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INDEX OF THE PROJECT

List of Figures i

List of Tables iii

Abbreviations iv

Abstract v

Chapter 1 Introduction to the Project 01-03

1.1 Introduction 02

1.2 Project Overview 02

1.3 Thesis 03

Chapter 2 Embedded Systems 04-17

2.1 Intro to Embedded Systems 05

2.1.1 History 06

2.1.2 Tools 07

2.1.3 Resources 07

2.1.4 Real Time Issues 08

2.2 Need for Embedded Systems 08

2.2.1 Debugging 09

2.2.2 Reliability 10

2.3 Explanation of Embedded Systems 11

2.3.1 Software Architecture 11

2.3.2 Stand Alone Embedded Systems 12

2.3.3 Real Time Embedded Systems 12

2.3.4 Network Communication Embedded Systems 13

2.3.5 Different Types of Processing Units 14

. 2.4 Applications of Embedded Systems 15

2.4.1 Consumer Applications 15

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2.4.2 Office Automation 15

2.4.3 Industrial Automation 15

2.4.4 Computer Networking 16

2.4.5 Tele Communication 17

Chapter 3 Hardware Requisites 18-63

3.1 Introduction to Block Diagram 19

3.1.1 Home Section 19

3.1.2 Board or Office Section 20

3.2 ARM7-LPC2148 Micro Controller 21

. 3.2.1 Introduction 21

3.2.2 Applications of ARM 21

3.2.3 Features of ARM 22

3.2.4 Architecture of LPC2148 23

3.2.5 ARM7 TDMI-S Processor 24

3.2.6 On-Chip Flash Memory 25

3.2.7 On- Chip Static RAM 25

3.2.8 Interrupt Controller 25

3.2.8(a) Features 25

3.2.8(b) Fast Interrupt Request 25

3.2.8(c) Vectored IRQs 26

3.2.8(d) Non- Vectored IRQs 26

3.2.9 Pin Connect Block 26

3.2.10 Fast General Purpose Parallel I/O 26

3.2.10(a) Features of Fast GPIO 26

3.2.11 10-Bit ADC 27

3.2.11(a) Features 27

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3.2.12 10-bit DAC 27

3.2.12(a) Features 27

3.2.13 USB 2.0 Device Controller 28

3.2.13(a) Features 28

3.2.14 UART 29

3.2.14(a) Features 29

3.2.15 I2C-bus serial I/O Controller 30

3.2.15(a) Features 30

3.2.16 General Purpose Timers 30

3.2.17 Watch Dog Timer 30

3.2.17(a) Features 31

3.2.18 RTC 31

3.2.18(a) Features 31

3.2.18(b) RTC Interrupts 32

3.2.19 System Control 32

3.2.19(a) Crystal Oscillator 32

3.2.19(b) Phase Locked Loop 32

3.2.19(c) Reset and Wake Up Timer 32

3.2.19(d) Brown out Detection 33

3.2.20 Power Control 33

3.2.21 APB Bus 33

3.3 Energy Meter 34

3.3.1 How energy meter does operate? 34

3.3.1(a) Electromechanical 34

3.3.1(b) Electronic Meter 35

3.3.2 Advantages of Digital meters over Analog Meters 35

3.4 Opto Coupler 36

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3.4.1 Role of OptoCoupler 36

3.4.2 Features of OptoCoupler 36

3.4.3 Schematic of IC of OptoCoupler 37

3.4.4 Operation of OptoCoupler 37

3.5 E2PROM 38

3.5.1 Serial Bus 38

3.5.2 Parallel Bus 38

3.5.3 Failure Modes 38

3.5.4 Comparison of EPROM and EEPROM/Flash 39

3.6 GSM (Global System for Mobile) 40

3.6.1 GSM Carrier Frequencies 41

3.6.2 Features of GSM 41

3.6.3 Network Structure of GSM 42

3.6.3(a) Identify Main Interfaces 42

3.6.3(b) Subsystems 43

3.6.4 GSM Call Routing 44

3.6.4(a) Mobile Subscriber Routing 45

3.6.4(b) MSISDN Routing 46

3.6.5 Services Provided by GSM 47

3.6.6 GSM Modems 47

3.6.7 AT Commands 51

3.7 Keypad 55

3.8 Liquid Crystal Display 56

3.8.1 Advantages of LCDs over LEDs 57

3.8.2 Pin Description of LCD 58

3.8.3 Different Commands Used in LCD 59

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