Cities and Resilience:Cities and Resilience:Progress and challenges in addressing urban adaptation in AsiaSeptember 28-29, 2009, UN/ESCAP Office, Bangkok

Surat Municipal Corporation and Surat Municipal Corporation and The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry

AgendaTopics of Discussion

• Urban Governance in India• About Surat• Results to-date

o Climate Hazardso Apparent Areas of Climate Vulnerability and Likely Future

IssuesIssues• Activities and Methods

o Cross-sectoral Impactso Cross sectoral Impactso Organizations Involvedo Activities undertaken so faro Methods Used for Analysis

• Urban Climate ResiliencePil P j• Pilot Projects

• Challenges and QuestionsN t St• Next Steps

Urban Governance in India

• Cities are administered by Urban Local Body vested with powers devolved as • Cities are administered by Urban Local Body vested with powers devolved as per the 74th Amendment in the delineated municipal area

• ULB vested mainly with maintaining the infrastructure, collects taxes • Devolution of funds, functions and functionaries diverse across states• ULB has two separate bodies

– Elected representatives headed by MayorElected representatives headed by Mayor• Provides strategic direction and city level policy • Constitutes and manages Standing committees and Special

committeescommittees– Executive body manages

• Potable Water Supply, Underground Sewage, Roads, Solid Wastepp y g g• Primary education, libraries and Community health • Upgradation of the amenities in slums and alternative homes • Places of healthy entertainment and recreation • Places of healthy entertainment and recreation • Fire Service• Urban Planning and Development• Revenue (House tax, professional taxes, Entertainment tax etc

• Urban Development authority develops infrastructure in peripheral and municipal areasmunicipal areas

Role of National Government in City Resilience

• Ministry of Urban development – Shapes the policies and programmes of the country – Lays down guidelines for urban development– Provides funds to cities under various centrally sponsored schemes with

matching grants from the state/city, JNURM• Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

– Provides loans/funds for urban development projects/programmes– Created Housing and Urban Development Corporation Created Housing and Urban Development Corporation

(HUDCO) & Building Materials Technology Council • Ministry of Environment & Forests

Nodal Agency for International Negotiations on Climate Change– Nodal Agency for International Negotiations on Climate Change• Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change

• National Action Plan on Climate Change (8 missions)Mi i f H ff i• Ministry of Home affairs• Disaster Management and Relief • NDMA, NIDM

• Central Government develops Urban Development and reform policies, determines fund flow, action and reforms at city level

Key Principles for Urban Resilience• Be multi-sectoral and integrated with ongoing decision-

making and planning processes making and planning processes • Be incremental, emphasizing mechanisms for ongoing

learning, evaluation, and adjustment of strategieslearning, evaluation, and adjustment of strategies• Focus not only “hard investments” and policy/regulatory

changes, but also “soft” actions to strengthen adaptive changes, but also soft actions to strengthen adaptive capacity

• Be embedded within local and regional development Be embedded within local and regional development priorities, and focus on the most vulnerable sectors

• Involve stakeholder groups in a constructive and Involve stakeholder groups in a constructive and collaborative environment

• Frame adaptation/resilience as a new lens on • Frame adaptation/resilience as a new lens on governance, rather than a new program or interest

Urban Climate ResilienceU ba C ate es e ce• Large gray literature on need for cities to evaluate climate

h l bilit d t k t t i ilichange vulnerability and take steps to increase resilience

• Globally: many cities now starting to plan, although efforts more advanced on climate mitigation agenda than

d t ti f adaptation so far • India: very few cities have climate change plans. Most

li t d t ti k h f d l/ i lt l climate adaptation work has focused on rural/agricultural sectorsS t i iti ti d t t CC l S t • Surat: initiatives are underway to create CC plan. Sectors study-groups and action groups formed. Projects planned.

About SuratAbout Surat

• Historical Centre for Trade & Commerce

• English, Dutch, Armenian & Moguls Settled

di i f j• Leading City of Gujarat

• 9th Largest City of India

• Home to Textile and Diamond Industries• Home to Textile and Diamond Industries

• 60% of Nation’s Man Made Fabric Production

• 600,000 Power Looms and 450 Process Houses

• Traditional Zari and Zardosi Work

• 70% of World’s Diamond Cutting and Polishing

• Spin-offs from Hazira,Largest Industrial Hub

• Peace-loving, Resilient and Harmonious EnvironmentEnvironment

Growth of Surat

Emergence of Diamond, Textiles and Growth of Surat

Development of Zari, silk ,and other

ll d

Textiles and other manuff.

Decline of mercantile trade –

small and medium industries

Trade Centre of British India –Continues to be major port

regional trade centre

Emergence of Petrochemicals -Re-emergence as major port, transport node

Chief port of Mughal Empire

Consolidation of diamond and textiles

transport node

Year Area in Population

textiles

Year Sq. Km Population

1951 8.18 223,182

1961 8.18 288,026

1971 33.85 471,65633.85 471,656

1981 55.56 776,583

1991 111.16 1,498,817

2001 112.27 2,433,785

2001* 326.51 2,877,241

2009 326.51 ~ 4 million

Both Scenarios indicate significant rise in precipitation after 2020 (14% rise)

Country level Models indicate high frequency of dry spells & extreme rainfall events

Life & siltation rate of Ukai as well as upstream usage and consequence of

emergency releases

Uncertainty is high given the location of Surat at the junction of per-humid south

d id th d l th T i f Cand arid north and also near the Tropic of Cancer.

Shift in rainy season towards July

Flood and SLR Risks at Surat

City extended up to coast in 2006

Sea level rise likely to impact western part as well as saline pwater intrusion in to aquifers

Ukai dam floods inundate core and northern parts of the city at and northern parts of the city at least once a decade

Khadi(creek) floods are more common (once in at least three years) and affect poorest parts of the city

Temperature Scenarios

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Csiro_mk3_5.futureacccma_cgcm3_1 

future a

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ccma cgcm3 1.

cccma_cgcm3_1 future a

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Surat: Daily Min and Max Temperature Control & Future A (CCCMA_ CGCM3, CSIRO_mk3_5 ) Source: CCE 1.0Source: CCE 1.0

Impacts of heat islands not known, actual temp raise may be higher

Humid tropical Coastal environment – Temperature increase likely to increase discomfort levels

Major increase in per capita energy consumption expected

M l i i d i i S t P ibl h i i id f t b di i kMalaria is endemic in Surat. Possible changes in incidence of vector borne diseases is unknown. 

High humidity related diseases reported during rainy season

Cross Sectoral ImpactsFloods

Risk to infrastructure, productive assets, households likely to increaseHealth risks during and after floods (Lepto, Rheumatic fever, Malaria,Gastro)

Delayed monsoon‐Prolonged summersCurrent summer water demands nearing the allocated water resourcesIncreased demand for water and energy would need development of alternate sourcesgy pWater quality issues‐Algae and weed growth in river source during summers‐expected to increase during peak summersIncreased concentration of pollutants during lean seasonsIncreased concentration of pollutants  during lean seasons

Urban growth Push and pull migration would necessitate focus on affordable housing in safe areas/flood resistant housing in less risk prone areasareas/flood resistant housing in less risk prone areas.

Sea level rise Landward intrusion of sea and salt water intrusion into aquifersSeasonal Inundation of Khadi areas during annual high tide periodsSeasonal Inundation of Khadi areas during annual high tide periodsIncreased inundation risk to informal settlements located along Khadi

Changes in cyclone frequency not known‐C b l l i i l h di fl d l i i f h iCan exacerbate sea level rise impacts along Khadi flood plains in western part of the city

Organisations InvolvedSurat Municipal Corporation,  www.suratmunicipal.org

Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, www.gsdma.org

The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry, www.sgcci.in

Industrial Representatives‐ Hazira Industrial Area

Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, www.sgu.ernet.in

C t f S i l St di iCentre for Social Studies, www.css.ac.in

Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, www.scet.ac.in

TIFAC‐CORE in Environmental Engineering, www.tifac‐core‐scet.org

Urban and Social Health Advocacy and Alliance (NIWCD Surat)Urban and Social Health Advocacy and Alliance (NIWCD, Surat)

Government Medical College, Surat

Surat Citizens Council Trust, Surat

NGOs and Concerned individualsNGOs and Concerned individuals 

Activities So Far

Series of meetings held to include various stakeholders in the process (SMC, Industry, Academia, Civil society, Media etc) ( , y, , y, )

City Advisory Committee formed and regular meetings held

Vulnerability Survey Phase-I completed- Results being discussed and Vulnerability Survey Phase-I completed- Results being discussed and Data distributed to Sector study groups

SLD Phase -I organizedS ase o ga ed

Five Sectoral study groups formed (Flood,Water,Energy,Env.,Health)

CC Awareness & CC Watch group formed to supervise the activitiesCC Awareness & CC Watch group formed to supervise the activities

Linkage with GSDMA established

il j id ifi i i i i dPilot project identification process initiated

Two Vision sheets released ( Surat 2025, Energy Vision)

Climate Change Website released, www.suratclimatechange.org

GIS Enabled Vulnerability AnalysisGIS Enabled Vulnerability Analysis• Provides ward/neighborhood level analysis ofProvides ward/neighborhood level analysis of

vulnerability• Anal ses ca ses of lnerabilit• Analyses causes of vulnerability• Enables analysis of different Socio economic groups in

spatially explicit manner• Provides ward/city level statistics based on different

facets of vulnerability• Informs decision making process based on specificInforms decision making process based on specific

needs of communities• Cross validation of results from secondary data possible• Cross validation of results from secondary data possible

Vulnerability Analysis Processy y

GPS  reconnoiterData Acquisition & initial visual analysis

Identify classification parametersn visual analysis p

Delineation of Select Sample size and Design of toolsep

ara

tio

n

Delineation of homogeneous areas

Select  Sample size and Geopsy locations

Design of tools (Questions/checklists)P

re

Community  and HH surveys

Geopsy surveys Coding, data entry and transfer of GPS data

ssm

en

tA

sse

s

HH and Community Vul Aggregation/Validation Outputs

Geopsy‐Community 

HH and Community Vul. Analysis

Water supply/drainage

Ward

Aggregation/Validation Outputs

MapsStatisticsn

aly

sis

aggregation 

City

supply/drainage zones

StatisticsGraphsA

n

Capacity and Vulnerability Across Communities

Income stability

Loan/Insurance

Capacity Vulnerability

stability

Social Grouping

Drainage/ Sewerage

Insurance

Education Housing

Surat Response to Climate Change: f R i P i ifrom Reactive to Proactive action

P i (d i b li Reactive (driven by actual perceived climate variability)

Proactive (driven by climate forecasting / future scenarios)

Disaster Disaster Strategic multi-“Climate Mainstreaming mitigation/ response (post

preparedness measures(based on

stakeholder adaptation planning

proofing” at project level

climate forecasts into sectoral policies (post

extreme event)

(based on current variability)

planninglevel sectoral policies and processes

Households, i

Key actors:Hazard

Private d l

Sectoral agencies ( i

Centralized unit community groups, relief organizations

management agencies

developers, insurers, development

(environment, water, housing, etc.)

(“climate czar”) with strategic planning

and institutions

NGOsp gauthority

Learning from Recurrent Experiences(Climate Proof Infrastructure, Quick Recovery)

6th August 2006 9th August 2006

Katrina ‘05 Surat Flood ‘06Population Affected 480,000 3,500,000 (90%)

Deaths 100 45, Vector-borne

Evacuation Entire New-Orleans 20,000

R t ti f M th 15 d G

DiseasesShooting & violence Countless NoneRestoration of Normalcy

Months 15 days, Gas Uninterrupted

Candidate Projects

• Architectural & Urban Designers Competition– Will be organized at national level– Focus on flood resistant design for various buildingsFocus on flood resistant design for various buildings– Affordability and availability of building materials– Innovative concept & proposal for urban planning– To integrate contour and water ways in spatial planning

Id ifi i f i l d – Identification of appropriate land usage• Khadi Risk Zoning & Development Planning

– Topographical survey of creeks– Restoration of flood caring capacityRestoration of flood caring capacity– Planning for appropriate use of creek side land– Identification of sustainable usage zones

• Database & Online Flood Support Systempp y– Household survey to identify location of vulnerable individuals/groups– Public consultation / open registration of individuals requiring support– Creation of database management system for maintaining / updating and sharing

Establishing protocol for pro iding s pport to lnerable indi id al d ring flood– Establishing protocol for providing support to vulnerable individual during flood– Identification agencies, resources and support groups– Communication system

• Asset bank system for saving valuablesAsset bank system for saving valuables• Near real-time Emergency management system

Barriers and Challenges at Surat

Very high urban growth and rise in per capita demand straining infrastructure investments and resource availability

Water and energy resource constraints

Transport infrastructure overburdened

k f l dRisk free land constraints

Management of Ukai multipurpose dam with conflicting objectives under extreme event dominated precipitation patternu de e t e e e e t do ated p ec p tat o patte

Monitoring and management of epidemics and community health 

Finance, Capacity & Roles 

Dependency on State/Central, Tax Reforms 

Capacity Building

Overlapping Roles (Sewage & Strom water management)

Growing boundaries & meeting demands of periphery

Push and pull migration from hinterland

Creating awareness amongst population with very high diversity in knowledge skills and worldviews ‐ especially new immigrantsknowledge, skills and worldviews ‐ especially new immigrants

Needs of Surat to Address CC Issues National level1 Understanding of Urban Dynamics and CC Impacts1. Understanding of Urban Dynamics and CC Impacts2. State and Central Government Funding to Meet Current & Future

Urban Services Demandb3. Empowering of City (Tax Reforms/Policy/Legislation)4. Decision Support System (No Over-doing or Under-doing)4 pp y g g

International level1. Scientific Inputs from IPCC/ UNFCCCp /2. International Experience Sharing and Knowledge of Best Practices3. Availability of Technology (Solar PV, IT) and Technical Assistance

f l f d d d ffor Climate Proof and Hardened Infrastructure4. Focused technical Inputs from Donors

S l t Fi5. Supplementary Finance6. Micro Insurance, Micro Finance for Vulnerable7 Planning Inputs7. Planning Inputs

Cities and National Action Plan

1. National CC adaptation policy that addresses diversity across the Indian urban landscape

2. Create experience and knowledge bank based on vulnerabilities or creation of Champion City or Role Modelp y

3. Central-State relationship to build resilience 4. Implementation of Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 in true

spirit which empowers Urban Local Bodies to perform effectively as spirit which empowers Urban Local Bodies to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units of self-government

5. Empowering cities to provide pro-active inputs in forming National AgendaAgenda

6. Develop local political consensus regard to CC from city level upwards

7. Scale, Funds and selection process of Pilot projects to increase resilience

8. Cross learning between current partners and other citiesg p9. National level Platform for information/technologies/processes

exchange

Next Steps

Discussions on vulnerability and sectoral studies outputs

Developing Surat city specific adaptation options with state of the art technologies and best practices

f bl d d i d diUse of IT enabled advance warning and disaster management

Involvement of variety of city stakeholders

Engagement with national and international agencies involved with Climate Change adaptation/resilience

C ti t it l ti b t CC d t ti Creating awareness amongst city population about CC adaptation issues

Engagement with media onEngagement with media on

Awareness generation

E bli Ad i t d i f tiEnabling Advance warning systems and emergency information

Communication plan for Disaster management

We commit to protect Earth

Thank YouThank You

Khorb KoonKhorb Koon

Dhanyawaad