INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

ON

INDIA AND THE INDIAN OCEAN

20 – 22 March

at

Bhubaneswar,

India

Saturday, March 21

Afternoon Panel II

Parallel Session II

Non-Traditional Security Issues

in

The Indian Ocean Region

Introduction

by

Chair : Maj Gen (Prof) Nilendra Kumar

Director

Amity Law School, Noida

What is security?

SECURITYis

the degree of resistance to, or protection from harm. It applies to any valuable and vulnerable asset such as a person dwelling, community, nation or organisation.

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: 2 :

If it is not a case of existential threat then the

force or adverse efforts may be targeted at

something crucial to the functioning of the

threat in desired manner.

Traditional security is about a state’s ability

to defend itself against external threats.

Traditional security is also referred as

national security or state security.

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: 2 :

Another way is to describe it as ‘hard’ security

while non traditional security is called ‘soft

security’.

Traditional security may be defined as absence

of threat to territorial integrity, political

independence or stability of a State from

external aggression or internal revolt.

Car security be ignored?

As a matter of prudence, security threats call for

urgent remedial measures from the State.

Non traditional security issues include areas

such as transnational organised crimes,

global terror, disaster relief, information

security, climate change and public health

epidemics, energy security and water security.

Non traditional security relates to aspects

other than traditional security where the

sources, nature, duration and intensity of

threat can be foreseen or identified and is

based on human or mechanical reasons.

DefinitionChallenges to the survival and well being of people and states that arise primarily out of non military sources, such as climate change, cross-border environmental degradation and resource depletion, infections diseases, irregular migration, food shortages, people smuggling, drug trafficking and other forms of transnational crime.

Mely Caballero-Anthony

A statement of an intention to inflict pain, injury, damage or other hostile action on someone in retribution for something done or not done.

An unfortunate incident, that happens

unexpectedly and unintentionally, typically

resulting in damage injury.

Difference between threat and accident

1946-54 - First Indo China War1948 - Israel War of Independence1954-58 - French Algerian War1955-72 - First Sudanese Civil War1956 - Suez Crisis1959-73 - Vietnam War

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1967 - Six Day War

1971 - Indo Pak Conflict

1980-88 - Iran Iraq War

1990-91 - Persian Gulf War

PARTIES OR ACTORS

MEANS

HARD Nation states against one another or with non-state actors

1. Armed Conflict (covert/overt)

2. Terror3. Cyber4. NBC5. Information

SOFT 1. Nation states2. Non state actors3. Corporates

1. Drugs2. Counterfeit currency3. Piracy4. Trafficking

SIGNIFICANCE

Critical waterway for global trade and commerce.

It is a medium for traffic for half of the world’s containerized cargo, one third of its bulk cargo and two third of its oil shipment.

A key factor in East-West exchange

carryheavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia and contain an estimated 40% of the world’s offshore oil production.

An international organisation consisting of coastal states bordering the Indian Ocean.

It comprises 20 member states and six dialogue partners.

Australia Madagascar Sri Lanka Bangladesh Malaysia TanzaniaComoros Mauritius ThailandIndia Oman UAEIndonesia Seychelles YemenIran SingaporeKenya South Africa

China France UK Egypt Japan USA

A few Relevant Terms

Effort is to strive for regional stability

REGIONAL STABILITY

means

maintaining stability in the region

It implies making the region more stable and

less prone to conflict, both internal and

external.

This refers to efforts to achieve compatibility

between the explosion of regional trading

arrangements around the world and the

global trading system as embodied in World

Trade Organisation. It is an effort to resolve

one of the central problems of contemporary

trade policy - in a manner just and balanced.

The term refer to organised crime co-ordinated across national borders, involving groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures.

• International terror• Piracy• Counterfeit currency• Illegal trade in small arms & light weapons.• Drugs• Illegal immigration• Trafficking in persons• Money laundering• Cyber crime

It is undertaking of terrorist acts and activities within the maritime environment, using or against vessels or fixed platforms at sea or in port or against any one of their passengers or personnel, against coastal

facilities or settlements including tourist

resorts, port areas and port towns or seas.

Auth. The Council for Security Co-operation

in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP).

The term refers to entities that participate or act in international relations. They are organisations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they do not belong to any established institution of a state.

Date Port2005 Sharm-el-SheikhNov 2008 Mumbai18 Jul 2012 Burgas near Bulgarian

Black Sea03 May 2014 Mombassa, Kenya25 Jun 2014 Lagos, Nigeria

Jan 2006 - Suicide attack on US Navy destroyer near Aden

Sep 2013 - Failed terrorist attack on Suez Canal ship

Sep 2014 - Al-Qaeda attack on Parliament

Nov 2014 - Gunman attack on Egyptian patrol ship

It incorporates the practice, military tactics, and strategy that government, military, intelligence, police and business organisations use to combat or prevent terrorism.

Prevalent in weak or failed states along the Indian Ocean.

1. Any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of private ship or a private aircraft, and detected.i) On the high seas, against another ship or aircraft or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft.

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ii) Against a ship, aircraft persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any state.

2. Any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with the knowledge of facts making it a private ship or aircraft.

3. Any act inciting or of internationally facilitating an act described in sub paragraph above.

Reported near narrow straits, islands and conflict regions of South East Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma and Thailand) and Yemen, Sudan, Pakistan, Myanmar and Tanzania.

Smaller cargo ships. Unarmed private yatches. Commercial fishermen Cruiseliners

$ 500 million has been paid for more than 200 ships captured – and ransomed back from Somali pirates over the last decades.

DRUG TRAFFICKING

One of Asia’s two principal areas of illicit opium production, where the space overlaps Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan.

THREE LARGEST HEROIN AND OPIUM

PRODUCERS :

Afghanistan Pakistan Myanmar

A major opium producing area of around 950,000 sq.kms that overlaps Myanmar, Laos and Thailand.

Myanmar is the world’s second largest

producer of illicit opium after Afghanistan.

During four months of 2014, combined Maritime Task Force ships seized more than 2000 kgs. of heroin being trafficked in dhows via the Indian Ocean.

Taliban is assessed to have derived around

US $ 133 million from narcotics trade in

2011 which is approx. one third of its funding.

ILLICIT TRADE IN SMALL ARMS

AND LIGHT WEAPONS

Insurgents, armed gang members, pirates

and terrorists, they can all multiply their

lethality and terror through the use of

unlawfully acquired fire power.

Conservative estimates mention 7.5 to 8

million small arms being produced per year.

1. Failure in Somalia2. Growth in piracy in the Horn of Africa3. Conflict in Afghanistan

Flow of SALW from Iran to Yemen and

onwards to the Eastern Mediterranean via

the Suez and between the Arabian

Peninsula and the Horn of Africa.

It is the migration of people across national borders in a way that violates the immigration laws of the destination country.

Australia Bangladesh India Iran Libya Malaysia …..2/-…

Pakistan South Africa South Korea

There is a gradual but perceptible

movement of the fulcrum of the glob

economic and military exchanges away from

the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean, a shift

which is being keenly watched by national &

global institutions.

Growth of international trade and commerce

is intrinsically linked to a secure

environment, in all its varied dimensions.

CONCLUSION