Comparison: DecolonizationNatasha Alvarez

Thesis

No matter if nation’s independence (de jure) was violent or non- violent, the consequences of decolonization, among them crippled economies, ethnic violence and even global conflict, eventually led to developing nations still not economically independent

India

• Mughal Rule: 1520s (Babur, Akbar)

• British East India Company: 17th century (spice trade)

• Negotiated with Mughals to carry out trade: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras

• Direct rule: Bengal/ Indirect rule: other provinces

• 1850: sphere of influence (entire Indian subcontinent)

• Great Revolt of 1857

Nationalist roots: failed tradition

• British Raj (Crown rule: Queen Victoria)

• Colony of exploration (exploitation?)

British Rule: Railway System

British Rule: Raj

• Segregation + civil lines – enhance power/ control

• Challenging of policies + economic reforms

• 1885: Indian National Congress

• 1906: Muslim League

The subaltern is beginning to speak…!

British Rule: Raj

Political movements (growing nationalism)

• Turning Point #1: 1919, Rowlett Bills

• Swadeshi: boycotting

• Satyagraha: non-violence resistance

• Promotion of swaraj: home- rule

• Turning Point #2: 1919, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (General Dyer)

• Gandhi called off satyagraha

• Swadeshi: Non- Cooperation Movement

• Promotion of khadi: home spun

• Salt March (1930)

Negotiated Independence

• 1935: Government of India Act

• 1937: Elections

• 1940: Lahore Resolution

• 1942: Cripps Mission

• 1942: Quit Indian Movement (Nehru)

• Crashing British economy after WWII

1947: Indian Independence

Vietnam

• Chinese rule: 40 AD (To Dinh)

• Trung Sisters: led people’s army which drove Chinese out of Viet Nam

Nationalist roots: failed tradition

• Tây So’n + Nguyên dynastinies: 1778 to 1945

• Supression of Catholicism after emperor Nguyên

• Uprisings – used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam

• Orders Napoleon III of France, 1858: attack port of Da Nang

• French troops landed in northern Vietnam, 1873 and again in 1882

• French Indochina: 1887

French Rule

French Rule: Vichy

Political movements (growing nationalism)

• Turning point #1: Gia Dinh fell to French troops

• Resistance movements:

• Dong Du (Go East): 1905

• Duy Tan (Modernization)

• Turning point #2: Japanese invasion, 1940

• Viet Minh Front formed by Ho Chi Minh

• Dominated by communist party

• Worked with American Office of Strategic Services

• Vacuum after famine + Japanese defeat

Nationalist control…

Violent Independence

• First Indochina War: 1945 to 1950

• South Vietnam: under Bao Dai

• North Vietnam: Ho’s Democratic Republic

• Supply with artillery: communist China + communist Soviet Union

• Guerrilla fighters: tactics + civilian intelligence

• Dien Bien Phu: 1954

• Geneva Accords: French left colonies in Indochina

1954: Vietnamese independence ‘de jure’

ConsequencesETHNIC CONFLICT: PARTITION

Consequences

GLOBAL CONFLICT: VIETNAM WAR

Participants: France, US, Laos, Cambodia, Soviet Union, People’s

Republic of China, UK, Australia, South Korea, New Zealand, India, Thailand

Consequences

CRIPPLED ECONOMIES – BECOME DEVELOPING ECONOMIES

Comparing & Contrasting

Explanations

INDIA VIETNAM

NationalistGrowing nationalism since a failed rebellion, Great Revolt, until independence (1947)

Growing nationalism, since a failed rebellion, TrungSisters, until end of Vietnam War (1975)

MetropolitanNegotiated independence was only successful due to crashing British economy after WWII

Independence was not dependent on Western/ colonial relationship

InternationalistInternational movements, including the Non-Alignment did not affect situation and independence

International movements, including the Non-Alignment did not affect situation and independence

TheoriesINDIA VIETNAM

Gayatri Spivak

The subaltern did speak, through political movements, though it was not merely sufficient (metropolitan explanation)

The subaltern did speak, through resistance movements and guerilla tactics

BenedictAnderson

Nationalism and nationalistic movements did create the Indian nation (1947: de facto)

Nationalism and nationalistic movements did create the Vietnamese nation (1975: de facto)

A.G. HopkinsGlobalization: decolonization eventually directs nations to be developing (consequences)

Globalization: decolonization eventually directs nations to be developing (consequences)

Edward Said Orient defined the West: Indiantrade + end British colony

Orient defined the West: Vietnam War affected the USA (American war strategies)

Kemper Nationalism came from a local response to colonizers: Rowlett Bills + Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Nationalism came from a local response to colonizers: falling GiaDinh + Japanese invasion

World System Theory

BEFORE DECOLONIZATION:

• Scenario #1:

• Core nations: England

• Periphery: India

• Semi- Periphery: China

• Scenario #2

• Core nations: France

• Periphery: Vietnam

• Semi- Periphery: China

World System Theory

AFTER DECOLONIZATION

• Scenario #1:

• Core nations: United States

• Semi- periphery: India

• Periphery: Sub- Saharan Africa

• Scenario #2:

• Core nations: China

• Semi-periphery: Vietnam

• Periphery: Sub- Saharan Africa

So what?