

and astronomy, 132, 133, 134James Dinwiddie’s experiences, 134mathematics, teaching of, 134

College of Fort William in Bengal, Th e (Claudius Buchanan), 133

colleges, 10, 11astronomy in, 9, 12, 111, 150

Collins, Harry M., 95colonial science, 56, 63, 74, 150

inequalities in, 190intermediaries, role in, 10See also science; modern science

colonial scientists, types of, 63comet of 1843, Keru Laxman’s observations,

99, 100–1comet of 1844–5, 69–70, 71, 99

George Buist’s study of, 70, 71William Pole’s article on, 69–70, 99–100

Commentary on the Hindu System of Medi-cine (T. A. Wise), 21

Committee for the Preparation and Publica-tion of Books, 116

Committee of Public Instruction, 123Copernican cosmology, 189

and Indian cosmology, reconciliation, 154

Course of Pure and Mixed Mathematics, A (Arthur Bedford Orlebar), 137, 148

Crisp, John Henry, treatise on determining terrestrial longitude, 58, 59

Crooke, William, 165, 166cultural imperialism, astronomy and, 73Curnin, John, 46, 48–53, 55, 59, 66, 98, 173

appointment as government astronomer, 48–9

and Bombay observatory, criticism of infrastructure of, 49

and Colaba observatory, 50, 51–2, 53diffi culties faced 50–1, 55, 72–3dismissal of, 52–3

and George Everest, 72–3and S. Goodfellow, complaint against,

51, 113 tract on moon-culminating stars, 72

Daniell, Th omas, 39Daniell, William, 39, 40Darpan 102, 107, 121Das, Sisir Kumar, 133, 134 Dass, Sreenath, 94, 96Davis, Samuel, 19, 20, 22, 31, 41, 134, 156Day, Lal Behari, 166de Blossville, 66Delhi College, astronomy in, 136Delhi observatory, of Jai Singh, 40Depelchin, Father H., 136Dev, Raja Radhakanta, 161dhruva bhrama yantra, 27dialogics, concept of, 108–9Dickinson, Th omas, 51Dig-Darshan, 102, 103, 107, 121, 127Dikshit, S. B., 2, 162, 163Diksit, Chintamani, 162dilettante astronomers, 37, 38, 64, 69, 70,

71, 188Dinwiddie, James, 134 Dirks, Nicholas B., 165Dobbin, Christine E., 117Dodson, Michael S., 130, 150, 171Dollond, instrument makers, 51, 60, 87Dorabji, Dinshaw, 99Drayton, Richard, 56Dubois, Abbé, 167Duff , Alexander, 136Dunn, Sgt, 99, 101

East India Company, 37, 46, 142and astronomy, 1, 37, 63, 73, 74and Bombay observatory, 46, 47, 48–9,

55See also Bombay observatory; Colaba

observatoryand Calcutta observatory, 57

See also Calcutta observatory; Chow-ringhee observatory

and Lucknow observatory, 77–8See also Lucknow observatory

and Madras observatory, 8, 9

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See also Madras observatorypatronage of science in India, 55revenue surveys, 44

Edinburgh Review, 31Edney, Matthew H., 4, 57, 113Educational Charter Act, 123Edwardes, S. M., 173

description of Colaba observatory, 67–8Elphinstone, Mountstuar, 49, 98, 104, 114

and Arthur Bedford Orlebar, epistolary exchanges, 139–42

Elphinstone College, 98, 102, 107, 108, 111, 112, 117, 127, 147, 189

Arthur Bedford Orlebar and. See Orle-bar, Arthur Bedford

astronomical education at, 119, 120and Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar,

infl uence of, 116–17and Colaba observatory, 112, 149, 150–1establishment of, 115and modern astronomy, 150and Poona Sanskrit College, 118practical engagement with astronomy,

121, 137social background of students, 117syllabus at, Indian infl uence on, 115–16Western education, infl uence of, 151See also Elphinstone Institution

Elphinstone College professors, 151Elphinstone College Records, 147Elphinstone High School, 147Elphinstone Institution

Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s mathematics course at, 137, 142, 143–4, 145, 147, 148–9

Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s professorship at, 115, 138, 139–40

astronomical courses in, 137, 138, 147, 149

and Colaba observatory, link between, 145, 147

See also Elphinstone CollegeElphinstone Professorships, 120, 141Elphinstone Professorships Fund, 115Engineering Institution, 119, 121

aim of, 114–15astronomy as a subject in, 112, 113,

114–15, 121

social background of students, 114vernacular instruction, preference for,

114, 123English and Native Calendars for 1850, 25,

33English language, 169

as medium of instruction, 123–4and Sanskrit, 122–3, 129

Enthoven, Reginald E., 165epigraphy, role of Indians in, 94epistemological communities, concept of, 94ethnographic surveys, 164–6European

astronomers, diffi culties faced, 74calendars, 29

See also calendarsphysicians, and Indian medical practi-

tioners, interaction, 21–2Everest, George, 61–2, 67, 86, 89, 108, 136

and Henry Barrow, 87–8and John Curnin, 72–3and Seid Mir Mohsin Husain, 86–8, 89,

97, 178Everest, Robert, 71Everest Pattern Waywiser, 86Ewer, Walter, 69, 70exact sciences, and colonialism, 73

Faizi, Abul Faiz, 168‘False Notions regarding Indian Astrology’

(Dadabhai Naoroji), 171Fan, Fa-ti, 109Fergusson, E. F. T., 68, 101Framji, Ardeshir, 121French Orientalists, and Indian astronomy,

30Friend of India, Th e, 126

Galison, Peter, 95Ganeet Shilpa Vidyalaya, see Engineering

InstitutionGazetteer of Bombay Island and City (S. M.

Edwardes), 68, 173General Assembly’s Institution, 174General Committee of Public Instruction,

135ghatika yantra, see water clock

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Index 259

Ghosh, Pratap Chandra, reform of Hindu calendar, 161

Gilbert, William, 52Gilbert instrument makers, 51, 52Gilchrist, John, and Indian division of time

26Glasgow, James, 72Gleanings in Science, 77Goladhyaya (Bhaskara II), 124Golananda (Chintamani Diksit), 162Goldingham, John, 43, 72, 89–90, 98, 107

astronomical observations, 65Goodfellow, S., 113, 114Government Central Museum, Jaipur, 171 Govinda Samanta (Lal Behari Day), 166Grant Medical College, co-constructiveness

in, 104Great Arc, measurement of, 61, 62, 87Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS), 61, 92Green, Henry, 148Grout, Andrew, 103, 107‘Guide to Bombay’ (George Buist), 146–7Gujarati Dnyanprasarak Mandali, 121Gupte, B. A., 166

Habib, S. Irfan, 191Haidar, Ghazi-ud-Din, 77hakims, 22Halleur, Dr, 136 Harkness, John, 116, 148Harrison, Mark, 71Henderson, William, 116Herbert, James Dowling, and Lucknow

observatory, 77, 78Herrmann, Dieter, 52Herschel, J. F. W., 66, 70Hikmat al’ayn of Katiby, 155Himalayan Peak, XV 92Hindu algebra, 156–7Hindu astronomy, 38

C. Ragoonathachary’s views on, 182Kalinath Mukherji’s tract on, 160 See also Indian astronomy

Hindu College, 111, 134–6, 189and astronomy, study of, 128, 132, 134,

135–6and Chowringhee observatory, 112social background of students, 135

Vincent Rees’s role in, 135Western science in, 136

Hindu Customs, Manners and Ceremonies (Abbé Dubois), 167

Hindu pharmacopeia, European interest in, 21

Hinduism, 18Historical Records of the Survey of India (R.

H. Phillimore), 4, 47History of Science, Technology and Medicine

in India (O. P. Jaggi), 3Hodgson, John Anthony, and Calcutta

observatory, 59–60, 61, 66Hooker, Joseph D., comments on Jai Singh’s

stone observatories, 42horoscopes, 25, 29, 163, 166, 167Horsburgh, James, 3, 43, 52Hunter, William, 134

assessment of Jai Singh, 41–2astronomical observations, 43

Husain, Seid Mir Mohsin, 85–8, 89, 94, 95–6, 108, 190

and George Everest, relationship, 86–8, 89, 97

and modern science, engagement with, 86, 87, 88–9, 92

Husain Khan Kashmiri, Tafazzul, 134

Indian and European physicians, interaction, 21–2

Indian assistantsat Calcutta observatory, 92, 93, 94, 96 at Colaba observatory, 98–9knowledge production, contribution

to, 94See also co-constructiveness

at Lucknow observatory, 79, 85at Madras observatory, 89–91, 98 and modern astronomy, participation in,

82, 89–91role of, 9 12, 98, 101at Trivandrum observatory, 85William Pole’s views on, 99See also Chhatre, Keru Laxman; Husain,

Seid Mir Mohsin; Jambhekar, Bal Gangadhar Shastri; agoonathachary, C.; Sikdar, Radhanath; Vencat-Jugga-row, Goday

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Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 8, 11, 180, 181

Indian/traditional astronomy, 1–3, 5, 17, 18–19, 22, 38, 118, 119, 150, 155, 189

accuracy, scepticism regarding, 32, 34and Alexander Walker, see Walker,

Alexanderantiquity of, 3, 30–1, 32, 34, 159–60,

185, 190Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s view of, 144,

145authenticity of, 154–5, 156Bhau Daji Lad’s views on, 158C. Ragoonathachary’s views on, 182

See also Ragoonathachary, C.contribution to Europe, 17, 18European interest, decline in, 22–3, 28and European science, 24, 25French Orientalists and, 30 Greek infl uence on, 17–18James Robert Ballantyne’s engagement

with, 128–30 James Prinsep’s view of, 70Kalinath Mukherji’s tract on, 160 Lancelot Wilkinson and, 111–12, 122

See also Wilkinson, Lancelot and modern astronomy, reconciliation,

153–4, 172Orientalists and, 8, 12, 13–15, 16–18,

21, 22, 73, 112, 154, 155, 187–8philosophical engagement with, 5, 7,

9, 12, 13, 18, 29, 111, 113, 128, 151, 153, 156 See also Engineering Institution; Benares Sanskrit College; Poona Sanskrit College; Wilkinson, Lancelot

and Western astronomy, rationalization of engagement, 162–3, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189

Indian Calendar Reform Committee, 161Indian calendars, 32–3, 34

and European calendars, 32–3inaccuracies, 29, 33–4reform of, 154, 160–1See also calendars

Indian cosmology, 18–19, 163, 155neo-Orientalism and, 155, 156See also Puranas; Siddhantas

Indian doctors and Western medicine, 103–4

Indian Journal of History of Science, 3Indian National Science Academy (INSA), 3Indian princes, as patrons of science, 5, 76,

77See also Lucknow observatory; Trivan-

drum observatory Indian translators, 20, 94 Indian zodiac, 21

origin and antiquity, 16–17, 159William Jones and, 16–17, 20, 30

instrument makers and astronomers, rela-tionship, 52

Irschick, Eugene F., concept of dialogics, 108–9

Islamic astronomy, 131–2

Jacob, William Stephen, 65–6, 83Jaggi, O. P., 3Jai Singh, 37, 73

Benares observatory of, 40–1, 42and Siddhantas, reform of, 39stone observatories of, 37, 38–9, 41–2,

45jal ghadi, 27

See also water clock Jambhekar, Bal Gangadhar Shastri, 97,

102–3, 104, 107, 108, 112, 116–17, 118, 120, 121, 122, 127, 138, 151, 190

and Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s mathemat-ics course, contribution to, 144, 145

and Bombay Group, 116See also Bombay Group

Colaba observatory and, 102, 103and modern astronomy, 104, 105, 120,

127and modern science, response to, 104,

119and Siddhantas, interest in, 119, 127and Vishnu Shastri Joshi’s education,

contribution to, 119, 120, 121–2Jambhekar, Ganesh Gangadhar, 103, 113,

118, 127janam patra, see horoscopes Jaunpuri, Ghulam Husain, 131, 132Jervis, George Ritso, 114, 116, 144Johnston, Alexander, 32

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Index 261

Indian astrology, views on, 24–5Jones, William, 15, 16–17, 18, 19, 20, 21,

43, 91Indian chronology, views on, 29, 30

Joshi, Pandit Janardan Dat, 166Joshi, Vishnu Shankar, 119Joshi, Vishnu Shastri, 119, 120

and modern astronomy, 118, 120joshis, 71, 165, 166Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 61,

124, 157, 173Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal

Asiatic Society, 65, 98jyotihsastra/jyotisa, 2, 19, 23Jyotisavedanga, 1, 159, 160Jyotisha Chintamani (C. Ragoonathachary),

177, 183jyotishi, 165

Kala Sankalita ( John Warren), 32Kaliyuga calendar, 33Kaliyuga epoch, 34, 161

debate regarding, 29, 30, 33, 34signifi cance of, 32

Kamal-ud-Din, 79karanas, 2Karnik, Neela, 28Karr, W. Seton, 129Kater, Henry, 89Kejariwal, O. P., 29Kerala School of astronomy, 162Kern, H., 158–9Khona, 167–8Khona’s Sayings, 167knowledge

and concept of epistemological com-munities, 94

construction of, and co-constructiveness, 108, 109

See also co-constructiveness downward-fi ltration, concept of, 123and politics, 11scientifi c, sociology of (SSK), 10–11tacit, concept of, 95, 189

Kochhar, Rajesh, 4Kodaikanal observatory, Madras, 186Kolb, David A., 146Kopf, David, 134

kosthakas, 2Krishna, V. V., 63Kuhn, Th omas S., 7Kumar, Deepak, 56, 96, 104, 151, 185

Lad, Bhau Daji, 120, 158Lafont, Father Eugene, 136–7, 180, 181Lambton, William, 44, 59, 61, 134Larwood, H. J. C., 74Latour, Bruno, 10Laxman, Govurdhun, 101, 102Le Gentil, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 30Lee, John, 52–3, 69Leiblig, Dr, 136 Lilavati (Bhaskara II), 125, 129, 157Lilavati, see Khona Literary Society of Bombay, 15, 46, 47–8,

104, 115and astronomy, 46, 47–8and Colaba observatory, 53, 54, 55, 56See also Bombay Branch of the Royal

Asiatic SocietyLiterary Society of Madras, 15Lourdusamy, John, 6, 192Lucknow observatory, 4, 8, 80

decline of, 79–80East India Company and, 77–8engagement between Europeans and

Indians, 75, 76Indian assistants, role of, 79, 84–5Richard Wilcox and, 78–9, 80

Ludlow, J. O. E., 70

Macaulay, T. B., Minute on Education, 123, 124

Mackenzie, Colin, 44Mackintosh, James, 15Macleod, Roy, 63Madgaonkar, Govind Narayan, 174–5Madras, 46Madras Catalogue, 65Madras Journal of Literature and Science, 90Madras observatory, 4, 8, 9, 37, 43–4, 46, 57,

65, 74, 174, 175Indian participation, 89–91, 98magnetic research in, 66–7

madrassas, 135magnetism, science of, 64, 66–7, 73

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Colaba observatory and, 66, 68, 98, 99, 173

Madras observatory and, 66–7Trivandrum observatory and, 83

Maharaja of Benares, 170, 171Malcolm, John, 115Mandlik, Vishvanath Narayan, 158maqtabs, 135Marine Department

and astronomy, 47Colaba observatory and, 145, 146 and Marine Yard observatory, 46, 47, 48

Markham, Clements R., 4, 173Martanda Varma, Raja Uthram Th irunal, 82Masselos, Jim, 104, 107, 141mathematics, 150, 156

in ancient Indian tradition, 156–7Arthur Bedford Orlebar’s course at

Elphinstone Institution, 137, 142, 143–4, 145, 147, 148–9, 150

at College of Fort William, 134McDougall, James, 147Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 96medicine, 62

astrological, 71–2astronomical, 72Indian doctors, 103–4Indian system, European interest in, 15,

21, 22, 63See also Lad, Bhau Daji

medium of instruction, Orientalist-Anglicist debate over, 122–3

Memoir on the Indian Surveys, A (Clements R. Markham), 4

Memoir with Testimonials (George Buist), 100, 101

Memoirs and Writings of Acharya Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar (Ganesh Gangadhar Jambhekar), 103

Menon, P. Shungoonny, 80Meteorological Congress at Rome, 83meteorology, science of, 64, 66, 67

Colaba observatory and, 66, 68, 98, 99, 173

Madras observatory and, 45, 66–7St Xavier’s College and, 137Trivandrum observatory and, 83

metropolitan science, concept of, 63

Middleton, J. J., 27–8, 62Minkowski, Christopher Z. 130 Minute on Education, T. B. Macaulay’s, 123modern/Western astronomy

colonial elite and, 64, 69, 71, 73in colonial India, historiography of, 1,

4–7, 9and colonial offi cialdom, attitude

towards, 49, 52, 55–6, 57, 60, 62, 63, 64, 72, 73, 74

and colonialism, 11and cultural imperialism, 73Eurocentric diff usionist perspectives, 4, 5as European science, 37, 38, 42Europeans and, 56, 57, 63, 107Indian agency and, 4–5, 75, 76, 103, 105,

108, 191See also Indian participation in below

and Indian astronomy, rationalization of engagement, 162–3, 172, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189

Indian participation in, 89–92, 111, 121, 172, 177–8, 185, 186, 187–8, 192

See also Chhatre, Keru Laxman; Husain, Seid Mir Mohsin; Jambhekar, Bal Gangadhar Shastri; Ragoon-athachary, C.; Sikdar, Radhanath

institutionalization of, 9, 35, 46, 47, 188practical engagement, 5, 11, 12, 13, 37,

44, 45, 76, 95, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 131, 137, 153, 156, 172, 186, 189

as Western science, 46, 188See also Indian Association for the Culti-

vation of Science (IACS)modernity, and non-Western cultures, 191–2Money, William Taylor, 47, 48Montriou, Charles William, 68, 101, 146moon, European interest in infl uence of,

71–2Moos, N. A. F., 186 Morgan, Augustus de, 132Morris, J. C., 90Mount Meru, Puranic idea of, 18, 125, 156Muir, John, 126 Mukherji, Kalinath, 160, 161Müller, Friedrich Max, 159

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Index 263

Mumbaiche Varnan (Govind Narayan Mad-gaonkar), 174

museum(s)in colonial India, 28Government Central Museum, Jaipur,

171Museum of Indology, Jaipur, 26 National Museum of Scotland, Edin-

burgh, 171Oriental, Charles Wilkins’s proposal for,

50Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society,

62Ramnagar Fort Museum, Varanasi, 170

Naegamvala, Kavasji Dadabhai, 181Naik, J. V., 114, 150Nair, Savithri Preetha, 134 naksatras, 16, 17, 103, 171Nandy, Ashish, 6Naoroji, Dadabhai, 148

astronomy lectures, 120, 121‘False Notions regarding Indian Astrol-

ogy’, essay on, 171Narlikar, Jayant V., 4Nasir-ud-Din, 77National Calendar, 162National Commission for the Compilation

of History of Science, 3National Institute of Sciences of India

(NISI), 3National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh,

171nationalism

Indian astronomy and, 5, 160Orientalist historiography and, 163science and, 6, 155, 181, 192

Native Opinion, 169natural history

in China, 109European interest in, 50, 62, 63

Nautical Almanac, 70, 78, 144, 161navigation, and astronomy, 4, 43, 47Needham, Joseph, 191Nehru, Jawaharlal, approach to science, 2–3Nehruvian science, and Indian antiquity,

emphasis on, 35, 189Nelson, Lynn Hankinson, 94

neo-Orientalism, 112, 132, 149, 150, 155–6, 189

Benares Sanskrit College and, 128, 137See also Benares Sanskrit College

Indian cosmological traditions and, 155, 156

Indians and, 153–4James Robert Ballantyne and, 128– 30Lancelot Wilkinson and, 112, 122, 124,

125, 137, 156Sanskrit literati and, 125See also Indian astronomy, philosophical

engagement withNix-Seaman, Alfred Jonathan, 50, 68Notes on the Races, Castes, and Trades of

Eastern Bengal ( James Wise), 164Nutan Panjika, 164, 166–7

O’Shaughnessy, W. B., 135observatories, 8, 10, 38, 45, 46, 73–4, 188

engagement between Indians and Euro-peans, 9, 12

See also co-constructivenessand Indian assistants, role of, 9

See also Indian assistantsof Jai Singh. See Jai Singh; stone observa-

tories, of Jai Singhand magnetic research, 64, 66, 73and meteorology, 64, 66, 67, 73and modern astronomy, 4, 12, 37, 74and Western science, 45–6

Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society, 62Oriental Translation Committee, Bombay,

102 Orientalism, 15–16, 132, 156

reworking of, 150, 154–5, 163, 185See also Orientalists; neo-Orientalism

Orientalist historiography, and nationalists, 163

Orientalists, 3, 5, 16, 86, 124and Anglicists, 122–3, 137–8and astrology, interest in, 23, 28–9and Indian astronomers, engagement

between, 20–1and Indian astronomy, interest in, 8, 12,

13–15, 16–18, 21, 22, 73, 112, 154, 155, 187–8

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and Indian epochs, debates regarding, 29, 34, 154

and Sanskrit literati, 150Sanskrit manuscripts, collection of,

19–20and Siddhantas, 14, 16

See also SiddhantasSee also neo-Orientalism; Orientalism

Orlebar, Arthur Bedford, 46, 55–6, 64, 97, 98, 101, 107, 108, 111, 112, 117, 118, 120, 121, 137, 146, 155

and astronomy, views on, 143–4and Bombay Group, 150and Colaba observatory, 53–6, 68, 98–9,

138–9, 141Course of Pure and Mixed Mathematics,

A (Arthur Bedford Orlebar), 137, 148diffi culties of job, 140–1as an educationist, 139, 140, 142, 143,

144and Elphinstone College, 115, 116Elphinstone Institution, professorship at,

138, 139–40European science, faith in superiority of,

141–2, 150and George Buist, relationship between,

138, 139Indian astronomy, views on, 144, 145and Keru Laxman Chhatre, 98–9, 100,

150, 178mathematics course at Elphinstone Insti-

tution, 137, 142, 143–4, 145, 147, 148–9, 150

mercantile culture of Bombay, comment on, 141

and Mountstuart Elphinstone, epistolary exchanges, 139–42, 151

proselytizing attitude of, 139–40scientifi c interests of, 65superiority of European methods, belief

in, 150Wilkinson’s educational ideas, contrast

with, 145

Palladino, Paolo, 73panchanga, importance of, 25pandits, 5, 19, 30, 70, 129, 130, 150Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim, 10, 175

solar eclipse expeditions, 177Parsi shipbuilders, 142Parsis, 104

Elphinstone college, role in education at, 117, 118

pathsalas, 135Patton, Joseph, 120, 147–8

and Colaba observatory, 145, 146and Students’ Literary and Scientifi c

Society (SLSS), 120–1Pearse, Th omas D., 44, 45Petrie, William, 43Phillimore, R. H., 4, 47Philosophical Transactions of the Royal

Society, 31photography, 8, 172

and solar astronomy, 177Pillai, L. D. Swamikannu, 172Pingree, David E., 1Playfair, John, 20, 22, 31, 156, 157

and Jai Singh’s observatories, study of, 41Pogson, Norman R., 175, 177

Indian reaction to eclipse, characteriza-tion of, 178

solar eclipse, report on, 175–6Polanyi, Michael, 95Pole, William, 69–70, 71

Indian assistants, views on, 99Pond, James, 49Poona, 8, 112, 127, 189

modern science, response to, 112observatory, plans for, 4, 65–6

Poona Sanskrit College, 101, 111, 113, 125, 127

Elphinstone College and, 113, 118and Indian astronomy, focus on study

of, 118Lancelot Wilkinson and, 122

See also Wilkinson, Lancelotphilosophical engagement with

astronomy, 121Professor Elect of Astronomy, appoint-

ment of, 118–19, 120, 122, 126Th omas Candy’s report on, 118, 119

Pottinger, Maj., 28Prabhakar, 127Prabhu community of Bombay, 168, 169,

170, 171

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Prabhu Intelligencer, 169Prabhu Rupee Calendars, 164, 166, 167,

168–70Prakash, Gyan, 5, 6, 155, 161Pratt, John H., 28, 155, 159Prescott, Arthur, 56Presidency College, 135, 136princely states, and Western astronomers, 77,

78, 81, 85Prinsep, James, view on Indian astronomy,

70 astronomical observations, 70

Puranas, 5, 19, 118, 121European interest in, 18–19Lancelot Wilkinson and, 124rejection of, 124, 125See also Puranic astronomy

Puranic astronomy, 113, 189 and Siddhantic model, 18–19, 124,

155–6Pyenson, Lewis, 73

racismAsiatic Society and, 96–7colonial institutions, 12, 107, 190

Ragoonathachary, C., 172, 184–5local reaction to eclipse, comments on,

178modern astronomy, engagement with,

182, 183, 184observatory, appeal for, 184and Siddhantic traditions, 181, 182, 183,

184solar eclipses, research on, 177–8‘Th e Transit of Venus’, dialogue on,

181–2, 183, 185Raina, Dhruv, 3, 30, 105, 132, 154, 163, 191Raj, Kapil, 6, 10, 94, 105, 136

concept of co-construction, 75See also co-constructiveness

Rama Varma, Raja Swathi Th irunal, 80, 81, 82

Raman, C. V., 181, 186Ramchandra, Yesudas, 132Ramchunder, Janardhan, 100, 102Ramnagar Fort Museum, Varanasi, 170–1Rao, Trimal, 103Rast Goft ar, 121

Ratcliff , Jessica, 176, 181, 183, 184Ravetz, Jerome, 88, 95Ray, Jogesh Chandra, 162Rees, Vincent L., 59, 61, 96

role in Hindu College, 135Rennell, James, 94Revenue Survey School, Madras, 57Risley, H. H., 164–5Robertson, William, 29Rode, Baba Joshi (or Yajneswara), 162Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and

Ireland, 15, 24Royal Astronomical Society, 49, 52, 63, 65,

66, 72, 78, 80, 81, 175, 177‘Transit of Venus Tracts’, 181

Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 50, 51, 66, 67, 72

Royal Society, 43, 44, 58, 67, 80, 83, 100, 175, 176

Royle, J. Forbes, 21Russell, Robert V., 165, 168

Sabine, Edward, 66Saha, M. N., 186Said, Edward, 15–16Saka calendar, 33salvers, 171Samhitas, 160 Samvat calendar, 33Sanskrit astronomical texts, printing of, 125Sanskrit College, Calcutta, 129Sanskrit elite, engagement with astronomy,

128, 130, 191Sanskrit language

and English, 122–3as medium of education, 128–9

Sanskrit manuscripts, Orientalists’ interest in, 19–20

Sanskrit texts, Wilkinson’s campaign for use of, 126, 127

Sarma, Sreeramula Rajeswara, 26, 128Sastri, Bapu Deva, 130–1, 155–6, 157, 171

ancient Indian astronomy, interest in, 155

and ancient Indian mathematics, stress on, 157

Lancelot Wilkinson’s views on, 126, 130

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translations of ancient astronomical texts, 157

Sathe, Moreshwar Shastri, 119Schaff er, Simon, 22, 42, 123, 134science

colonial, see colonial science and colonial hegemony, 55in colonial India, histories of, 4–7, 11and colonialism, 11and concept of epistemological com-

munities, 94–5constructivist view of, 10, 11cross-cultural negotiations and, 5, 11,

105in India, phases of historiography, 154Indian, antiquity of, 157–8and Indian nationalism, 6, 155metropolitan, concept of, 63Nehruvian approach to, 2, 3Orientalist studies, 154postcolonial studies, 154post-positivism, 154and sociology, 10See also Western/modern Science

science and technology studies (STS), 10scientifi c knowledge, sociology of (SSK),

10–11Sehore, 5, 122Sen, Amartya K., 33Sen, Gopeenath, 94, 96Sen, Ramkamal, 96Sen, S. N., 74Sengupta, Subodhchandra, 135Serampore College, 24Shah, Amjad Ali, 78Shah, Muhammad Ali, 78Shah, Wajid Ali, 79, 80Sharar, Abdul Halim, history of Lucknow,

77Sharma, Ram Charan (Vyakul), 26Shetias, 115, 117Shortrede, Robert, 66, 71, 99, 116Shukla, Mathuranatha, 162Siddhanta Darpana (Samanta Chandra

Sekhar), 162Siddhanta Siromani (Bhaskara II), 124, 125,

155, 157, 182

Siddhanta Siromani Prakasa (Subaji Bapu), 125

Siddhantas, 1, 2, 5, 18–19, 34, 118, 154, 155, 162, 188

Bal Gangadhar Shastri Jambhekar and, 119, 127

C. Ragoonathachary and, 181, 182, 183, 184

Copernican cosmology and, 124, 154European interest in, 18Jai Singh’s reform of, 39Keru Laxman Chhatre and, 163Lancelot Wilkinson’s approach to, 111,

122, 124, 126modern science and, 124–5Orientalists’ interest in, 14, 16and Puranas, 18–19, 124, 125, 155–6Samanta Chandra Sekhar and, 162See also Siddhantic astronomy; Surya

SiddhantaSiddhantic astronomy, 38, 42, 45, 124, 145,

189See also Siddhantas

Sikdar, Radhanath, 85–86, 92–3, 95, 97, 108, 161, 178, 190

and Calcutta observatory, 92, 93, 94, 96and H. E. L. Th uillier’s surveying manual,

92, 93Simh, Maharaja Isvari Prasad Narayan, 170Sinclair, R. S., 149Sircar, D. C., 166, 167Sivasundaram, Sujit, 6Sketch of Operations in the Benares Sanskrit

College ( James Robert Ballantyne), 128‘Sketch of the Solar System for the Use in

Schools’, 124Sleeman, W. A., 79Smith, H. Scott, 136Smyth, Ralph, 92Smyth, William Henry, 69Society for Promoting the Education of the

Poor, 114solar astronomy, and photography, 177solar eclipse expeditions, 172

C. Ragoonathachary and, 177–8European, 176–7James Francis Tennant’s report on, 180

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Index 267

Keru Laxman Chhatre’s contribution, 102, 180

Norman Pogson and, 175–6, 178state involvement in, 175

solar eclipses, 175, 176–7, 178and ancient Indian astronomy, 17

spectroscopy, 8, 172 and astronomy in India, 176–7, 180–1

Spottiswoode, William, 157–8Sprenger, A., 79–80, 155St Xavier’s College, 136–7

observatory, spectroscopic investigations at, 180–1

star catalogues, compilation of, 64–5stone observatories of Jai Singh, 39–41, 42Strong Programme, of Edinburgh School, 10Students’ Literary and Scientifi c Society

(SLSS), 120–1survey(s), 57–8, 85

and astronomy, role of, 4, 38, 44, 62, 74, 86, 189

Calcutta observatory and, 59, 61European reliance on Indians, 94government support for, 58–9Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS),

61, 92H. E. L. Th uillier’s manual on, Radhan-

ath Sikdar’s contribution, 92, 93Indian role in, 189

See also Husain, Seid Mir Mohsin; Sikdar, Radhanath

Surya Siddhanta, 20, 30–1, 70, 155, 156, 157, 161, 182

See also Siddhantas Tables of Tirvalore, 30Tacchini, Pietro, 180tacit knowledge, concept of, 95, 189Takhtasingji observatory, Poona, 181Tamil astronomy, calendrical traditions, 32Taylor, Th omas Glanville, 65, 67, 82, 90, 98Temple, Richard, 180Tennant, James Francis, 102, 175, 176, 183

report on solar eclipse expeditions, 176–7, 180

Th uillier, H. E. L. 96, 97 manual on surveying, Radhanath Sik-

dar’s contribution, 92, 93

Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 160time-telling instruments, 27, 29, 163tols, 135Topping, Michael, 43trading zones, concept of, 95Transactions of the Literary Society of Bom-

bay, 15, 48Transactions of the Literary Society of Madras,

15Transactions of the Medical and Physical

Society of Calcutta, 21, 22Transit of Venus, 176, 180

C. Ragoonathachary’s dialogue on, see ‘Th e Transit of Venus’, C. Ragoon-athachary’s dialogue on

European expeditions to India, 176–7Indian participation, 154, 172, 181Jessica Ratcliff ’s view, 181state involvement in expeditions, 175

‘Th e Transit of Venus’, C. Ragoonathachary’s dialogue on, 181–2, 183, 185

Trautmann, Th omas R., 29Travancore, 80, 108

Raja of, 75, 77Treatise on the Objects, Advantages and Pleas-

ures of Science (Lord Broughton), 102Treatise on the Problems of Maxima and

Minima, A (Yesudas Ramchandra), 132Tribes and Castes of Bengal, Th e (H. H.

Risley), 164Tribes and Castes of Bombay, Th e (Reginald

E. Enthoven), 165Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of

India, Th e (Robert V. Russell), 165Tribes and Castes of the North-Western

Provinces and Oudh, Th e (William Crooke), 165

Trivandrum observatory, 4, 8, 80–3engagement between Europeans and

Indians, 75, 76Indian assistants in, 81–2, 85John Allan Broun and, 82–3, 84magnetism and meteorology, contribu-

tion to, 83Troughton, Edward, 59, 89Troughton instrument makers, 51, 59, 87, 88Tytler, John, 131–2, 135

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Unani medicine, 15, 21Uttarayana, 33

vaids, 21–2Van Helden, Albert, 45Varahamihira, 2, 157, 158, 167Vedadrisadasan, T., 142Vedas, 185

antiquity of, debate regarding, 159, 160Vencat-Juggarow, Goday, 91vernacular languages, education in, 120–1,

123vernacular newspapers, 121Victoria Memorial, Kolkata, 61View of the History, Literature and Mythology

of the Hindoos, A (William Ward), 164Viswanathan, Gauri, 144

Wacha, Dinshaw Edulji, 142, 175Wadia, Ardaseer Cursetjeer, 117, 141Wadia, Lowji Nusserwanji, 117Wagoner, Phillip B., 94Walker, Alexander, 19, 24, 166

dhruva bhrama yantra, description of, 27horoscopes, views on, 25

Wallich, Nathaniel, 62Ward, William, 24, 25, 164, 166Warren, John, 32, 33, 44, 60, 90water clock, and division of time, 26Waterhouse, J., 177Waterston, J. W., 71, 146Waugh, Andrew Scott, 62, 89, 93weather and astronomy, link between, 71Wellesley, Lord, 58

and College of Fort William, 133Western medicine and ancient Hindu phar-

macopeia, 21Western/modern science, 4, 5, 6, 22

astrology and, 171–2astronomy as, 1, 3, 37, 38, 44co-constructiveness and, 190, 191–2

See also co-constructivenessIndian agency and, 7, 189, 190–1Indian princes and, 76, 77non-Western agency and, 191

and observatories, diff usion through, 45–6, 74, 81, 85

See also observatoriesrationalization of engagement with, 151,

157–8, 163, 189Siddhantas and, 124–5 Western hegemony and Indian agency,

76, 190–1See also science

Whish, C. M., 17, 23Whitbread, Samuel Charles, 69Whitney, William Dwight, 159–60Wight, Robert, 91–2Wilcox, Richard, 155

and Lucknow observatory, 78–9, 80Wilford, Francis, 30–1Wilkins, Charles, 50–1, 52, 122, 123Wilkinson, Lancelot, 122–8, 140, 145, 150,

154and Agra School Book Society, 125,

126–7and Bapu Deva Sastri, 126, 130and Bombay Group, 112, 122, 127and James Robert Ballantyne, 128–9letters, 126neo-Orientalist approach to astronomy,

112, 124, 125, 137, 149, 150philosophical engagement with astron-

omy, 111–12, 122, 126, 127–8and Sanskrit literati, 112, 125, 126, 127Siddhantas, approach to, 111, 122, 124,

126Wilson, H. H., 33–4, 157Wilson, John, 103Wise, James, 164Wise, T. A., 21Wood, Charles, 123Worboys, Michael, 73

Yantraraja (Mathuranatha Shukla), 162Young, Richard Fox, 190

Zij astronomy, 37, 38, 42, 45, 188Zij-i Bahadurkhani, 131Zij-i Muhammad Shahi, 39, 41, 131zodiac stone relief sculptures, 171

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index to astronomy in india, 1784-1876

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