indian grammar dictionary for n dialect

Indian

Grammar Dictionary For N-dialect

A S t u d y o f

A K e y I n t o T h e L a n g u a g e O f A m e r i c a

By Roger Williams, 1643

Moondancer Strong Woman

Aquidneck Indian Council Newport, Rhode Island

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

OBrien, Francis Joseph, Jr. (Moondancer) Jennings, Julianne (Strong Woman) Indian Grammar Dictionary For N-dialect: A Study of A Key Into The Language Of America By Roger Williams, 1643 (First Edition). p. cm. Includes bibliographical references.

1. Algonquian Indian Languages (Narragansett)Grammar. 2. Algonquian Indian Languages (Narragansett)Grammar

I. The Massachusett Language Revival Project, Aquidneck Indian Council, Inc. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 00-105242

Aquidneck Indian Council A PUBLIC FOUNDATION PRESERVING THE PAST Massachusett Language Revival Program

12 Curry Avenue Newport, RI 02840-1412

e-mail: [email protected]

2nd Printing (Corrected), 2002 Copyright 2000 by Moondancer and Strong Woman, Aquidneck Indian Council, Inc., 12 Curry Avenue, Newport, RI 02840-1412, USA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the Aquidneck Indian Council, Inc. Violators will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law.

Printed in the United States of America

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

PRONUNCIATION GUIDE, i

PART I: DICTIONARY OF VERBS Stems & Roots Listed By Verb Type, 1 Stems & Roots Alphabetical By Narragansett, 20 Stems & Roots Alphabetical By English, 37

PART II: DICTIONARY OF NOUNS, ADJECTIVES &C

Stems & Roots for Nouns, Adjectives &c, Alphabetical by English, 57 Stems & Roots for Nouns, Adjectives &c, Alphabetical by Narragansett, 86

GRAMMAR TABLE of Verb Forms by Type, 114 APPENDIX

accommodating /t/ reduced vowels glottal stops passive-voice verbs verb participles obviation conjugation of verb for stem waut (to understand, believe, know)

E R R A T A Indian Grammar Dictionary for N-Dialect 2000, Aquidneck Indian Council, Inc.

PAGE NOW READS CHANGE/ADD 4, 28, 43 182, 132 182-3 7, 34, 55 (wake) 19, 97, 116, 173 19 13, 35, 37 whauwhautowwow whauwhautowwaw 19, 56 (add entry, p. 20)

anawhown anawhowe

51 (add entry, p. 17) see row canoe chemosh, chemeck, U, 108 6, 29, 53 Subject, he is my subject Revenge, I will revenge it 7, 31, 39 (petite) 7, 142, 35, 7 7, 142, 35 53 Add:

Ntacquetunck ewo, Subject, He is my subject, 141

57, 92 (mammausa)

Add: Nochisqauaw

65, 98 Add: nsanapaushaumen, Flixe, I have the bloody flixe (dysentery?), 198

68, 104 (powwaw) 127 127, 198 71 (sanomp), 105 man, a Man, a married 73 (orphans) 29 29, 150 73, 92 Add:

machage, mateag, machaug, not, nothing, 13, 42, 56, 132, 163, 169, &c.

79 Thunderbolts are shot (out of alphabetical order)

81, 95 -moua-, Add: -maw-, 201 86 (-anam-, .) Add: -unam-, 136 89 Add: -eg, -ege, -ge, -g, -ug, The thing

that is, 12, 36, 42, 96 &c 93 (orphan) 29 29, 150 100 palle (a past tense marker?), 146 106 (-t-) nittake nittauke 108 (-uo, ) Add: 44 109 (-waw, -quaw) Add: 18, 146 109 (weekan-, ) Add: weet-, 136 81 (twins) 29 150

Make these changes in the text... The Authors

P RE F ACE Cowankamunumun wame netompaog !

Friends, we greet and salute you! Indian Grammar Dictionary for N-dialect is a reference work to assist in the interpretation and understanding of the Roger Williams classic, A Key into the Language of America, written in the year 1643 as a phrase book for English colonists in the New World. One possible use of the present book is to create language lessons for this complicated "extinct language" (not spoken since the end of the 19th century).

The present book serves both as an index to A Key and a compact summary of grammatical information on the Narragansett dialect of the Algonquian language of southeastern New England (called collectively the N-dialect). The dictionary has five major components. First, we present a brief summary of the sounds of the language in a Pronunciation Guide1. This small table will assist the reader with the often ambiguous and inconsistent orthography (spellings) in A Key. No attempt is made to "teach pronunciation" since the art of reconstructed speech is largely intuitive. The next section, Part IDictionary of Verbs, gives a fairly complete listing of the approximately 320 verb roots and stems found in A Key. Our selection is based partially on the little-known academic work by Hagenau.2 When the roots and stems are used in conjunction with the Grammar Table (back of the book), the reader will be able to understand the structure of many of the approximately 820 conjugated verbs given in A Key. Moreover, the reader may be able to reconstruct certain words not given by Roger Williams. The verb listings are presented in three different orderings: (a) by verb type3, (b) alphabetical by Narragansett and (c) alphabetical by English. Each listing provides the page numbers in A Key (the 1936 edition). Thus the reader has great facility in locating individual roots/stems and finding them used by Roger Williams in A Key. Part IIDictionary of Nouns, is a listing of roots, stems, words & phrases for nouns, adjectives, and grammatical elements. Some verbs are given, since in the Algonquian dialects, the interesting phenomenon exists whereby some adjectives also function as verbs. The listing is given first alphabetically by English and then in the reverse order, alphabetically by Narragansett. The reader will see a handful of words selected from the closely related dialect called Natick.4 The authors have constructed and reconstructed a number of words for this dictionary. The information in Part II incorporates a number of roots and stems found in Aubins dissertation, already mentioned. 1 The authors are indebted to the following two sources for information on phonology (pronunciation): George A. Aubin (1972). A Historical Phonology of Narragansett in Roger Williams A Key into the

Language of America. Providence, RI: Brown University (Ph.D. Dissertation). Ives Goddard (1981). Massachusett Phonology: A Preliminary Look. In Papers of the Twelfth

Algonquian Conference, ed. W. Cowan, 57-105. Ottawa: Carlton University. 2 Walter P. Hagenau (1962). A Morphological Study of Narragansett Indian Verbs in Roger Williams A Key into the Language of America. Providence, RI: Brown University (M.A. Thesis). 3 Verb type is based on Hagenaus classification. 4 James H. Trumbull (1903). Natick Dictionary, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.

The fourth section of Indian Grammar Dictionary is a Grammar Table which summarizes inflectional morphemes for the five major verb types (prefix-root/stem-suffix components of verbs). The Grammar Table is modeled on Hagenaus summary of the major Verb Types. Additional forms are included from the Natick dialect, found in John Eliots 1666 grammar book, The Indian Grammar Begun, Cambridge, MA: Marmaduke Johnson. Some use was made also of the "grammatical sketch" by Ives Goddard & Kathleen Bragdon in Native Writings in Massachusett, American Philosophical Society Memoir 185, Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1988. An Appendix is included to explain special grammatical/phonological features: the "accommodating t," reduced vowels, glottal stops, obviation, verb participles, passive voice and a complete conjugation of understand. The examples selected to demonstrate the use of these features provides additional insight into the formation of words in Narragansett. Indian Grammar Dictionary for N-dialect has been used in tribal language instruction. In our tutorials5 we use our own arrangement and partial re-translation of Roger Williams A Key into the Language of America (copyright 2000, Aquidneck Indian Council, Inc.). This book contains about one-half of the original Narragansett dialect in A Key with extensive annotations. Future efforts are being directed at the completion of this re-translation6.

We hope our modest efforts in Healing the Broken Circle will assist local tribal members to regain some of their lost and sleeping tongues.

The authors are grateful to The John Carter Brown Library and Rockefeller Library, Brown University, for assistance in obtaining the works of Eliot, Hagenau, and Aubin. In addition we thank Widener Library, Harvard University, for obtaining a photocopy of Josiah Cotton (1703, 1830), Vocabulary of the Massachusetts (Natick) Indian Language, Massachusetts Historical Society Collection, Serial 3, Vol. II. Darrell Waldron and his Board of Directors, Rhode Island Indian Council, were very encouraging from the beginning. We thank them for their strong support. We also thank the federally-recognized Narragansett Indian Tribal Nation, and other Indian groups for their encouragement and support in this historic project.

Together we can walk Mishquamyagat (The Red Road). Our ancestors are watching us. We honor them. Moondancer Strong Woman Rhode Island Indian Council & Aquidneck Indian Council

5 Classes are held at the Rhode Island Indian Council in Providence, Rhode Island. 6 Since the first printing, the Council has completed this work under the title, Introduction to the Narragansett Language. 2001. This unique historical linguistics work contains nearly 1,000 footnotes.

A Key into the Language of America , 1643 [facsimiles of Title Page & pages 7, 10; Courtesy, University of Pennsylvania]

EENNTOWASH

SPEAK INDIAN

A Pronunciation Guide for Narragansett Language

S P E L L I N G

(Roger Williams)

S O U N D (approximate)

Some are uncertain

STRESS MARKS ` i

a uh in sofa, cut ou in bought

ah ah in father ou in bought

an, aum, aun nasal sound au ou in bought

au in caught aw ou in bought

aw in raw ah in father

b b in big p in pig

c, cc k in cow, account kw in queen

ca, co, cu k in call, cold, cut cau cow

caw ce, ci

s-sound in cede, civil, acid z- or sh-sound as in sacrifice, ocean

ch ch in chair ck k in cow

ch in child kw in queen

ckq [before w] k in cow kw in queen

d, dd d in din, muddy t in tin, putty

ddt, dt d in din t in tin tee-ah [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t)

S P E L L I N G

(Roger Williams)


Some are uncertain

STRESS MARKS ` ii

e e in he or e in bed uh in sofa, cut silent [perhaps no sound at end of

some words] e in he ea e in he

ea in yeah ah in father

ee ee in beet ei e in he

uh in sofa, cut emes [word ending] ee-mees ese [word ending] ees eu eu in feud g [before w] k in cow

kw in queen guttural sound like German ach

g, gg, gk [word middle after a vowel] k in cow kw in queen guttural sound like German ach

g, gk [word ending] k in cow kw in queen guttural sound like German ach

i uh in sofa, cut e in he i in hit

ie e in he ih uh in sofa, cut i ee [?]

ee-uh [?] k, kk k in cow


k [before consonant] kuh in cut

S P E L L I N G

(Roger Williams)


Some are uncertain

STRESS MARKS ` iii

m, mm m in mud, hammer n [before consonant] nuh in nut nn [ beginning of word as in nnin] ne-ne in enema [two n sounds] n, nn [middle, end of word] n in tan, tanning o uh in sofa, cut

ah in father oo in food

o [after w] ah in father ou in bought

oo, oo in food oa [after w] ah in father

ou in bought oa in soap

oh uh in sofa, cut oh in go [?]

om, on nasal sound p, pp b in big, bigger

p in pig, happy q [word beginning & before vowel] kw in queen q [before w] k in cow


s [word beginning & after consonant] s in sip, racks s, ss [after vowel ] s in sip [one s sound] sc sk in skill sh [before vowel & word ending] sh in she, push sh [before consonant] s in sip shk sk in skill shq sk in skill sk sk in skill skc sk in skill

guttural sound like German ach

S P E L L I N G

(Roger Williams)


Some are uncertain

STRESS MARKS ` iv

sp sp in spell sq skw in squid

guttural sound like German ach t d in din

t in tin tee-ah [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t) tt t in tin, putty

d in din, muddy tee-ah [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t) tch tch in itch te [word beginning ] tee-you [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t)) tea, ttea [after a vowel] tee-ah [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t) teau, teu, tteu [word middle or end] tee-ah [fast tempo] (a complex

sound between ch & t) u uh in sofa, cut

ah (short version). some think that at the beginning of

some words, a u was a whistling sound (see w)

w, ww w in won (one w heard) [perhaps a whistling sound in some words beginning with w]

y y in yes z s in sip

PART I

DICTIONARY OF VERBS

Roots and Stems For Verbs Listed by Verb Type, and

Alphabetical by Narragansett & English

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE

PAGES IN A KEY (1936 EDITION)

1

LISTED BY VERB TYPE1

TYPE I

musquant Angry I 182, 124 pockun Blind I 197 tammaunt Busy, take care of,

heed I 35, 169

missin Captive , take I 188 niaut Carry on one's back I 41, 38 wawhush Carry on one's back I 41, 38 pake Cast away, divorce I 150, 44, 183, 108 pepenash!2 Choice , take! I 42 pee Come, be present I 34, 63, 6, 44, 74 tuppaunt Consider I 189, 190 aket Count money I 164 mish Dead , name the I 202 pannawaut Disbelieve I 56 quamph Dish out, serve I 15 sekine Dislike, unwilling I 166, 187 wuttat Drink I 12, 14 potauntash! Fire, blow! I 34 potawash! Fire, make! I 34 mauataun Fire, tend I 19 wannan Forget I 8 weeteant Glad, be glad I 59, 136 wecont Glad, happy, have a

mind to I 59, 71

1 Verb Type corresponds to those used in Grammar Table and other types. For example, for the Type I stem waut (to understand, believe, know) , we can say nowatam (I understand") Cowatam? (Do you understand ?); watam (s/he understands); watatch! (let him, her understand!), etc. Some verbs may be repeated or listed in Part II, Dictionary of Nouns, Adjectives, etc. For example, some adjectives are also verbs, such as colors. The accent/stress marks must be found in A Key. 2 Words with exclamation marks are complete words in imperative mood and the complete Williams translation (without accent/stress marks). Thus for these words, the stem/root must be derived from rules of grammar.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


2

nickquenum Go, "I am returning home to my family"3

I 31

nowant or nowaunt Grieve I 144, 201 wachaun Have, keep I 159, 40 cussawontap Headache I 194 anoce wenawash! Hire him! I 69 paupautuckquash! Hold water! I 109 niautamwock Laden, "They are

laden" I 38, 41

cuttun Launch I 108 nickat Leave, depart I 44 wekine Like I 159 mechimuash! Load it! I 185 cattite Long for, desire, want I 15, 172 cattaunt Long for, desire, want I 15 shookekineas! Look at this! I 39, 164 kekine Look at, behold I 39, 169, 37, 38, 39, 164 wauwhautowash! Meeting , call! I 142 qussut Move residence I 36, 46 aquie mishommoke Name, Do not name

the dead I 202

chesam,chesammat Pain, sore I 194, 195 peeyaunt Pray I 20, 130 ocquash! Put on! I 119 tannot Revenge, get revenge I 141 meshannant, meyaont Scorn, indignation I 183 nnowautum or nnowauntum Sorry, I am sorry I 144, 201 awanagusantowosh! Speak English! I 8 eenantowash! Speak Indian! I 8 mishauntowash! Speak out! I 142 nanantowash! Speak plain! I 142 kinnequass! Steer (canoe)! I 109 aumaun Take away I 39, 144, 150 taubat, taup, taub Thank I 2, 7, 134, 14, 35,70,

120 teant Think I 58 tunnant Think I 58, 86, 131 waut Understand, believe,

know I 8, 56, 36, 9

askwhitteass! Watch! I 185 paumpmaunt Well, be well, fare well I 2, 3

3 English translations enclosed in quotes are the complete verb (without accent/stress marks). The root/stem has not been derived. Occasionally, the stem/root has been abstracted from the complete verb given, but should be taken as conjectural.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


3

waunt, wauont Wise I 190, 141

TYPE II wetzau, wechau, wet Accompany, go with,

be with II 70, 187

musquaunam Angry4 II 182, 183, 123, 138 machissu Bad, "he is naught

(bad)" II 142

muckucki Bare, without wool II 160 puckhummin Bore through II 156 nchickossimunnash Burn, I will burn my

rushes II 179

posakunnamun Bury II 202 manoham Buy II 160 nonanum Cannot, "I cannot" II 163 chowwopha Cast overboard II 109 assawompat Change money II 155, 156 chenawaus Churlish, crass, bold II 186, 166 saumpeekunnem Cloth , tear off too little II 165 qusquatchim Cold , feel II 33, 58, 83 peyau Come (from a place

other than where speaker is or assumes to be)

II 8, 6, 9, 63, 77, 34, 7, 142, 35, 59, 168, 72

tinneapeeyaum Come for no business II 77 naunt Come for, fetch II 6, 35, 34, 33 aumpauchau Come from hunting II 172, 176 ntackowwepeyaun Come in vain, I have

lost my labor (come in vain)

II 77

mishoonhom Come, go by boat (canoe)

II 8, 72

quenowau Complain II 61 nowechussettimmin Confederates, we are

confederates II 187

nowepinnachick Confederates, companions in war

II 187

pummenummin teaquash Contribute to the wars II 185 mattaacucquass! Cook, dress! II 14 saunqui Cool, it is cool II 12 cotchik Cut II 13 manisimmin Cut, mow II 96 4 Compare with "musquant," p. 182

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


4

pauochau Dance II 178 kitonckque Dead, be dead, perish II 201, 200, 138, 130,

135, 201 mashackquneaum Dearth, distress II 15 mishkom Deer , find II 173 pauquan Destroy, slaughter II 138, 188 nip5, nup Die II 138, 201, 144 touagonnausinnum Distress, misery II 74 paushinu Divide II 176, 42 machinam Do not like II 159 nokanish! Down , take it! II 108 koshkowwaum Drown II 108 nikkoshkowwaumen Drowned, We shall be

drowned II 108

poquiitie Dwell together II 32 metesi Eat (in general) II 194, 10, 13 mauchepwut Eat, after he has eaten II 13-14 muchikineanau Enumerate II 115 panishkokom Fall, let something II 75 natup Feed, graze II 105 chachepis Fierce II 182 nishque? Fierce II 182, 132 juhet Fight II 183 semu Flee II 186 asso?6, assotu, assoko Foolish II 40, 41 wetompat Friend, be friends II 187, 166, 190 nowetompatimmin Friends, we are

friends II 187

mauche & memmauche Go (from a place where speaker is or assumes to be)

II 9, 70, 73, 202

pittucke Go back II 77 pumme Go by, pass, cross over II 72 punnowwau Go down, come down II 97, 116, 173 kekinneawau Go to feast II 129 taquatchowau Go uphill II 75 mammaucetuck! or anakiteunck!

Go, Let us be going! II 70

auog Go, they go II 135 ana?e & anaki & annetei Go, be going from a

place without reference to where or why

II 9, 70, 73, 202

5 Also the root for noun "water". 6 The ? denotes a "stop" (perhaps glottal stop) that Williams represents with a /t/ or /k/.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


5

tackhum Grind II 15 sanapaushaum Have bloody flix II 198 pockquanam Have unknown disease II 197 pompitam Hear II 5 anaskhom Hoe II 98, 99 wauapunish! Hoist up! Lift up! II 108, 195 cattup Hungry II 10, 12 auchau Hunting, fowling II 88, 172 nanompan Idle or base II 143 upponckquittauwh Imprison II 143 wechuset, wepinnat Join together II 187 nqunnuckquus Lame, "I am lame" II 196 ahan Laugh, merry II 178 auqunnish Let go II 39 nauk Light in weight II 44, 74 anaquau Look II 44 cowauwaunemun Lost, You are lost in

the woods, wandering II 132

cuttiantacompawmen Lying, "you are a lying fellow"

II 142

tatuppauntwa Measure, weigh II 165, 164 miawe Meet, a court II 142 nowwunnem Oversee, order,

command II 128

quawupshaw Overset (in canoe) II 109 kunnoonamautuckquash Owe, I will owe you II 169 aunake Paint II 192 aque Peace, capitulate, a

subject II 189, 141, 129

aukeeteau Plant corn II 98 wunnaugonhommin Play, dice game II 145-46 akes Play, score II 178, 179 nummacheke Poor, I am a poor

man II 169

machetu Poor, he is poor II 36 soken7 Pour out, rain II 12 neesquttonckqus Prate, cackle (like hen) II 45 wuttautnish! Pull to you! II 108 mauminikish! Pull up! Row lustily!

Tie it hard! II 108, 110

caudnish! Put off! II 119 pawtuckquammin Reach II 40 mequaunam Remember II 190, 7, 41 7 "Rain" is based on this root

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


6

tauntap Rest II 74 aquei Rest, He rested II 134 pittakunnam Return, handle cloth,

turn, repent II 75, 165, 139

wenawwetu Rich, he is rich II 36 pasuckquish! Rise! II 73 chechequnnuwau Rob, steal II 76 noonapummin autashehettit Room, there is not

enough room for so many people

II 35

quaunquaque, quaque Run II 71, 73 agehucka Sailing , have wind for II 87 natinneha Search II 37 tatagganish! Shake this! II 42 peskhom Shoot (as thunderbolt,

gun) II 84, 184

tiaquonqussu Short, he is II 53 kupha, cup Shut, closed, deaf II 36, 196, 113 ap Sit, be at home, here II 34, 41, 74, 59 kussackquetuck! Sit, let us sit down! II 74 kowe, koue, cowe Sleep, lodge II 17, 18, 134, 170, 195,

9, 20, 130 quo Sleep, lodge, dream (w/

compound verbs) II 17, 19, 18

cussassaqus Slow, You are slow II 77 quitchemaunta Smell II 101, 14 neepoue Stand II 6 ntannotam Subject, "He is my

subject" II 141

pesuppau Sweat II 197 mocquesui Swell, "he is swelled" II 196 menakissam Take store II 115 qunnauqussu Tall, "he is tall" II 53 quitcheta Taste II 12 taubotne aunanamean Thank, "I thank you for

your love" II 7

naneeshaumo There are two of us (and other numbers)

II 8

tussinam Think II 194 enomphommin Thread, string II 157 pockhom Thresh II 100 peskhommin Thunder, to II 84 nuppamen To be dying II 189 wussaumpatammin To look about, view II 73

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


7

mouashaw Traps , set II 172 aumpani Untie II 42 wussaumpatamonck View, a view II 73 munnadtom Vomit II 196 toceke Wade (in water) II 73 toke Wake II 19, 97, 116, 173 awass Warm II 7, 33 kesu, hesu Warm, it is warm II 12 chowhesu Warm, "it is warm" II 12 aumaunemun Wean, to II 150 sowwushkaw & sowanishkau

Weary, tired II 17, 74

monaskunnemun Weed, to II 100 sasaumitauwh Whip II 143 anacaus, anakaus Work, labor II 134, 98 wussuckwh, suckwh Write, paint II 121, 192, 61

TYPE III wunnishaunta! wunishaunto! Agree, let us agree! III 189, 193 tuspan Ail, be ailing III 195 nishesh & nishish Alone III 8 noonshem Cannot, "I cannot" III 163, 6, 34, 40, 194 petite Come in to enclosed

structure III 7, 142, 35, 7

esh Come, came, went, go, gone

III 44, 3, 70, 201, 4, 77

pawcomwush, paacomwush Cut wood III 33 tetupsh Fall down III 43 aseneshesh! Fetch small sticks! III 33 maumashinnaunamauta! Fire, let us make a

good fire! III 33

mouwinne, mowinne (see "meet") Gather III 97 ntoyamaushem Go apace (at a certain

speed), "I go this speed"

III 71

konkenupsh Go apace (same speed) III 71 caupaush Go ashore III 110 kautanaush Go away, depart III 9 negonsh Go before III 70, 72 nattuckqunuw Go fishing III 114 mauanish Go slowly or gently III 76 matux puckquatchick auwaw Go to stool, He cannot

go to stool III 198

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


8

nanowwete Go to visit III 195 aukewush Go, come by land III 9, 72, 8 pummish Go, travel III 71, 77, 200 pannau Lie, speak untruth III 55, 162 notate Live alone, keep house

alone III 46

konkeete Live, be well III 3, 144 nweche kokkewem Mad, "I will be mad

with him" III 187

natouwompite Money, coin III 156 aunchemok News, tell III 54, 132 onamatta cowauta ! Pursue, let us pursue! III 186 ponam Put, lay in place III 203, 19, 33, 91, 116,

199 keete Recover ("with life

again") III 194, 199

pauchippow Run for safety III 186 sepagehommauta ! Sail, let us sail! III 108 tunnau, teau, teaw, tunnaw Say, speak III 57, 61, 7, 134 mauchen Sick III 9, 169, 193, 194 kukkokash! Speak! III 57 nippaskanauntum Starved, "I am almost

starved" III 12

nickqussittaunum Sweat, perspire, hot I sweat (perspire)

III 83

pawtawtees! Throw here, hither! III 42 wanaumw:8, wunnaumw:, aumun:, anaumw:, naumw:

Truth , speak the III 55, 56, 57, 59, 169

nnanowweteem Visit, I am going to visit

III 195

queint War , make upon III 188

TYPE IV paut, pawt Bring IV 168, 134, 12, 195, 38,

108, 38, 13 yo wuttunsin Bed, keeps in bed ("he

keeps his bed") IV 194

pokeshat Break IV 40, 150 mauchatous! Carry this! IV 38 wuttauqussin Deep (water, etc.) IV 73 8 The symbol ":" is used for root/stem endings to indicate a "reduced vowel" (usually an a, e or i) before the suffix beginning with a consonant.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


9

mooshkishattous! Disclose! IV 46 chippachausin Divides, "the way

divides" IV 69

waumatous! Drink! IV 12 wek Dwell, inhabit, live IV 4, 3, 20, 31, 136, 180 numwautous! Fill the dish! IV 13 namite Find IV 37 loas Grieve IV 201 naumpacouin Hang around neck

(necklace) IV 157

augwhattous! Hang it! IV 46 nishin Lies, is situated IV 69 ti Live, dwell IV 4 keesit Make, complete, create

(see "fire") IV 57, 130, 131, 13, 110,

192, 132, 133, 134 wunnite Mend IV 41 naumpat Pay IV 168, 169 nteatchin, yo nteatchin Shake for cold ("I

shake for cold") IV 195

chassaqunsin (correct spelling is tassaqunsin)

Sick, "how long hath he been sick"?

IV 195

cutsshitteous! Wash this! IV 42

TYPE V wewhepapun Bind, tie up V 143 meych, meitch, meech, mech Eat V 13, 11, 12, 14, 10, 194 waump Enough, have V 16 mauk, maug Give, offer, present,

sell V 44, 164, 166

nish Kill V 144, 189, 143 pumm Shoot (as an arrow) V 172 cuttoan Speak, "you speak" V 57 kumoot, cummoot, kummoot Steal, rob V 142-3, 179, 174, 136

TYPE A (REGULAR UNTYPED) Imperative Mode

quttaunsh! Feel it! A 161 naponsh! Lay down! A 42 ponewhush! Lay own your burden! A 78 wequanantash! Light a fire! A 33

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


10

mattapsh! Sit down! A 6, 7 nawwuttunsh! Throw hither! A 42, 43 cheskhosh! Wipe off! A 192

TYPE B (REGULAR UNTYPED)

Objective Indicative Mode, I-you (sg.)

cowequetummous Beg, "I pray or intreat you", "I beseech you"

B 41, 180

attau, atau Buy, sell B 159-160, 165 kuttattauamish auke Buy land, "I would buy

land of you" B 165

cuttattauamish Buy this, "I will buy this of you"

B 159

kunnauntatauamish Buy, "I come to buy this

B 160

kunniish Carry, "I will carry you"

B 73

kuttiemaunsh Cook/dress, "I dress (cook) for you"

B 12

cummattanish Follow, "I will follow you"

B 71

cummaugakemish Give land, "I will give you land"

B 166

cummauchanish Guide, "I will conduct (guide) you

B 69

kuttannoonsh Hire, "I will hire you" B 69 kunnanaumpasummish Mercy , mercy B 189 kummuchickonckquatous Pay, "I will pay you

well" B 69

cuppaimish Pay, I will pay you B 161 cuckquenamish Pray favor, "I pray your

favor" B 2

cuppompaish Stay, "I will stay for you"

B 70

cummachetannakunnamous Tear, "I have torn it off for you"

B 165

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


11

TYPE C (REGULAR UNTYPED) Objective Indicative or Objective Imperative Mode

natotem Ask, inquire C 68, 131 moho Eat (cannibalize) C 16 kush Fear C 186, 135 tassam Give nourishment C 15, 14 assame Give, "give me to eat" C 12 waunkam, waunckam Greet, salute C 2, 189 man:ne Hate C 187 kukkit Hear, listen C 55, 135 tannum Help C 39, 108 tam Hinder, bother C 35, 36 nauntatau Kill , come to C 188 wammaun, wamm Love C 8, 148, 189, 186 kemine Murder C 76, 143 pauquanam Open C 38 taunckquitt Pay C 69 sawhok Put out C 41 nun See C 7 kakatom Show, tell C 69, 132, 136 tatakom Strike C 113, 183 nickummaunam Vanquish C 189

TYPE D (REGULAR UNTYPED) Objective Indicative Mode, you (sg.)me

cuttassokakomme Deceive, "You deceive

me" D 162

coanombuqusse Deceived, "you have deceived me"

D 162

kuttassokakomme Deceived, "you have deceived me"

D 162

cowewenaki Wronged, "You have wronged me"

D 202

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


12

TYPE E (REGULAR UNTYPED) Varying modes with au root/stem (Type II or III)

naumakiauog Go to hell, "They go to

hell or the deep" E 136

pauchewannauog Laden, "They are laden"

E 41

mauog Lament, "They lament" E 136 wesauashaui Plague, "He has the

plague" E 196

mamaskishaui Pox, "he has the pox" E 196 eatch keen anawayean or enatch keen anawayean

Say, "let all be as you say" ("Your will shall be law")

E 141, 190

taubot wetayean Thank, "I thank you for your company"

E 70

taubotne anawayean Thank, "I thank you" E 7 quaquawtatatteaug Train, "They train" E 184

TYPE M Mixed Mode (More than one type)

nadsitta Ask, inquire, search M 142 kemehette Creep M 172 tauntau Climb M 97 wesass Fear M 186 mecaunte Fight M 183 aum Fish M 114 nickatash Forsake M 74 sawhe Go forth M 41 nockuskau Meet M 73, 74 kekaumw Scorner, mocker M 186 penowantau Speak another language M 9, 55 kekuttokau Speak with M 35, 57, 189 kepun Tie, Make fast M 186, 110 awau? Use M 44 wussenet Woo M 146

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


13

TYPE U Unclassifiable Mode

togwhan Adrift, at sea U 108 whauwhautowwow anawat Alarm, there is an

alarm

U 184

aquie wussaumowash! Ask too much! Do not ask too much!

U 162

cosaumawem Ask too much, "You ask too much"

U 162, 164

nechuse ewo Associate, he is my associate

U 187

cuppannawa Believe U 56 coannaumatous Believe, obey, "I

believe you" U 59

wauki Bent, crooked U 42 sequttoi Black, he is in black,

mourning U 201

tashecautummo cuttappemus Born, How many years since you were born?

U 66

wame kussopita nuhock Burns, My body burns

U 195

nummouanaquish Buy, "I come to buy" U 159, 160 nummautanaquash Buy, I have bought U 160 tattauam, attau, atau Buy, sell U 159-60, 165 wecum! Call! U 35 nowaum I came U 3 tatta Cannot tell, "I don't

know U 9, 57, 131

peewauqun Care, "Have a care" U 40 ntaquie Cease, I will cease,

stop (see do not do, Part II

U 179

kutchimoke Cheer, Be of good cheer

U 202

tak, taq, tahk, tauk Cold (weather) U 18, 75, 82, 83 nuckqusquatch Cold, "I am cold" U 44 wussaum pechepausha Come in, the sea

comes in too fast U 109

yo nowaum Come, "I came that way"

U 3, 4

umwock Come, "they come" U 4

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


14

awanick paudhuck Come, who comes there?

U 110

cowaum Come, "you come" U 3 anawat, anow, anawayean Command, say, speak U 7, 139, 141, 90 cutehanshishaumo Company, How many

are in your company? U 8

wopwawnonckquat Confusion, panic, hubbub

U 184

aup Cook, roast U 11, 114 maumaneeteantass Courage, You

(plural)--"Be of good courage

U 109

puttuckhumma! Cover me! (w/blanket) U 195 penayi Crooked (see bent) U 46 pemisquai Crooked, winding U 46 mauo Cry, he cries U 43 yo wutteantawwaw Cure he is acting his

cure U 199

powwaw nippetea Curing, the priest is curing him

U 198

timequassin Cut off head U 50 waskishaas Damaged, in need of

repair, gapt U 165

michemeshawi Dead, he is gone (dead) forever

U 201

chachewunnea Dead, he is nearly dead

U 201

ncupsa Deaf, I am deaf U 196 nnadgecom Debts, I come to

collect debts U 168

aquie wussaumowosh! Do not ask too much! U 162 tawhitch yo enean Do so, Why do you do

so? U 143

as kuttaaquompsin Do, fare, "How do you do?"

U 2

nummachieme Done ill, "I have done ill"

U 144

paq Dry U 83 pawsunnummin Dry, "To dry this or

that" U 42

pausawut kitonckquewa Dying, he cannot live long

U 200

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


15

wunnaumwauonck Faithfulness, truthfulness

U 57

anuckquaque Far U 72 naus! Fetch! U 35 wame kussopita nohock Fever, fire U 195 nnanotissu Fever, I have a fever U 195 natatupe note (or) chickot Fever, My body

burns; I am all on fire

U 195

muchickautau Fine, nice, pretty U 162 ptowei Fly, it is fled U 91 tuttepacunnish Fold, fold it up! U 161 nowannechick & nowannesin

Forget, "I have forgotten"

U 5, 75

aumanskitteaug Fortify, they U 166 pepemoi Fowl, he is gone to

(hunt) fowl U 88

taquat Frozen, iced U 75 yo naumwauteg Full, thus full U 39 machage nkockie Get, "I get nothing U 163 commesim Give, "give it to me" U 38, 162, 163, 44, 161 nanoue Give me (this or that) U 164 wuttammasin, petassina Give me tobacco U 15 squutame Give me your pipe U 15 wuttush! Give me! U 43 commeinsh Give, "I give to you" U 44, 162 nowemacaunash Give, "I'll give these

things" U 129, 169

hom, om, oom, um, waum Come, go from a place other than where speaker is

U 3-4, 8, 70, 100

yo aunta, yo cuttaunan Go, "go that way" U 69 nittome (see "hom...") Go, "I go" U 4, 70, 110 tunock kuttoyeaim Go, "whither go you" U 70 Kuttome (see "hom...") Go, "you go" U 4, 70 wunnetu nitta Good, "My heart is

good, pure" U 51, 53, 189

neene cuthomwock Go, "now they go off" U wunnetu Good, pure, proper U 53 as cowequassin as cowequassunnummis

Greeting, "good morrow (day)"

U 2

kukkeechequaubenitch Hang, "You shall be hanged"

U 144

noteaugo Have, I have money' " (wampum)

U 169

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VERB TYPE


16

nitasha Have, "I have" U 15, 40 wusseheposh! Heave out the water! U 110 aununema Help me! U 39 yo aphettit Here, when they are

here U 59

taunt High, "sun so high" U 63 kusopita, kussopita Hot, it's hot (see

"burn") U 13, 195

ntiyu, ntio Hunt, I hunt U 175 nippansinnea Innocent, "I am

innocent" U 144

mat mesh nowahea Innocent, I was innocent (knew nothing)

U 38

nneesnneanna Kill, I have killed two (deer, etc.)

U 172

wau, wawwau, waww Know U 57, 38, 144, 70 nowahea Know, "I knew" U 38, 57 Lame, I am lame U 196 nipponamauoog Lay nets, I lay nets for

them (fish, animals) U 91

namacowke Lend, lend me U 38 cupshitteauag Lie, they lie in wait

(ambush) U 186

nowetipo Like, I like this U 15 nowawwon Lose way, "I lose my

way" U 70

yimmi Make this for me U 61 awetawatuock Marry, they make a

match, live together in same wetu

U 146

wussenetuock Marry, They marry U 146 cummauntussakou Missed, You have

missed him U 77

cuppissittone Mistaken, "you are mistaken"

U 132

nowannakese Mistold, "I have mistold"

U 164, 168, 162

yo wuttutan Moon, the moon so high

U 63

netashin, newutchashinea More, there is no more U 33 cosaumakese Much, You have told

too much U 164

nipposkiss Naked, "I am naked" U 118, 119 ussaw Name U 5-6

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17

wesuonck Name, a U 5 wesuonckgonnakaunes Name, call U 133 taantussaweitch Name, "do you ask my

name" U 5

matnowesuonck Name, "I have no name"

U 5

ntussawese Name, "my name is" U 5 tahena Name, "what is his

name" U 6

tahossowetam Name, "what the name of it"

U 6

cowawwunnaunchim News, " he tells false news "

U 54

keeskwh Pay U 168 maunauog & wussaumemaunauog

People, there are too many

U 60

anit Putrefied, it is U 175, 101 waupaupunish! Raise up!, Lift up!

(head, etc.,) U 195

wunnia naynayoumewot Rides, He rides on horseback

U 72

nummokokunitch Rob, "I am robbed" U 183 keesauname! Save me! U 186 nawont Saw, he saw U 134 nawonash See, "I did not see these

things" U 142, 201

negautowash! Send for him! U 42, 43 nnegauchemish Send, He sends to me U 43 ntatuppe wunnepog Shake, "I shake as a

leaf" U 195

awaun necawni aum piasha Shot, who fired the first shot

U 183

wetapwauwwas Sit and talk U 57 tawho Slain U 188 see destroy Slaughter wunna kukkussaquam Sleep much, "You

sleep much" U 20

nkataquam Sleep, "I am sleepy" U 17 machemoqut Smell, it smells ill U 175 puck Smoke U 32 wutttamauog Smoke tobacco U 45 wunnashpishan Snatch away U 43 antow, antau, auntow Speak U 8-9, 55, 141-42 natotema Speak on, continue U 131

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18

enapwauwaw, eississumo Speak, "He speaks Indian"

U 57

kuttaskwhe, kuttasha

Stay, "stay for me" U 40

nqenouhick wuttin Stay, wait, I stay for the wind

U 86

saumpi Straight U 42 minak, minik Strong U 52 cumminakese Strong, "you are

strong" U 52

yo autant Sun, the sun so high U 34 aquechmock Swim, they swim U 91 mat mesh nummammenash Take, "I did not take

them" U 143, 163

mat nowewuttammo Take, I take none (tobacco)

U 44

cunnoonakese & cosaumakese

Tell too much, "You have told too much"

U 164, 167

ntunnan Tell, "I tell" U 41 kuttunnan Tell, "you tell" U 46, 41 nowannakese Tell, I have mistold U 164 netashin, newutchasinea There is no more U 33 noonapuock They don't have enough

room for everyone U 60

cawk Thirsty U 10 petasinna, wuttammasin

Tobacco, "Give me tobacco"

U 15

tanocki, tanocksha Torn, it is torn U 161 anaqushento Trade, let us trade U 159 mucco True, "It is true you

say" U 6

noonamautuckquawhe Trust me U 167 nowauwon Truth, "I shall know the

truth" U 57, 38, 144

cuppittous Understand, hear, "I understand you"

U 56, 54

yo iish wuttanho Use this staff (Walking stick)

U 74

nickquehick Want, "I want it" U 42, 159 matwauonck War, battle U 183 apissuma! Warm this for me! U 42 minioquesu Weak, "he is weak" U 53 cumminiocquese Weak, you are weak U 53 wenawetuonckon Wealth U 53

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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19

nsouwwussanneme Weary, I am weary from speaking

U 55

tuckiiuash Where are they? U 36 taupowaw Wise speaker U 52 wuttunnantu Worth it, it is U 163 yo anawhonw Wounded, I am

wounded U 188

wesquaubenan Wrap up (deceased) in mats

U 150

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VERB TYPE


20

LISTED ALPHABETICAL BY NARRAGANSETT

achie see Part II agehucka Sailing , have wind for II 87 ahan Laugh, merry II 178 akes Play, score II 178, 179 aket Count money I 164 an Going beyond,

exceeding general root

ana?e & anaki & annetei Go, be going from a place without reference to where or why

II 9, 70, 73

anacaus, anakaus Work, labor II 134, 98 anaquau Look II 44 anaqushento Trade, let us trade U 159 anaskhom Hoe II 98, 99 anawat, anow, anawayean Command, say, speak U 7, 139, 141, 90 anit Putrefied, it is U 175, 101 anoce wenawash! Hire him! I 69 antow, antau, auntow Speak U 8-9, 55, 141-42 ap Sitting, staying general root ap Sit, be at home, here II 34, 41, 74, 59 aquie wussaumowosh! Do not ask too much! U 162 assame Give, "give me to eat" C 12 assawompat Change money II 155, 156 asso?9, assotu, assoko Foolish II 40, 41 tattauam, attau, atau Buy, sell U 159-60, 165 au Going to general root auchau Hunting, fowling II 88, 172 augwhattous! Hang it! IV 46

9 The ? denotes a "stop" (perhaps glottal stop) that Williams represents with a /t/ or /k/.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


21

aukeeteau Plant corn II 98 aukewush Go, come by land III 9, 72, 8 aum Fish M 114 aumanskitteaug Fortify, they U 166 aumaun Take away I 39, 144, 150 aumaunemun Wean, to II 150 aumpani Untie II 42 aumpauchau Come from hunting II 172, 176 aunake Paint II 192 aunchemok News, tell III 54, 132 aununema Help me! U 39 auog Go, they go II 135 aup Cook, roast U 11, 114 auqunnish Let go II 39 awanagusantowosh! Speak English! I 8 awanick paudhuck Come, who comes

there? U 110

awass Warm II 7, 33 awau? Use M 44 awaun necawni aum piasha Shot, who fired the

first shot U 183

awetawatuock Marry, they make a match, live together in same wetu

U 146

cattaunt Long for, desire, want I 15 cattite Long for, desire, want I 15, 172 cattup Hungry II 10, 12 caudnish! Put off! II 119 caupaush Go ashore III 110 cawk Thirsty U 10 chachepis Fierce II 182 chachewunnea Dead, he is nearly

dead U 201

chassaqunsin (correct spelling is tassaqunsin)

Sick, "how long hath he been sick"?

IV 195

chechequnnuwau Rob, steal II 76 chenawaus Churlish, crass, bold II 186, 166 chesam,chesammat Pain, sore I 194, 195 cheskhosh! Wipe off! A 192 chippachausin Divides, "the way

divides" IV 69

chowhesu Warm, "it is warm" II 12 chowwopha Cast overboard II 109

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


22

coannaumatous Believe, obey, "I believe you"

U 59


D 162

commeinsh Give, "I give to you" U 44, 162 commesim Give, "give it to me" U 38, 162, 163, 44, 161 cosaumakese Much, You have told

too much U 164

cosaumawem Ask too much, "You ask too much"

U 162, 164

cotchik Cut II 13 cowaum Come, "you come" U 3 cowauwaunemun Lost, You are lost in

the woods, wandering II 132

cowawwunnaunchim News, " he tells false news "

U 54

cowequetummous Beg, "I pray or intreat you", "I beseech you"

B 41, 180

cowewenaki Wronged, "You have wronged me"

D 202

cuckquenamish Pray favor, "I pray your favor"

B 2

cummachetannakunnamous Tear, "I have torn it off for you"

B 165

cummattanish Follow, "I will follow you"

B 71

cummauchanish Guide, "I will conduct (guide) you

B 69

cummaugakemish Give land, "I will give you land"

B 166

cummauntussakou Missed, You have missed him

U 77

cumminakese Strong, "you are strong"

U 52

cumminiocquese Weak, you are weak U 53 cunnoonakese & cosaumakese

Tell too much, "You have told too much"

U 164, 167

cuppaimish Pay, I will pay you B 161 cuppannawa Believe U 56 cuppissittone Mistaken, "you are

mistaken" U 132

cuppittous Understand, hear, "I understand you"

U 56, 54

cuppompaish Stay, "I will stay for you"

B 70

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


23

cupshitteauag Lie, they lie in wait (ambush)

U 186

cussassaqus Slow, You are slow II 77 cussawontap Headache I 194 cutehanshishaumo Company, How many

are in your company? U 8

cutsshitteous! Wash this! IV 42 cuttassokakomme Deceive, "You deceive

me" D 162


B 159


II 142

cuttoan Speak, "you speak" V 57 cuttun Launch I 108 eatch keen anawayean or enatch keen anawayean

Say, "let all be as you say" ("Your will shall be law")

E 141, 190

eenantowash! Speak Indian! I 8 enapwauwaw, eississumo Speak, "He speaks

Indian" U 57

enomphommin Thread, string II 157 esh Come, came, went, go,

gone III 44, 3, 70, 201, 4, 77


U 3-4, 8, 70, 100

it (word ending) see Part II juhet Fight II 183 kakatom Show, tell C 69, 132, 136 kautanaush Go away, depart III 9 keesauname! Save me! U 186 keesit Make, complete, create

(see "fire") IV 57, 130, 131, 13, 110,

192, 132, 133, 134 keeskwh Pay U 168 keete Recover ("with life


kekaumw Scorner, mocker M 186 kekine Look at, behold I 39, 169, 37, 38, 39, 164 kekinneawau Go to feast II 129 kekuttokau Speak with M 35, 57, 189 kemehette Creep M 172 kemine Murder C 76, 143 kepun Tie, Make fast M 186, 110 kesu, hesu Warm, it is warm II 12

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


24

kinnequass! Steer (canoe)! I 109 kitonckque Dead, be dead, perish II 201, 200, 138, 130,

135, 201 konkeete Live, be well III 3, 144 konkenupsh Go apace (same speed) III 71 koshkowwaum Drown II 108 kowe, koue, cowe Sleep, lodge II 17, 18, 134, 170, 195,

9, 20, 130 kukkit Hear, listen C 55, 135 kukkeechequaubenitch Hang, "You shall be

hanged" U 144

kukkokash! Speak! III 57 kummuchickonckquatous Pay, "I will pay you

well" B 69

kumoot, cummoot, kummoot Steal, rob V 142-3, 179, 174, 136 kunnanaumpasummish Mercy , mercy B 189 kunnauntatauamish Buy, "I come to buy

this B 160

kunniish Carry, "I will carry you"

B 73

kunnoonamautuckquash Owe, I will owe you II 169 kupha, cup Shut, closed, deaf II 36, 196, 113 kush Fear C 186, 135 kusopita, kussopita Hot, it's hot (see

"burn") U 13, 195

kussackquetuck! Sit, let us sit down! II 74 kutchimoke Cheer, Be of good

cheer U 202

kuttannoonsh Hire, "I will hire you" B 69 kuttaskwhe, kuttasha

Stay, "stay for me" U 40


D 162

kuttattauamish auke Buy land, "I would buy land of you"

B 165

kuttiemaunsh Cook/dress, "I dress (cook) for you"

B 12

kuttome (see "hom...") Go, "you go" U 4, 70 kuttunnan Tell, "you tell" U 46, 41 loas Grieve IV 201 ma (word beginning) see Part II machage see Part II machage nkockie Get, "I get nothing U 163 machemoqut Smell, "It smells ill U 175 machetu Poor, he is poor II 36

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


25

machinam Do not like II 159 machissu Bad, "He is naught

(bad)" II 142

mamaskishaui Pox, "He has the pox" E 196 mammauchetuck! or anakiteunck!


man:ne Hate C 187 manisimmin Cut, mow II 96 manoham Buy II 160 mashackquneaum Dearth, distress II 15 mat, matta see Part II mat mesh nowahea Innocent, I was

innocent (knew nothing)

U 38

mat mesh nummammenash Take, "I did not take them"

U 143, 163


U 5

mat nowewuttammo Take, I take none (tobacco)

U 44

mattaacucquass! Cook,dress! II 14 mattapsh! Sit down! A 6, 7 matux puckquatchick auwaw Go to stool, He cannot

go to stool III 198

matwauonck War, battle U 183 maua, mau, maut see Part II mauanish Go slowly or gently III 76 mauataun Fire, tend I 19 mauchatous! Carry this! IV 38 mauche & memmauche Go (from a place where

speaker is or assumes to be)

II 9, 70, 73, 202

mauchen Sick III 9, 169, 193, 194 mauchepwut Eat, after he has eaten II 13-14 mauk, maug Give, offer, present,

sell V 44, 164, 166

maumaneeteantass Courage, You (plural)--be of good courage

U 109

maumashinnaunamauta! Fire, let us make a good fire!

III 33

mauminikish! Pull up! Row lustily! Tie it hard!

II 108, 110

maunauog & wussaumemaunauog


U 60

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


26

mauo Cry, he cries U 43 mauog Lament, "They lament" E 136 mecaunte Fight M 183 mechimuash! Load it! I 185 menakissam Take store II 115 mequaunam Remember II 190, 7, 41 meshannant, meyaont Scorn, indignation I 183 mesh (word beginning) see Part II metesi Eat (in general) II 194, 10, 13 meych, meitch, meech, mech Eat V 13, 11, 12, 14, 10, 194 miawe Meet, a court II 142 michemeshawi Dead, he is gone

(dead) forever U 201

minak, minik Strong U 52 minioquesu Weak, "he is weak" U 53 mish Dead , name the I 202 mishauntowash! Speak out! I 142 mishkom Deer , find II 173 mishoonhom Come, go by boat

(canoe) II 8, 72

missin Captive , take I 188 mocquesui Swell, "he is swelled" II 196 moho Eat (cannibalize) C 16 monaskunnemun Weed, to II 100 mooshkishattous! Disclose! IV 46 mouashaw Traps , set II 172 mouwinne, mowinne (see "meet") Gather III 97 mucco True, "It is true you

say" U 6

muchickautau Fine, nice, pretty U 162 muchikineanau Enumerate II 115 muckucki Bare, without wool II 160 munnadtom Vomit II 196 musquant Angry I 182, 124 musquaunam Angry10 II 182, 183, 123, 138 nad Bring, bearing general root nadsitta Ask, inquire, search M 142 namacowke Lend, lend me U 38 namite Find IV 37 nanantowash! Speak plain! I 142 naneeshaumo There are two of us

(and other numbers) II 8

nanompan Idle or base II 143 10 Compare with "musquant," p. 182

NARRAGANSETT VERB

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VERB TYPE


27

nanoue Give me (this or that) U 164 nanowwete Go to visit III 195 naponsh! Lay down! A 42 natatupe note (or) chickot Fever, My body

burns; I am all on fire

U 195

natinneha Search II 37 natotem Ask, inquire C 68, 131 natotema Speak on, continue U 131 natouwompite Money, coin III 156 nattuckqunuw Go fishing III 114 natup Feed, graze II 105 naumakiauog Go to hell, "They go to


naumpacouin Hang around neck (necklace)

IV 157

naumpat Pay IV 168, 169 naunt Come for, fetch II 6, 35, 34, 33 nauntatau Kill , come to C 188 naus! Fetch! U 35 nawonash See, "I did not see these

things" U 142, 201

nawont Saw, he saw U 134 nawwuttunsh! Throw hither! A 42, 43 nchickossimunnash Burn, I will burn my

rushes II 179

ncupsa Deaf, I am deaf U 196 nechuse ewo Associate, he is my

associate U 187

neepoue Stand II 6 neesquttonckqus Prate, cackle (like hen) II 45 negautowash! Send for him! U 42, 43 negonsh Go before III 70, 72 netashin, newutchashinea More, there is no more U 33 netashin, newutchasinea There is no more U 33 niaut Carry on one's back I 41, 38 niautamwock Laden, "They are

laden" I 38, 41

nickat Leave, depart I 44 nickatash Forsake M 74 nickquehick Want, "I want it" U 42, 159 nickquenum Go, "I am returning

home to my family" I 31

nickqussittaunum Sweat, perspire, hot I sweat (perspire)

III 83

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


28

nickummaunam Vanquish C 189 nikkoshkowwaumen Drowned, We shall be

drowned II 108

nip11, nup Die II 138, 201, 144 nippansinnea Innocent, "I am

innocent" U 144

nippaskanauntum Starved, "I am almost starved"

III 12

nipponamauoog Lay nets, I lay nets for them (fish, animals)

U 91

nipposkiss Naked, "I am naked" (see "robbed")

U 118, 119

nish Kill V 144, 189, 143 nishesh & nishish Alone III 8 nishin Lies, is situated IV 69 nishque? Fierce II 182, 132 nitasha Have, "I have" U 15, 40 nittome (see "hom...") Go, "I go" U 4, 70, 110 nkataquam Sleep, "I am sleepy" U 17 nnadgecom Debts, I come to

collect debts U 168

nnanowweteem Visit, I am going to visit

III 195

nnanotissu Fever, I have a fever U 195 nneesnneanna Kill, I have killed

two (deer, etc.) U 172

nnegauchemish Send, He sends to me U 43 nnowautum or nnowauntum Sorry, I am sorry I 144, 201 nockuskau Meet M 73, 74 nokanish! Down , take it! II 108 nonanum (see "noonshem") Cannot, "I cannot" II 163 noonamautuckquawhe Trust me U 167 noonapummin autashehettit Room, there is not

enough room for so many people

II 35

noonapuock They don't have enough room for everyone

U 60

noonshem (see "nonanum") Cannot, "I cannot" III 163, 6, 34, 40, 194 notate Live alone, keep house

alone III 46

noteaugo Have, I have money' " (wampum)

U 169

noteshem see "esh"

11 Also the root for noun "water".

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


29

nowahea Know, "I knew" U 38, 57 nowannakese Tell, I have mistold U 164 nowannakese Mistold, "I have

mistold" U 164, 168, 162

nowannechick & nowannesin


U 5, 75

nowant or nowaunt Grieve I 144, 201 nowaum I came U 3 nowauwon Truth, "I shall know the

truth" U 57, 38, 144

nowawwon Lose way, "I lose my way"

U 70

nowechussettimmin Confederates, we are confederates

II 187

nowemacaunash Give, "I'll give these things"

U 129, 169


II 187

nowetipo Like, I like this U 15 nowetompatimmin Friends, we are

friends II 187

nowwunnem Oversee, order, command

II 128

nqenouhick wuttin Stay, wait, I stay for the wind

U 86

nqunnuckquus Lame, "I am lame" II 196 nsouwwussanneme Weary, I am weary

from speaking U 55

ntackowwepeyaun Come in vain, I have lost my labor (come in vain)

II 77

ntannotam Subject, "He is my subject"

II 141

ntaquie Cease, I will cease, stop (see do not do, Part II

U 179

nteatchin, yo nteatchin Shake for cold ("I shake for cold")

IV 195

ntiyu, ntio Hunt, I hunt U 175 ntoyamaushem Go apace (at a certain

speed), "I go this speed"

III 71

ntunnan Tell, "I tell" U 41 ntussawese Name, "my name is" U 5 nuckqusquatch Cold, "I am cold" U 44

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


30

nummacheke Poor, I am a poor man

II 169


U 144

nummautanaquash Buy, I have bought U 160 nummokokunitch Rob, "I am robbed" U 183 nummouanaquish Buy, "I come to buy" U 159, 160 numwautous! Fill the dish! IV 13 nun See C 7 nuppamen To be dying II 189 nweche kokkewem Mad, "I will be mad

with him" III 187

ocquash! Put on! I 119 see "hom" om onamatta cowauta ! Pursue, let us pursue! III 186 oo, hom Going, coming from general root pak, pahk, pohq Opening general root pake Cast away, divorce I 150, 44, 183, 108 panishkokom Fall, let something II 75 panna see Part II ("A

modifier...")

pannau Lie, speak untruth III 55, 162 pannawaut Disbelieve I 56 paq Dry U 83 pasuckquish! Rise! II 73 pauchewannauog Laden, "They are

laden" E 41

pauchippow Run for safety III 186 paumpmaunt Well, be well, fare well I 2, 3 pauochau Dance II 178

paupautuckquash! Hold water! I 109 pauquan Destroy, slaughter II 138, 188 pauquanam Open C 38 pak, pahk, pohq Opening general root pake Cast away, divorce I 150, 44, 183, 108 paushinu Divide II 176, 42 paut, pawt Bring IV 168, 134, 12, 195, 38,

108, 38, 13 pawcomwush, paacomwush Cut wood III 33 pawsunnummin Dry, "To dry this or

that" U 42

pawtawtees! Throw here, hither! III 42 pawtuckquammin Reach II 40 pee Come, be present I 34, 63, 6, 44, 74

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


31

peewauqun Care, "Have a care" U 40 peeyaunt Pray I 20, 130 pemisquai Crooked, winding U 46 penayi Crooked (see bent) U 46 penowantau Speak another language M 9, 55 pepemoi Fowl, he is gone to

(hunt) fowl U 88

pepenash! Choice , take! I 42 peskhom Shoot (as thunderbolt,

gun) II 84, 184

pesuppau Sweat II 197 petasinna, wuttammasin

"Give me tobacco" U 15

petite Come in to enclosed structure

III 7, 142, 35, 7

peyau Come (from a place other than where speaker is or assumes to be)

II 8, 6, 9, 63, 77, 34, 7, 142, 35, 59, 168, 72

pitch (word beginning) see Part II pittakunnam Return, handle cloth,

turn, repent II 75, 165, 139

pittucke Go back II 77 pockhom Thresh II 100 pockquanam Have unknown disease II 197 pockun Blind I 197 pok Break general root pokeshat Break IV 40, 150 pompitam Hear II 5 ponam Put, lay in place III 203, 19, 33, 91, 116,

199 ponewhush! Lay own your burden! A 78 poquiitie Dwell together II 32 posakunnamun Bury II 202 potauntash! Fire, blow! I 34 potawash! Fire, make! I 34 powwaw nippetea Curing, the priest is

curing him U 198

ptowei Fly, it is fled U 91 puck Smoke U 32 puckhummin Bore through II 156 pum Passing by, crossing general root pumm Shoot (as an arrow) V 172 pumme Go by, pass, cross over II 72 pummenummin teaquash Contribute to the wars II 185

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


32

pummish Go, travel III 71, 77, 200 punnowwau Go down, come down II 97, 116, 173 puttuckhumma! Cover me! (w/blanket) U 195 quamph Dish out, serve I 15 quaquawtatatteaug Train, "They train" E 184 quaunquaque, quaque Run II 71, 73 quawupshaw Overset (in canoe) II 109 quenowau Complain II 61 queint War , make upon III 188 quitchemaunta Smell II 101, 14 quitcheta Taste II 12 qunnauqussu Tall, "he is tall" II 53 quo Sleep, lodge, dream (w/

compound verbs) II 17, 19, 18

qusquatchim Cold , feel II 33, 58, 83 qussuck Heavy (stone) 44, 73, 96, 157 qussut Move residence I 36, 46 quttaunsh! Feel it! A 161 sanapaushaum Have bloody flix II 198 sasaumitauwh Whip II 143 saumpeekunnem Cloth , tear off too little II 165 saumpi Straight U 42 saunqui Cool, it is cool II 12 sawhe Go forth M 41 sawhok Put out C 41 see destroy Slaughter seip, seep, sepa Stretching, extending in

tme or space general root

75, 94-5, 108 gsekine Dislike, unwilling I 166, 187 semu Flee II 186 sepagehommauta ! Sail, let us sail! III 108 sequttoi Black, he is in black,

mourning U 201

shookekineas! Look at this! I 39, 164 sog, sok Out-going (of water,

etc.) general root

soken12 Pour out, rain II 12 sowwushkaw & sowanishkau

Weary, tired II 17, 74

squutame Give me your pipe U 15 tackhum Grind II 15 tahena Name, "what is his

name" U 6

12 "Rain" is based on this root

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


33


U 6

tak, taq, tahk, tauk Cold (weather) U 18, 75, 82, 83 tam Hinder, bother C 35, 36 tammaunt Busy, take care of,

heed I 35, 169

tannot Revenge, get revenge I 141 tannum Help C 39, 108 tanocki, tanocksha Torn, it is torn U 161 taquat Frozen, iced U 75 taquatchowau Go uphill II 75 tashecautummo cuttappemus Born, How many

years since you were born?

U 66

tassam Give nourishment C 15, 14 tatagganish! Shake this! II 42 tatakom Strike C 113, 183 tatta Cannot tell, "I don't

know U 9, 57, 131

tattauam, attau, atau Buy, sell U 159-60, 165 tatuppauntwa Measure, weigh II 165, 164 taubacominash Big enough 120 taubat, taup, taub Thank I 2, 7, 134, 14, 35, 70,

120 taubot wetayean Thank, "I thank you for

your company" E 70

taubotne anawayean Thank, "I thank you" E 7 taubotne aunanamean Thank, "I thank you for

your love" II 7

tauhauna see Part II taunckquitt Pay C 69 taunt High, "sun so high" U 63 tauntap Rest II 74 tauntau Climb M 97 taupowaw Wise speaker U 52 tawhitch yo enean Do so, Why do you do

so? U 143

tawho Slain U 188 teant Think I 58 tetupsh Fall down III 43 ti Live, dwell IV 4 tiaquonqussu Short, he is II 53 timequassin Cut off head U 50 tinnea, tinea, tin Sounds with no

apparent meaning, used 70, 77

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


34

in verbs as "ornamentation" or perhaps as emphasis

tinneapeeyaum Come for no business II 77 toceke Wade (in water) II 73 togwhan Adrift, at sea U 108 toke Wake II 19, 97, 116, 173 tou, taa, toc, tuc, tunnock, tunna see "tou...", Part II,

Narragansett section

touagonnausinnum Distress, misery II 74 tuckiiuash Where are they? U 36 tunnant Think I 58, 86, 131 tunnau, teau, teaw, tunnaw Say, speak III 57, 61, 7, 134 tunock kuttoyeaim Go, "whither go you" U 70 tuppaunt Consider I 189, 190 tuspan Ail, be ailing III 195 tussinam Think II 194 tuttepacunnish Fold, fold it up! U 161 um see "hom..." umwock Come, "they come" U 4 upponckquittauwh Imprison II 143 ussaw Name U 5-6 wachaun Have, keep I 159, 40 wame kussopita nuhock Burns, My body

burns U 195

wammaun, wamm Love C 8, 148, 189, 186 wanaumw:13, wunnaumw:, aumun:, anaumw:

Truth , speak the III 55, 56, 57, 59, 169

wannan Forget I 8 wap, wab Seeing general root waskishaas Damaged, in need of

repair, gapt U 165

wau, wawwau, waww Know U 57, 38, 144, 70 wauapunish! Hoist up! Lift up! II 108, 195 wauki Bent, crooked U 42 waum S ee "hom..." waumatous! Drink! IV 12 waump Enough, have V 16 waunkam, waunckam Greet, salute C 2, 189 waupaupunish! Raise up!, Lift up!

(head, etc.,) U 195

13 The symbol ":" is used for root/stem endings to indicate a "reduced vowel" (usually an a, e or i) before the suffix beginning with a consonant. .

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


35

waut Understand, believe, know

I 8, 56, 36, 9

wauwhautowash! Meeting , call! I 142 wawhush Carry on one's back I 41, 38 wawhush Carry on one's back I 41, 38 wechuset, wepinnat Join together II 187 wecont Glad, happy, have a

mind to I 59, 71

wecum! Call! U 35 weeteant Glad, be glad I 59, 136 wek Dwell, inhabit, live IV 4, 3, 20, 31, 136, 180 wekine Like I 159 wenawetuonckon Wealth U 53 wenawwetu Rich, he is rich II 36 wequanantash! Light a fire! A 33 wesass Fear M 186 wesauashaui Plague, "He has the

plague" E 196

wesquaubenan Wrap up (deceased) in mats

U 150

wesuonck Name, a U 5 wetapwauwwas Sit and talk U 57 wetompat, wepinnat Friend, be friends,

confederates II 187, 166, 190

wetzau, wechau, wet Accompany, go with, be with

II 70, 187

wewhepapun Bind, tie up V 143 whauwhautowwow anawat Alarm, there is an

alarm

U 184


U 184

wunna see Part II wunna kukkussaquam Sleep much, "You

sleep much" U 20

wunnashpishan Snatch away U 43 wunnaugonhommin Play, dice game II 145-46 wunnaumwauonck Faithfulness,

truthfulness U 57

wunnetu Good, pure, proper U 53 wunnetu nitta Good, "My heart is

good, pure" U 51, 53, 189

wunnia naynayoumewot Rides, He rides on horseback

U 72

wunnishaunta! wunishaunto! Agree, let us agree! III 189, 193

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


36

wunnite Mend IV 41 wussaum pechepausha Come in, the sea

comes in too fast U 109

wussaumpatammin To look about, view II 73 wussaumpatamonck View, a view II 73 wusseheposh! Heave out the water! U 110 wussenet Woo M 146 wussenetuock Marry, They marry U 146 wussuckwh, suckwh Write, paint II 121, 192, 61 wuttammasin, petassina Give me tobacco U 15 wuttat Drink I 12, 14 wuttauqussin Deep (water, etc.) IV 73 wuttautnish! Pull to you! II 108 wutttamauog Smoke tobacco U 45 wuttunnantu Worth it, it is U 163 wuttush! Give me! U 43 yimmi Make this for me U 61 yo anawhonw Wounded, I am

wounded U 188

yo iish wuttanho Use this staff (Walking stick)

U 74

yo wuttunsin Bed, keeps in bed ("he keeps his bed")

IV 194

yo aphettit Here, when they are here

U 59

yo aunta, yo cuttaunan Go, "go that way" U 69 yo autant Sun, the sun so high U 34 yo naumwauteg Full, thus full U 39 yo nowaum Come, "I came that

way" U 3, 4

yo wutteantawwaw Cure he is acting his cure

U 199

yo wuttutan Moon, the moon so high

U 63

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


37

LISTED ALPHABETICAL BY ENGLISH

wetzau, wechau, wet Accompany, go with, be with

II 70, 187

togwhan Adrift, at sea U 108 wunnishaunta! wunishaunto! Agree, let us agree! III 189, 193 tuspan Ail, be ailing III 195 whauwhautowwow anawat Alarm, there is an

alarm U 184

nishesh & nishish Alone III 8 see lie, they lie in wait Ambush musquanam Angry II 182-3, 123, 138 musquant Angry I 182, 124 aquie wussaumowash! Ask too much! Do not

ask too much! U 162

natotem Ask, inquire C 68, 131 see adrift At sea muckucki Bare, without wool II 160 see idle Base, idle see sit Be at home kutchimoke Be of good cheer

(plural) U 202

see accompany Be with, go together yo wuttunsin Bed, keeps in bed ("he

keeps his bed") IV 194

cowequetummous Beg, "I pray or intreat you", "I beseech you" see beseech

B 41, 180

see cut off head Behead see look at Behold, look at

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


38

cuppannawa Believe (see understand)

U 56

coannaumatous Believe, obey, "I believe you"

U 59

wauki Bent, crooked (see crooked)

U 42

taubacominash Big enough 120 wewhepapun Bind, tie up V 143 sequttoi Black, he is in black,

mourning U 201

pockun Blind I 197 puckhummin Bore through II 156 tashecautummo cuttappemus Born, How many

years since you were born?

U 66

pokeshat Break IV 40, 150 paut, pawt Bring IV 168, 134, 12, 195, 38,

108, 38, 13 nad Bring, bearing general root see "fire", Part II burn nchickossimunnash Burn, I will burn my

rushes II 179

wame kussopita nuhock Burns, My body burns

U 195

posakunnamun Bury II 202 see wrap up Bury tammaunt Busy, take care of,

heed I 35, 169

nummautanaquash Buy, I have bought U 160 manoham Buy II 160 tattauam, attau, atau Buy, sell U 159-60, 165 kuttattauamish auke Buy land, "I would buy

land of you" B 165


B 159

kunnauntatauamish Buy, "I come to buy this

B 160

nummouanaquish Buy, "I come to buy" U 159, 160 tattauam, attau, atau Buy, sell U 159-60, 165 wecum! Call! U 35 see meeting Call a meeting see "name, my name is" Called, I am called see "come, come..." Came tatta Cannot tell, "I don't

know" U 9, 57, 131

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


39

nonanum Cannot, "I cannot" II 163 noonshem Cannot, "I cannot" III 163, 6, 34, 40, 194 missin Captive, take I 188 peewauqun Care, "Have a care" U 40 niaut Carry on one's back I 41, 38 wawhush Carry on one's back I 41, 38 mauchatous! Carry this! IV 38 kunniish Carry, "I will carry

you" B 73

pake Cast away, divorce I 150, 44, 183, 108 chowwopha Cast overboard II 109 assawompat Change money II 155, 156 ntaquie Cease, I will cease,

stop (see do not do, Part II)

U 179

kutchimoke Cheer, Be of good cheer

U 202

pepenash! Choice , take! I 42 chenawaus Churlish, crass, bold II 186, 166 tauntau Climb M 97 saumpeekunnem Cloth , tear off too little II 165 see money Coin see shake for cold Cold tak, taq, tahk, tauk Cold (weather) U 18, 75, 82, 83 qusquatchim Cold , feel II 33, 58, 83 peyau Come (from a place

other than where speaker is or assumes to be)

II 8, 6, 9, 63, 77, 34, 7, 142, 35, 59, 168, 72

see go, come by land Come by land see go down Come down tinneapeeyaum Come for no business II 77 naunt Come for, fetch II 6, 35, 34, 33 aumpauchau Come from hunting II 172, 176 petite Come in to enclosed

structure III 7, 142, 35, 7

ntackowwepeyaun Come in vain, I have lost my labor (come in vain)

II 77

wussaum pechepausha Come in, the sea comes in too fast

U 109

yo nowaum Come, "I came that way"

U 3, 4

umwock Come, "they come" U 4

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


40

awanick paudhuck Come, who comes there?

U 110

cowaum Come, "you come" U 3 pee Come, be present I 34, 63, 6, 44, 74 esh Come, came, went, go,

gone III 44, 3, 70, 201, 4, 77


U 3-4, 8, 70, 100

mishoonhom Come, go by boat (canoe)

II 8, 72

anawat, anow, anawayean Command, say, speak U 7, 139, 141, 90 see associate Companion, he is my see Thank you for your company

Company

cutehanshishaumo Company, How many are in your company?

U 8

quenowau Complain II 61 nowechussettimmin Confederates, we are

confederates II 187


II 187


U 184

tuppaunt Consider I 189, 190 see speak on Continue speaking pummenummin teaquash Contribute to the wars II 185 aup Cook, roast U 11, 114 mattaacucquass! Cook,dress! II 14 kuttiemaunsh Cook/dress, "I dress

(cook) for you" B 12

saunqui Cool, it is cool II 12 aket Count money I 164 maumaneeteantass Courage, You

(plural)--be of good courage

U 109

puttuckhumma! Cover me! (w/blanket) U 195 kemehette Creep M 172 penayi Crooked (see bent) U 46 pemisquai Crooked, winding U 46 see go by, pass Cross over mauo Cry, he cries U 43 yo wutteantawwaw Cure he is acting his

cure U 199

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


41

powwaw nippetea Curing, the priest is curing him

U 198

cotchik Cut II 13 Timequassin Cut off head U 50 pawcomwush, paacomwush Cut wood III 33 manisimmin Cut, mow II 96 waskishaas Damaged, in need of

repair, gapt U 165

pauochau Dance II 178 mish Dead , name the I 202 michemeshawi Dead, he is gone

(dead) forever U 201

chachewunnea Dead, he is nearly dead

U 201

kitonckque Dead, be dead, perish II 201, 200, 138, 130, 135, 201

mashackquneaum Dearth, distress II 15 ncupsa Deaf, I am deaf U 196 nnadgecom Debts, I come to

collect debts U 168

cuttassokakomme Deceive, "You deceive me"

D 162


D 162


D 162

wuttauqussin Deep (water, etc.) IV 73 mishkom Deer , find II 173 see leave Depart see long for Desire pauquan Destroy, slaughter II 138, 188 nip14, nup Die

(see to be dying) II 138, 201, 144

pannawaut Disbelieve (see do not believe)

I 56

mooshkishattous! Disclose! IV 46 quamph Dish out, serve I 15 sekine Dislike, unwilling I 166, 187 touagonnausinnum Distress, misery

(see dearth) II 74

paushinu Divide II 176, 42 chippachausin Divides, "the way

divides" IV 69

14 Also the root for noun "water".

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


42

see cast away Divorce aquie wussaumowosh! Do not ask too much! U 162 see disbeleive Do not believe machinam Do not like II 159 tawhitch yo enean Do so, Why do you do

so? U 143


U 144

nokanish! Down , take it! II 108 see sleep, lodge, dream Dream see cook, roast Dress (prepare) food wuttat Drink I 12, 14 waumatous! Drink! IV 12 koshkowwaum Drown II 108 nikkoshkowwaumen Drowned, We shall be

drowned II 108

paq Dry U 83 pawsunnummin Dry, "To dry this or

that" U 42

poquiitie Dwell together II 32 wek Dwell, inhabit, live IV 4, 3, 20, 31, 136, 180 pausawut kitonckquewa Dying, he cannot live

long U 200

meych, meitch, meech, mech Eat V 13, 11, 12, 14, 10, 194 see give me to eat Eat moho Eat (cannibalize) C 16 metesi Eat (in general) II 194, 10, 13 mauchepwut Eat, after he has eaten II 13-14 waump Enough, have V 16 muchikineanau Enumerate II 115 see "stretching" Extended in time or

space

wunnaumwauonck Faithfulness, truthfulness

U 57

tetupsh Fall down III 43 panishkokom Fall, let something II 75 anuckquaque Far U 72 kush Fear C 186, 135 wesass Fear M 186 see go to feast Feast natup Feed, graze II 105 quttaunsh! Feel it! A 161 naus! Fetch! U 35 aseneshesh! Fetch small sticks! III 33

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


43

wame kussopita nohock Fever, fire U 195 nnanotissu Fever, I have a fever U 195 natatupe note (or) natatupe chickot

Fever, My body burns; I am all on fire

U 195

chachepis Fierce II 182 nishque? Fierce II 182, 132 juhet Fight II 183 mecaunte Fight M 183 numwautous! Fill the dish! IV 13 namite Find IV 37 muchickautau Fine, nice, pretty U 163 see shot Fire a shot (arrow, etc.) potauntash! Fire, blow! I 34 maumashinnaunamauta! Fire, let us make a

good fire! III 33

potawash! Fire, make! I 34 mauataun Fire, tend I 19 aum Fish M 114 semu Flee II 186 ptowei Fly, it is fled U 91 tuttepacunnish Fold, fold it up! U 161 cummattanish Follow, "I will follow

you" B 71

asso?15, assotu, assoko Foolish II 40, 41 wannan Forget I 8 nowannechick & nowannesin


U 5, 75

nickatash Forsake M 74 aumanskitteaug Fortify, they U 166 pepemoi Fowl, he is gone to

(hunt) fowl U 88

see hunting, fowling Fowling wetompat, wepinnat Friend, be friends,

confederates II 187, 166, 190

nowetompatimmin Friends, we are friends

II 187

taquat Frozen, iced U 75 yo naumwauteg Full, thus full U 39 mouwinne, mowinne (see "meet") Gather III 97 see "fetch!" Get! machage nkockie Get, "I get nothing U 163

15 The ? denotes a "stop" (perhaps glottal stop) that Williams represents with a /t/ or /k/.

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


44

mauk, maug Give, offer, present, sell

V 44, 164, 166

tassam Give nourishment C 15, 14 cummaugakemish Give land, "I will give

you land" B 166

nanoue Give me (this or that) U 164 wuttammasin, petassina Give me tobacco U 15 squutame Give me your pipe U 15 wuttush! Give me! U 43 see peace, capitulate Give up, surrender commeinsh Give, "I give to you" U 44, 162 commesim Give, "give it to me" U 38, 162, 163, 44, 161 assame Give, "give me to eat" C 12 nowemacaunash Give, "I'll give these

things" U 129, 169

weeteant Glad, be glad I 59, 136 wecont Glad, happy, have a

mind to I 59, 71

see "come, came..." Go mauche & memmauche Go (from a place where

speaker is or assumes to be)

II 9, 70, 73, 202

ntoyamaushem Go apace (at a certain speed), "I go this speed"

III 71

konkenupsh Go apace (same speed) III 71 caupaush Go ashore III 110 kautanaush Go away, depart III 9 pittucke Go back

(see return) II 77

negonsh Go before III 70, 72 pumme Go by, pass, cross over II 72 punnowwau Go down, come down II 97, 116, 173 nattuckqunuw Go fishing III 114 sawhe Go forth M 41 mammauchetuck! or anakiteunck!


neene cuthomwock Go, "now they go off" U mauanish Go slowly or gently III 76 kekinneawau Go to feast II 129 naumakiauog Go to hell, "They go to


matux puckquatchick auwaw Go to stool, He cannot go to stool

III 198

nanowwete Go to visit III 195

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


45

taquatchowau Go uphill II 75 see accompany Go with, accompany nickquenum Go, "I am returning

home to my family" I 31

yo aunta, yo cuttaunan Go, "go that way" U 69 nittome (see "hom...") Go, "I go" U 4, 70, 110 auog Go, they go II 135 tunock kuttoyeaim Go, "whither go you" U 70 kuttome (see "hom...") Go, "you go" U 4, 70 ana?e & anaki & annetei Go, be going from a

place without reference to where or why

II 9, 70, 73

aukewush Go, come by land III 9, 72, 8 pummish Go, travel III 71, 77, 200 an Going beyond,

exceeding general root

see "come, came..." Gone see greeting Good day, morning wunnetu nitta Good, "My heart is

good, pure" U 51, 53, 189

wunnetu Good, pure, proper U 53 waunkam, waunckam Greet, salute C 2, 189 as cowequassin as cowequassunnummis

Greeting, "good morrow (day)" (In nothern dialects, "Hello" is said "quay")

U 2

nowant or nowaunt Grieve I 144, 201 loas Grieve IV 201 tackhum Grind II 15 cummauchanish Guide, "I will conduct

(guide) you B 69

see return... Handle cloth naumpacouin Hang around neck

(necklace) IV 157

augwhattous! Hang it! IV 46 kukkeechequaubenitch Hang, "You shall be

hanged" U 144

see glad Happy man:ne Hate C 187 sanapaushaum Have bloody flix II 198 pockquanam Have unknown disease II 197 noteaugo Have, I have

money' " (wampum) U 169

nitasha Have, "I have" U 15, 40 wachaun Have, keep I 159, 40

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


46

cussawontap Headache I 194 pompitam Hear

(see understand) II 5

kukkit Hear, listen (see understand)

C 55, 135

awaun mesh kuppittouwaw Hear, "Of whom did you hear it"?

54

wusseheposh! Heave out the water! U 110 qussuck Heavy (stone) 44, 73, 96, 157 see busy Heed tannum Help C 39, 108 aununema Help me! U 39 yo aphettit Here, when they are

here U 59

see moon & sun High (of moon, sun) taunt High, "sun so high" U 63 tam Hinder, bother C 35, 36 anoce wenawash! Hire him! I 69 kuttannoonsh Hire, "I will hire you" B 69 see strike Hit anaskhom Hoe II 98, 99 wauapunish! Hoist up! Lift up! II 108, 195 paupautuckquash! Hold water! I 109 kusopita, kussopita Hot, it's hot (see

"burn"; "sweat") U 13, 195

cattup Hungry II 10, 12 ntiyu, ntio Hunt, I hunt U 175 see come from hunting Hunting auchau Hunting, fowling II 88, 172 see frozen Iced, frozen nanompan Idle or base II 143 upponckquittauwh Imprison II 143 see dwell Inhabit nippansinnea Innocent, "I am

innocent" U 144

mat mesh nowahea Innocent, I was innocent (knew nothing)

U 38

see ask Inquire wechuset, wepinnat Join together II 187 see have, keep Keep, have see "live alone" Keep house alone, live

alone

nish Kill V 144, 189, 143

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


47

nauntatau Kill , come to C 188 nneesnneanna Kill, I have killed

two (deer, etc.) U 172

wau, wawwau, waww Know U 57, 38, 144, 70 nowahea Know, "I knew" U 38, 57 see work Labor, work, job pauchewannauog Laden, "They are

laden" E 41

Niautamwock Laden, "They are laden"

I 38, 41

Lame, I am lame U 196 mauog Lament, "They lament" E 136 see buy land Land, buy land ahan Laugh, merry II 178 cuttun Launch I 108 naponsh! Lay down! A 42 nipponamauoog Lay nets, I lay nets for

them (fish, animals) U 91

ponewhush! Lay own your burden! A 78 see put, lay Lay, lay in place nickat Leave, depart (see

"forsake") I 44

namacowke Lend, lend me U 38 auqunnish Let go II 39 cupshitteauag Lie, they lie in wait

(ambush) U 186

pannau Lie, speak untruth III 55, 162 nishin Lies, is situated IV 69 wequanantash! Light a fire! A 33 nauk Light in weight II 44, 74 wekine Like I 159 nowetipo Like, I like this U 15 see do not like Like, do not like see "hear (kukkit)" Listen notate Live alone, keep house

alone III 46

konkeete Live, be well III 3, 144 ti Live, dwell IV 4 mechimuash! Load it! I 185 see sleep, lodge, dream Lodge, sleep cattite Long for, desire, want I 15, 172 cattaunt Long for, desire, want I 15 anaquau Look II 44 see to look about Look about, view

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


48

shookekineas! Look at this! I 39, 164 kekine Look at, behold I 39, 169, 37, 38, 39, 164 nowawwon Lose way, "I lose my

way" U 70

cowauwaunemun Lost, You are lost in the woods, wandering

II 132

wammaun, wamm Love (see Thank you for your love)

C 8, 148, 189, 186


II 142

nweche kokkewem Mad, "I will be mad with him"

III 187

keesit Make, complete, create (see Fire)

IV 57, 130, 131, 13, 110, 192, 132, 133, 134

see tie Make fast, tie up yimmi Make this for me U 61 see people Many awetawatuock Marry, they make a

match, live together in same wetu

U 146

wussenetuock Marry, They marry U 146 tatuppauntwa Measure, weigh II 165, 164 nockuskau Meet M 73, 74 miawe Meet, a court II 142 wauwhautowash! Meeting , call! I 142 wunnite Mend IV 41 kunnanaumpasummish Mercy , mercy B 189 see laugh Merry, happy cummauntussakou Missed, You have

missed him U 77

Cuppissittone Mistaken, "you are mistaken"

U 132

nowannakese Mistold, "I have mistold"

U 164, 168, 162

see scorner Mocker, scorner natouwompite Money, coin III 156 Yo wuttutan Moon, the moon so

high U 63

netashin, newutchashinea More, there is no more U 33 see black Mourning qussut Move residence I 36, 46 see cut, mow Mow, cut cosaumakese Much, You have told

too much U 164

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


49

kemine Murder C 76, 143 nipposkiss Naked, "I am naked"

(see "robbed") U 118, 119

wesuonck Name, a U 5 ussaw Name U 5-6 wesuonckgonnakaunes Name, call U 133 aquie mishommoke Name, Do not name

the dead I 202

taantussaweitch Name, "do you ask my name"

U 5


U 5

ntussawese Name, "my name is" U 5 tahena Name, "what is his

name" U 6


U 6

see hang around neck Necklace cowawwunnaunchim News, " he tells false

news " U 54

aunchemok, aunchem(?) News, tell III 54, 132 see fine, nice, pretty Nice, fine, pretty see more No more see disbelieve not believe see Believe,obey I believe you Obey pauquanam Open C 38 see oversee Order, oversee sog, sok Out-going (of water,

etc.) general root

nowwunnem Oversee, order, command

II 128

quawupshaw Overset (in canoe) II 109 kunnoonamautuckquash Owe, I will owe you II 169 chesam,chesammat Pain, sore I 194, 195 aunake Paint

(see write) II 192

see confusion Panic, confusion pum Passing by, crossing general root naumpat Pay IV 168, 169 taunckquitt Pay C 69 keeskwh Pay U 168 kummuchickonckquatous Pay, "I will pay you

well" B 69

cuppaimish Pay, I will pay you B 161

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


50

aque Peace, capitulate, a subject

II 189, 141, 129

maunauog & wussaumemaunauog


U 60

wesauashaui Plague, "He has the plague"

E 196

aukeeteau Plant corn II 98 wunnaugonhommin Play, dice game II 145-46 akes Play, score II 178, 179 nummacheke Poor, I am a poor

man II 169

machetu Poor, he is poor II 36 soken16 Pour out, rain II 12 mamaskishaui Pox, "he has the pox" E 196 neesquttonckqus Prate, cackle (like hen) II 45 peeyaunt Pray I 20, 130 cuckquenamish Pray favor, "I pray your

favor" B 2

see fine, nice, pretty Pretty, nice see curing Priest, curing ill wuttautnish! Pull to you! II 108 mauminikish! Pull up! Row lustily!

Tie it hard! II 108, 110

see good Pure onamatta cowauta ! Pursue, let us pursue! III 186 caudnish! Put off! II 119 ocquash! Put on! I 119 sawhok Put out C 41 ponam Put, lay in place III 203, 19, 33, 91, 116,

199 anit Putrefied, it is U 175, 101 see pour out Rain waupaupunish! Raise up!, Lift up!

(head, etc.,) U 195

pawtuckquammin Reach II 40 keete Recover ("with life


mequaunam Remember II 190, 7, 41 see "take out" Remove, take out see return Repent (of sin) tauntap Rest II 74 aquei Rest, He rested II 134 see I am returning home Return home 16 "Rain" is based on this root

NARRAGANSETT VERB

ENGLISH

VERB TYPE


51

pittakunnam Return, handle cloth, turn, repent

II 75, 165, 139

tannot Revenge, get revenge I 141 wenawwetu Rich, he is rich II

indian grammar dictionary for n dialect

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