india and china 600 – 1600. gupta empire collapses by 600 ce
TRANSCRIPT
After the collapse . . .
• India divided by regional states.– Harsha Vardhana (r. 606–646) united northern
states during his reign– He was a Buddhist
• Chola – Southern India – 300’s BCE – c. 1300 CE– Important trading state
SPICE PROPERTIES
PEPPER The most widely used spice, then and now.
GINGER DigestiveCarminativeStimulantCounteract anemia and liver complaints; to Ward off colds.
CINNAMON A stimulant CarminativeAstringentSome reputed qualities as a food preservative.
CLOVES DigestiveStimulantLocal anesthetic (e.g., toothaches)
CARDAMOM Digestive Counteract bad breathHeadachesFeversColds
SPICE PROPERTIES
CUMIN Digestive
ANISE Digestive
NUTMEG & MACE DigestiveCarminativeStimulantCure for colic
SAFFRON StimulantCure for headachesHeart palpitationsFainting fitsDropsyGastric ulcers
Vijayanagara Empire
• Emerges in early 1300’s• Traditional Hindu god-kings who ruled over vassal
states.• Kingdom lasted until the arrival
of gunpowder weapons in 1564.
Portuguese reach India in 1499
Northern India• Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna created an empire from Iran
to India, 997–1030.– Muslim raids very disruptive, unlike traditional warfare
between Hindu states.– Violence and looting was accompanied by destruction of
temples, and enforcing– Sharia and a non-Muslim head tax in conquered areas.
• Muhammad of Ghur (1150-1206)– Invaded India in 1192– Conquered the remnants of Gazna’s empire– Created a Muslim state at Delhi.
• Muhammad’s state soon replaced by Turkic Delhi Sultanate.– Delhi Sultanate lasted from 1206 to 1526.– Held off the Mongol invasions that destroyed the
Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
• "Other monarchs may have one son, or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions . . .”
• Balban seized power from 1265 to 1287.– Followed by years of court intrigue and succession
struggles.
• In 1320 the Tughlug Dynasty took over until weakened by Timur (Tamerlane).
Timur “the Lame” (Tamerlane) - (1336 – 1405) • Sought to re-establish the Mongol Empire.
• His campaigns killed 17,000,000 people.
• Corresponded with Charles VI of France.
• Exchanged ambassadors with Henry II of Castile.
• Inscription on Timur’s tomb:"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble."
• Tomb opened in 1941.
• Inscription inside the casket: "Who ever opens my tomb, shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.“
• Two days later Hitler invaded the Soviet Union.
Sikhism
• In the 1400’s Hindu and Muslim mysticism merged in a new religion.
• Founded by Nanak.– Stresses direct emotional experience of the divine.
• Opposed by both Hindus and Muslims.
Guru Nanak (1469 – 1539)
• God as not wholly unknowable. • God is omnipresent• God is visible everywhere to the spiritually awakened• God must be seen from "the inward eye", or the
heart.• Mediation leads toward enlightenment. • God has no gender and is without form• There are many worlds on which God has created
life.