indian political system · 2017. 7. 13. · • to understand the key concepts and processes...

Political IndianDPOL102

System

Edited by:Dr. Javeed Ahmed BhatMr. Rahul Sethi

INDIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM

Edited By

Dr Javeed Ahmad Bhat and Rahul Sethi

Printed byLAXMI PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD.

113, Golden House, Daryaganj,New Delhi-110002

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

DLP-7768-161-INDIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM (H) C—4790/012/02Typeset at : Goswami Associates, Delhi Printed at : Saras Graphics (P) Ltd., Delhi

(SYLLABUS)

(Indian Political System)

Hkkjrh; laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk ds ckjs esa Nk=ksa ds lkFk fujUrj Okkn&fookn o fo'ys"k.k }kjk tkudkjh miyC/k djkukA

bl fo"k; ds v/;;u ds i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs&

• Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds xBu vkSj fodkl ds bfrgkl dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esaA

• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ls tqM+s ewyHkwr fl)kar o izfØ;k dks le>us esaA

• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds Kku dks Hkkjr dh orZeku jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ij ykxw djus esaA

Objectives

To provide information regarding the happening in Indian Constitutional System to the students with the help of discussion

and analysis on regular basis.

The main objective of this course is to make the students able to:• Acquire information regarding the history of formation and development of Indian constitution.

• To understand the key concepts and processes related with Indian Political System.

• To apply the knowledge of Indian political system to the current political happenings of India.

Sr. No. Topics

1. Preamble of Indian Constitution

2. Fundamental Rights

3. Fundamental Duties

4. Directive Principles of State Policy

5. Union Government, Parliament and President

6. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.

7. The Judiciary: Supreme Court, High court, Judicial Review, Public Interest Litigation and

Judicial Reforms.

8. State Government: State Legislature, Governor, Chief Minister and Council of ministers.

9. Indian Federalism: Centre-State relations; Legislative, Administrative, financial and Politcal.

10. Political Parties in India: Indian National Congress, Bhartiya Janta Party, Communist Party

of India (M), Shrimoni Akali Dal.

mís';

(Units) (CONTENTS) (Page No.)

1. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izLrkouk (Preamble of Indian Constitution) 1

2. ekSfyd vf/kdkj (Fundamental Rights) 24

3. ekSfyd dÙkZO; (Fundamental Duties) 36

4. jkT; ds uhfr-funsZ’kd fl)kar (Directive Principles of State Policy) 40

5. la?kh; ljdkj % jk"Vªifr] mi-jk"Vªifr (Union Government: President, Vice-President) 55

6. la?kh; laln % yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk (Union Parliament: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) 91

7. la?kh; laln dh lfefr;k¡ (Committees of Union Parliament) 124

8. eaf=-ifj"kn~ vkSj iz/kkuea=h (Council of Ministers and Prime Minister) 144

9. U;k;ikfydk % loksZPp U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky;] U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k(The Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review) 163

10. lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk ,oa yksd vnkyr (Public Interest Litigation and Lok Adalats) 189

11. jkT; ljdkj % jkT;-fo/kkue.My] jkT;iky] eaf=-ifj"kn~ vkSj eq[;ea=h(State Government: State Legislature, Governor, Council of Ministers and Chief Minister) 203

12. Hkkjrh; la?kokn (Indian Federalism) 235

13. Lak?k-jkT; laca/k : oS/kkfud] iz’kkldh; vkSj foÙkh; jktuhfr(Centre-States Relations: Legislative, Administrative and Financial Politics) 252

14. Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ny (Indian Political Parties) 287

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversityKirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University


Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Lovely Professional UniversityKirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University

Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Lovely Professional UniversitySonia Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversitySonia Sharma, Lovely Professional University

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University

Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Lovely Professional UniversityRipudaman Singh, Lovely Professional University



Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional University





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LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

bdkbZ—1:Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk

bdkbZµ1: Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk

(Preamble of Indian Constitution)

vuqØef.kdk (Contents)

mís'; (Objectives)

izLrkouk (Introduction)

1.1 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk (Preamble of Indian Constitution)

1.2 izLrkouk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ (Main Features of the Preamble)

1.3 izLrkouk dk egÙo (Importance of the Preamble)

1.4 Hkkjr dk lafoèkku % izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ (Constitution of India: Salient Features)

1.5 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fo'kky vkdkj osQ dkj.k (Causes for Indian Constitution’s

Extensive Appearance)

1.6 lkjka'k (Summary)

1.7 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

1.8 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1.9 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs%

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dk o.kZu gsrqA

• izLrkouk dk egÙo tkuus gsrqA

• lafoèkku dks vaxho`Qr djus dh frfFk dks tkuus gsrqA

• lafoèkku dh izo`Qfr dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA


Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh izLrkouk dks lafo/ku dh vkRek dgk tkrk gSA

42osa lafo/ku la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~ vc lafoèkku dh izLrkouk gS%

¶ge Hkkjr osQ yksx Hkkjr dks ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ&fujis{k] yksdrU=kh; x.kjkT; osQ :i esaLFkkfir djus dk fu'p; dj vkSj blosQ lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ;g izkIr djus dk fu'p; djrs gSa%


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2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk

U;k;] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd_ lkspus] cksyus] vius fopkj dks izdV djus vkSj ikB&iwtk djus dhLorU=krk_

leku volj vkSj Lrj dh vkSj lHkh esa Hkzkr`Ro dks c<+kok nsus] ftlls O;fDr osQ lEeku vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drkv[k.Mrk dh izkfIr gks_

1-1 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk (Preamble of Indian Constitution)

lafoèkku dh izLrkouk bldh Hkkouk vkSj vFkZ dks [kksyus dh ,d oqQath gksrh gSA ;g ckr Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dh

izLrkouk osQ ckjs esa Hkh lR; gSA osQ- ,e- eqa'kh us bldks lafoèkku dh jktuhfrd tUei=kh djkj fn;k] ftlus

lafoèkku dh ekSfyd fo'ks"krkvksa] n'kZu vkSj Hkkjrh; jkT; dh izo`Qfr dks izdV fd;k x;k gSA izLrkouk Hkkjr osQ

lafoèkku osQ ekSfyd n'kZu dks n'kkZrh gS vkSj lafoèkku dh èkkjkvksa dh O;k[;k djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh

gSA iafMr BkoqQj HkkxZo us dgk gS] ¶izLrkouk lafoèkku dk cgqr gh cgqewY; Hkkx gS] ;g lafoèkku dh vkRek gS]

;g lafoèkku dh oqQath gSA ;g lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dk eu [kksyus okyh ,d oqaQth gSA ;g lafoèkku esa tM+k gqvk

,d ghjk gSA ;g ,d lqanj x|ka'k okyh dfork gS] cfYd ;g vius vki esa lEiw.kZ gSA ;g ,d mfpr ekin.M

gS ftlls lafoèkku dk ewY; ij[kk tk ldrk gSA¸

D;k vki tkurs gSa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh vkRek gSA

ge viuh lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa 26 uoEcj] 1949 osQ fnu vius bl lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa] bldks ikldjrs gSa vkSj bls vius vki dks lkSairs gSaA¸

'kCn ^lektokn*] èkeZ&fujis{krk* ^v[k.Mrk* igys izLrkouk esa 'kkfey ugha Fks vkSj ;s lafoèkku osQ 42osa la'kks/u(1976) osQ }kjk lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd, x,A

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self Assessment)

fjDr LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the blanks)%

1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dks Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh --------- dgk tkrk gSA

2- 'kCn lektokn] èkeZ&fujis{krk] v[k.Mrk dks lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa o"kZ --------- esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kFkkA

3- lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k --------- dks gqvk FkkA

1-2 izLrkouk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ (Main Features of the Preamble)

izLrkouk ls Hkkjrh; jkT; dh izo`Qfr vkSj mu mís';ksa dk Kku feyrk gS tksfd Hkkoh ljdkjksa }kjk izkIr fd, tkus

gSaA ;g turk dh izHkqlÙkk dks izdV djrh gS vkSj ml frfFk dks ntZ djrh gS ftl fnu lafoèkku dks lafo/ku

fuekZ.k lHkk osQ }kjk vafre :i esa viuk;k x;k FkkA izLrkouk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr pkj

'kh"kZdksa osQ vUrxZr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

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(I) lÙkk dk L=kksr&yksdfiz; izHkqlÙkk (The Source of Authority–Popular Sovereignty)

lcls igys izLrkouk Li"V :i esa turk dh izHkqlÙkk osQ fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj djrh gSA ;g bu 'kCnksa ls vkjEHkgksrh gS% ¶ge Hkkjr osQ yksx---¸ blls bl rF; dh iqf"V gks tkrh gS fd leLr lÙkk dk vafre L=kksr turk ghgSA ljdkj viuh 'kfDr turk ls izkIr djrh gSA lafoèkku dk vkèkkj vkSj izHkqlÙkk yksxksa esa gS vkSj ;s viuhizHkqlÙkk yksxksa ls izkIr djrh gSA ¶izLrkouk ;g Hkh Li"V djrh gS fd lnu osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dh bPNk gS fd]bl lafoèkku dh tM+sa] bldh lÙkk] bldh izHkqlÙkk yksxksa ls izkIr dh tk,A¸ MkW- vacsMdj osQ vuqlkj bl Lo:iesa Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh izLrkouk vejhdh lafoèkku dh izLrkouk vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª osQ pkVZj dh izLrkouk lsfeyrh gSA¸

lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa nks lnL;ksa us ¶ge Hkkjr osQ yksx¸ 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx dk fojksèk fd;k FkkA ,p- oh- dkeFkpkgrs Fks fd izLrkouk bu 'kCnksa ls vkjEHk gksuh pkfg, fd] ¶ijekRek osQ uke ij¸ vkSj bl fopkj dk oqQNvU; lnL;ksa us Hkh mudk leFkZu fd;k FkkA ijUrq tc fopkj&foe'kZ osQ i'pkr~ bl izLrko ij er Mkys x, rks;g izLrko 41 i{k esa vkSj 68 fo#¼ er gksus osQ dkj.k jí gks x;kA ,d vU; lnL; ekSykuk g”kjr eksgkuhus bu 'kCnksa dk bl vkèkkj ij fojksèk fd;k fd lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQoy FkksM+s&ls ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk fuokZfprdh xbZ Fkh vkSj og Hkh lkEiznkf;d vkèkkj ij Mkys x, erksa }kjk] blfy, ;g iw.kZr;k izfrfufèk lHkk ugha gSAblfy, ;g lHkk bu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djus osQ ;ksX; ugha gSA ijUrq lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk us bl fopkj dks Hkhjí dj fn;k vkSj bl izdkj blosQ }kjk Loho`Qr dh xbZ izLrkouk dk vkjEHk bu 'kCnksa ls gksrk gS fd ¶ge HkkjrosQ yksx¸ vkSj bu ls Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh izHkqlÙkk osQ xq.k dk irk yxrk gSA 15 vxLr] 1947 dks fczfV'k izHkqlÙkkdh lekfIr vkSj Hkkjr osQ ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu yksdrU=kh; x.kjkT; osQ :i esa mHkjus osQ i'pkr~ ,slh ?kks"k.kkvko';d gks xbZ FkhA

(II) jkT; dh izo`Qfr (Nature of State)

izLrkouk ,d jkT; (ns'k) osQ :i esa Hkkjr dh ikap izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrh gSA ;g Hkkjr dks ,dizHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ&fujis{k] yksdrU=kh;] x.kjkT; ?kksf"kr djrh gSA vkjEHk esa izLrkouk esa¶lektoknh¸ vkSj ¶èkeZ&fujis{k¸ 'kCn 'kkfey ugha FksA ;s blesa 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk 'kkfey fd, x,A bu ikapfo'ks"krkvksa esa ls izR;sd dks Li"V djuk vko';d gS%

(1) Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk&lEiUu jkT; gS (India is a Sovereign State): izLrkouk ?kksf"kr djrh gS

fd Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu ns'k gSA ,slh ?kks"k.kk Hkkjr ij fczfV'k jkT; dh lekfIr ij eksgj yxkus osQ fy,

cgqr vko';d FkhA ;g bl rF; dh iqf"V Hkh djrh gS fd Hkkjr vc fczfV'k ozQkmu ij fuHkZj izns'k ;k mldh

cLrh ugha jgk FkkA blls 15 vxLr 1947 dks fczfV'k 'kklu lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr dks rduhdh :i esa

fn, x, vkSifuosf'kd Lrj dks lekIr djus dh Hkh iqf"V dh xbZA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ }kjk bldks Lohdkj

fd, tkus osQ i'pkr~ vkSifuos'kd Lrj lekIr gks x;k vkSj Hkkjr iw.kZr;k ,d izHkqlÙkk ns'k osQ :i esa mHkjkA blus

LorU=krk osQ la?k"kZ osQ ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj cy nsdj dgk fd Hkkjr Lo;a fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, vkSj budks

vius yksxksa vkSj {ks=kksa ij ykxw djus osQ fy, vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh :i esa LorU=k gSA

ijUrq oqQN vkykspd ;g iz'u mBkrs gSa fd ^jk"Vªe.My* dh lnL;rk Lohdkj djus ls Hkkjr dk izHkqlÙkk lEiUuns'k osQ :i esa Lrj lhfer gqvk gS D;ksafd bl lnL;rk ls fczfV'k egkjktk@egkjkuh dks jk"Vªe.My dk eqf[k;kLohdkj fd;k x;k gSA ijUrq ;g fopkj Bhd ugha gSA jk"Vªe.My vc fczfV'k jk"Vªe.My ugha jgkA ;g 1949osQ i'pkr~ vc ,d gh tSls izHkqlÙkk lEiUu fe=k ns'kksa dh laLFkk cu x;k gS D;ksafd ftuosQ chp ,sfrgkfldlEcUèk muosQ jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks lk>s iz;Ruksa osQ }kjk izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, jk"Vªe.My esa bdV~Bk gksus dksizkFkfedrk nsrs gSaA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªe.My esa 'kkfey gksuk mldh LosPNk ij fuHkZj gS vkSj ,d ln~Hkkouk okyh

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dk;Zokgh gSA fczfV'k egkjktk@egkjkuh dk jk"Vªe.My dk eqf[k;k gksus dk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa dksbZ LFkku ughagSA Hkkjr dk mlls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA ¶jk"Vªe.My LorU=k ns'kksa dh laLFkk gS vkSj fczfV'k jktk jk"Vªe.Mydk lkaosQfrd (ukeek=k dk) eqf[k;k gS (usg:)A izksisQlj jkekLokeh mfpr dgrs gSa fd ¶Hkkjr dk jk"Vªe.Mydk lnL; gksuk ,d ln~Hkkouk okyh O;oLFkk gS ftldk fd dksbZ laoSèkkfud egÙo ugha gSA¸

bl izdkj lafoèkku dh izLrkouk Hkkjr osQ izHkqlÙkk lEiUu LorU=k ns'k gksus dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gSA 'kCn izHkqlÙkkdk vFkZ vkarfjd vkSj ckgjh izHkqlÙkk nksuksa dks izdV djrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd Hkkjr dh ljdkjvkarfjd vkSj fons'kh ekeyksa esa LorU=k gS vkSj ;g vc fdlh Hkh fons'kh 'kfDr osQ fu;U=k.k vèkhu ugha gSA

(2) Hkkjr ,d lektoknh jkT; gS (India is a Socialist State): ;|fi Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa vkjEHkls gh lektokn dh Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh Fkh] ij izLrkouk esa ^lektokn* dk 'kCn 'kkfey djus osQ fy, 1976 esala'kksèku fd;k x;kA lektokn vc Hkkjrh; jkT; dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA blls bl rF; dh >yd feyrhgS fd Hkkjr lHkh izdkj dk 'kks"k.k lekIr djus osQ fy, vk;] L=kksrksa vkSj lEifÙk osQ U;k;iw.kZ foHkktu dh izkfIrvius leLr yksxksa osQ fy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; izkIr djus osQ fy, opuc¼ gSA ijUrqlektokn ekDlZoknh@ozQkfUrdkjh <axksa ls izkIr ugha fd;k tkuk gS vfirq 'kkfUriwoZd] laoSèkkfud vkSj yksdrU=kh;<axksa ls }kjk izkIr fd;k tkuk gSA ^Hkkjr ,d lektoknh jkT; gS* osQ 'kCn dk okLrfod vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr,d yksdrU=kh; lektoknh jkT; gSA blls bloQh lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; osQ izfr opuc¼rk dk irk yxrk gSftldks ns'k us yksdrU=kh; <ax osQ }kjk izkIr fd;k tkuk gSA Hkkjr lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd lekurk]lkekftd U;k;] vkfFkZd lekurk] lkoZtfud HkykbZ vkSj fodkl osQ lektoknh y{;ksa dks izkIr djus osQ fy,n`<+ ladYi gSA ijUrq bl mís'; osQ fy, og rkuk'kkgh <axksa dks viukus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gSA Hkkjr lektoknhy{;ksa dks izkIr djus osQ fy, jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd nksuksa {ks=kksa esa yksdrU=kh; mnkjhdj.k osQ i{k esa gSA fdUrq1991 osQ i'pkr~ mnkjhdj.k osQ vkfFkZd fl¼kUr dks viuk;s tkus us lektokn osQ Hkfo"; ij iz'u fpÉ yxkfn;k gSA

(3) Hkkjr ,d èkeZ&fujis{k jkT; gS (India is a Secular State): 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk /eZ&fujis{krk*dks Hkkjrh; jkT; dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk osQ :i esa izLrkouk esa LFkku fn;k x;kA bldks 'kkfey djus ls Hkkjrh;lafoèkku dh èkeZ&fujis{k izo`Qfr dks vkSj Li"V fd;k x;kA ,d jkT; osQ :i esa Hkkjr fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks fo'ks"kLrj ugha nsrkA Hkkjr esa ljdkjh èkeZ tSlh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA ;g ikfdLrku osQ bLykeh x.kjkT; vkSj vU; eqfLyens'kksa tSlh èkkfeZd fl¼kUr dh jktuhfr ls vius vki dks vyx djrk gSA vfèkd Js"B ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjrus lHkh èkeks± dks ,d leku vfèkdkj nsdj èkeZ&fujis{krk dks viuk;k gSA vuqPNsnksa 25 ls 28 rd lafoèkku lHkhukxfjdksa dks èkkfeZd LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA ;g lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fcuk i{kikr cjkcj osQ vfèkdkj Hkhnsrk gS vkSj vYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA jkT; ukxfjdksa dh èkkfeZd LorU=krk esa dksbZgLr{ksi ugha djrk vkSj lafoèkku èkkfeZd mís';ksa osQ fy, dj yxkus dh eukgh djrk gSA vySXtsUMªksfoDl(Alexandrowicks) fy[krs gSa] ¶Hkkjr ,d èkeZ&fujis{k ns'k gS tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, laoSèkkfud :i esaèkeZ dh LorU=krk dh O;oLFkk djrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks dksbZ fo'ks"k ntkZ ugha nsrkA èkeZ&fujis{krk Hkkjrh;lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk dk ,d Hkkx gS vkSj izLrkouk bl rF; dk Li"V :i esa o.kZu djrh gSA

(4) Hkkjr ,d yksdrkfU=kd jkT; gS (India is Democratic State): izLrkouk Hkkjr dks ,dyksdrU=kh; ns'k ?kksf"kr djrh gS] Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa ,d yksdrU=kh; iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ljdkj dhlÙkk yksxksa dh izHkqlÙkk ij fuHkZj gSA yksxksa dks leku jktuhfrd vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA lkoZtfud o;Ld erkfèkdkj]pquko yM+us dk vfèkdkj] ljdkjh in izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj] laxBu LFkkfir djus dk vfèkdkj vkSj ljdkjdh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk vkSj fojksèk djus dk vfèkdkj] vius fopkj izdV djus vkSj cksyus dh LorU=krk] izsldh LorU=krk vkSj 'kkfUriwoZd lHkk,¡ djus dh LorU=krk izR;sd ukxfjd dks nh xbZ gSA bu jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa

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osQ vkèkkj ij yksx jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA os viuh ljdkj fuokZfpr djrs gSaA viuh lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ fy,ljdkj yksxksa osQ lkeus mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA yksx pqukoksa osQ }kjk ljdkj dks ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA ljdkj dkslhfer 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA ;g lafoèkku osQ nk;js esa jg dj gh dk;Z dj ldrh gS] yksxksa osQ ikl gh izHkqlÙkk gSvkSj mudks ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr gSaA Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; lafoèkku }kjk fn, x, ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dklaj{kd gSA pquko fuèkkZfjr vUrjky osQ i'pkr~ gksrs gSa vkSj ;g Lora=k] fu;fer vkSj fu"i{k gksrs gSaA ekuovf/dkjksa dh vfèkdrj vPNs <ax ls j{kk djus osQ fy, laln us ekuo vfèkdkj ,DV] 1993 ikl fd;k vkSjbl mís'; osQ fy, jk"Vªh; vk;ksx LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

lafoèkku us lalnh; yksdrU=k dh O;oLFkk dh gSA ;g fczfV'k ekWMy ij vkèkkfjr gSA blesa vèkhu fo/kuikfydk

(laln) vkSj dk;Zikfydk (efU=ke.My) osQ chp xgjk lEcUèk gksrk gS vkSj dk;Zikfydk vius lHkh dk;ks± osQ

fy, laln osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA foèkkuikfydk vfo'okl izLrko ikl djosQ dk;Zikfydk dks gVk ldrh

gSA izèkkueU=kh ,p- Mh- nsoxkSM+k dh ljdkj dks vizSy] 1997 esa rc R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k Fkk tc og yksdlHkk

esa fo'okl dk er izkIr djus esa vliQy jgh FkhA blosQ i'pkr~ izèkkueU=kh Jh vkbZ- osQ- xqtjky osQ usr`Ro okyh

lk>s ekspsZ dh ljdkj yksdlHkk esa fo'okl dk er izkIr djus esa liQy jgh vkSj ;g yksdlHkk osQ ekpZ] 1998

esa gq, pquko rd cuh jghA ckjgoha yksdlHkk osQ pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ osQUnz esa ch- ts- ih- osQ usr`Ro esa ,d lk>h

ljdkj cuh tks vizSy] 1999 esa cgqer [kks cSBh ij 2004 esa pquko osQ ckn ;w- ih- ,- dh ljdkj cuhA 2009

osQ pqukoksa esa liQy gksus osQ ckn ;g nwljh ckj lÙkk esa vkbZ vkSj vHkh rd py jgh gSA vkSj 13oha yksdlHkk

dh pqukoksa rd vUrfje ljdkj dh rjg dk;Z djrh jghA

blls Li"V gS fd gekjk ns'k Hkkjr ,d ,slk xfr'khy yksdrU=k gS tgk¡ ljdkj ifjorZu dh izfozQ;k 'kkfUr vkSjO;ofLFkr <ax ls iw.kZ dh tkrh gSA

(5) Hkkjr ,d x.kjkT; gS (India is a Republic): izLrkouk Hkkjr dks ,d x.kjkT; ?kksf"kr djrh gSA

Hkkjr dk 'kklu fdlh jktk ;k euksuhr eqf[k;k osQ }kjk ugha pyk;k tkrkA jkT; dk vè;{k ,d fuokZfpr eqf[k;k

gksrk gS tksfd ,d fuèkkZfjr dk;Zdky osQ fy, viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA x.kjkT; dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs le;

eSMhlu dgrs gSa] ¶;g ,d ,slh ljdkj gksrh gS tks vius vfèkdkj izR;{k ;k vizR;{k <ax ls yksxksa dh egku~

laLFkk ls izkIr djrh gS vkSj ,sls yksxksa osQ }kjk pykbZ tkrh gS] tks yksxksa dh bPNk osQ vuqlkj gh vius inksa ij

lhfer le; osQ fy, ;k vPNs O;ogkj rd cus jg ldrs gSaA¸ Hkkjr mu 'krks± dks iw.kZ djrk gS vkSj blfy,

;g ,d x.kjkT; gSA izLrkouk esa fn;s 'kCn x.kjkT; dk vFkZ] ftldks Li"V djrs gq,] Mh- Mh- cklq dgrs gSa

fd ¶u osQoy gekjs ikl ns'k dk iSr`d jktk gksus osQ LFkku ij ,d fuokZfpr jk"Vªifr gksxk cfYd ns'k esa ,slh

dksbZ fo'ks"k 'kkld Js.kh Hkh ugha gksxh vkSj lHkh in NksVs&ls ysdj (jk"Vªifr osQ in lfgr) cM+s ls cM+s in lHkh

ukxfjdksa osQ fy, fcuk fdlh tkfr&ikfr] uLy] èkeZ ; fyax osQ i{kikr osQ [kqys gksaxsA

Hkkjr osQ x.kjkT; dh fLFkfr bldh jk"Vª&e.My dh lnL;rk ls Vdjko ugha djrhA vkLVsªfy;k osQ ,d HkwriwoZ

izèkkueU=kh lj jkWcVZ esaf”k”k osQ }kjk mBk, bl iz'u esa vfèkd ne ugha gS fd] ¶,d ,slk x.kjkT; oSQlk gks ldrk

gS tksfd jk"Vªe.My dk lnL; gks vkSj fczfV'k jktk@egkjkuh dks viuk eqf[k;k Lohdkj djrk gksA¸ Hkkjr okLro

esa ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu x.kjkT; gSA jk"Vªe.My dh lnL;rk bldh LosPNd dk;Zokgh gSA jk"Vªe.My la;qDr jk"Vª

osQ leku ,d eS=khiw.kZ laLFkk gS vkSj fczfV'k jktk@egkjkuh dh iz/kurk dh ,d fpÉkRed egÙkk gh gSA

(III) jkT; osQ mís'; (Objectives of the State)

lafoèkku dh izLrkouk pkj izeq[k mís';ksa dk o.kZu djrh gS tksfd ¶blosQ lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, izkIr fd, tkusgSaA¸

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(1) U;k; (Justice): Hkkjr dk lafoèkku lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;osQ mís'; dks Lohdkj djrk gSA LorU=krk dh jk"Vªh; ygj dk ,d izeq[k vkn'kZ lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrdU;k; ij vkèkkfjr lkekftd O;oLFkk izkIr djuk FkkA lkekftd igyw ls U;k; dk vFkZ ;g gS fd lekt esa dksbZHkh fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa okyh Js.kh u gks vkSj fdlh Hkh ukxfjd ls tkfr&ikfr] uLy] jax] èkeZ] fyax vkSj tUe LFkkuosQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ Hkh HksnHkko u fd;k tk,A Hkkjr us lkekftd U;k; dks ,d y{; osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;kgSA bl mís'; osQ fy, lafoèkku lHkh ukxfjdks dks leku dk vfèkdkj nsrk gS] Nqvk&Nwr dks ,d n.Muh; vijk/djkj nsrk gS] lekt osQ de”kksj oxks± osQ yksxksa dks 'ks"k ukxfjdksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k lqj{kk,¡ iznku djrk gSA

vkfFkZd U;k; dk vFkZ ;g gS fd vk;] èku vkSj vkfFkZd Lrj osQ vkèkkj ij euq";ksa osQ lkp dksbZ HksnHkko ughagksxkA blesa èku osQ U;k;ksfpÙk foHkktu ;k vkfFkZd lekurk] mRiknu osQ lkèkuksa ij ,dkfèkdkjiw.kZ fu;U=k.k dhlekfIr djosQ] vkfFkZd L=kksrksa dk foosQUnzhdj.k vkSj lHkh dks thou fuokZg osQ fy, mfpr volj iznku djusvkSj ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djus dk ladYi 'kkfey gSaA jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa dk mís'; Hkkjresa lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; vkSj dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djuk gSA lektokn osQ izfr opuc¼rk dk mís';Hkh lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; izkIr djus gSaA

jktuhfrd U;k; dk vFkZ yksxksa dks jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa ,d leku] volj nsuk gSA tkfr&ikfr] jax] uLy] èkeZ]fyax ;k tUe LFkku osQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk lHkh yksxksa dks ,d gh tSls jktuhfrd volj iznku djus dh O;oLFkkdjuk gSA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku lHkh yksxksa dks vius izfrfufèk;ksa dk fuokZpu djus vkSj ljdkjh in izkIr djus dkvfèkdkj nsrk gS ijUrq lkFk gh ljdkjh in izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj gSA jktuhfrd vfèkdkj iznku djukA

bl izdkj lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; lafoèkku dk ,d eq[; mís'; gSA tcfd jktuhfrd U;k;

mnkjoknh yksdrU=kh; iz.kkyh viuk dj LFkkfir dj fy;k x;k gSA lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; vHkh iw.kZ :i

ls izkIr fd;k tkuk ckdh gSA

(2) LorU=krk (Liberty): izLrkouk LorU=krk dks nwljk eq[; mís'; ?kksf"kr djrh gS jkT; dk dÙkZO; gS fd

;g yksxksa dh LorU=krk dks lqjf{kr djs] fopkjksa dks izdV djus dh LorU=krk iznku djsa] èkkfeZd fo'okl vkSj

iwtk ikB dh LorU=krk dks fo'oluh; cuk,A ekSfyd vfèkdkj iznku djus dk mís'; blh mís'; Hkh ;gh gS

O;fDr osQ O;fDrRo osQ iw.kZ :i ls fodflr gksus osQ fy, LorU=krk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g

vPNk thou thus osQ fy, Hkh vko';d 'krZ gksrh gSA

(3) lekurk (Equality): lekurk dks izLrkouk rhljk eq[; mís'; ?kksf"kr djrh gSA bls nks Hkkxksa esa izLrqr

fd;k x;k gS% (i) Lrj dh lekurk dkuwu dh n`f"V esa lHkh Hkkjrh; ,d leku gSaA (ii) volj dh lekurk èkeZ]

uLy] fyax] jax] tkfr&ikfr ;k fuokl vkfn osQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk leku voljksa dh miyfCèk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku

osQ vuqPNsn 14 vkSj 15 lekurk dk vfèkdkj iznku djrs gSaA vuqPNsn 16 osQ vèkhu lHkh dks ,d gh tSls volj

iznku djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh lafoèkku lekt osQ de”kksj oxZ gksus osQ ukrs vkSjrksa vkSj

cPpksa dks fo'ks"k lqj{kk Hkh iznku djrk gSA

(4) Hkzkr`Hkko (Fraternity): izLrkouk Li"V :i esa ?kksf"kr djrh gS fd yksxksa osQ ijLij HkkbZpkjs vkSj izse

dks c<+kok nsuk jkT; dk y{; gS&rkfd yksxksa esa HkkoukRed vkSj euksoSKkfud ,drk dh Hkkouk iSnk gksA blesa

euq"; dk lEeku cuk, j[kus vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk LFkkfir djus vkSj cuk, j[kus dk y{; Hkh

'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ekuoh; lEeku dks gekjh LorU=krk dh ygj esa cgqr gh mPp LFkku fn;k x;k FkkA

LorU=krk la?k"kZ bl ckr ls izsfjr Fkk fd fczfV'k 'kkldksa osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; yksxksa ls fd, tk jgs nwljs ntsZ osQ

O;ogkj dks lekIr fd;k tk,A blhfy, izLrkouk esa ;g fo'ks"k :i esa dgk x;k gS ekuoh; vknj vkSj jk"Vª dh

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,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks fo'oluh; cukrs gq, vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks c<+kok fn;k tk,A ;g y{; ekuo vfèkdkjksa

dh ?kks"k.k ls Hkh esy [kkrk gSA

bl izdkj Hkzkr`Hkko Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ ,d izeq[k mís'; gSaµ

(IV) lafoèkku dks viukus vkSj ikfjr djus dh frfFk

(Data of Adoption and Eactment of the Constitution)

izLrkouk osQ vfUre Hkkx esa ;g ,sfrgkfld rF; ntZ fd;k x;k gS fd lafoèkku 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks Lohdkjfd;k x;kA blh fnu gh lafoèkku ij lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ izèkku us gLrk{kj fd, vkSj bldks ykxw fd;k tkuk?kksf"kr fd;kA

(V) Lo&fufeZr lafoèkku (Self-made Constitution)

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku Lo&fufeZr lafoèkku gSA bls Hkkjr osQ yksxksa osQ }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfufèk laLFkk osQ :i esalafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk us rS;kj] Lohdkj vkSj ikl fd;k gSA oqQN vkykspd ;g roZQ nsrs gSa fd ;g ,d Loho`Qrlafoèkku ugha gS D;ksafd bl ij dHkh Hkh tuer&laxzg ugha djok;k x;kA ijUrq vkykspdksa dk ;g roZQ vf/drjlaoSèkkfud fo'ks"kK bl vkèkkj ij jí dj nsrs gSa fd lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk Hkkjr dh turk vkSj tuer dk iw.kZ:i ls izfrfufèkRo djrh Fkh vkSj blosQ }kjk lafoèkku dks rS;kj] Lohdkj vkSj ikl djus dk vFkZ bls lHkh yksxksaosQ }kjk Lohdkj vkSj ikl fd;k tkuk FkkA vejhdk osQ lafoèkku dks Hkh tuer&laxzg osQ fy, yksxksa osQ lkeusizLrqr ugha fd;k x;k FkkA bl izdkj Hkkjr dk lafoèkku Hkkjr osQ yksxksa osQ }kjk Lo&fufeZr] Loho`Qr vkSj ikfjrfd;k x;k vkSj viuk;k x;k lafo/ku gSA


cgq&fodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)%

4- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk 'kCn 'kkfey ugha gSµ

(a) tkfrokn (b) lektokn

(c) v[k.Mrk (d) èkeZ&fujis{krk

5- 'kCn ^lektokn* dks lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, fdl lu~ esa la'kksèku fd;k Fkk\

(a) 1975 (b) 1976

(c) 1977 (d) 1978

6- lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ^èkkfeZd Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj* dk o.kZu fdl vuqPNsn esa fd;k x;k gS\

(a) vuqPNsn 25 ls 28 (b) vuqPNsn 25 ls 29

(c) vuqPNsn 28 ls 35 (d) vuqPNsn 25 ls 30

1-3 izLrkouk dk egÙo (Importance of the Preamble)

izLrkouk dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djus osQ i'pkr~ blosQ egÙo dk vuqeku yxkuk ljy gks tkrk gSA ;glafoèkku osQ nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa dks is'k djrh gS vkSj blosQ mís'; Li"V djrh gSA eq[; U;k;kèkh'k lqCckjko usfcyoqQy mfpr dgk Fkk] ¶lafoèkku osQ :i esa tks mís'; izkIr djus dk y{; vkadk x;k gS og bldh izLrkouk

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ls iw.kZr;k Li"V gks tkrk gSA ;g 'kq¼ :i esa blosQ vkn'kks± vkSj vk'kkvksa dks n'kkZrk gSA¸ blh izdkj eq[;U;k;kèkh'k fgnk;rmYyk us Hkh dgk] ¶izLrkouk la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh LorU=krk dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vuq:i gS]ijUrq ;g fuf'pr gh ?kks"k.kk ls oqQN vfèkd gSA ;g gekjs lafoèkku dh vkRek gS vkSj gekjs jktuhfrd lektosQ <axksa dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gS ftldks fd ;g ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] yksdrU=kh; x.kjkT; ?kksf"kr dj nsrh gSA blesa,d ,slk n`<+ fu'p; 'kkfey gS tks ozQkfUr osQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh cny ugha ldrkA¸

okLro es izLrkouk lafoèkku dh O;k[;k dh oqQath gSA ;g lafoèkku osQ fl¼kUrksa] vkn'kks± vkSj mís';ksa dh ckrdjrh gSA ;g lafoèkku osQ ekSfyd lajpuk osQ <kaps dk ,d vax gSA blh izLrkouk osQ vkèkkj ij gh Hkkjr dklafoèkku vius vki dks ,d lkekftd ozQkfUr osQ izfr opuc¼ djrk gSA izLrkouk mu fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dksn'kkZrh gS ftudks izkIr djus osQ fy, lafoèkku opuc¼ gSA

D;k izLrkouk lafoèkku dk ,d vax gS\ (Is the Preamble a Part of the Constitution?)

cs:ckjh ;wfu;u vkSj oqQN {ks=kksa (Enclaves) osQ gLrkarj.k ls lEcfUèkr jk"Vªifr }kjk ekaxs x, ijke'kZ osQ ckjsesa viuk ijke'kZ nsrs gq, loksZPp U;k;y; us dgk Fkk fd ¶izLrkouk blosQ fuekZrkvksa dh lksp dks izdV djusokyh ,d oqQath gS--- ijUrq izLrkouk lafoèkku dk Hkkx ugha gSA¸ ijUrq ckn esa osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh; eqdíes osQ fu.kZ;esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us viuk fu.kZ; cny fn;k vkSj dgk fd izLrkouk lafoèkku dk ,d Hkkx gSA pkgs fd ;gykxw djus ;ksX; ugha gS] rks Hkh ;g lafoèkku dk ,d Hkkx gS okLro esa izLrkouk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ ekSfydlajpuk dk ,d fo'ks"k vkSj egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA Hkkjrh; laln us bl rF; dks Lohdkj fd;k gS vkSj blhfy,lafoèkku osQ }kjk fd, x, la'kksèku izfozQ;k osQ vuqlkj gh 42oka la'kksèku ikl djosQ lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esaoqQN vU; 'kCn tksM+s x, gSaA bl izdkj izLrkouk dks vc lafoèkku dk ,d Hkkx] ,d ifo=k Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA¶izLrkouk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh vkRek gS D;ksafd blesa ekSfyd fl¼kUr 'kkfey gSa vkSj ;g lafo/ku dh ekSfydlajpuk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSaA¸ ;g Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk dh ifjHkk"kk nsrh gS vkSj blfy, ;gvius&vki esa Hkh ekSfyd lajpuk dk ,d Hkkx gSA

VkLd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk osQ egRo ij vius fopkj O;Dr djsaA


7- lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa oqQN vU; 'kCn tksM+s x, Fks lafoèkku osQ --------- la'kksèku esa

(a) 38osa (b) 42osa (c)36osa (d)44osa

1-4 Hkkjr dk lafoèkku % izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ (Constitution of India: SalientFeatures)

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku vius O;kid vkdkj] ,dkRed&la?kokn] ypd vkSj dBksjrk osQ feJ.k rFkk fofHkUuladVdkyhu fLFkfr dk lekèkku djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k izkoèkkuksa lfgr ,d vuqie lafoèkku gS tksfd 1950 lsysdj vkt rd liQyrk ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa dk ;g iz;kl Fkk fd jk"Vª dks ,d u;kO;ogkj&oqQ'ky lafoèkku iznku fd;k tk, tksfd jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk rFkk fodkl izkIr djus esa leFkZgks vkSj jk"Vª&fuekZ.k vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd iqufuZekZ.k dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, vkèkkj ns losQA blhfy,mUgksaus vU; lafo/kuksa dh mu fo'ks"krk,¡ tksfd Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k rFkk jk"Vªh; vko';drkvksa osQ fy, mi;qDr

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vkSj vko';d Fkha] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa 'kkfey djus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj os dkI+kQh lhek rd vius bl mís';esa liQy Hkh jgsA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa cksyrs gq, Mk- vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk fd ¶eSa le>rk gw¡ fd ;g(lafo/ku) O;ogkj&oqQ'ky gS] ;g ypdhyk gS vkSj ;g veu vkSj ;q¼ nksuksa le; ij ns'k dks ,dtqV j[kusosQ fy, dkI+kQh 'kfDr'kkyh gSA lR; gh eSa ;g dg ldrk gwa] ;fn lafoèkku osQ vèkhu ifjfLFkfr;ka nwf"kr gks tkrhgSa rks bldk dkj.k ;g ugha gksxk fd gekjk lafoèkku de”kksj gS] cfYd gesa ;g dguk iM+sxk fd bldk dkj.kekuoh; =kqfV gSA¸

Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1- fyf[kr vkSj foLr`r lafoèkku (Written and Detalied Constitution): Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,dfyf[kr vkSj foLr`r nLrkos”k gSA blesa 444 vuqPNsn gSa tks 22 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gSa blesa 12 vuqlwfp;ka 'kkfeygSa vkSj blesa 103 laoSèkkfud la'kksèku Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk pqosQ gSaA tSfuax”k (Jennings) bldks ¶fo'o dklcls cM+k fyf[kr lafoèkku¸ ?kksf"kr djrs gSaA ;g vejhdh lafoèkku] ftlosQ 7 vuqPNsn vkSj 27 la'kksèku gSa]tkikuh lafoèkku] ftlosQ 103 vuqPNsn gSa vkSj izQkalhlh lafoèkku] ftlosQ 92 vuqPNsn gSa] ls dgha cM+k gSA

lafoèkku osQ fuekZrk fdlh Hkh fo"k; osQ izfr mis{kk dk volj ugha nsuk pkgrs Fks D;ksafd os LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~ns'k esa fo|eku lkekftd&vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd leL;kvksa osQ izfr iw.kZr;k lpsr FksA vusdksa vuqie fo'ks"krk,¡'kkfey djus tSls jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUr] ladVdky fLFkfr dh O;oLFkk,¡] Hkk"kk;h O;oLFkk,¡] vuqlwfprtkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj vU; fiNM+h Jsf.k;ksa ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk,¡] fuokZpu vk;ksx] la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx(UPSC) vkSj jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksxksa vkfn tSlh laoSèkkfud laLFkkvksa dh O;oLFkkvksa us lafoèkku dks dkI+kQhyEck dj fn;kA osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ fy, lk>k lafoèkku cukus osQ fu.kZ; us Hkh bldh yEckbZ c<+kbZA blosQ lkFkgh ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa] la?k jkT; lEcUèkksa] lafoèkku dh vuqlwfp;ksa vkfn tSlh O;oLFkkvksa dks foLrkj esa fy[kusosQ dkj.k Hkh bldk foLrkj gqvkA bUgha dkj.kksa ls lafoèkku yxHkx 400 i`"Bksa dh ,d iqLrd cu x;kA fiQjle;≤ ij ikl gq, laoSèkkfud la'kksèkuksa us blosQ vkdkj dks vkSj vfèkd foLr`r dj fn;kA

lafoèkku osQ O;kid vkdkj osQ dkj.k gh bldh ¶odhyksa dk LoxZ dg dj vkykspuk dh xbZ vkSj vfèkd 'kCnksaosQ iz;ksx us bldks vfèkd tfVy vkSj dBksj cuk fn;kA ijUrq] tSlk fd igys gh fy[kk tk pqdk gS] lafoèkkuosQ fo'kky vkdkj dk dkj.k Fkk tgka rd laHko gks losQ izR;sd fo"k; dks Li"V :i esa fy[kus vkSj lekèkkudjus dk fu.kZ;A 1950 ls lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus ij blosQ dk;Z&O;ogkj ls irk yxrk gS fd blosQ cgqr cM+svkdkj us ckèkk ugha MkyhA oqQN O;oLFkk,¡ tSls fd èkkjk 31 osQ vèkhu lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj (ftldks vc HkkxIII esa ls fudky fn;k x;k gS) dks NksM+ dj lafoèkku osQ cM+s us bldh O;k[;k djus esa dksbZ fo'ks"k leL;k[kM+h ugha dhA cfYd 'kkfUr vkSj ;q¼ nksuksa voljksa ij ns'k dks mÙke O;oLFkk vkSj vko';d LFkkf;Ro iznku djusdk dk;Z fd;k gSA

2- LofufeZr vkSj ikfjr gqvk lafoèkku (Self-made and Enacted Constitution): Hkkjr dklafoèkku ,d ,slk lafoèkku gS tks Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh viuh fuokZfpr izHkqlÙkkiw.kZ izfrfufèk laLFkk lafo/ku fuekZ.klHkk osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA ;g lHkk fnlEcj] 1946 esa oSQfcusV fe'ku ;kstuk osQ vèkhu xfBr dh xbZFkhA blus viuk izFke vfèkos'ku 9 fnlEcj] 1946 dks fd;k vkSj 22 tuojh 1947 dks viuk mís'; izLrkoikl fd;k FkkA blosQ i'pkr~ blus lafoèkku fuekZ.k dk dk;Z Bhd fn'kk esa rhozrk ls vkjEHk fd;k vkSj ;gvUrr% 26 uoEcj] 1949 dks lafoèkku ikfjr djus vkSj viukus dh fLFkfr esa igqaphA bl izdkj Hkkjrh; lafo/kuLofufeZr gS vkSj bls mfpr :i esa ikfjr fd;k x;k gSA oqQN vkykspd bl vkèkkj ij bl fopkj dks Lohdkjugha djrs fd lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk cgqr FkksM+s&ls ernkrkvksa us gh fuokZfpr dh Fkh tksfd tula[;k osQ 20izfr'kr Hkkx ls Hkh de Fks vkSj ;g Hkh lkEiznkf;d pquko e.Myksa osQ vkèkkj ij fuokZfpr dh xbZ FkhA ijUrqcgqr cM+h la[;k esa fo}ku~ bl vkykspuk dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA mudk dguk gS fd lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk iw.kZr;k

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izfrfufèk laLFkk Fkh vkSj bldks ykxksa osQ }kjk fn, izHkqlÙkk lEiUu vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, blus lafoèkkudk fuekZ.k fd;k FkkA

3- lafoèkku dh izLrkouk (Preamble to the Constitution): Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh izLrkouk ,dvPNh rjg rS;kj fd;k nLrkos”k gS tksfd lafoèkku osQ n'kZu vkSj mís';ksa dk o.kZu djrh gSA ;g ?kks"k.kk djrhgS fd Hkkjr ,d ,slk izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ&fujis{k] yksdrU=kh;&x.kjkT; ftlesa yksxksa dh U;k;]LorU=krk vkSj lekurk iznku djus vkSj HkkbZpkfjd lka>] O;fDrxr vknj] jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dksmRlkfgr djus vkSj LFkkfir j[kus dk opu fn;k x;k gSA izLrkouk osQ vkjEHk esa izLrkouk dks Hkkjrh; lafoèkkudk Hkkx ugha ekuk x;k Fkk ijUrq loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh osQl esa fn, x, fu.kZ; osQ i'pkr~bldks lafoèkku dk ,d Hkkx eku fy;k x;k gSA blesa 42oka la'kksèku (1976) osQ }kjk la'kks/u fd;k x;k vkSj'kCn ^lektokn*] ^èkeZ&fujis{k* vkSj ^v[k.Mrk* blesa 'kkfey fd, x,A

4- Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ&fujis{k yksdrU=kh;] x.kjkT; gS (India is a Sover-

eign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic): tSls fd izLrkouk esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS]Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ&fujis{k] yksdrU=kh; x.kjkT; gSA ;s fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkkjrh; jkT; osQ ikapizeq[k y{k.kksa dks izdV djrh gSa%

(i) Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk&lEiUu jkT; gS (India is a Sovereign State): izLrkouk ?kksf"kr djrh gS fdHkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jkT; gSA ;g blfy, vko';d Fkk fd Hkkjr ij fczfV'k 'kklu lekIr gks pqdk FkkvkSj Hkkjr fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ vèkhu ugha jgk FkkA blus 15 vxLr] 1947 dks fczfV'k 'kklu dh lekfIr osQi'pkr~ Hkkjr dks rduhdh :i esa feys vkSifuosf'kd Lrj osQ lekIr gksus dh Hkh iqf"V Hkh blesa dh xbZA lafoèkkufuekZ.k lHkk osQ }kjk lafoèkku dks viukus ls ;g vkSifuosf'kd fLFkfr lekIr gks xbZ vkSj Hkkjr iw.kZr;k LorU=kns'k osQ :i esa fo'o ekufp=k ij mHkj dj lkeus vk;kA blus LorU=krk osQ la?k"kZ osQ ifj.kke dh ?kks"k.kk dhvkSj bl ckr dh iqf"V dh fd Hkkjr vkarfjd vkSj cká :i esa vius fu.kZ; Lo;a ysus vkSj budks vius yksxksavkSj {ks=kksa osQ fy, ykxw djus osQ fy, LorU=k gSA

(ii) Hkkjr ,d lektoknh jkT; gS (India is a socialist State): pkgs fd vkjEHk ls gh Hkkjrh;lafoèkku esa lektokn dh Hkkouk 'kkfey Fkh] ijUrq bls Li"V djus osQ fy, izLrkouk esa lektokn dk 'kCn'kkfey djus osQ fy, blesa 1976 esa la'kksèku fd;k x;kA blls bl rF; dk irk yxrk gS fd Hkkjr lHkh izdkjosQ 'kks"k.k dh lekfIr djosQ vkSj vk;] L=kksrksa dh lEifÙk dh mfpr ckaV djosQ vius yksxksa osQ fy, lkekftd]vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k; izkIr djus osQ fy, izfrc¼ gSA ijUrq ;g ekDlZ@ozQkfUrdkjh <axksa ls ugha cfYd'kkfUriwoZd] laoSèkkfud vkSj yksdrU=kh; <axksa osQ }kjk izkIr fd, tkus osQ izfr cpuc¼ gSA ;g 'kCn] fd Hkkjr,d lektoknh ns'k gS] dk okLro esa vFkZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr ,d yksdrU=kh; lektoknh ns'k gSA blls lkekftdvkfFkZd U;k; osQ izfr opuc¼rk dk irk yxrk gS tksfd ns'k osQ }kjk yksdrU=kh; O;ogkj vkSj laxfBr fu;kstuosQ }kjk izkIr dh tkuh gSA fdUrq 1991 esa mnkjhdj.k futhdj.k vkSj fof'odj.k dh ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr viuk,tkus osQ ckn bl ij iz'u fpÉ yxk;k x;k gSA

(iii) Hkkjr ,d èkeZ&fujis{k jkT; gS (India is a Secular State): 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk Hkkjr jkT;dh vU; fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kCn ¶èkeZ&fujis{krk¸ Hkh izLrkouk esa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA blosQ 'kkfey djusdk lkekU; rkSj ij vFkZ ;g gS fd ;g Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ èkeZ&fujis{k Lo:i dks vkSj vfèkd Li"V djrkgS ,d jkT; (ns'k) gksus osQ ukrs Hkkjr fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks dksbZ fo'ks"k ntkZ ugha nsrkA Hkkjr dk dksbZ ljdkjh èkeZugha gSA blls ;g ekSfydoknh ;k èkeZ vkèkkfjr jkT;ksa] tSlk fd ikfdLrku vkSj vU; eqfLye ns'kksa osQ jkT;ksa lsvyx cu tkrk gSA gk¡] ldkjkRed igyw ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa lHkh èkeks± dks ,d&leku vfèkdkj vkSj LorU=krk

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nsdj èkeZ&fujis{krk dh uhfr viukbZ xbZ gSA vuqPNsnksa 25 ls 28 rd lafoèkku vius lHkh ukxfjdksa dks èkkfeZdLorU=krk dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA ;g fcuk fdlh i{kikr osQ vius lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku vfèkdkj nsrk gS]vYi&la[;dksa dh fo'ks"k :i esa lqj{kk nsus dk iz;kl djrk gSA jkT; ukxfjdksa dh èkkfeZd LorU=krk esa gLr{ksiugha djrk vkSj èkkfeZd mís';ksa osQ fy, fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ dj ugha yxk ldrkA

(iv) Hkkjr ,d yksdrU=kh; jkT; gS (India a Democratic State): lafoèkku dh izLrkouk Hkkjr dks,d yksdrU=kh; jkT; ?kksf"kr djrh gSA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d yksdrU=kh; iz.kkyh LFkkfir djrk gS& ljdkj dhlÙkk yksxksa dh izHkqlÙkk ij fuHkZj gSA yksxksa dks leku jktuhfrd vfèkdkj izkIr gSA tSls fd lkoZtfud o;Lderkfèkdkj] pquko yM+us dk vfèkdkj] ljdkjh in izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj] laxBu LFkkfir djus dk vf/dkjvkSj ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk vkSj mudk fojksèk djus dk vfèkdkjA bu vfèkdkjksa osQ vk/kj ij gh yksxjktuhfr dh izfozQ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA os viuh ljdkj dk fuokZpu Lo;a djrs gSaA pquko fuèkkZfjr vUrjky osQ ckn;k fiQj tc Hkh budh vko';drk gks] rc djok, tkrs gSaA ;g pquko LorU=k] mfpr vkSj fu"i{k gksrs gSa ljdkjviuh lHkh dk;Zokfg;ksa osQ fy, yksxksa osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA yksx pqukoksa osQ }kjk ljdkj cny ldrs gSaAdksbZ Hkh og ljdkj lÙkk esa ugha jg ldrh ftlesa yksxksa osQ izfrfufèk;ksa dk fo'okl u gksA vizSy] 1997 esaizèkkueU=kh ,p- Mh- nsoxkSM+k dh ljdkj dks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k Fkk D;ksafd ;g yksdlHkk esa fo'okl dk izLrkoizkIr djus esa vliQy jgh FkhA vizSy] 1998 esa Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h osQ usr`Ro esa ch- ts- ih- xBcaèkuljdkj us 'kklu&Hkkj laHkkyk ijUrq ;g ljdkj Hkh vizSy] 1999 esa ,d oksV dh deh osQ dkj.k yksdlHkk lsviuk fo'okl er izkIr u dj ldhA blus viuk R;kx&i=k ns fn;k vkSj 12oha yksdlHkk Hkax dj nh xbZ rFkk,d ckj fiQj yksxksa dks viuh ljdkj pquus dk volj fn;k x;kA flrEcj&vDrwcj 1999 osQ pqukoksa esa yksxksaus jk"Vªh; yksdrU=kh; xBcaèku dks cgqer fn;k vkSj 13 vDrwcj 1999 dks bl xBcaèku us Hkkjr esa ,d ubZyksdrU=kh; ljdkj dk xBu fd;k tksfd vizSy 2004 rd lÙkk:<+ jghA fiQj 14oha yksdlHkk osQ pquko ifj.kkeksaosQ vkèkkj ij dkaxzsl osQ usr`Ro esa ;w- ih- ,- ljdkj dk xBu ebZ 2004 esa gqvkA 2009 osQ pquko esa ;g nksckjklÙkk esa vkbZ vkSj ;g vkt rd lÙkk:<+ gSA bl izdkj esa ,d xfreku yksdrU=kh; iz.kkyh gSA blesa ljdkj cnyusdk dk;Z 'kkfUriw.kZ ,oa O;ofLFkr <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkj turk vkSj tuer dk izfrfuèkRo djrh gS vkSjvius izR;sd dk;Z osQ fy, turk osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; yksdrU=k dks fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrU=kgksus dk lEeku izkIr gS blosQ ihNs Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku gSA

(v) Hkkjr ,d x.kjkT; gS (India is a Republic): lafoèkku dh izLrkouk Hkkjr dks ,d x.kjkT; ?kksf"krdjrh gSA Hkkjr ij fdlh jktk ;g mlosQ }kjk euksuhr eqf[k;k osQ }kjk 'kklu ugha pyk;k tkrkA Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifrdks laln osQ rFkk jkT;ksa dh foèkku lHkkvksa osQ lnL;ksa ls cus fuokZpu e.My osQ }kjk pquk tkrk gS vkSj ogik¡p lky osQ dk;Zdky osQ fy, dk;Z djrk gSA Hkkjr osQ ,d x.kjkT; gksus dh fLFkfr dk jk"Vªe.My dh Hkkjrh;lnL;rk dk fdlh Hkh <ax ls dksbZ Vdjko ugha gSA

5- Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk ,d la?k gS (India is a Union of States): lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 1 ?kksf"kr djrkgS% Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk ,d feyu gSA ;g Hkkjr dks u rks ,d la?kkRed jkT; vkSj u gh ,d ,dkRed jkT; ?kksf"krdjrk gSA bl fopkj ls nks egÙoiw.kZ i{k lkeus vkrs gSaA ¶igyk ;g fd Hkkjr ,d ,slk la?k ugha tks izHkqlÙkklEiUu jkT;ksa osQ }kjk ijLij lgefr osQ ifj.kke osQ :i esa vfLrRo esa vk;k gks] tSls fd la;qDr jkT; vejhdkvkSj nwljh ckr ;g gS fd Hkkjr dh Hkkxhnkj bdkb;ksa (izns'kksa) dks blls vyx gksus dk dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha gSAlafoèkku osQ }kjk Hkkjr dks 29 Hkkx ,] Hkkx ch] Hkkx lh vkSj Hkkx Mh esa ckaVk x;k FkkA 1956 esa iquxZBu osQi'pkr~ Hkkjr dk 16 jkT;ksa vkSj 3 osQUnz iz'kkflr {ks=kksa esa iquxZBu fd;k x;kA èkhjs&èkhjs dbZ ifjorZuksa osQ }kjkvkSj flDde osQ Hkkjrh; la?k esa 'kkfey gks tkus ij jkT;ksa dh la[;k cnyrh jgh gSA Hkkjr esa vc 28 jkT; vkSj7 osQUnz iz'kkflr {ks=k gSaA

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6- la?kh; <kapk vkSj ,dkRed Hkkouk (Federal Structure and a Unitary Spirit): Hkkjr dklafoèkku ,dkRed Hkkouk okyh la?kh; lajpuk gh LFkkfir djrk gSA fo}ku~ Hkkjr dks ,d ¶v/Z&iSQMjs'ku¸(Quasi-Federation) (osQ- lh- àh;j) ;k ,dkRed vk/kj okyh iSQMjs'ku ;k ,dho`Qr la?kkRed dg nsrsgSaA ,d la?kkRed jkT; osQ leku Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ;s O;oLFkk,¡ LFkkfir djrk gS% (i) osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu (ii) ,d fyf[kr vkSj dBksj lafoèkku (iii) lafoèkku dh loksZPprk (iv) LorU=kU;k;ikfydk ftldks fd 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu osQ ckjs es osQUnz&jkT; >xM+ksa osQ fu.kZ; dk Hkh vfèkdkj gS] vkSj(v) nks&lnuh; lalnA ijUrq cgqr gh 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz] lk>k lafoèkku] ,dy ukxfjdrk] ladVdky fLFkfr dhO;oLFkk] lk>k pquko deh'ku] lk>h vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk djosQ lafoèkku Li"V :i esa ,dkRedHkkouk dks izdV djrk gSA la?kokn vkSj ,dkRedokn dk feJ.k Hkkjrh; lekt osQ cgqyoknh Lo:i vkSj {ks=kh;fofHkUurkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dh vko';drk osQ dkj.k fd;k x;k gSAizFke us la?kokn osQ i{k esa fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, foo'k fd;k vkSj nwljh us ,dkRedrk dh Hkkouk dks viukukvko';d cuk fn;kA bl izdkj Hkkjr dk lafoèkku u rks iw.kZr;kla?kh; gS vkSj u gha ,dkRed cfYd ;g nksuksadk feJ.k gSA ;g vkaf'kd :i esa la?kh; vkSj vkaf'kd :i esa ,dkRed jkT; gSA (Mh- ,u- cSuthZ)

7- dBksjrk vkSj ypd'khyrk dk feJ.k (Mixture of Rigidity and Flexibility): Hkkjr dklafoèkku dbZ fo"k;ksa ij la'kksèku osQ fy, ,d dBksj lafoèkku gSA bldh oqQN O;oLFkk,¡ cgqr dfBu <ax lsla'kksfèkr dh tk ldrh gSa tcfd nwljs oqQN izkoèkkuksa esa cM+h vklkuh ls la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gSA oqQN ekeyksaesa laln lafoèkku osQ oqQN Hkkx dks osQoy ,d dkuwu ikfjr djosQ gh la'kksfèkr dj ldrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ :iesa u, jkT; cukus] fdlh jkT; osQ {ks=k c<+k;s ;k ?kVkus] ukxfjdrk ls lEcfUèkr fu;e] fdlh jkT; dh foèkkuifj"kn~ dks LFkkfir djus ;k lEkIr djus ls lEcfUèkr la'kksèku vklkuh ls ikfjr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ vuqPNsn249 osQ vèkhu ;g fdlh jkT; fo"k; dks jkT; lHkk nks frgkbZ cgqer ls ,d jk"Vªh; egÙo dk fo"k; ?kksf"krdj ldrh gS vkSj mls ,d o"kZ osQ fy, osQUnzh; laln osQ dkuwu fuekZ.k osQ vfèkdkj {ks=k esa yk ldrh gSA blhizdkj vuqPNsn 312 osQ vèkhu blh <ax osQ }kjk og dksbZ Hkh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok laxfBr dj ldrh gS ;klekIr dj ldrh gSA ;g fo'ks"krk lafoèkku dh ypd'khyrk dks n'kkZrh gSA

ijUrq vuqPNsn 368 osQ vèkhu lafoèkku esa la'kksèku osQ fy, fuEu O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS%

(1) vfèkdrj laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa esa la'kksèku laln osQ }kjk oqQy lnL;ksa dh cgqla[;k ls vkSj fo|ekulnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls nksuksa lnuksa }kjk ,d la'kksèku fcy ikl dj osQ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(2) oqQN fo'ks"k laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa esa la'kksèku osQ fy, ,d vR;ar dBksj O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA igys oqQNfo"k;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa ,d la'kksèku izLrko laln osQ oqQy lnL;rk osQ cgqer vkSj mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZcgqer ls vkSj nksuksa lnuksa esa vyx&vyx izLrkoksa dk ikl gksuk vko';d gS vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ bldh iqf"VosQ de&ls&de vkèkZ jkT;ksa dh jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa ls gksuk vko';d gSA bl <ax osQ }kjk la'kksèku fuEu fo"k;ksaij fd;k tkrk gS% (i) jk"Vªifr osQ pquko dk <ax (ii) la?kh; dh dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa dh {ks=k lhek (iii)jkT; dk;Zikfydkvksa dh 'kfDr dh {ks=k&lhek (iv) la?kh; U;k;ikfydk ls lEcfUèkr izko/ku (v) jkT;ksa osQ mPpU;k;ky;ksa ls lEcfUèkr izkoèkku (vi) oSèkkfud 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu (vii) laln esa jkT;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro (viii)

lafoèkku esa la'kksèku dk <ax vkSj (ix) lafoèkku dh lkroha vuqlwphA

ijUrq okLro esa lafoèkku ypdhyk fl¼ gqvk gSA bl ckr dk izek.k ;g gS fd 1950 ls 2005 rd lafoèkkuesa 92 la'kksèku fd, x,A dkaxzsl dh izHkkoh fLFkfr (1950&77)] (1980&89) osQ dkj.k lafoèkku esa okrkoj.kosQ vuqlkj ifjorZu fd, x, vkSj dbZ ladVdky fLFkfr;ksa tSlk fd iatkc vkSj tEew vkSj d'ehj esa osQUnzh;'kklu dh vofèk c<+kus osQ fy, Hkh oqQN la'kksèku fd, x,A ;gk¡ rd fd 1989 esa cuh lk>s ekspsZ dh ljdkj]

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dks Hkh vius 'kklu osQ ,d o"kZ esa 4 la'kksèku djus iM+sA vc rd lafoèkku esa 103 la'kksèku ikl gks pqosQ gSaAvkSj 86 la'kksèku fcy ikl fd, tkus dh izfozQ;k esa gSaA

8- ekSfyd vfèkdkj (Fundamental Rights): Hkkx III esa vuqPNsn 12&35 osQ vèkhu Hkkjr dklafoèkku vius ukxfjdksa dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj iznku djrk gSA vkjEHk esa 7 ekSfyd vfèkdkj fn, x, Fks ijUrqckn esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh Js.kh esa ls (42oha laoSèkkfud la'kksèku 1976 }kjk) lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj lekIrdj fn;k x;k vkSj bl izdkj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh la[;k ?kV dj 6 jg xbZ gSA ijUrq izR;sd ekSfyd vfèkdkjesa cgqr&ls vfèkdkj vkSj LorU=krk,¡ 'kkfey gSaA ukxfjdksa osQ 6 ekSfyd vfèkdkj fuEufyf[kr gSa%

(i) lekurk dk vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 14&18) [Right to Equality (Article 14-18)]: blosQvuqlkj] dkuwu osQ lkeus lHkh ukxfjd leku gSa] blesa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk HksnHkko u fd, tkus dh O;oLFkkdh xbZ gSA lHkh dks leku volj iznku djus] Nwr&Nkr dh oqQizFkk lekIr djus vkSj mikfèk;ka lekIr djus dhO;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gSA

(ii) LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 19&22) [Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)]: vuqPNsn19 esa 6 ekSfyd LorU=krk,¡ 'kkfey gSa&Hkk"k.k nsus vkSj vius fopkjksa dks izdV djus dh LorU=krk] laxBu@laLFkk,¡LFkkfir djus dh LorU=krk] fcuk 'kL=k fy, 'kkfUriwoZd lHkk,¡ djus dh LorU=krk] Hkkjr esa lHkh LFkkuksa ij ?kweusdh LorU=krk] fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa tkdj clus dh LorU=krk vkSj dksbZ Hkh O;olk;] O;kikj ;k jks”kxkj viukus dhLorU=krkA vuqPNsn 20 O;fDrxr LorU=krk vkSj vfHk;qDrksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks lqj{kk iznku djrk gSA vuqPNsn 21O;oLFkk djrk gS fd dkuwu osQ vuqlkj dh tkus okyh fdlh dk;Zokgh osQ fcuk fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks thforjgus vkSj LorU=krk osQ vfèkdkj ls foghu ugha j[kk tk ldrkA vc 86osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku esa 21&A èkkjk'kkfey dh xbZ ftlosQ }kjk 6 ls 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ cPpksa dks f'k{kk dk vf/dkj iznku fd;k x;k gSAvuqPNsn 22 osQ vèkhu jkT; }kjk fdlh O;fDr dh fxjÝrkjh osQ lEcUèk esa izkoèkku ntZ fd, x, gSa rkfd fdlhHkh ukxfjd dh LorU=krk dks LosPNkpkjh <ax ls iqfyl lhfer u dj losQA

(iii) 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 23&24) (Right against Exploitation): ;g ekSfydvfèkdkj vkSjrksa dks [kjhn&csp] csxkj (caèkqvkJe) vkSj [krjs okys LFkkuksa ij cky e”knwjh dh eukgh djrk gSA

(iv) èkeZ dh LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 25&28) (Right to Freedom of Religion)

(Articles 25-28): bl vfèkdkj esa psruk] èkeZ vkSj ikB&iwtk dh LorU=krk 'kkfey gSA ;g lHkh èkeks± dksvius&vius èkkfeZd LFkkuksa dk fuekZ.k djus vkSj budks pykus dh LorU=krk nsrk gSA vuqPNsn 27 esa ;g O;oLFkkdh xbZ gS fd fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks fdlh èkeZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, iSlk ,df=kr djus osQ fy, dksbZ dj nsus osQfy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA jkT; fdlh Hkh èkeZ osQ fy, dksbZ dj ugha yxk ldrk vkSj vuqnku nsrs le;jkT; èkeZ osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ i{kikr ugha dj ldrkA vuqPNsn 28 ljdkjh vkSj ljdkjh lárk ysus okys LowQyksavkSj dkWytksa esa èkkfeZd f'k{kk nsus dh eukgh djrk gSA

(v) lkaLo`Qfrd vkSj 'kSf{kd vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 29&30) (Cultural and Educational Rights)

(Articles 29-30): bl osQ vèkhu lafoèkku esa vYila[;dksa osQ vfèkdkjksa] mudh Hkk"kkvksa vkSj laLo`Qfr;ksa dkslqjf{kr j[kus vkSj fodflr djus dh O;oLFkk gSA ;g mudks viuh f'k{kk laLFkk,¡ LFkkfir djus] cuk, j[kus vkSjpykus dk vfèkdkj Hkh nsrk gSA

(vi) laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 32) (Right to Constitutional Remedies)

(Art. 32): ;g ekSfyd vfèkdkj iw.kZ vfèkdkj i=k dh vkRek gSA ;g U;k;ky;ksa osQ }kjk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dksykxw djus vkSj mudh lqj{kk djus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ekSfyd vf/dkj ykxw djusosQ fy, vko';d funsZ'k vkSj vkns'k tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA

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Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ vc N% ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSaA lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj vc ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lwph lsfudkyk gqvk gS vkSj ;g vc vuqPNsn 300&, osQ vèkhu ,d dkuwuh vfèkdkj gSA

ekSfyd vfèkdkj iznku djrs vkSj budh xkjaVh nsrs gq,] lafoèkku us bu ij dbZ viokn Hkh ykxw fd, gSaA ;gizfrcUèk lkoZtfud 'kkfUr vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk] uSfrdrk] jkT; dh lqj{kk vkSj Hkkjr dh izHkqlÙkk vkSj Hkw&{ks=kh;v[k.Mrk LFkkfir j[kus osQ fgr esa ykxw fd, x, gSaA blls Hkh vfèkd bu vfèkdkjksa esa vuqPNsn 368 osQ vèkhucrk, x, <ax osQ vuqlkj la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªh; ladVdky fLFkfr osQle; ;s LFkfxr Hkh fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(9) jk"Vªh; ekuo vfèkdkj vk;ksx vkSj ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk (The national Human

Rights Commision (NHRC) and Protection of Human Rights of the People):

Hkkjr osQ yksxksa osQ lHkh yksdrU=kh; vkSj ekuo vfèkdkjksa dks vfèkd vPNh rjg ls lqj{kk iznku djus osQ fy,osQUnzh; laln us 1993 esa ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ ckjs vfèkfu;e ikl fd;kA blosQ v/hu Hkkjr osQ ,dlsok&eqDr U;k;kèkh'k osQ usr`Ro esa ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh; ekuo vfèkdkj vk;ksx LFkkfirfd;k x;kA ;g ,d LorU=k vk;ksx gS bls yksxksa osQ ekuo vfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku dks jksdus osQ fy, vkSj ekuovfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku fl¼ gks tkus ij ihfM+r yksxksa osQ fy, {kfriwfrZ djus dk vkns'k nsus osQ fy, ,d ukxfjdU;k;ky; dk ntkZ izkIr gSA vke yksxksa osQ ekuo&vfèkdkjksa vkSj fgrksa dh izkfIr vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, lkoZtfudfgr eqdíek O;oLFkk (Public Interest Litigation-PIL) Hkh egÙoiw.kZ lkèku cuh gqbZ gSA

10- ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd dÙkZO; (Fundamental Duties of the Citizens): lafoèkku vius HkkxIV&, vuqPNsn 51&, (1976 esa 42osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ }kjk 'kkfey fd, x,) osQ vèkhu ukxfjdksa osQfuEufyf[kr 10 ekSfyd dÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr djrk gS% (1) lafoèkku] jk"Vªh; >aMs vkSj jk"Vª xku dk vknj djuk (2)LorU=krk osQ laxzke osQ mPp vkn'kks± ij pyuk] (3) Hkkjr dh izHkqlÙkk] ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kuk(4) ns'k dh lqj{kk djuk vkSj tc Hkh vko';drk iM+s jk"Vª osQ fy, viuh lsok vfiZr djuk (5) Hkkjr osQlHkh ykxksa dks lk>s Hkzkr`Ro dks c<+kok nsus vkSj vkSjrksa osQ eku lEeku dks pksV igq¡pkus okyh izR;sd dk;Zokghdh fuank djuk] (6) jk"Vª dh lk>h lkaLo`Qfrd fojklr dh lqj{kk djuk] (7) izko`Qfrd okrkoj.k dh lqj{kkdjuk vkSj tho tUrqvksa osQ izfr n;k j[kuk] (8) oSKkfud lksp ekuookn vkSj Kku vkSj 'kksèk dh Hkkouk dksfodflr djuk] (9) lkoZtfud lEifÙk dh j{kk djuk vkSj fgalk ls nwj jguk] vkSj (10) lHkh O;fDrxr vkSjlkewfgd xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkunkj izkfIr;ksa osQ fy, mRlqd jgus dk iz;kl djukA

lafoèkku dh 86osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ekrk&firk dk ;g dÙkZO; cuk;k x;k gS fd os vius cPpksa dks vko';d:i esa f'k{kk iznku djok,¡A

ijUrq ;g ekSfyd dÙkZO; U;k;ky;ksa osQ }kjk ykxw ugha fd, tk ldrsA funsZ'kd fl¼kUr osQ leku ;s ekSfyddÙkZO; Hkh laoSèkkfud uSfrdrk dk ,d Hkkx gSaA

11- jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUr (Directive Principles of State Policy): lafoèkku dk HkkxIV (vuqPNsn 36&51) jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh lclsvkn'kkZRed fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d gSA lafoèkku esa ;g Hkkx 'kkfey djrs le; lafoèkku fuekZrk vk;jySaM osQlafoèkku vkSj xkaèkhokn vkSj isQfc;u lektokn dh fopkjèkkjkvksa ls izHkkfor gq,A

funsZ'kd fl¼kUr jkT; iz'kklu osQ fy, ;g funsZ'k tkjh djrs gSa fd og viuh uhfr;ksa osQ }kjk lkekftd&vkfFkZdfodkl dk mís'; izkIr djsA funsZ'kd fl¼kUr jkT; dks ;g vkns'k nsrs gSa fd ;g yksxksa osQ thou fuokZg osQ fy,mfpr lkèku iznku djs] lEifÙk dh U;k;iw.kZ ckaV lqfuf'pr djs] leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru] cPpksa] vkSjrksa]Jfedksa vkSj ;qodksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk djs] cq<+kik iSa'ku] lkekftd lekurk] Lo'kklh laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djs]

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lekt osQ de”kksj oxks± osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk djs vkSj ?kjsyw m|ksx] xzkeh.k fodkl] vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr] nwljs ns'kksals fe=krk vkSj lg;ksx dks izksRlkfgr djsA ts- ,u- tks'kh (J. N. Joshi) osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa esavkèkqfud yksdrU=kh; jkT; osQ fy, ,d cgqr gh O;kid] jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd dk;ZozQe 'kkfeyfd;k x;k gSA¸

;fn lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III esa 'kkfey ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd yksdrU=k dh uhao j[krs gSa rks] funsZ'kdfl¼kUr (Hkkx IV) Hkkjr esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd yksdrU=k dh LFkkiuk dk vkg~oku djrs gSaA

funsZ'kd fl¼kUr ¶fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; osQ }kjk dkuwuh :i esa ykxw ugha fd, tk ldrsA¸ rks Hkh] lafo/ku ;g?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd os ns'k osQ iz'kklu osQ fy, ekSfyd fl¼kUr gSa vkSj ;g jkT; dk dÙkZO; gS fd og dkuwufuekZ.k djrs le; bu dks ykxw djsA

12- f}&lnuh; la?kh; laln (Bi-cameral Union Parliament): lafoèkku la?kh; Lrj ij f}&lnuh;laln dh O;oLFkk djrk gS vkSj bldks la?kh; laln dk uke nsrk gSA blosQ nks lnu gSa% yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkkA

yksdlHkk laln dk fuEu vkSj yksxksa osQ }kjk izR;{k :i esa fuokZfpr lnu gSA ;g Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dk izfrfufèkRodjrk gSA blosQ lnL;ksa dh vfèkd&ls&vfèkd la[;k 545 fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gSA izR;sd jkT; osQ yksx viuhtula[;k osQ vuqikr esa vius izfrfufèk fuokZfpr djrs gSaA ;w- ih- dh yksdlHkk esa 80 vkSj iatkc dh 13 lhVsagSaA yksdlHkk osQ fy, pquko bu fl¼kUrksa osQ vuqlkj djok, tkrs gSa% (1) izR;{k pquko (2) xqIr ernku (3),d ernkrk ,d er (4) lkèkkj.k cgqer thr iz.kkyh (5) lkoZtfud o;Ld&erkfèkdkj (iq#"kksa vkSj fL=k;ksadh ernkrk cuus dh de&ls&de vk;q 18 o"kZ dh gS&igys ;g 21 o"kZ dh gksrh Fkh)A 25 o"kZ ;k blls vf/dvk;q osQ lHkh ernkrk] yksdlHkk dk pquko yM+us osQ ;ksX; gSa bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gS ijUrq jk"Vªifr izèkkueU=khdh flI+kQkfj'k ij bldks dk;Z dky iw.kZ gksus ls iwoZ Hkh Hkax dj ldrk gSA

jkT; lHkk laln dk mifj rFkk vizR;{k :i esa fuokZfpr lnu gSA ;g lnL; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dk izfrfuf/Ro djrkgSA bldh oqQy lnL;rk la[;k 250 gSA blesa ls 238 lnL; jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRodh iz.kkyh osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSa vkSj 12 lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dyk] foKku vkSj lkfgR; osQ {ks=kksa osQ izfrf"BrO;fDr;ksa esa ls euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA orZeku jkT;lHkk osQ 240 lnL; gSaA jkT;lHkk laln dk ,d LFkk;h lnugSA fdUrq blosQ ,d&frgkbZ lnL; izR;sd nks o"kZ i'pkr~ lsok fuo`Ùk gks tkrs gSaA izR;sd lnL; osQ in dkdk;Zdky 6 o"kZ gSA

nksuksa lnuksa esa ls yksdlHkk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gSA blosQ ikl gh okLrfod foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ gSa vkSj osQoy ;ghefU=ke.My dks gVk ldrk gSA efU=ke.My lkewfgd :i esa yksdlHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA ijUrq] jkT;lHkkmruh 'kfDrghu Hkh ugha ftruk fd fczfV'k ykMZ lnu gS vkSj u gh yksdlHkk mruh 'kfDr'kkyh gS ftruk fdfczfV'k dkWeu lnuA

la?kh; laln ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln ugha gSA ;g lafoèkku osQ vèkhu xfBr dh tkrh gS vkSj ;g osQoy mUgha'fDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrh gS tksfd bldks lafoèkku us nh gSaA

13- lalnh; iz.kkyh (Parliamentary System): Hkkjr dk lafoèkku osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa lalnh; iz.kkyhdh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g fczfV'k lalnh; iz.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr gSA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoSèkkfud eqf[k;kgS ftlosQ ikl ukeek=k dh 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA izèkkueU=kh osQ usr`Ro esa efU=ke.My okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA efU=k;ksadk laln osQ lnL; gksuk vko';d gSA efU=ke.My osQ lnL; vius lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, yksdlHkk osQ le{klkewfgd :i esa mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA yksdlHkk osQ }kjk vfo'okl izLrko ikl fd, tkus ij efU=kifj"kn~ iz.kkyhefU=kif"kn~ dks ;g vfèkdkj gS fd ;g jk"Vªifr dks yksdlHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrh gSA R;kxi=knsuk iM+rk gS blh izdkj izR;sd jkT; esa bUgha fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj ljdkj dk;Z djrh gSA bl izdkj lalnh; iz.kkyh

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dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa 'kkfey gSaA ijUrq vktdy bl fo"k; ij ppkZ Hkh py jgh gS fd lalnh;iz.kkyh osQ LFkku ij Hkkjr esa vè;{kkRed Lo:i dh iz.kkyh yk;h tkuh pkfg, fd ughaA f=k'kaoqQ lalnksa osQvfLrRo esa vkus osQ ;qx vkSj Hkkjrh; ny iz.kkyh dh rjyrk us oqQN fo}kuksa ij ;g izHkko Mkyk gS fd osvè;{kkRed ljdkj dh odkyr djus yxs gSa ftlls oqQN fuf'pr le; osQ fy, ,d fLFkj ljdkj vfLrRo esavk losQA ebZ&twu] 1996_ vizSy] 1997 ekpZ] 1998_ vizSy] 1999 rFkk ebZ 2004 esa jk"Vª ljdkj cukus esa izLrqrvkbZ dfBukb;ksa us ,d ckj fiQj orZeku lalnh; iz.kkyh esa vè;{krk iz.kkyh osQ de ls de oqQN rÙo viukusdh ekax dks n`<+ fd;k gSA ijUrq bl fopkj dks jk"Vªh; Loho`Qfr feyuh vHkh 'ks"k gSA

14- o;Ld erkfèkdkj (Adult-Sufferage): Hkkjr dk lafoèkku lHkh o;Ldksa dks oksV dk vf/dkj iznkudjuk gSA izks- Jhfuoklu fy[krs gSa] ¶fdlh Hkh ;ksX;rk dh 'krZ j[ks fcuk lHkh o;Ldksa dks er dk vfèkdkj nsuklafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ }kjk mBk, x, lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ dneksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj ;g ,d fo'okl dhdk;Zokgh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj osQ vfèkfu;e 1935 osQ vèkhu oqQy tula[;k osQ osQoy 14 izfr'kr yksxksa dks gh ernsus dk vfèkdkj Fkk vkSj fL=k;ksa dk oqQy erksa esa Hkkx ukeek=k dk gh FkkA vc Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ vèkhu fL=k;ksavkSj iq#"k nksuksa dks er dk ,d leku vfèkdkj gSA vc er osQ vf/dkj osQ fy, vk;q lhek 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dh tk pqdh gSA 18 o"kZ ls mQij dh vk;q osQ lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa dks pqukoksa esa ernku djus dk vfèkdkjizkIr gSaA

15- ,d v[k.Mrk jkT; osQ lkFk ,dy ukxfjdrk osQ lkFk ,dhÑr jkT; (Single Intergrated

Polity with Single Citizenship): Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lHkh jkT;ksa dks leku :i esa Hkkjrh; la?k dkHkkx cukrk gSA ¶gekjk x.kra=k lYrurksa dk xBcUèku ugha gS cfYd ;g ,d okLrfod la?k gS ftldks Hkkjr osQyksxksa us Hkkjr osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku j[k dj izHkqlÙkk osQ ekSfyd ladYi osQ vkèkkj ij LFkkfir fd;k gSAlHkh ukxfjdksa dks ,d leku ukxfjdrk iznku dh xbZ gS tksfd mudks ,d leku vfèkdkj vkSj LorU=krk,¡ vkSjjkT; iz'kklu dh ,d tSlh lqj{kk iznku djrh gSA¸ vc Hkkjrh; ewy osQ fons'kh ukxfjdksa] tksfd 26 tuojh]1950 osQ i'pkr~ fons'kksa esa tkdj cl x, gSa rFkk ftUgksaus nwljs ns'kksa dh ukxfjdrk,¡ izkIr dj yh gSa] dks HkhHkkjr dh ukxfjdrk nsus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;k gSA vc os nksgjh ukxfjdrk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA mUgsa viuh orZekuukxfjdrkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk Hkh izkIr gks tk,xhA os nksgjh ukxfjdrk dh izkfIr osQ vfèkdkjhgks tk,¡xsA mUgsa Hkkjr esa ukxfjd vkSj vkfFkZd vfèkdkj izkIr gks tk,¡xs] ijUrq mUgsa jktuhfrd vfèkdkj izkIr ughagksaxsA

16- ,dy ,dhoQr U;k;ikfydk (Single Integrate Judiciary): tgk¡ vejhdh lafoèkku] osQoyla?kh; U;k;ikfydk LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj jkT; U;k;ikfydk iz.kkyh dks izR;sd jkT; osQ lafoèkku ij NksM+ nsrkgS] ogha foijhr Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ,d bdgjh U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk djrk gS ftlesa loksZPp U;k;ky; 'kh"kZLrj dk U;k;ky; gS] mPp U;k;ky; jkT; Lrjksa ij gS vkSj 'ks"k U;k;ky; mPp U;k;ky; osQ vèkhu dk;Z djrsgSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; ns'k esa U;k; dk vfUre U;k;ky; gSA ;g Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iz'kklu pykrk gS vkSj bl ijfu;U=k.k j[krk gSA

17- U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=krk (Independence of the Judiciary): Hkkjrh; lafoèkku U;k;ikfydkdks iw.kZr;k LorU=k cukrk gSA ;g bu rF;ksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gS% (d) U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr osQ }kjkdh tkrh gSA ([k) mPp dkuwuh ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj vuqHko okys O;fDr;ksa dks gh U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA(x) loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks cgqr gh dfBu izfozQ;k osQ }kjk gh muosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA(?k) U;k;kèkh'kksa vkSj U;kf;d deZpkfj;ksa dk osru Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk esa ls fn;k tkrk gSa vkSj buosQ fy,foèkkuikfydk dh oksV vko';d ugha gksrhA (Ä) loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og viuh LorU=krk

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cuk, j[kus osQ fy, viuk U;kf;d iz'kklu Lo;a lapkfyr djsA (p) loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ lHkh vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSjdeZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vfèkdkj.k ;k fdlh vU; U;k;kèkh'k ;k vfèkdkj }kjk] ftldks fd blsmís'; cuk;k x;k gS] osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk us lnSo gh ,d LorU=k U;k;ikfydk dh rjgdk;Z fd;k gSA

18- U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k (Judical Review): lafoèkku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gSA loksZPp U;k;ky;]bldh lqj{kk vkSj O;k[;k djrk gSA ;g ykssxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ izgjh osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA blmís'; osQ fy, og U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA blosQ }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; foèkkuikfydkvkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ lHkh dk;ks± osQ laoSèkkfud :i esa mfpr gksus osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; djrk gSA ;fn laln osQ dkuwu;k dk;Zikfydk osQ dk;ks± dks loksZPp U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh tk, vkSj bldks ;g X+kSj&laoSèkkfud ik;s rks ogmudks jí dj ldrk gSA fiNys le; ls losZPp U;k;ky; bl vfèkdkj dk lfozQ; oqQ'kyrk ls iz;ksx djrk vkjgk gS vkSj blus vyx&vyx laoS/kfud ekeyksa&xksyd ukFk osQl] osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh osQl] feuokZ fey”k osQl]xksikyu osQl vkSj dbZ vU; osQlksa esa ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; fn, gSaA jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa jkT; dkuwuksa lslEcfUèkr ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

lafoèkku vius fdlh Hkh vuqPNsn osQ vèkhu U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk vfèkdkj izR;{k :i esa ugha nsrkA fiQj Hkh];g lafoèkku osQ dbZ vuqPNsnksa fo'ks"k :i esa vuqPNsnksa 13] 32] vkSj 226 ij vkèkkfjr gSA lafoèkku dh ;gfo'ks"krk vejhdh lafoèkku esa fo'ks"krk tSlh gSA

19- U;kf;d lfozQ;rk (Judicial Activism): bl le; Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk vius lkekftd mÙkjnkf;RoksaosQ izfr vfèkd&ls&vfèkd lfozQ; gks jgh gSA lkoZtfud fgr eqdíek iz.kkyh (PIL) osQ }kjk vkSj blosQ lkFkgh viuh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ vfèkd&ls&vfèkd iz;ksx osQ }kjk vc lkoZtfud fgrksa dh izkfIr osQ fy,vfèkd lfozQ; gks jgh gSA lkoZtfud fgr eqdíek (PIL) osQ vUrxZr U;k;kèkh'k lkoZtfud fgrksa dh izkfIr osQfy, vius vki (Suo moto) dk;Zokgh dj ldrs gSaA ebZ] 1995 esa vkSj fiQj tqykbZ 2003 esa Hkkjrh; loksZPpU;k;ky; us jkT; dks dgk fd og lewps Hkkjr osQ fy, vkSj lHkh Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fy, ,d leku ukxfjd lafgrkykxw djus dk iz;kl djs tSlk fd lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 44 esa djus osQ fy, dgk x;k gSA U;kf;d lfozQ;rkHkkjrh; U;k; iz.kkyh dh ,d mÙke fo'ks"krk gSA

20- ladVdky fLFkfr ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk,¡ (Emergency Provisions): osej x.kjkT; (teZuh) osQlafoèkku osQ leku gh Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa Hkh ladVdky fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, O;oLFkk,¡ dh xbZ gSaA ;g rhuizdkj dh ladVdky fLFkfr;ksa dks igpkurk gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks budk lkeuk djus dh 'kfDr lkSairkgSA blhfy, budks jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

lafoèkku rhu izdkj dh ladVdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrk gS%

(1) jk"Vªh; ladVdkyhu fLFkfr vuqPNsn 352 vFkkZr~ ;q¼ ;k fons'kh vkozQe.k ;k Hkkjr osQ fo#¼ fons'khvkozQe.k osQ [krjs ;k Hkkjr esa ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx esa l'kL=k fonzksg osQ ifj.kke osQ :i esa iSnk gqbZladVdkyhu fLFkfrA

(2) fdlh jkT; esa ladVdky dh fLFkfr vuqPNsn 356 vFkkZr~ fdlh Hkh jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh isQygks tkus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i mRiUu ladVdky dh fLFkfr] vkSj

(3) foÙkh; ladVdky fLFkfr (vuqPNsn 360) vFkkZr~ Hkkjr dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk esa [krjs dh fLFkfr Lo:imRiUu gqbZ ladVdkyhu fLFkfrA

Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks bu ladVdky dh fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, mfpr dne mBkus osQ vfèkdkj gSaA

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fdUrq okLro esa jk"Vªifr osQ ;s vfèkdkj izèkkueU=kh vkSj efU=ke.My osQ vfèkdkj gSA

jk"Vªh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr esa okLrfod :i esa leLr 'kklu iz.kkyh ,dkRed cu tkrh gS vkSj jk"VªifrvuqPNsn 19 esa 'kkfey ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj lafoèkkuksa osQ vuqPNsnksa 32 vkSj 226 osQ vèkhu mudks ykxw djusdh O;oLFkk dks LFkfxr dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa 'kfDr iz;ksx djus osQ lEcUèk esa oqQN fo'ks"kfuèkkZfjr fu;e vkSj dbZ lhek,¡ yxkbZ xbZ gSaA jk"Vªifr] osQoy izèkkueU=kh vkSj efU=ke.My dh fyf[kr flI+kQkfj'kij gh ladVdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr esa] (;g O;oLFkk 44osa la'kksèkuosQ }kjk dh xbZ gSA) izR;sd ladVdkyhu fLFkfr osQ ykxw djus dh ?kks"k.kk dks ,d fuèkkZfjr le; esa laln lsLoho`Qfr ysuh vko';d gksrh gSA 1952 ls ysdj jk"Vªifr }kjk jk"Vªh; ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa (jk"Vªh; ladVdkyfLFkfr vkSj laoSèkkfud ladVdky fLFkfr) dk iz;ksx dbZ ckj fd;k tk pqdk gSA

ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa dk mís'; yksxksa vkSj jkT; osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk gS vkSj blfy, budk fojksèk ugha fd;k

tk ldrkA ijUrq ;g laHkkouk cuh jgrh gS fd osQUnzh; dk;Zikfydk (ljdkj) jktuhfrd mís';ksa osQ fy, budk

nq#i;ksx dj ldrh gS] fo'ks"k :i esa vuqPNsn 356 dk osQUnz nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1975 esa vkarfjd

dkj.kksa ls ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djuk Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ }kjk dh xbZ ,d lÙkkoknh dk;Zokgh gh Fkh vkSj

bl dk;Zokgh osQ fy, yksxksa us mudks vkSj mudh dkaxzsl ikVhZ dks 1977 dh pqukoksa esa cqjh rjg gjk dj n.M

fn;kA blh izdkj osQUnz ljdkj osQ }kjk laoSèkkfud ladVdkyhu fLFkfr dh O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa

esa fu'p; gh LosPNkpkjh :i esa fd;k tkrk jgk gSA vr% laoSèkkfud izfrcUèkksa osQ ckotwn ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa

dh O;oLFkkvksa dk nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq] ladVdky ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey

djus dks fdlh Hkh rjg lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk dh vuko';d vkSj yksdrU=k fojksèkh dk;Zokgh ugha dgk tk

ldrkA ;g jk"Vªh; lqj{kk] 'kkfUr vkSj fLFkjrk osQ fgr esa lafoèkku esa 'kkfey dh xb± gSA vko';drk budks lekIr

djus dh ugha cfYd bldk Bhd&Bhd djus dh gSA mi;qDr vej uanh Bhd gh dgrs gSa ¶jk"Vªh; ladVdkyhu

fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, osQUnzh; dk;Zikfydk dks fn, x, vfèkdkj] ,d <ax ls lkSais xbZ dkjrwlksa dh Hkjh gqbZ

og canwd gS ftldk iz;ksx ukxfjdksa dh LorU=krk dh lqj{kk vkSj budh lekfIr nksuksa osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk

gSA blfy,] bl canwd dk iz;ksx cM+h gh lkoèkkuh ls djuk pkfg,A¸ blosQ lkFk ge ;g tksM+uk pkgsaxs fd fo'ks"k

:i esa osQUnz osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx mfpr vkSj dHkh&dHkkj vkSj lksp le> dj gh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa bldk jktuhfrd nq#i;ksx ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

21- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k O;oLFkk,¡ (Special Provisions

relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes): vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr

dchyksa ls lEcfUèkr ykxksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ mís'; ls] lafoèkku vius Hkkx XVI esa oqQN fo'ks"k O;oLFkk,¡

djrk gSA vuqPNsn 330 muosQ fy, mudh tula[;k osQ vuqikr (tgk¡ rd laHko gks losQ) esa yksdlHkk dh oqQN

LFkku vkjf{kr j[kus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA lkFk gh ;fn jk"Vªifr ;g vuqHko djs fd ,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; dks

lnu esa mfpr izfrfufèkRo ugha feyk rks og bl leqnk; osQ nks lnL; yksdlHkk esa euksuhr dj ldrk gSA

(vuqPNsn 331)

jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa vkSj ,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; osQ fy, lhVsa vkjf{krj[kus dh O;oLFkk ozQeokj èkkjk 331 vkSj 332 osQ vèkhu dh xbZ gSA 84osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ }kjk vkj{k.kdk dk;Zdky vc 2010 rd c<+k fn;k x;k gSA vc vkj{k.k dk ykHk vU; fiNM+h Jsf.k;ksa (OBCs) dks Hkhns fn;k x;k gS ijUrq loksZPp U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k gS fd ukSdfj;ksa esa oqQy vkj{k.k 50 izfr'kr ls vf/dugha gksuk pkfg,A

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laln rFkk foèkkuikfydkvksa esa vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj vyx&vyx

fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa esa Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ fy, ukSdfj;k¡

vkjf{kr j[kh tkrh gSaA lafoèkku vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr dchyksa vkSj fiNM+h Jsf.;ksa dh fLFkfr dk yxkrkj

vkdyu djus osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx LFkkfir djus dh Hkh O;oLFkk dk izkoèkku djrk gSA ebZ] 1990 esa ,d

laoS/kfud la'kksèku osQ }kjk bl mís'; osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx LFkkfir fd;k x;kA vc ekuo vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs

jk"Vªh; vk;ksx Hkh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa ls lEcfUèkr yksxksa osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku ls lEcfUèkr

f'kdk;rksas dh tkap dj ldrk gSA

22- Hkk"kk ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk,¡ (Provisions regarding Language): lafoèkku osQUnz (la?k)]

Hkk"kk;h {ks=kksa] loksZPp U;k;ky;ksa vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh Hkk"kk ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA vuqPNsn 343 esa fy[kk x;k

gS fd ns'k dh ljdkjh Hkk"kk nsoukxjh fyfi esa fgUnh gksxhA ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh ;g vaxzsth Hkk"kk tkjh j[kus dh

Hkh O;oLFkk djrk gSA gj ,d jkT; dh foèkkulHkk vius jkT; dh Hkk"kk dks ljdkjh Hkk"kk osQ :i esa Lohdkj

dj ldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; dh Hkk"kk vHkh Hkh vaxzs”kh cuh gqbZ gSA vuqPNsn 351 osQ

v/hu lafoèkku osQUnz (la?k) dks ;g vkns'k nsrk gS fd og fgUnh dks fodflr djs vkSj bldk iz;ksx yksdfiz;

cuk,A lafoèkku dh lkroha vuqlwph esa lafoèkku vc 22 izeq[k Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dks ekU;rk nsrk gS&vklkeh]

caxkyh] xqtjkrh] fganh] dUuM+] d'ehjh] ey;kye] ejkBh] mfM+;k] iatkch] usikyh] ef.kiqjh] dksaduh] laLo`Qr]

flaèkh] rfey] rsyqxw vkSj mnZw] Mksxjh] lUFkkyh] eSfFkyh vkfnA

23- vusd L=kksrksa ls rS;kj fd;k x;k lafoèkku (Constitution drawn from several sources):

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku rS;kj djrs le; blosQ fuekZrkvksa us vusd L=kksrksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA LorU=krk vkUnksyu us mu

ij èkeZ&fujis{krk] LorU=krk rFkk lekurk dks viukus osQ fy, izHkko MkykA mUgksaus Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935

dh oqQN O;oLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k vkSj fons'kh lafoèkku dh dbZ fo'ks"krk,¡ dks Hkh mUgksaus viuk;kA lalnh;

iz.kkyh vkSj f}&lnuh; iz.kkyh viukus osQ fy, mudks fczfV'k lafo/ku us izHkkfor fd;kA vejhdh lafoèkku us

mudks x.kjkT;okn] U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=krk] U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k vkSj vfèkdkj&i=k viukus osQ i{k esa izHkkfor

fd;kA 1917 dh lektoknh ozQkfUr osQ i'pkr~ (HkwriwoZ) lksfo;r la?k (Erstwhile USSR) dh izxfr us

mudks viuk y{; lektokn fuf'pr djus osQ fy, izHkkfor fd;kA blh izdkj mudks oSQusMk] vkLVªsfy;k] osej

x.kjkT; (teZuh) vkSj vk;jySaM osQ lafoèkkuksa us Hkh izHkkfor fd;kA

26 tuojh] 1950 esa ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~] Hkkjr dk lafoèkku dbZ L=kksrksa ls fodflr gksrk jgk gS& lalnh; dkuwu]

U;kf;d fu.kZ;] ijEijk,¡] oSKkfud O;k[;k,¡ vkSj lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ fjdkMZ Hkh blosQ lzksr cus gSaA Hkkjrh;

lafoèkku u rks mèkkjksa dk FkSyk gS] u dksbZ vk;kr fd;k x;k lafoèkku vkSj u gh ;g Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e 1935

dk Ükaxkfjr vkSj foLr`r Lo:i gSA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us fons'kh lafoèkkuksa ;k Hkkjr ljdkj vf/fu;e 1935 osQ

izHkko vèkhu laoSèkkfud fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj O;oLFkk,¡ viukrs le; lnSo gh budks Hkkjrh; vko';drkvksa vkSj

bPNkvksa vuqowQy <kykA

bu fo'ks"krkvksa osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr dk lafoèkku Hkkjrh; okrkoj.k osQ fy, lcls mi;qDr rFkk O;ogkj&oqQ'ky

lafo/ku cuk x;k gSA ;gk¡ rd fd blosQ fo'kky vkdkj us Hkkjr dk viuh ljdkj vkSj iz'kklu dks xfBr djus

vkSj pykus esa 'kkfUr vkSj ;q¼ ;k ladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls usr`Ro fd;k gSA bldh izeq[k

fo'ks"krkvksa dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS% izLrkouk] ekSfyd vfèkdkj] funsZ'kd fl¼kUr]

/eZ&fujis{krk] la?kokn] x.kjkT;okn] U;k;ikfydk dh LorU=krk vkSj fu%lUnsg mnkj lalnh; yksdrU=kA

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cgq&fodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)

8- fuEufyf[kr esa D;k Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh fo'ks"krk ugha gS\

(a) lafoèkku dh izLrkouk (b) fyf[kr ,oa foLr`r

(c) Hkkjr ,d èke&fujis{k jkT; gS (d) Hkkjr ,d jk"Vªoknh jkT; gS

9- fuEufyf[kr esa dc la;qDr izxfr'khy xBcaèku (;w-ih-,-) igyh ckj lÙkk esa vkbZ

(a) o"kZ 2004 (b) o"kZ 2006

(c) o"kZ 1999 (d) o"kZ 2009

10- 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj dk o.kZu lafoèkku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa fd;k x;k gS\

(a) vuqPNsn 25&26 (b) vuqPNsn 23&24

(c) vuqPNsn 25&28 (d) vuqPNsn 19&22

1-5 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fo'kky vkdkj osQ dkj.k (Causes for IndianConsitution’s Extensive Appearance)

444 vuqPNsnksa] 12 vuqlwfp;ksa vkSj 103 la'kksèkuksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dk lafoèkku fo'o dk lcls fo'kky vkSj O;kidlafoèkku gSA blosQ fo'kky vkdkj dk irk bl rF; ls gh yx ldrk gS fd vejhdh lafoèkku esa osQoy 7vuqPNsn] tkikuh lafoèkku esa 103 vuqPNsn vkSj izQkal osQ lafoèkku esa 92 vuqPNsn gh gSaA ,p- oh- dkeFk uslafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa blosQ fo'kky vkdkj dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd] ¶;g okLro esa gkFkh osQ vkdkjokyk lafoèkku (Elephantine Constitution) gSA¸

vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS] fd lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us bls bruk cM+k@fo'kky D;ksa cuk;k\ D;k os fo'o esa lclscM+s vkdkj dk lafoèkku fuekZ.k djosQ ,d bfrgkl jpuk pkgrs Fks\

budk Bhd mÙkj ;g gS fd mUgksaus Hkkjr osQ cgq&laLo`Qfr] cgq&Hkk"kk;h] cgq&tkrh; lekt osQ fy, LFkk;hlafoèkku dk fuekZ.k djus osQ mís'; ls blesa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd ckrsa 'kkfey djuh vko';d le>ha vkSj blhesa mu ljdkj rFkk iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd vuqPNsn fy[kus dks vko';drkdks Lohdkj fd;kA

fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks ns[kus esa cgqr fo'kky&vkdkjh ijUrq O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k okyk vkSjokLrfod O;ogkj esa ,d dk;Z oqQ'ky lafoèkku n'kkZrh gSa%

(1) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku la?k vkSj jkT;ksa nksuksa dk lk>k lafoèkku gSA ;g osQUnz ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa nksuksaosQ laxBu vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dh foLr`r O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp lEcUèkksa dk foLrkjesa o.kZu djrk gSA

(2) ,d la?kh; lafoèkku lnSo ,dkRed lafoèkku ls vfèkd yEck gksrk gSA la?kh; <kaps esa ,dkRed Hkkoukls tksM+us osQ iz;kl us Hkh bldks yEck cuk fn;kA

(3) lafoèkku esa ,d foLr`r vfèkdkj i=k vkSj jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa osQ vè;k; fo|eku gSaAvuqPNsn 51&, ftlesa fd 10 ekSfyd dÙkZO; 'kkfey gSa] budks 'kkfey djus ls Hkh bldh fo'kkyrk c<+hgSA

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(4) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa dbZ fo'ks"k ekeyksa osQ lEcUèk esa vyx&vyx izkoèkku fd, x, gSaA mnkgj.k osQ :iesa Hkkx X vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ,oa {ks=kksa ls lEcfUèkr izkoèkku 'kkfey gSa] HkkxXIV osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ vèkhu lsokvksa ls] Hkkx XV fVªC;wuyksa ls] Hkkx XVI oqQN fo'ks"k Jsf.k;ksa] tSlkfd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa] ,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; vkfn ls] Hkkx XVII ljdkjh Hkk"kkls] Hkkx XVIII ladVdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa ls vkSj Hkkx XIX vLFkkbZ@dk;Zdkjh] gLrkaj.k;ksX; vkSj fo'ks"kO;oLFkkvksa osQ ekeyksa ls fuiVrk gSA bu Hkkxksa dks 'kkfey djus ls lafoèkku dk vkdkj yEck gqvkA

(5) D;ksafd Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935 ml le; igyw gh ykxw Fkk tc ns'k dk u;k lafoèkku fufeZrfd;k tk jgk Fkk] blfy, LorU=krk osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa blosQ dbZ izkoèkku Hkh 'kkfey djusiM+sA

(6) Hkkjr dk lafoèkku] Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e dh rjg] vosQyk lafoèkku gh ughacfYd ;g ,d foLrkfjr dkuwuh lafgrk gS tksfd Hkkjr dh laoSèkkfud vkSj iz'kkldh; iz.kkyh osQ lHkhegÙoiw.kZ igyqvksa dks laoSèkkfud :i esa fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA

(7) lafoèkku ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~ vkt rd lafoèkku esa 103 la'kksèku fd, tk pqosQ gSa vkSj bUgksaus Hkhlafoèkku osQ vkdkj dks ,d fo'kky :i fn;k gSA buesa 42osa rFkk 44osa la'kksèku vR;fèkd O;kidla'kksèku FksA

(8) lafoèkku vusdksa laoSèkkfud vk;ksxksa osQ xBu vkSj dk;Z&O;ogkj dh foLrkj esa ppkZ djrk gS tSlk fdfuokZpu vk;ksx] foÙk vk;ksx] la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx] jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx] Hkkjr osQ ys[kk fu;ark rFkkegk ys[kk ijh{kd] vYi la[;d vk;ksx vkfnA

bu lHkh dkj.kksa us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks ,d yEck vkSj foLr`r lafoèkku cuk fn;k gS 1947 esa fo|eku leL;kvksa]okn&fooknksa vkSj Hkkjr osQ yksxksa es jktuhfrd lw>&cw> osQ de fodflr Lrj dh fo|ekurk] fuf'pr yksdrU=kh;ijEijk,¡ fo|eku u gksuk vkSj ub±&ub± izkIr LorU=krk cuk, j[kus dh vko';drk osQ dkj.k lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkfdlh Hkh vugksuh dk volj u nsus osQ fy, ,slk djus ij foo'k gq,A mUgksaus lafoèkku dks ns'k dh laoS/kfudvkSj iz'kkldh; iz.kkyh osQ fdl Hkh i{k dh ifjHkk"kk ls oafpr u j[kus dk izR;sd iz;kl fd;kA mUgksaus lafoèkkudks fdlh Hkh i{k ls de”kksj j[kus dh vis{kk bldks cM+s vkdkj dk cukus dks izkFkfedrk nhA

bl izdkj vusdksa dkj.kksa ls Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks cgqr cM+s vkdkj okyk vkSj foLrkfjr lafoèkku cuk;k x;kA


oLrqfu"B iz'u (Multiple Question)

11- tkikuh lafoèkku esa oqQy fdrus vuqPNsn gSa\

(a) 102 vuqPNsn (b) 103 vuqPNsn

(c) 101 vuqPNsn (d) 105 vuqPNsn

fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lR;&vlR; crkb,µ

12- izQkal osQ lafoèkku esa oqQy 92 vuqPNsn gSaA

13- Hkkjr dk lafoèkku] Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e dh rjg vosQyk lafoèkku gh ughacfYd ;g ,d foLrkfjr dkuwuh lafgrk gSA

14- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ 42osa rFkk 44osa la'kksèku de O;kid la'kksèku gSaA

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1-6 lkjka'k (Summary)

• izLrkouk lafoèkku dk cgqr gh cgqewY; Hkkx gS] ;g lafoèkku dh vkRek gS] ;g lafoèkku dh oqQath gSA

• izLrkouk ?kksf"kr djrh gS fd Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu ns'k gSA ,slh ?kks"k.kk Hkkjr ij fczfV'k jkT; dhlekfIr ij eksgj yxkus osQ fy, cgqr vko';d FkhA

• 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ^/eZ&fujis{krk* dks Hkkjrh; jkT; dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks"krk osQ :i esa izLrkouk esaLFkku fn;k x;kA bldks 'kkfey djus ls Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh èkeZ&fujis{k izo`Qfr dks vkSj Li"V fd;kx;kA

• izLrkouk Hkkjr dks ,d yksdrU=kh; ns'k ?kksf"kr djrh gS] Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa ,d yksdrU=kh; iz.kkyhdh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ljdkj dh lÙkk yksxksa dh izHkqlÙkk ij fuHkZj gSA

• Hkkjr dk lafoèkku vius O;kid vkdkj] ,dkRed&la?kokn] ypd vkSj dBksjrk osQ feJ.k rFkk fofHkUuladVdkyhu fLFkfr dk lekèkku djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k izkoèkkuksa lfgr ,d vuqie lafoèkku gS tksfd1950 ls ysdj vkt rd liQyrk ls dk;Z dj jgk gSA

• 444 vuqPNsnksa] 12 vuqlwfp;ksa vkSj 92 la'kksèkuksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dk lafoèkku fo'o dk lcls fo'kky vkSjO;kid lafoèkku gSA

1-7 'kCndks'k (Keywords)

• la?kokn (Federalism)% ;s er fd la?k jkT; mÙke gksrk gS

• vfèkfu;e (act)% foèkku osQ varxZr cuk;k x;k fu;e] ,DV

1-8 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions)

1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu dhft,\

2- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ izLrkouk dk egÙo le>kb;s\

3- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks viukus vkSj ikfjr djus dh frfFk dks crkb;s\

4- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djsa\

5- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fo'kky vkdkj osQ D;k dkj.k gSa\

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assessment)

1- vkRek 2- 1976

3- 26 uoacj] 1949 4- (a)

5- (b) 6- (a)

7- (b) 8- (d)

9- (a) 10- (b)

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11- (b) 12- lR;

13- lR; 14- vlR;

1-9 lUnHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj- ?kbZA

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- Nkcjk] vfHkuo izdk'ku] jksgrd (gfj;k.kk)A

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bdkbZµ2: ekSfyd vfèkdkj

(Fundamental Rights)


mís'; (Objectives)


2.1 ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Fundamental Rights)

2.2 ekSfyd vfèkdkj (Fundamental Rights)





mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjrh; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ vFkZ dks le>us esaA

• ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks o.kZu djus gsrqA

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk ukxfjdksa osQ fn;s x;s fofHkUu vfèkdkjksa dk O;k[;k djus gsrqA


O;fDr vkSj jkT; osQ vkilh lEcUèkksa dh leL;k lnSo gh tfVy jgh gS vkSj orZeku le; dh iztkrU=kh; O;oLFkkesa bl leL;k us fo'ks"k egÙo izkIr dj fy;k gSA ;fn ,d vksj 'kkfUr rFkk O;oLFkk cuk;s j[kus osQ fy, ukxfjdksaosQ thou ij jkT; dk fu;U=k.k vko';d gS rks nwljh vksj jkT; dh 'kfDr ij Hkh oqQN ,slh lhek,¡ yxk nsukvko';d gS ftlls jkT; euekus rjhosQ ls vkpj.k djrs gq, O;fDr;ksa dh LorU=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa osQ fo#¼dk;Z u dj losQA ekSfyd vfèkdkj O;fDrxr LorU=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa osQ fgr esa jkT; dh 'kfDr ij izfrcUèkyxkus dk Js"B mik; gSaA

izQkal dh jkT; ØkfUr us fo'o dks ^LorU=krk] lekurk vkSj Hkzkr`Ro* dk lUns'k fn;k FkkA ØkfUr osQ mijkUr izQkal

dh jk"Vªh; lHkk us 1789 osQ uohu lafoèkku esa ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk* (Declaration of the Rights

of Men) dks 'kkfey djosQ ukxfjdksa osQ oqQN vfèkdkjksa dks laoSèkkfud :i nsus dh izFkk izkjEHk dhA blosQ ckn

la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ lafoèkku esa 1791 esa izFke nl la'kksèkuksa }kjk O;fDr;ksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dks lafoèkku dk

vax cuk;k x;kA ;s la'kksèku gh lkewfgd :i ls ^vfèkdkj i=k* d (Bill of Rights) dgyk;sA bldk izHkko


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bdkbZ—2: ekSfyd vf/dkj

vU; ;wjksfi;u jkT;ksa osQ lafoèkkuksa ij iM+kA izFke egk;q¼ osQ ckn vusd iqjkus jkT;ksa vkSj ;q¼ osQ ckn LFkkfir

vusd uohu jkT;ksa osQ lafoèkkuksa esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;kA bl lEcUèk esa teZuh dk ohej

lafoèkku rFkk vk;jySaM dk lafoèkku fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSA f}rh; egk;q¼ osQ ckn ekSfyd vf/dkj dk

fopkj vkSj Hkh yksdfiz; gqvk vkSj ;q¼ osQ ckn Hkkjr] cekZ] tkiku vkfn ftu ns'kksa osQ lafoèkkuksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk

mu lHkh esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;kA 1945 esa LFkkfir vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu] ^la;qDr jk"Vª la?k*

osQ }kjk Hkh 10 fnlEcj] 1948 bZ- dks ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa dh lkoZykSfdd ?kks"k.kk* (Universal Declaration

of Human Rights) osQ uke ls vUrjkZ"Vªh; vfèkdkj i=k Lohdkj fd;k x;kA Hkkjr esa Hkh o"kZ 1993 esa jk"Vªh;

ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dj yh xbZ gSaA bl izdkj ekSfyd vf/dkjksa osQ fopkj us orZeku le; esa ,d

loZekU; èkkj.kk dk :i xzg.k dj fy;k gSA

VkLd ekSfyd vfèkdkj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2-1 ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Fundamental Rights)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fn, x;s ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ

D;k vki tkurs gSa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ekSfyd vfèkdkj osQ fy, vesfjdk osQ lafoèkku dk Í.kh gSA

1- foLr`r vfèkdkj&i=k (A detailed Bill of Rights)µHkkjrh; vfèkdkj&i=k dh izFke fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd;g ,d foLr`r vfèkdkj&i=k gSA 23 vuqPNsnksa esa] ftudh vkxs tkdj dbZ èkkjk,¡ gSa] ukxfjdksa osQ vf/dkjksa dkfoLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kr% vuqPNsn 19 }kjk ukxfjdksa dks LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS rFkkblosQ 6 Hkkx ,sls gSa ftuesa ukxfjdksa dh 6 fofHkUu LorU=krkvksa vkSj muosQ vioknksa vkfn dk foLr`r o.kZu gSA,slk gh foLr`r o.kZu vU; vuqPNsnksa esa fd;k x;k gSA

2- lafoèkku }kjk fn;s x;s vfèkdkjksa osQ vfrfjDr ukxfjdksa dk dksbZ vfèkdkj ugha (No Right outside

the Rights given by the constitution)µvejhdh lafoèkku esa ;g O;oLFkk gS fd ukxfjdksa dks u osQoy;s vfèkdkj izkIr gSa tksfd lafoèkku esa fy[ks x;s gSa vfirq muosQ vfrfjDr os lc vfèkdkj Hkh ukxfjdksa dks izkIrgSa tksfd ukxfjdksa osQ ikl izkphu le; ls gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vejhdk osQ lafoèkku }kjk izkÑfrd vf/dkjksa osQfl¼kUr dks vizR;{k :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa ,sls fl¼kUr dk Li"V :i esa [k.Mufd;k x;k gSA ;g Li"V dgk x;k gS fd ukxfjdksa dks osQoy os gh vfèkdkj izkIr gSa tksfd lafo/ku esa fy[ksgSaA muosQ vfrfjDr fdlh Hkh vfèkdkj dks ekU;rk ugha nh xbZ gSA

3- lHkh ukxfjdksa dks leku vfèkdkj (Equal Rights to All)µekSfyd vfèkdkj tkfr] èkeZ] uLy] jax]fyax vkfn osQ HksnHkko osQ fcuk lHkh ukxfjdksa dks izkIr gSaA cgqla[;d vkSj vYila[;dksa esa dksbZ Hksn ughaA ;glHkh ij leku :i ls ykxw gksrs gSa vkSj dkuwuh n`f"V ls lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, gSaA ljdkj bu ij mfpr izfrcUèkyxkrs le; ukxfjdksa esa Hksn ugha dj ldrhA

4- vfèkdkj iw.kZ vkSj vlhfer ugha gSa (Rights are not Absolute and Unlimited)µdksbZ Hkhvfèkdkj vlhfer ugha gks ldrkA mldk iz;ksx nwljksa osQ fgr dks è;ku esa j[kdj gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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vf/dkj lkis{k gksrs gSa rFkk mudk iz;ksx lkekftd izlax esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, gekjs lafoèkku esaljdkj dks jkT; dh lqj{kk] lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] lkoZtfud uSfrdrk rFkk yksd&dY;k.k dh n`f"V ls ekSfydvfèkdkjksa ij le; dh vko';drk vuqlkj mfpr izfrcUèk yxkus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA

5- vfèkdkj udkjkRed vfèkdkj (Mostly Negative Rights)µHkkjrh; vfèkdkj&i=k esa fyf[kr vfèkdkjvfèkdrj udkjkRed vfèkdkj gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa bu vfèkdkjksa }kjk jkT; ij izfrcUèk rFkk lhek,¡ yxkbZ xbZ gSaAmnkgj.kr% jkT; ij ;g lhek yxkbZ xbZ gS fd jkT; tkfr] èkeZ] jax] fyax vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij dksbZ Hksn&Hkkougha djsxk rFkk u gh ljdkjh in ij fu;qfDr djrs le; ,slk dksbZ Hksn&Hkko djsxkA ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh oqQNvfèkdkj ldkjkRed :i esa Hkh fy[ks x;s gSaA mnkgj.kr% LorU=krk dh vfèkdkj ftl }kjk ukxfjdksa dh Hkk"k.krFkk fopkj izdV djus dh LorU=krk] leqnk; fuekZ.k djus dh LorU=krk] fdlh txg jgus rFkk dksbZ Hkh is'kkviukus dh LorU=krk vkfn iznku dh xbZ gSA

6- vfèkdkj la?k] jkT;ksa rFkk vU; ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ij leku :i ls ykxw gSa (Rights are Binding

Equally upon Union, States and other State Authorities)µekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ Hkkx esa ghlafoèkku }kjk jkT; 'kCn dh O;k[;k dh xbZ gS rFkk ;g dgk x;k gS fd jkT; 'kCn osQ vFkZ gSaµla?k] izkUr ,oaLFkkuh; laLFkk,¡A bl rjg vfèkdkj&i=k }kjk yxkbZ xbZ lhek,¡ la?k] jkT;ksa ,oa LFkkuh; laLFkkvksaµuxjikfydk,¡rFkk iapk;rksaµij Hkh ykxw gSaA bu lHkh laLFkkvksa dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr lhekvksa osQ vUnj dk;Z djukgksrk gSA gekjs lafoèkku esa ,slk Li"V djosQ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku&fuekZrkvkssa us vejhdh lafoèkku dh deh dks iwjkfd;k gSA ogk¡ vc Hkh dHkh&dHkh ;g okn&fookn [kM+k gks tkrk gS fd D;k lafoèkku }kjk fn;s x;s ekSfydvf/dkj la?k osQ lkFk&lkFk la?kh; bdkb;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gSa fd ugha\

7- Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa vkSj fonsf'k;ksa esa vUrj (Difference between Citizens and Aliens)µHkkjrh;lafoèkku esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ lEcUèk esa Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa rFkk fonsf'k;ksa esa Hksn fd;k x;k gSA oqQN ekSfydvfèkdkj ,sls gSa] tks Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks rks izkIr gSa ijUrq fonsf'k;ksa dks ugha] tSlsµHkk"k.k nsus vkSj fopkj izdVdjus dh LorU=krk] ?kweus&fiQjus vkSj ns'k osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa jgus dh LorU=krkA

8- vfèkdkj fuyfEcr fd;s tk ldrs gSa (Rights can be suspended)µgekjs lafoèkku esa vfèkdkjksa dksladVdky esa fuyfEcr fd;s tkus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

uksV~l ckgjh vkØe.k vFkok ckgjh vkØe.k dh lEHkkouk ls mRiUu gksus okys ladV dk lkeuk djus osQ fy;s

jk"Vªifr lEiw.kZ Hkkx vFkok Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkkx esa ladVdkyhu ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gS rFkk ,slh O;oLFkk

esa ukxfjd osQ vfèkdkjksa fo'ks"kr% LorU=krk osQ vfèkdkj (Art. 19) rFkk laoSèkkfud mipkjksa osQ vfèkdkj

dks fuyfEcr dj ldrk gSA

lafoèkku dh bl O;oLFkk dh dbZ vkykspdksa }kjk dM+h fuUnk dh xbZ gS ijUrq gekjs fopkj esa vkykspukcqf¼laxr ugha gSA ns'k dk fgr loksZifj gSA vr% ns'k osQ fgr esa vfèkdkjksa dks fuyfEcr fd;k tkuk mfpr ghgSA

9- ekSfyd vfèkdkj U;k;laxr gSa (Fundamental Rights are Justiciable)µekSfyd vfèkdkj U;k;ky;ksa}kjk ykxw fd, tkrs gSaA ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djokus osQ fy, lafoèkku esa fo'ks"k O;oLFkk,¡ dh xbZ gSaAlaoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls 'kkfey gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkhukxfjd ftlosQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku gks] gkbZ dksVZ vFkok lqizhe dksVZ ls vius vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ

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fy, vihy dj ldrk gSA gkbZ dksVZ vkSj lqizhe dksVZ ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dbZ izdkj osQ ys[k(Writs) tkjh djrs gSaA ;fn ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku fl¼ gks tk, rks os fdlh O;fDr] laLFkk vFkokljdkj }kjk dh xbZ xyr dk;Zokgh dks voSèk ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA

10- laln vfèkdkjksa dks de dj ldrh gS (Parliament can curtail the Fundamental

Rights)µlafoèkku osQ }kjk laln ekSfyd vfèkdkj okys vè;k; lfgr lewps lafoèkku esa la'kksèku dj ldrhgSA ;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd laln lkèkkj.k dkuwuksas }kjk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa fdlh izdkj dk la'kksèku ugha djldrhA ;fn laln dksbZ ,slk dkuwu cukrh gS rks og loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk jn~n dj fn;k tk,xkA vfHkizk; ;ggS fd og laoSèkkfud la'kksèku }kjk gh ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA jkT; foèkkue.Myksa dksekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa deh djus dh 'kfDr iznku ugha dh xbZ gSA èkkjk 368 esa nh xbZ dk;Zfofèk ls ekSfydvfèkdkjksa dk la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ fy, oqQy lnL;&la[;k osQ cgqer rFkk nksuksa lnuksa essa ls izR;sdesa mifLFkr o er nsus okys lnL;ksa osQ 2@3 cgqer dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA 1952 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;U;k;kèkh'k 'kkL=kh us dgk Fkk fd ¶vuqPNsn 368 laln dks lafoèkku esa fcuk fdlh NwV osQ la'kksèku djus dkvfèkdkj iznku djrk gSA¸ ysfdu 1967 esa xksydukFk eqdíes esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fdlaln dk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks de ;k lekIr djus dh 'kfDr ugha gSA 24osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk laln us bl 'kfDrdks ekU;rk ns nh rFkk 24 vizSy] 1973 dks osQ'kokuUn Hkkjrh osQl esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g funsZ'k fn;k fdlaln ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA

11- vYila[;dksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k vfèkdkj (Special Rights for Minorities)µHkkjrh; vf/dkj&i=k esavYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dk fo'ks"k è;ku j[kk x;k gSA fo'ks"kdj nks vfèkdkjµèkkfeZd LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj(Right to Freedom of Religion) rFkk lkaLÑfrd ,oa 'kSf{kd vfèkdkj (Cultural and Educational

Rights) rks vYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy;s gh fy[ks x;s gSaA ,d vkn'kZ yksdrU=k esa cgqer vYierij 'kklu dj mUgsa oqQpyrk ugha vfirq vYier dks iuius dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; vfèkdkj&i=k }kjk,slh O;oLFkk dks vYila[;dksa osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ :i esa fy[kk x;k gSA

12- lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vfèkdkjksa dk vHkko (Absence of Social and Economic Rights)µHkkjrh;vfèkdkj&i=k esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vfèkdkjksa] mnkgj.kr;k dke djus dk vfèkdkj (Right to Work)]vkjke dk vfèkdkj (Right of Rest and Leisure)] lkekftd lqj{kk dk vfèkdkj (Right to Social

Security)] vkfn 'kkfey ugha fd;s x;s gSaA gk¡] bu vfèkdkjksa dks funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa osQ v/hu fy[kk x;k gSA

13- 'kL=kèkkjh lsukvksa osQ vfèkdkj lhfer fd, tk ldrs gSa (Rights of Armed Forces can be

Restricted)µlafoèkku dh èkkjk 33 osQ vuqlkj laln lsukvksa esa vuq'kklu dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ekSfydvfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA laln iqfyl] lhek lqj{kk vkfn osQ fo"k; esa mfpr O;oLFkk dj ldrh gSA

14- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djus ossQ fy, fo'ks"k laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk (Special Constitutional

Provision for the Enforcement of Fundamental Rights)µHkkjrh; lafoèkku dh èkkjk 226 osQvUrxZr gekjs Nhus x, vfèkdkj dks ykxw djokus osQ fy, mfpr fofèk }kjk izkUr esa mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kj.kys ldrs gSa rFkk èkkjk 32 osQ vUrxZr mfpr fofèk }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k ys ldrs gSaA bl lEcUèk esage mfpr ;kfpdk (Writ) dj ldrs gSaA tSlsµgSch;l dkjil (Habeas Carpus)] e.Mkel (Manda-

mus)] otZu (Prohibition)] D;ks&okjaVks (Quo-Warranto) ,oa ljV~;ksVjh (Certiotari)A

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gksrk gS fd vfèkdkjksa osQ fcuk euq"; thou dk iw.kZfodkl ugha gks ldrkA ysfdu tc lafoèkku dks la'kksfèkr djosQ budks lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSjladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa mUgsa lafoèkku esa fcuk la'kksèku osQ fuyfEcr fd;k tk ldrk gS] rks fiQj mUgsa ekSfyd

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vf/dkj D;ksa dgk tk,A bldk tokc loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius ,d fu.kZ; esa Li"V fd;k] ¶vfèkdkj ghekSfyd gSa] vfèkdkjksa osQ izfrcUèk ekSfyd ugha gks ldrsA¸



1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ekSfyd vfèkdkj osQ fy, --------- osQ lafoèkku dk ½.kh gSA

2- Hkkjrh; vfèkdkj&i=k esa fyf[kr vfèkdkj vfèkdrj --------- vfèkdkj gSaA

3- èkkjk --------- esa nh xbZ dk;kZfofèk ls ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk la'kksèku fd;k tk ldrk gS\

2-2 ekSfyd vfèkdkj (Fundamental Rights)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ ukxfjdksa dks 6 izdkj osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkj fn, x, gS% os fuEufyf[kr gS%

1- lekurk dk vfèkdkj (Right to Equality-Article 14 to 18)µlekurk dk vfèkdkj iztkrU=k dk

vkèkkj LrEHk gS] vr% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk] jkT; osQ vèkhu ukSdfj;ksa

dk leku volj vkSj lkekftd lekurk iznku dh x;h gS ,oa lekurk dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, mikf/;ksa dk fu"ksèk

fd;k x;k gSA

(i) dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk (vuqPNsn 14) (Equality before the Law)µvuqPNsn 14 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr

osQ jkT; {ks=k esa jkT; fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk ;k dkuwu osQ leku laj{k.k ls oafpr ugha

jgsxkA vuqPNsn osQ izFke Hkkx osQ 'kCn ^dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk* fczfV'k lkekU; fofèk dh nsu gS vkSj blosQ

}kjk jkT; ij ;g cUèku yxk;k x;k gS fd og lHkh O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, ,d&lk dkuwu cuk;sxk rFkk mUgsa ,d

leku ykxw djsxkA lj vkboj tSfuaEt osQ vuqlkj bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ¶leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lHkh O;fDr;ksa

osQ lkFk dkuwu dk O;ogkj ,d&lk gksuk pkfg,A¸ dkuwu dk leku laj{k.k*] ;g okD; vejhdh lafo/ku ls

fy;k x;k gS vkSj bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd vius vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, izR;sd O;fDr leku :i ls U;k;ky;

dh 'kj.k ys ldrk gSA

dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk dk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd vkSfpR;iw.kZ vkèkkj ij vkSj dkuwu }kjk ekU; fdlh HksnHkko

dh Hkh O;oLFkk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn dkuwu dj yxkus osQ lEcUèk esa èkuh vkSj xjhc esa vkSj lqfo/k,¡

iznku djus esa fL=k;ksa vkSj iq#"kksa esa Hksn djrk gS rks bls dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk dk mYya?ku ugha dgk tk ldrkA

(ii) èkeZ] uLy] tkfr] fyax] ;k tUe LFkku osQ vkèkkj ij HksnHkko dk fu"ksèk (vuqPNsn 15)(Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex or Place of

Birth)µdkuwu osQ le{k lekurk osQ lkFk&lkFk vuqPNsn 15 esas dgk x;k gS fd ¶jkT; osQ }kjk èkeZ] ewyoa'k]

tkfr] fyax] tUe LFkku vkfn osQ vkèkkj ij ukxfjdksa osQ izfr thou osQ fdlh {ks=k esa Hksn&Hkko ugha fd;k

tk;sxkA¸ dkuwu osQ }kjk fuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd lc ukxfjdksa osQ lkFk nqdkuksa] gksVyksa rFkk lkoZtfud

LFkkuksaµtSls oqQvksa] rkykcksa Lukux`gksa] lM+dksa vkfn ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Hksn&Hkko ugha fd;k tk;sxkA

(iii) jkT; osQ vèkhu ukSdfj;ksa dk leku volj (vuqPNsn 16) (Equality of Opportunity in

Matters of Public Employment)µvuqPNsn 16 osQ vuqlkj] ¶lc ukxfjdksa dks ljdkjh inksa ij fu;qfDr

osQ leku volj izkIr gksaxs vkSj bl lEcUèk esa osQoy èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr fyax ;k tUe LFkku ;k buesa ls fdlh

osQ vkèkkj ij ljdkjh ukSdjh ;k in iznku djus esa Hksn&Hkko ugha fd;k tk;sxkA¸ blosQ vUrxZr jkT; dks ;g

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vfèkdkj gS fd og jktdh; lsokvksa osQ fy, vko';d ;ksX;rk,¡ fuèkkZfjr dj nsA laln dkuwu }kjk la?k esa

lfEefyr jkT;ksa dks vfèkdkj ns ldrh gS fd os ml in osQ mEehnokj osQ fy, ml jkT; dk fuoklh gksuk

vko';d Bgjk nsaA blh izdkj lsokvksa esa fiNM+s gq, oxks± osQ fy, Hkh LFkku lqjf{kr j[ks tk ldrs gSaA

(iv) vLi`';rk dk fu"ksèk (vuqPNsn 17) (Abolition of Untouchability)µlkekftd lekurk dks vkSj

vfèkd iw.kZrk nsus osQ fy, vLi`';rk dk fu"ksèk fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 17 esa dgk x;k gS fd ¶vLi`';rk ls

mRiUu fdlh v;ksX;rk dks ykxw djuk ,d n.Muh; vijkèk gksxkA¸ fgUnw lekt ls vLi`';rk osQ fo"k dks lekIr

djus osQ fy, laln osQ }kjk 1955 bZ- esa ^vLi`';rk vijkèk vfèkfu;e* (Untouchability offences Act)

ikfjr fd;k x;k gS tks iwjs Hkkjr ij ykxw gksrk gSA bl dkuwu osQ vuqlkj vLi`';rk ,d n.Muh; vijkèk ?kksf"kr

fd;k x;k gSA

(v) mikfèk;ksa dk fu"ksèk (vuqPNsn 18) (Abolition of Titles)µfczfV'k 'kklu dky esa lEifÙk vkfn osQ

vkèkkj ij mikfèk;k¡ iznku dh tkrh Fkha] tks lkekftd thou esa Hksn mRiUu djrh Fkha] vr% uohu lafo/ku esa

budk fu"ksèk dj fn;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 18 esa O;oLFkk dh x;h gS fd ¶lsuk vFkok fo|k lEcU/h mikfèk;ksa osQ

vykok jkT; vU; dksbZ mikfèk;k¡ iznku ugha dj ldrkA¸ blosQ lkFk gh Hkkjro"kZ dk dksbZ ukxfjd fcuk jk"Vªifr

dh vkKk osQ fons'kh jkT; ls Hkh dksbZ mikfèk Lohdkj ugha dj ldrkA

2- LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj (Right to Freedom-Article 19 to 22)µHkkjrh; lafoèkku dk mís'; fopkj]

vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk lqfuf'pr djuk gS] vr% lafoèkku osQ }kjk ukxfjdksa dks

fofoèk LorU=krk,¡ iznku dh x;h gSaA bl lEcUèk esa vuqPNsn 19 lcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g vfèkdkj

ukxfjdksa dks fuEufyf[kr 6 LorU=krk,¡ iznku djrk gSa%

(i) èkkjk 19 osQ }kjk Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks 7 LorU=krk,¡ iznku dh xbZ Fkha] ftlesa NBh LrrU=krk] lEifÙk

izkIr djus rFkk mls cspus dh LorU=krk FkhA ijUrq 44osa la'kksèku }kjk lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk

^lEifÙk dh LorU=krk* Hkh lekIr dj nh xbZ gS vkSj bl izdkj vc èkkjk 19 osQ vUrxZr ukxfjdksa dks

N% LorU=krk,¡ gh izkIr gSa] tks bl izdkj gSaµ

(a) Hkk"k.k nsus rFkk fopkj izdV djus dh LorU=krk (Right to Freedom of Speech and

Expression)A

(b) 'kkfUriwoZd rFkk fcuk 'kL=kksa osQ bdV~Bk gksus dh LorU=krk (Freedom to assemble peace-

fully and without arms)A

(c) la?k cukus dk vfèkdkj (Freedom to form Associations)A

(d) Hkkjr jkT; osQ {ks=k esa Hkze.k djus dk vfèkdkj (Freedom to move freely throughout

the territory of India)A

(e) Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkkx esa jgus ;k fuokl djus dh LorU=krk (Freedom to reside and settle

in any part of the territory of India)A

(f) dksbZ Hkh O;olk; djus] is'kk viukus ;k O;kikj djus dk vfèkdkj (Freedom to practise

any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business)A

èkkjk 20 ls 22 rd us ukxfjdksa dks O;fDrxr LorU=krk iznku dh xbZ gSA fczVsu esa O;fDrxr LorU=krk dk vkèkkjdkuwu dk 'kklu gSA ;gh fl¼kUr Hkkjr esa Hkh viuk;k x;k gSA

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uksV~l Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj ukxfjdksa dks lkr ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr Fks] ysfdu 44osa lafoèkku la'kks/u

osQ }kjk lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dh lwph ls fudky fn;k x;k gSA

(ii) (a) èkkjk 20 osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ltk ml le; esa izpfyr dkuwu osQ vuqlkj gh nh tk

ldrh gSA

(b) èkkjk 20 osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ,d vijkèk osQ fy, nks ckj ltk ugha nh tk ldrh

gSA

(c) èkkjk 20 osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vius fo#¼ xokgh nsus osQ fy, foo'k ugha fd;k tk

ldrkA

(iii) èkkjk 21 osQ vuqlkj dkuwu }kjk LFkkfir i¼fr (Procedure Established by Law) ossQ fcuk

fdlh O;fDr dks mlosQ thou vkSj mldh O;fDrxr LorU=krk ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkA

(a) fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks mldk vijkèk crk, fcuk fxjÝrkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

(b) fxjÝrkj fd;s x, O;fDr dks 24 ?kaVs osQ vUnj eftLVªsV osQ lkeus is'k djuk vko';d gSA

(c) fcuk eftLVsªV dh vkKk osQ cUnh dks tsy esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA

(d) cUnh dks dkuwuh lykg izkIr djus dk iwjk vfèkdkj gSA

3- 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkj (Right Against Exploitation—Article 23 to 24 )µlafoèkku osQ 23

rFkk 24osa vuqPNsnksa esa ukxfjdksa osQ fy, 'kks"k.k osQ fo#¼ vfèkdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA bl vf/dkj dk

;g y{; gS fd lekt dk dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh O;fDr fdlh detksj O;fDr ossQ lkFk vU;k; u dj losQA

(ii) èkkjk 23 osQ vuqlkj euq";ksa dk O;kikj] muls csxkj rFkk bPNk osQ fo#¼ dke djokus dh eukgh dj

nh xbZ gS vkSj tks bl O;oLFkk dk fdlh izdkj ls mYya?ku djsxk] mls dkuwu osQ vuqlkj n.Muh;

vijkèk le>k tk,xkA

(ii) èkkjk 24 osQ vuqlkj 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q okys ckyd dks fdlh Hkh dkj[kkus vFkok [kku esa ukSdj

ugha j[kk tk,xkA u gh fdlh vU; ladVe;h ukSdjh esa yxk;k tk,xkA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd cPpksa

dks dke esa yxkus dh ctk, mudks f'k{kk nh tk,A blhfy, Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vè;k; 4 esa funsZ'kd

fl¼karksa osQ }kjk jkT;ksa dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k gS fd og 14 o"kZ rd dh vk;q osQ cPpksa osQ fy,

vfuok;Z vkSj fu%'kqYd f'k{kk dk izcUèk djsa f'k{kk osQ vfèkdkj (Right to Education) vfèkfu;e

dks Hkh blh fy, cuk;k x;k gSA

4- èkkfeZd LorU=krk dk vfèkdkj (Right to Freedom of Religion–Article 25 to 28)µlafoèkku osQ

vxys 4 vuqPNsnksa (25 ls 28) esa Hkkjr dks ,d èkeZ&fujis{k jkT; cukus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

lafoèkku&fuekZrkvksa us vuqPNsn 15 rFkk 16 esa fn, bl vc vfèkdkj osQ lkFk 42osa la'kks/u osQ }kjk èkeZ&fujis{k

'kCn dks lafoèkku dh izLrkouk esa tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA

(i) fdlh Hkh èkeZ dks ekuus dh LorU=krk (Freedom to practise any Religion)µvuqPNsn 25esa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd Hkkjr esa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks fdlh Hkh èkeZ dh ekuus] mldk vuq;k;hcuus rFkk mldk izpkj djus dk vfèkdkj gSA

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(ii) èkkfeZd dk;Z dk izcaèku djus dh LorU=krk (Freedom to manage Religious

Affairs)µvuqPNsn 26 }kjk lHkh èkkfeZd lEiznk;ksa dks èkkfeZd ,oa ijksidkjh mís';ksa osQ fy, laLFkk,¡

LFkkfir djus muls lEcfUèkr fo"k;ksa dk lapkyu djus] py rFkk vpy lEifÙk [kjhnus rFkk dkuwu

osQ vuqlkj mudk izcaèku pykus dk vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gSA

(iii) èkeZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, dj u nsus dh LorU=krk (Freedom as to Payment of Taxes for

Promotion of any Particular Religion)µvuqPNsn 27 esa ;g fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA fd

fdlh Hkh èkeZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ dj nsus ij foo'k ugha fd;k tk;sxkA

(iv) f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa èkkfeZd f'k{kk u fn, tkus dh jksd (Prohibition of giving Religious

Instructions in Educational Institutions)µvuqPNsn 28 }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd

jkT; }kjk foÙkh; lgk;rk izkIr fdlh Hkh laLFkk esa èkkfeZd f'k{kk ugha nh tk ldrhA ijUrq blosQ vèkhu

os laLFkk,¡ ugha vkrha ftudh LFkkiuk fdlh VªLV }kjk èkeZ osQ izpkj osQ fy, dh xbZ gks] pkgs mldk

iz'kklu jkT; gh pykrk gksA blh vuqPNsn esa ;g Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd jkT; }kjk ftu laLFkkvksa

dks vuqnku (Grants) fn;k tkrk gS] muesa fdlh O;fDr dks èkkfeZd lekjksg esa 'kkfey gksus vFkok

èkkfeZd f'k{kk xzg.k djus ij foo'k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

5- lkaLÑfrd rFkk f'k{kk lEcUèkh vfèkdkj (Cultural and Educational Rights–Article 29 to

30)µlkaLÑfrd rFkk f'k{kk lEcUèkh vfèkdkjksa dk mYys[k lafoèkku dh 29 o 30 vuqPNsnksa esa fd;k x;k gSA

buosQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fuokl djus okys vYierksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh mfpr O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS rkfd os

viuh laLÑfr rFkk Hkk"kk osQ vkèkkj ij viuk fodkl dj losaQA

(i) vuqPNsn 29 osQ vuqlkj] Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa jgus okys ukxfjdksa osQ gj oxZ ;k mlosQ Hkkx dks]

ftudh viuh Hkk"kk] fyfi vFkok laLÑfr gks] mls ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og mudh mudh j{kk djsA

(ii) vuqPNsn 29 osQ vuqlkj] fdlh Hkh ukxfjd dks jkT; }kjk ;k mldh lgk;rk ls pyk;h tkus okyh

f'k{kk laLFkk esa izos'k nsus ls èkeZ] tkfr] oa'k] Hkk"kk ;k buesa fdlh osQ vkèkkj ij budkj ugha fd;k

tk ldrkA

(iii) vuqPNsn 30 osQ vuqlkj] lHkh vYila[;dksa dks pkgs os èkeZ ij vkèkkfjr gksa ;k Hkk"kk ij ;g vf/dkj

izkIr gS fd os viuh bPNkuqlkj f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk djsa rFkk mudk izcUèk djsaA

(iv) vuqPNsn 30 osQ vuqlkj] jkT; }kjk lgk;rk nsrs le; f'k{kk laLFkkvksa osQ izfr bl vkèkkj ij dksbZ

HksnHkko ugha gksxk fd og vYila[;dksa osQ izcUèk osQ vèkhu gS] pkgs og vYila[;d Hkk"kk osQ vkèkkj

ij ;k èkeZ osQ vkèkkj ij D;ksa u gksA 44 osa la'kksèku }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd jkT; vYila[;dksa

}kjk LFkkfir o pykbZ tk jgh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh lEifÙk dks vfuok;Z :i ls ysus osQ fy, dkuwu dk

fuekZ.k djrs le; bl ckr dk è;ku j[ksxk fd dkuwu osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ jdeksa ls vYila[;dksa

osQ vfèkdkj ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+sxkA ;g ifjorZu blfy, djuk iM+k] D;ksafd 44osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk

vuqPNsn 31 dks gVkdj lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA vc lEifÙk dk vfèkdkj osQoy

dkuwuh vfèkdkj gSA

6- laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj (Right to Constitutional Remedies Article 32)µ lafoèkku esa

ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ mYys[k ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ ckr mUgsa fØ;kfUor djus dh O;oLFkk gS] ftlosQ fcuk ekSfyd

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vfèkdkj vFkZghu fl¼ gks tkrsA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bl mís'; ls laoSèkkfud mipkjksa osQ vfèkdkj dks Hkh

lafoèkku esa LFkku fn;k gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky;

rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kj.k ys ldrs gSaA bu U;k;ky;ksa osQ }kjk O;oLFkkfidk }kjk fufeZr mu lHkh dkuwuksa vkSj

dk;Zikfydk osQ mu dk;ks± dks voSèkkfud ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk;sxk tks vfèkdkjksa osQ fo#¼ gksaA laoSèkkfud mipkjksa

osQ vfèkdkjksa dh O;oLFkk osQ egÙo dks n`f"V esa j[krs gq, Mk- vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk] ¶;fn dksbZ eq>ls ;g iwNs

fd lafoèkku dk og dkSu&lk vuqPNsn gS ftlosQ fcuk lafoèkku 'kwU;izk; gks tk;sxk] rks bl vuqPNsn (vuqPNsn

32) dks NksM+dj eSa vkSj fdlh vuqPNsn dh vksj laosQr ugha dj ldrkA ;g rks lafoèkku dk ân; rFkk vkRek

gSA¸ HkwriwoZ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k jktsUnz xMdj us bls ^Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk lcls izeq[k y{k.k* vkSj lafo/ku }kjk

LFkkfir ^iztkrkfU=kd Hkou dh vkèkkjf'kyk* dgk gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ }kjk ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, fuEu ik¡p izdkj

osQ ys[k tkjh fd;s tk ldrs gSaµ

(i) cUnh izR;{khdj.k (Habeas Corpus)µO;fDrxr LorU=krk osQ fy, ;g ys[k lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ

gSA ;g ml O;fDr dh izkFkZuk ij tkjh fd;k tkrk gS tks ;g le>rk gS fd mls voSèk :i ls cUnh

cuk;k x;k gSA blosQ }kjk U;k;ky;] cUnhdj.k djus okys vfèkdkjh dks vkns'k nsrk gS fd og cUnh

cuk;s x;s O;fDr dks fuf'pr le; vkSj LFkku ij mifLFkr djs] ftlls U;k;ky; cUnh cuk;s tkus osQ

dkj.kksa ij fopkj dj losQA nksuksa i{kksa dh ckr lqudj U;k;ky; bl ckr dk fu.kZ; djrk gS fd

utjcUnh oSèk gS ;k voSèk] vkSj ;fn voSèk gksrh gS rks U;k;ky; cUnh dks iQkSju eqDr djus dh vkKk

nsrk gSA bl izdkj vuqfpr ,oa xSjdkuwuh :i ls cUnh cuk;s x;s O;fDr cUnh izR;{khdj.k osQ ys[k osQ

vkèkkj ij LorU=krk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

(ii) ijekns'k (Mandamus)µijekns'k dk ys[k ml le; tkjh fd;k tkrk gS tc dksbZ inkfèkdkjh

vius lkoZtfud dÙkZO; dk fuokZg ugha djrkA bl izdkj osQ vkKk i=k osQ vkèkkj ij inkfèkdkjh dks

mlosQ dÙkZO; ikyu dk vkns'k tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA

(iii) mRizs"k.k (Certiorari)µ;g vkKki=k vfèkdka'kr% fdlh fookn dks fuEu U;k;ky; ls mPp U;k;ky;

esa Hkstus osQ fy, tkjh fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls og viuh 'kfDr ls vfèkd vfèkdkjksa dk miHkksx u djs

;k viuh 'kfDr dk nq#i;ksx djrs gq, U;k; osQ izkÑfrd fl¼kUrksa dks Hkax u djsA bl vkKki=k osQ

vkèkkj ij mPp U;k;ky; fuEu U;k;ky;ksa ls fdUgha fooknksa osQ lEcUèk esa lwpuk Hkh izkIr dj ldrs

gSaA

(iv) izfr"ksèk (Prohibition)µbl vkKki=k osQ }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa }kjk fuEu

U;k;ky;ksa rFkk vèkZ&U;kf;d U;k;kfèkdj.kksa dks tkjh djrs gq, ;g vkns'k fn;k tkrk gS fd os ekeys

esa vius ;gk¡ dk;Zokgh LFkfxr dj nsa] D;ksafd ;g ekeyk mlosQ vfèkdkj {ks=k osQ ckgj gSA

(v) vfèkdkj i`PNk (Quo-warranto)µtc dksbZ O;fDr ,sls inkfèkdkjh osQ :i esa dk;Z djus yxrk

gS] ftlosQ :i esa dk;Z djus dk mls oSèkkfud :i ls vfèkdkj ugha gS rks U;k;ky; vf/dkj i`PNk

osQ vkns'k }kjk ml O;fDr ls iwNrk gS fd og fdl vkèkkj ij bl in ij dk;Z dj jgk gS vkSj tc

rd og bl iz'u dk lUrks"ktud mÙkj ugha nsrk] og dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA

O;fDr;ksa osQ }kjk lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gh U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kj.k ysdj vius ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk dh tk

ldrh gS] ysfdu ;q¼] ckgjh vkØe.k ;k vkUrfjd v'kkfUr tSlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] tcfd jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk

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ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh x;h gks] ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dksbZ O;fDr fdlh U;k;ky; ls izkFkZuk

ugha dj losQxkA bl izdkj lafoèkku osQ }kjk ladV dky esa ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks fuyfEcd djus

dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr vè;;u ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd lekt esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk ,d fo'ks"k

egÙo gksrk gSA ysfdu oqQN vkykspdksa us Hkkjrh; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh dVq vkykspuk dh gSA mudk er gS fd

ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ rhljs vè;k; esa lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd vfèkdkj lfEefyr u djuk ,d cgqr cM+h Hkwy

gS vkSj blh dkj.k ekSfyd vfèkdkj [kks[kys cudj jg x;s gSaA bu vfèkdkjksa dh vkykspuk bl vk/kj ij Hkh

dh tkrh gS fd ljdkj dks ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ij izfrcUèk yxkus dh vusd 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSa] ysfdu

bu lc ckrksa osQ ckotwn Hkh blesa rfud lUnsg ugha gS fd ekSfyd vfèkdkj yksdrU=k dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSaA fo'o

esa dksbZ Hkh ns'k ,slk ugha gS tgk¡ ij ewy vfèkdkjksa ij izfrcUèk u yxk, x, gksaA ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa }kjk ukxfjdksa

dh O;fDrxr lqj{kk dh xbZ gS rFkk foèkkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk dh fuajoqQ'krk ij izfrcUèk u yxk, x, gksaA Hkkjr

esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa }kjk ukxfjdksa dh O;fDrxr lqj{kk dh xbZ gS rFkk foèkkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk dh fujaoqQ'krk

ij izfrcUèk yxk fn;k x;k gSA vUr esa gesa ,e-oh- ik;yh (M.V. Paylee) osQ dFku ls lger gksuk iMs+xk]

¶lEiw.kZ n`f"V ls lafoèkku esa vafdr ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkkjrh; iztkrU=k dks n`<+ rFkk thfor j[kus osQ vkèkkj gSaA¸(“These fundamental rights, taken as a whole remain a formidable sustaining basis ofIndian Democracy.”)


cgq&fodYih; iz'u (Multiple Choice Questions)%

4- ^lekurk dk vfèkdkj* dk o.kZu lafoèkku osQ fdu vuqPNsnksa esa fd;k x;k gS\

(a) 14 ls 18 (b) 16 ls 24

(c) 18 ls 20 (d) 21 ls 25

5- lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 14 esa fuEu esa ls fdldh ckr dh xbZ gS\

(a) èkkfeZd Lora=krk (b) dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk

(c) volj dh lekurk (d) vLi`';rk dk fu"ksèk

6- laoSèkkfud mipkjksa dk vfèkdkj dk o.kZu lafoèkku osQ fdl vuqPNsn esa gS\

(a) vuqPNsn 23 (b) vuqPNsn 24

(c) vuqPNsn 32 (d) vuqPNsn 33


• ekSfyd vfèkdkj O;fDrxr LorU=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa osQ fgr esa jkT; dh 'kfDr ij izfrcUèk yxkus dk

Js"B mik; gSaA

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• 1945 esa LFkkfir vUrjkZ"Vªh; laxBu] ^la;qDr jk"Vª la?k* osQ }kjk Hkh 10 fnlEcj] 1948 bZ- dks ^ekuoh;

vfèkdkjksa dh lkoZykSfdd ?kks"k.kk* (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) osQ uke ls

vUrjkZ"Vªh; vfèkdkj i=k Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

• gekjs lafoèkku esa ljdkj dks jkT; dh lqj{kk] lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] lkoZtfud uSfrdrk rFkk yksd&dY;k.k

dh n`f"V ls ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ij le; dh vko';drk vuqlkj mfpr izfrcUèk yxkus dk vfèkdkj fn;k

x;k gSA

• LorU=krk dh vfèkdkj ftl }kjk ukxfjdksa dh Hkk"k.k rFkk fopkj izdV djus dh LorU=krk] leqnk;

fuekZ.k djus dh LorU=krk] fdlh txg jgus rFkk dksbZ Hkh is'kk viukus dh LorU=krk vkfn iznku dh

xbZ gSA

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh èkkjk 226 osQ vUrxZr gekjs Nhus x, vfèkdkj dks ykxw djokus osQ fy, mfpr fofèk

}kjk izkUr esa mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k ys ldrs gSa rFkk èkkjk 32 osQ vUrxZr mfpr fofèk }kjk loksZPp

U;k;ky; dh 'kj.k ys ldrs gSaA

• dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk dk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd vkSfpR;iw.kZ vkèkkj ij vkSj dkuwu }kjk ekU; fdlh

HksnHkko dh Hkh O;oLFkk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn dkuwu dj yxkus osQ lEcUèk esa èkuh vkSj xjhc esa

vkSj lqfo/k,¡ iznku djus esa fL=k;ksa vkSj iq#"kksa esa Hksn djrk gS rks bls dkuwu osQ le{k lekurk dk

mYya?ku ugha dgk tk ldrkA

• èkkjk 24 osQ vuqlkj 14 o"kZ ls de vk;q okys fdlh Hkh ckyd dks fdlh Hkh dkj[kkus vFkok [kku esa

ukSdj ugha j[kk tk,xkA u gh fdlh vU; ladVe;h ukSdjh esa yxk;k tk,xkA

• lafoèkku esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ mYys[k ls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ ckr mUgsa fØ;kfUor djus dh O;oLFkk gS]

ftlosQ fcuk ekSfyd vfèkdkj vFkZghu fl¼ gksasxsA lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bl mís'; ls laoSèkkfud mipkjksa

osQ vfèkdkj dks Hkh lafoèkku esa LFkku fn;k gS] ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw

djus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh 'kj.k ys ldrs gSaA


• ekSfyd (Fundamental)% ewy lacaèkh] vlyh] okLrfod] ewyHkwr (tSls ekuo osQ ekSfyd fl¼kar)

• vYila[;d (Minority)% de tula[;k okyk


1- Hkkjr esa fn;s x;s ekSfyd vfèkdkjksas dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A

2- Hkkjr esa dkSu&dkSu ls ekSfyd vfèkdkj ukxfjdksa dks izkIr gS\ o.kZu dhft,A


1- vesfjdk 2- udkjkRed

3- 368 4- a

5- b 6- c

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2-6 lUnHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- Nkcjk] vfHkuo izdk'ku] jksgrd] (gfj;k.kk)A

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj- ?kbZA

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bdkbZµ3: ekSfyd dÙkZO;(Fundamental Duties)


mís'; (Objectives)


3.1 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fn, x, ekSfyd dÙkZO; (Fundamental Duties Given in Indian

Constitution)




3.5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk iznÙk ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dk vFkZ le>us esaA

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk ukxfjdksa dks fdrus ekSfyd dÙkZO; iznÙk gSa] le>us gsrqA


Hkkjr esa Lora=krk la?k"kZ osQ nkSjku egkRek xk¡èkh us lnk dÙkZO;ksa dh èkkj.kk ij cy fn;kA ¶Lora=k Hkkjr osQ fy,xk¡èkhoknh lafoèkku¸ (A Gandhism Constitution for free India) uked y?kq iqfLrdk esa ekSfydvfèkdkjksa vkSj ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa ij ,d iw.kZ vè;k; 'kkfey fd;k x;kA bl iqLrd dh Hkwfedk xk¡èkh th us Lo;afy[kh FkhA xk¡èkh th osQ vuqlkj vfèkdkj dk vFkZ dÙkZO; dk vPNh rjg ls ikyu djuk gS_ vfèkdkj osQ lkFkvuqowQy nkf;Ro gksrk gSA xk¡èkh th vfèkdkjksa vkSj dÙkZO;ksa esa vkafxd lacaèk ekurs FksA ;fn vfèkdkj 'kjhj gS rksdÙkZO; mldh vkRek gSA mudk vkil esa ogh lEcUèk gS tks pksyh vkSj nkeu dk gksrk gSA og ,d gh flDosQosQ nks igyw gSaA

Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks rks LFkku fn;k x;k] ijUrq ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dk dgha HkhmYys[k ugha fd;k x;kA bldk dkj.k 'kk;n ;g Fkk fd ml le; ns'k yEcs dky osQ fons'kh 'kklu] jktuSfrdneu vkSj ekuo vfèkdkjksa osQ vHkko ls eqDr gqvk Fkk vkSj lafoèkku&fuekZrk if'peh mnkjoknh O;fDrokn dhfopkjèkkjk ls cgqr vfèkd izHkkfor FksA ml le; jk"Vª dk eq[; mís'; O;fDrxr Lora=krk iznku djuk Fkk] ijUrqlafoèkku ykxw gksus osQ 26 o"kZ osQ i'pkr~ vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl us ;g vuqHko fd;k fd lafo/ku esa ukxfjdksa

Javeed Ahmad Bhat, Lovely Professional UniversityKirandeep Singh, Lovely Professional University

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bdkbZ—3: ekSfyd dÙkZO;

osQ ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dh lwph Hkh gksuh pkfg,A dk;Z laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa osQ fy, fu;qDr dh xbZ Lo.kZ flag desVhdks lkSaik x;kA bl desVh dh fliQkfj'kksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq,A 42osa laoSèkkfud la'kks/u 1976 osQ vUrxZrHkkjrh; lafoèkku esa ,d u;k Hkkx IV tksM+k x;k gSA

VkLd ekSfyd dÙkZO; ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

3-1 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fn, x, ekSfyd dÙkZO; (Fundamental Duties Givenin Indian Constitution)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ Hkkx IV osQ vuqPNsn 51A esa fuEufyf[kr nl ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSµ

1- lafoèkku dk ikyu djsa vkSj mlosQ vkn'kks±] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djsa% izR;sdukxfjd dk iquhr dÙkZO; gS fd og iw.kZ fu"Bk ls lafoèkku dk ikyu djs D;ksafd ;gh ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwugSA blosQ vkn'kks± (yksdra=k] èkeZfujis{krk vkfn)] laLFkkvksa (laln dk;Zikfydk vkfn) dk lEeku djuk Hkhukxfjd dk ije dÙkZO; gSA jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djuk Hkh izR;sd ukxfjd dk ekSfyd dÙkZO;fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA vr% izR;sd ukxfjd dks jk"Vªh; xkSjo osQ izrhd frjaxs èot dk vknj djosQ jk"Vª osQ izfrviuk lEeku iznf'kZr djuk pkfg,A lkFk gh jk"Vªxku osQ le; lkoèkku dh eqnzk esa [kM+s gksdj jk"Vª osQ izfrlEeku dh Hkkouk izdV djuh pkfg,A

2- Hkkjr dh izHkqlÙkk] ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks dk;e j[kuk vkSj j{kk djuk% ns'k dh izHkqrk dk leFkZudjuk izR;sd ukxfjd dk ije dÙkZO; crk;k x;k gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd jkT; }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa dk lgh<ax ls ikyu djuk lHkh ukxfjdksa dk ifo=k dÙkZO; gSA

uksV~l ;fn dksbZ ns'k Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djs rks lHkh ukxfjd mldh j{kk esa ru] eu] èku ls ;ksxnku nsaA blosQ

lkFk gh ukxfjdksa dks ,slk O;ogkj djuk pkfg, ftlls ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk LFkk;h jg losQA

3- ns'k dh j{kk djsa vkSj vkàku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djsa% ns'k dh j{kk djuk izR;sd ukxfjd dkije dÙkZO; gS D;ksafd ns'k dh j{kk esa gh ukxfjdksa dh j{kk fufgr gSA jk"Vª ij ladV gksus ij ukxfjdksa dks viusO;fDrxr LokFkks± dks Hkqykdj jk"Vª dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A ;fn ns'k dks lSfudksa dh vko';drk gks rks ukxfjddks LosPNk ls lsuk esa HkrhZ gks tkuk pkfg,A

4- Lora=krk osQ fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks± dks ân; esa latks, j[ksavkSj mudk ikyu djsa% izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks±(Lora=krk] lekurk] Hkzkr`Ro) dks vius ân; esa lnSo latks, j[ks vkSj vius nSfud thou esa mudk vuqlj.k djsaA

5- Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djsa% lHkh ukxfjdksa dk ije

dÙkZO; gS fd os ijLij Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djsaA U;k;] Loraa=krk ,oa cUèkqRo osQ vkèkkj ij fufeZr bl

uohu jk"Vª (Hkkjr) osQ leLr ukxfjd ;g vuqHko djsa fd os ,d gh èkkjk osQ f'k'kq gSa] ,d gh mudh ekr`Hkwfe

gS vkSj mudk ,d gh Hkzkr`Ro gSA

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6- lkekftd laLÑfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijEijk dk egÙo le>sa vkSj mls cuk;s j[ksa% izR;sd ns'k dh viuh

,d izkphu lkekftd laLÑfr gksrh gSA gekjs ns'k dh ,d izkphu xkSjo'kkyh laLÑfr gS tks ,drk] fo'ocaèkqRo]

loZèkeZ leHkko vkfn vkn'kks± dks vius esa lekfgr fd, gq, gS Hkkjr dh bl xkSjo'kkyh lkaLÑfrd ijEijk dks

le>uk vkSj bls v{kq..k cuk, j[kuk ukxfjdksa dk ekSfyd dÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA

7- taxyksa] >hyksa] ufn;ksa vkSj taxyh thou lfgr izkÑfrd okrkoj.k dh laHkky vkSj lqèkkj rFkk thfor

izkf.k;ksa osQ izfr n;k Hkko j[kuk% gekjs izkÑfrd okrkoj.k dks iznw"k.k vkSj vuSfPNd 'kks"k.k ls cpkus dh

vko';drk vuqHko djrs gq, lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us ukxfjdksa dk ;g ekSfyd dÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k fd os

izkÑfrd okrkoj.k dh j{kk djsa vkSj mlesa lqèkkj djsaA

8- lkoZtfud lEifÙk dks lqjf{kr j[ksa vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgsa% lHkh ukxfjdksa dk ;g dÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k

x;k gS fd os lkoZtfud lEifÙk dh j{kk djsaA vr% mUgsa dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ugha djuk pkfg, ftlls lkoZtfud

lEifÙk dks gkfu igq¡ps ;k mlosQ u"V gksus dh vk'kadk gksA nwljs mUgsa fgalkRed vkanksyuksa ,oa dk;ks± ls lnk nwj

jguk pkfg,A

D;k vki tkurs gSa Lo.kZ flag lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djrs gq, osQUnzh; ljdkj us 42osa lafoèkku

la'kksèku foèks;d osQ vUrxZr ukxfjdksa osQ ewy dÙkZO;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;kA

9- oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djsa% fo|eku cqjkb;ksa vkSj tM+ iM+ x;s jhfr&fjoktksa dks lekIr djus osQ

fy, ;g vko';d gS fd yksx ,d oSKkfud ekufldrk fodflr djsaA mudks izR;sd fLFkfr esa ,d roZQiw.kZ izo`fÙk

vkSj lh[kus dh bPNk fodflr djuh pkfg, vkSj vius xq.kksa vkSj lkèkuksa dks lekt osQ lqèkkj vkSj fodkl osQ

fy, iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A ekuoh; fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks le>uk] mudk lEeku djuk vkSj mudks viukuk euq";

dk ,d loksZPp dÙkZO; gSA

10- O;fDrxr ,oa lkewfgd {ks=k esa fofoèk fo"k;ksa esa mUufr dh vksj vxzlj gkas% lHkh ukxfjdksa dk ;g

ije dÙkZO; gS fd os yxkrkj KkuktZu ,oa {ks=kksa esa mUufr dh vksj c<+us dk ges'kk iz;kl djsa ftlls jk"Vª osQ

mRFkku osQ fy, fd, tkus okys fujUrj iz;kl ,oa muosQ iQyLo:i izkIr miyfCèk;k¡ loksZPp f'k[kj ij igq¡p

losaQA

fu"d"kZ% tkiku] bVyh] phu vkSj vU; vusd ;wjksfi;u ns'kksa osQ lafoèkkuksa esa vfèkdkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk dÙkZO;ksa dk

Hkh mYys[k gS vkSj Hkkjr esa Hkh ukxfjd dÙkZO;ksa osQ mYys[k dj fn;k x;k gSA blls Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks vius

dÙkZO;ksa dk vfèkd Li"V :i esa cksèk gksxk vkSj os vfèkd vPNs :i ls budk ikyu dj losaQxsA

bl dÙkZO;ksa dh vogsyuk dh tkus ij vHkh rd fdlh izdkj dh n.M O;oLFkk ugha dh x;h gS] ysfdu laln

}kjk bl lEcUèk esa n.M dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldrh gSA dÙkZO;ksa dh mijksDr O;oLFkk osQ lEcUèk esa ;gh 'kadk

gS fd oqQN dÙkZO;ksa dh Hkk"kk osQ lEcUèk esa vko';d Li"Vrk dk vHkko gSA oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ekuookn vkSj

KkuktZu rFkk lqèkkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl ,oa lefUor laLÑfr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijEijk dk egÙo vkfn ,slh ckrsa

gSa] ftudh O;k[;k euekus :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ekuookn dh ckr

rks djuk ljy gS ysfdu iz'u ;g gS fd D;k bUgsa lgt gh lkèkkj.k ukxfjd osQ thou esa mrkjk tk ldrk gSA

bl lEcUèk esa Hk; vkSj vkifÙk ;g gS fd dÙkZO; ikyu djokus osQ uke ij 'kkld oxZ osQ }kjk viuh lÙkk dk

nq#i;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vk'kk ;gh dh tkuh pkfg, fd ,slh fLFkfr mRiUu u gksA

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bdkbZ—3: ekSfyd dÙkZO;


fjDr LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the blanks)

1- ^Lora=k Hkkjr osQ fy, xkaèkhoknh lafoèkku iqLrd* --------- us fy[kh gSA

2- 42osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ varxZr lafoèkku esa ,d u;k Hkkx --------- tksM+k x;k gSA

3- ewy vfèkdkjksa dks --------- dh fliQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djrs lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA

3-2 lkjak'k (Summary)

• xk¡èkh th osQ vuqlkj vfèkdkj dk vFkZ dÙkZO; dk vPNh rjg ls ikyu djuk gS_ vfèkdkj osQ lkFkvuqowQy nkf;Ro gksrk gSA xk¡èkh th vfèkdkjksa vkSj dÙkZO;ksa esa vkafxd lacaèk ekurs FksA

• jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj djuk Hkh izR;sd ukxfjd dk ekSfyd dÙkZO; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAvr% izR;sd ukxfjd dks jk"Vªh; xkSjo osQ izrhd frjaxs èot dk vknj djosQ jk"Vª osQ izfr viuk lEekuiznf'kZr djuk pkfg,A

• jk"Vª ij ladV gksus ij ukxfjdksa dks vius O;fDrxr LokFkks± dks Hkqykdj jk"Vª dh j{kk djuh pkfg,A ;fnns'k dks lSfudksa dh vko';drk gks rks ukxfjd dks LosPNk ls lsuk esa HkrhZ gks tkuk pkfg,A

• ekuoh; fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks le>uk] mudk lEeku djuk vkSj mudks viukuk euq"; dk ,d loksZPpdÙkZO; gSA


• la'kksèku (Amendment)% 'kq¼ djuk] lkiQ djuk] Bhd djuk] nq#Lr djuk] :i cnyuk

• mnkjokn (Liberalism)% og fl¼kar fd lHkh yksxksa dks leku :i ls Lora=k jgus dk vfèkdkj feyukpkfg, (lekurk ,oa Lora=krk)A


1- lafoèkku }kjk fn, x, Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd dÙkZO;ksa dh O;k[;k dhft,\

2- ,d ukxfjd osQ fy, ekSfyd dÙkZO; fdrus egÙoiw.kZ gSa\ Li"V dhft,A


1- egkRek xkaèkh 2- IV

3- Lo.kZ flag lfefr

3-5 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- Nkcjk] vfHkuo izdk'ku] jksgrd (gfj;k.kk)A

2- Hkkjr dk lafoèkkuµ lqHkk"k d';iA

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bdkbZµ4: jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar(Directive Principles of State Policy)


mís'; (Objectives)


4.1 funsZ'kd fl¼kar dh izÑfr (Nature of Directive Principles)

4.2 funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk egÙo (Importance of Directive Principles)

4.3 funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Directive Principles)

4.4 uhfr funsZ'kd rÙokas dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Directive Principles)

4.5 jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh mi;ksfxrk (Usefulness of Directive Principles of

State Policy)

4.6 funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk fØ;kUo;u vkSj miyfCèk;k¡ (Implementation and Achiements

with Regard to Directive Principles)

4.7 funsZ'kd fl¼kar vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa vUrj (Difference between Directive

Principles and Fundamental Rights)





mís'; (Objectives)


• funsZ'kd fl¼kar osQ vFkZ] fo"k;&oLrqvksa dks le>us gsrqA

• funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk oxhZdj.k djosQ lafoèkku la'kksèku dks le>us esaA

• jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu djus gsrqA

• funsZ'kd fl¼kar vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa vUrj dks le>us esaA


Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blosQ vUrxZr ^jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙo* uke ls jkT; lsiFk&izn'kZu gsrq oqQN fl¼karksa dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gSA bl uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk mYys[k lafoèkku osQ prqFkZ


uksV


bdkbZ—4: jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar

Hkkx esa fd;k x;k gSA bl vè;k; osQ vUrxZr lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ,d fn'kk dh vksj laosQr fd;k gS ftldkvuqlj.k osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk dkuwu fuekZ.k vkSj iz'kklu osQ lacaèk esaaaaa fd;k tkuk pkfg,

1937 esa vk;jyS.M us vius lafoèkku esa u osQoy ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh O;oLFkk dh oju~ lkekftd uhfr osQfunsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks Hkh lafoèkku esa LFkku fn;kA blosQ lkFk gh ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa;g vUrj j[kk gS fd tgk¡ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks U;k; ;ksX;* Bgjk;k x;k] uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks U;k; ;ksX;ugha ekuk x;kA

4-1 funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh izÑfr (Nature of Directive Principles)

bl funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh izÑfr vkSj Lo:i osQ lEcUèk esaµvuqPNsn 37 esa Li"V :i ls dgk x;k gS fdµ¶bl Hkkx(4) esa fn;s x;s micaèkksa dks fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; }kjk ckè;rk ugha nh tk losQxh] fdUrq rks Hkh blesa fn;s gq,rÙo ns'k osQ 'kklu esa ewyHkwr gSa vkSj fofèk fuekZ.k esa bu rÙoksa dk iz;ksx djuk jkT; dk dÙkZO; gksxkA¸

D;k vki tkurs gSa MkW- vEcsMdj us bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ lEcUèk esa lafoèkku lHkk esa dgk Fkk] ¶jkT; dh uhfr

osQ funsZ'kd rÙo ekuks 1935 osQ Hkkjr ljdkj vfèkfu;e osQ vèkhu xouZj tujy vkSj xouZjksaosQ uke vkns'k gSaA vUrj osQoy bruk gS fd 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e osQ vèkhu vkns'k dk;Zikfydk

dks vkns'k gksrs Fks] tcfd funsZ'kd rÙo jkT; osQ uke vkns'k gSaA

blfy, gekjs jkT; dh uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙo dk;Zikfydk osQ lkFk&lkFk foèkkueaMyksa dks izHkkfor djsaxsA¸ bu

rÙoksa dh izÑfr dks Li"V djrss gq, Jh th-,u- tks'kh viuh iqLrd ^Hkkjr dk lafoèkku* esa fy[krs gSa fd]

¶funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk foèkkueaMyksa dks dkuwu cukrs le; vkSj dk;Zikfydk dks bu rÙoksa dks ykxw djrs le; è;ku

j[kuk pkfg,A ;s ml uhfr dh vksj laosQr djrs gSa ftudk vuqlj.k la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dks djuk pkfg,A¸

jkT;&uhfr osQ funZs'kd rÙo Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d ubZ fo'ks"krk gSA bu fl¼karksa esa mu vkns'kksa dh lwph

lekfo"V gS ftuosQ vuqlkj orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dh ljdkjsa dk;Z djsaxh Hkys gh os fdlh jktuhfrd ny ls

lacaf/r gksA ;s fl¼kar lafoèkku osQ Hkkx IV (vuqPNsn 36 ls 51) esa fn, x, gSaA ;s fl¼kar] lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa

dh vk'kkvksa ,oa vkdka{kkvksa dks ifjyf{kr djrs gSaA bu fl¼karksa }kjk os Hkkjr esa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djuk

pkgrs Fks ftlesa yksxksa dks lkekftd] jktuhfrd rFkk vkfFkZd U;k; izkIr gks losQA ;s micaèk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku

esa thou dk lapkj djrs gSaA blosQ fuekZrk bl lR; dks Bhd rjg le>rs Fks fd O;fDr osQ vfèkdkjksa dks lewps

lekt osQ lkewfgd fgrksa osQ lkFk leaftr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A os vejhdk osQ vuqHko ls ifjfpr Fks blfy,

mUgksaus lkekftd ifjorZu dh laHkkouk dks lEeq[k j[kkA bl lEcUèk esa mUgksaus vk;jyS.M osQ lafoèkku ls ekxZn'kZu

izkIr fd;kA

Lo&ewY;kadu (Self-Assessment)


1- vk;jySaM us vius lafoèkku esa lkekftd uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks --------- esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA

2- jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼kar lafoèkku osQ Hkkx IV --------- esa fn;s x;s gSaA

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4-2 funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk egÙo (Importance of Directive Principles)

funsZ'kd fl¼kar ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSaA vuqPNsn 38 osQ vuqlkj] ¶jkT;,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djosQ ftlesa jk"Vªh; thou dh lHkh laLFkkvksa esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkkjktuhfrd U;k; miyCèk gksa] yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus dk iz;Ru djsxkA¸ (‘‘The State shall striveto promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it maya social order in which justice, social, economic and political shall inform all the insti-tutions of national life.’’) bUgsa U;k;ky; }kjk ykxw ugha fd;k tkrkA 42osa la'kks/u ls iwoZ ekSfyd vfèkdkjfunsZ'kd fl¼karksa ls mQ¡ps ekus tkrs Fks] Hkys gh ;s fl¼kar ns'k osQ 'kklu osQ fy, vk/kjHkwr FksA vuqPNsn 37 osQvuqlkj Hkkx IV osQ micaèk fdlh U;k;ky; }kjk ykxw ugha gksaxs] ij ns'k osQ izca/u esa rFkk dkuwu cukrs le;è;ku esa j[ks tk,saxsA (‘‘Provisions in Part IV shall not be enforceable by any court, but theprinciple there in laid down are nevertheless fundamental in the governance of thecountry and it shall be the duty of the State to apply their principles in making thelaws.’’) 42osa la'kksèku osQ ckn bUgsa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls mQ¡pk LFkku fn;k x;k gSA bl la'kksèku osQ ckn lalnvFkok jkT; foèkkueaMyksa }kjk cuk, x, fdlh dkuwu dks fdlh U;k;ky; esa bl vkèkkj ij pqukSrh ugha nh tkldrh fd og lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 14] 19 rFkk dk mYya?ku djrk gSA

4-3 funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Directive Principles)

lafoèkku osQ vè;k; 4] vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA lafoèkku esa rks budkoxhZdj.k ugha fd;k x;k ysfdu] izks- ,e-ih- 'kekZ us bUgsa izeq[k :i ls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA

bu rhu oxks± esa nks vkSj oxks± dks Hkh tksM+k tk ldrk gSA

1- lektoknh fl¼kar (Socialistic Principles)% bl oxZ osQ vèkhu ,sls fl¼kar j[ks tk ldrs gSa ftudkmís'; Hkkjr esa lektoknh dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA

(i) èkkjk 38 osQ vuqlkj jkT; dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh mUufr osQ fy, lkekftd O;oLFkk cuk,xkA

(ii) èkkjk 39 osQ vuqlkjµ

(a) izR;sd ukxfjd dks viuk fuokZg djus osQ fy, vkthfodk dekus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gksA

(b) ns'k esa HkkSfrd lkèkuksa dk foHkktu bl izdkj gks ftlls vfèkd&ls&vfèkd tu&dY;k.k gks losQA

(c) ns'k dk vkfFkZd <k¡pk bl izdkj dk gks fd èku rFkk mRiknu osQ lkèku pUn O;fDr;ksa osQ gkFkeas ,df=kr u gksaA

(d) fL=k;ksa o iq#"kksa osQ fy, leku dk;Z osQ fy, leku osru dh O;oLFkk gksA

(e) fL=k;ksa] cPpksa rFkk ;qodksa dks uSfrd rFkk HkkSfrd iru ,oa 'kks"k.k ls cpk;k tk,A

(f) L=kh] iq#"k rFkk cPpksa dks vkfFkZd ladV ls foo'k gksdj ,sls dk;Z u djus fn, tk,¡ tks mudhvk;q rFkk LokLF; osQ vuqowQy gksaA

(iii) èkkjk 41 osQ vuqlkj csdkjh] chekjh] cq<+kik rFkk vaxghu gksus dh fLFkfr esa jkT; viuh 'kfDr osQvuqlkj lgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk djsA blosQ vykok jkT; lc yksxksa dks jkstxkj rFkk f'k{kk nsus dkizz;kl djsA

(iv) èkkjk 42 osQ vuqlkj jkT; dke osQ fy, U;k;iw.kZ fLFkfr mRiUu djs rFkk vfèkd&ls&vfèkd izlwfrlgk;rk (Maternity Relief) dk izcaèk djsA

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uksV~l èkkjk 43 osQ vuqlkj jkT; izR;sd Js.kh osQ etnwjksa osQ fy, vPNk osru] vPNk thou&Lrj rFkk vko';d

NqfV~V;ksa dk izcaèk djsA jkT; bl izdkj dk izcaèk djs fd etnwj lkekftd rFkk lkaLÑfrd lqfoèkkvksa

dk vf/d&ls&vfèkd ykHk izkIr dj losaQA

2- xk¡èkhoknh fl¼kar (Gandhian Principles)% bl Js.kh esa os fl¼kar 'kkfey fd, tk ldrs gSa ftulslekt dh LFkkiuk gks ldrh gS ftudk LoIu xk¡èkh th osQ eu esa FkkA

(i) èkkjk 40 osQ vuqlkj xk¡oksa esa xzke iapk;rksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,xkA

(ii) èkkjk 43 osQ vuqlkj xk¡oksa esa ?kjsyw nLrdkfj;ksa dh mUufr osQ fy, iz;Ru fd;k tk,xkA

(iii) èkkjk 46 osQ vuqlkj jkT; detksj oxks± dks rFkk fo'ks"kr% vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj fiNM+s dchyksa dksf'k{kk lEcUèkh lqfoèkk,¡ iznku djsxk] mudks lkekftd vU;k; rFkk gj izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k ls cpk,xkA

(iv) èkkjk 47 osQ vuqlkj jkT; 'kjkc rFkk vU; u'khyh oLrqvksa ij tks LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSa]izfrcaèk yxkus dk iz;kl djsxkA

(v) èkkjk 48 osQ }kjk nwèk nsus okys i'kqvksa dks ekjus ij jksd yxk,xk rFkk i'kqvksa dh uLy lqèkkjus dk ;RudjsxkA

3- mnkjoknh fl¼kar (Liberal Principles)% bl Js.kh esa lkèkkj.k rFkk fo'kky fopkjksa okys euksjFkksa dks'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

(i) èkkjk 44 osQ vuqlkj jkT; leLr Hkkjr esa leku O;ogkj fu;e (Uniform Civil Code) ykxw djusdk ;Ru djsxkA

(ii) èkkjk 45 osQ vuqlkj lafoèkku ykxw gksus osQ nl o"kZ osQ vUnj&vUnj jkT; 14 o"kZ rd osQ ckydksa osQfy, fu%'kqYd rFkk vfuok;Z f'k{kk iznku djsxkA

(iii) èkkjk 47 osQ vuqlkj jkT; yksxksa osQ thou&Lrj rFkk [kqjkd&Lrj dks mQ¡pk mBkus rFkk muosQ LokLF;esa lqèkkj djus dk iz;Ru djsxkA

(iv) èkkjk 48 osQ vuqlkj jkT; oSKkfud vkèkkj ij Ñf"k vkSj i'kqikyu dk lapkyu djsxkA

(v) èkkjk 50 osQ vuqlkj jkT; U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ls i`Fko~Q j[kus dk iz;kl djsxkA

4- vUrjkZ"Vªh; lacaèkksa lacaèkh fl¼kar (Principles Relating to International Relations)% bl Js.khesa ,sls fl¼kar 'kkfey fd, x, gSa ftudk y{; fo'o&'kkfUr LFkkfir djuk gSA ;s fl¼kar bl izdkj gSaµ

èkkjk 51 osQ vuqlkjµ

(i) jkT; vUrjkZ"Vªh; 'kkfUr rFkk O;oLFkk dks c<+kok nsxkA

(ii) jkT; fofHkUu jk"Vªksa osQ chp lEekuiwoZd rFkk U;k;ksfpr lEcUèkksa dks cuk, j[kus dk ;Ru djsxkA

(iii) jkT; vUrjkZ"Vªh; dkuwuksa] lfUèk;ksa rFkk le>kSrksa dk eku djsxkA

(iv) vUrjkZ"Vªh; >xM+ksa dks iap iSQlys (Arbitration) }kjk fuiVkus osQ <ax dk jkT; leFkZu djsxkA

5- vU; fl¼kar (Other Principles)% èkkjk 49 osQ vuqlkj jkT; ,sfrgkfld Lekjdksa dh j{kk djus dk iwjkiz;kl djsxkA

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(i) 42osa la'kksèku }kjk lafoèkku esa u;k vuqPNsn 43-A tksM+k x;k gS ftlosQ }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd jkT;mfpr dkuwu ;k fdlh vU; fofèk ls bl mís'; osQ fy, iz;Ru djsxk fd fdlh Hkh m|ksx ls lEcfUèkr dkjksckjosQ izcaèk esa vFkok vU; laLFkkvksa esa Jfedksa dks Hkkx ysus dk volj iznku gksA

(ii) 42osa la'kksèku }kjk lafoèkku esa ,d u;k vuqPNsn 48-A tksM+k x;k gS] ftlesa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fdjkT; okrkoj.k dh lqj{kk rFkk lqèkkj osQ fy, vkSj ns'k osQ ouksa rFkk thou dh j{kk osQ fy, ;Ru djsxkA



3- èkkjk --------- osQ vuqlkj lektoknh fl¼kar dgrk gS fd jkT; dke osQ fy, U;k;iw.kZ fLFkfr mRiUu djsrFkk vfèkd&ls&vfèkd izlwfr lgk;rk dk izcaèk djsaA

4- vuqPNsn --------- osQ vuqlkj xkaèkhoknh fl¼kar dgrk gS fd xk¡oksa esa xzke iapk;r dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkukpkfg,A

4-4 uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Directive Principles)

ftl le; lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k gks jgk Fkk] ml le; lafoèkku lHkk esa vkSj ckgj Hkh jkT; dh uhfr osQ funsZ'kdrÙoksa lEcUèkh micaèkksa dh cgqr vkykspuk gqbZ FkhA lafoèkku osQ LohÑr gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh vusd fo}kuksa usdbZ vkèkkjksa ij bu micaèkksa dh vkykspuk dh gSA funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ fo#¼ dh tkus okyh vkykspuk osQ izeq[kvkèkkj fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

1- oSèkkfud 'kfDr dk vHkko (Lack of Legal Sanction)% lafoèkku us jkT; osQ uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙoksa

dks ,d vksj rks ns'k osQ 'kklu esa ewyHkwr ekuk gS fdUrq lkFk gh os oSèkkfud 'kfDr ;k izkIr U;k; ;ksX; ugha

gS vFkkZr~ U;k;ky; mi;qZDr fl¼kar dks fØ;kfUor ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% vkykspdksa dh jk; esa ;s funsZ'kd rÙo

^'kqHk bPNk,¡* (Pious wishes)] ^uSfrd mins'k* (Morel precepts) ;k ^,slh jktuhfrd ?kks"k.kkvksa osQ leku

gSa] ftudk dksbZ laoSèkkfud egÙo ugha gksA* lafoèkku lHkk osQ ,d lnL; Jh ukfl:íhu us bUgsa uoo"kZ osQ izFke

fnu ikl fd, x, 'kqHkdkeuk dk izLrko* tSlh oLrq dgk Fkk vkSj izks- osQ-Vh- 'kkg osQ 'kCnksa esa] ^;g ,d ,slk

pSd gS ftldk Hkqxrku cSad dh bPNk ij NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA* izks- àh;j us bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks ^mís';ksa vkSj

vkdka{kkvksa dk ?kks"k.kk i=k* dgk gS vkSj Jh ,u-vkj- jk?kokpkjh bUgsa ^yfyr inkoyh esa O;Dr èofur

Hkkoukvksa dh ,slh iafDr;k¡ dgrs gSa ftudk oSèkkfud n`f"V ls dksbZ egÙo ugha gSA* lj ch-,u- jko osQ 'kCnksa

esa] ¶jkT;ksa dh uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙo jkT; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ fy, uSfrd mins'k osQ leku gSa vkSj os bl vkykspuk

osQ ik=k gSa fd lafoèkku esa uSfrd mins'kksa osQ fy, mfpr LFkku ugha gSA¸ vkykspdksa dks dguk gS ;fn lafoèkku

esa uSfrd mins'k djuk gh vHkh"V Fkk] rks ckbfcy dh nl ifo=k vkKkvksa dks lafoèkku esa D;ksaaa ugha fy;k x;k\

2- vLi"V rFkk vrkfoZQd :i ls laxzghr (Vague and Illogically)% uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ fo#¼ ;g

Hkh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd ;s fdlh fuf'pr ;k laxriw.kZ n'kZu ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA os vLi"V gSa] muesa

Øec¼rk dk vHkko gS vkSj ,d ckr dks ckj&ckj nksgjk;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] bu rÙoksa esa iqjkus Lekjdksa

dh j{kk tSls egÙoghu iz'u vis{kkÑr vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ] vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd iz'uksa osQ lkFk feyk fn, x,

gSaA izks- Jhfuoklu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶bl vè;k; esa oqQN cs<axs rjhosQ ls vkèkqfud dks iqjkru osQ lkFk vkSj roZQ

rFkk foKku }kjk lq>k;s x, micaèkksa dks fo'kq¼ :i ls Hkkoqdrk vkSj iwokZxzg ij vkèkkfjr micaèkksa osQ lkFk feyk

fn;k x;k gSA¸

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3- ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jkT; esa vLokHkkfod (Unnatural in Sovereign State)% ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUujkT; esa bl izdkj osQ fl¼karksa dks xzg.k djuk vLokHkkfod Hkh yxrk gSA ,d mPp lÙkk vèkhuLFk lÙkk dksvkns'k ns ldrh gS tSlk fd 1935 osQ Hkkjrh; 'kklu vfèkfu;e esa fczfV'k laln }kjk xouZj tujy vkSj xouZjksadks vkns'k fn, x, Fks] ysfdu ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jkT; dks bl izdkj osQ vkns'k nsus dh vko';drk iM+s] ;gvLokHkkfod tku iM+rk gS fofèkosÙkkvksa dh n`f"V esa ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu jkT; osQ fy, bl izdkj osQ vkns'kksa dkdksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA

4- vO;kogkfjd ,oa vuqfpr (Impractical and Unsound)% O;kogkfjdrk o vkSfpR; dks Hkh oqQNvkykspdksa osQ }kjk pqukSrh nh x;h gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] e| fu"ksèk ls lEcfUèkr funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh Lora=kvFkZO;oLFkk osQ izfrikndksa }kjk mxz vkykspuk dh x;h gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;s rFkkdfFkr lqèkkj jk"Vªh; dks"kij HkkjLo:i gksaxsA blosQ vfrfjDr ;g Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd uSfrdrk Fkksih ugha tk ldrhA e| fu"ksèk 'kjkfc;ksadks uSfrd iz.kkyh cukus osQ ctk; 'kjkc osQ voSèk O;kikj dks tUe nsxkA ;g O;oLFkk bl n`f"V ls HkhvO;kogkfjd izrhr gS fd vusd jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk e| fu"ksèk dh O;oLFkk dk vUr rd lkoZtfud {ks=k esa e|foØ; x`gksa* (Wine Shops) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa MkW- tSfuaXt osQ ;s 'kCn cgqr oqQN lhekrd mfpr izrhr gksrs gSa fdµ^vkus okyh lnh esa ;s rÙo fuLlansg fujFkZd gks tk,¡xs*A

5- laoSèkkfud }U} osQ dkj.k (Basis of Constitutional Crisis )% laoSèkkfud fofèk osÙkkvksa us ;gvk'kadk O;Dr dh fd ;s rÙo Hkkjrh; 'kklu esa laoSèkkfud }U} vkSj xfrjksèk osQ dkj.k Hkh cu ldrs gSaA lafo/kulHkk esa Jh laFkkue~ us ;g vk'kadk O;Dr dh Fkh fd bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr rFkk iz/kuea=kh vFkokjkT;iky vkSj eq[;ea=kh osQ chp erHksn mRiUu gks ldrs gSa\ iz'u ;g gS fd vxj izèkkuea=kh bu fl¼karksa dkmYya?ku djrk gS rks fLFkfr D;k gksxh\ ,d i{k dk dguk gS fd jk"Vªifr bl vkèkkj ij fdlh Hkh foèks;d ijfu'ks"kkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gS fd og 'kklu osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ fojQ¼ gSA Hkkjrh;lafoèkku osQ izfl¼ ys[kd Jh nqxkZnkl clq osQ }kjk Hkh mi;qZDr fopkj O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA blh izdkj dh?kVuk,¡ jk"Vªifr vkSj izèkkuea=kh osQ chp rhoz erHksn dks tUe nsaxh vkSj blls lalnkRed iztkrU=k dks xEHkhjvk?kkr igq¡p ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)% mi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gksrk gS fd vkèkqfud ;qx esa Hkkjr esa funsZ'kd

fl¼karksa dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA U;k;ky; osQ HkwriwoZ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k osQ- lqOck jko (K. Subba Rao) dk dguk

gS] ¶lafoèkku osQ pkSFks Hkkx ls jktuhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;g ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk

dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrk gS] ftlesa U;k; lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd jk"Vªh; thou dh leLr laLFkkvksa

dk vk/kj gksxkA ;g ,d ,sls Ñ"kd lekt dh LFkkiuk dk funsZ'k nsrk gS] ftlls èku dk osQUnzh;dj.k u jgsxk]

tgk¡ izpqjrk jgsxh] tgk¡ f'k{kk ikus] dke djus rFkk thou&fuokZg djus dk lHkh dks leku volj izkIr gksxk

vkSj tgk¡ ij lkekftd U;k; izkIr gksxkA¸


cgqfodYih; iz'u (Muliple Choice Questions)

5- fuEu esa ls fdlus uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ^uo o"kZ osQ izFke fnu ikl fd, x, 'kqHkdkeuk dkizLrko* dgk gS\

(a) izks- osQ-Vh- 'kkg (b) izks- Oghyj

(c) lj-ch-,u- jko (d) Jh ukfl#íhu

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6- ;g dFku fdldk gSµ^uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼kar ,d ,slk pSd gS ftldk Hkqxrku cSad dh bPNk ij NksM+fn;k x;k gS*µ

(a) izks- osQ-Vh- 'kkg (b) Jh ,u-vkj- jk?kkokpkjh

(c) izks- Oghyj (d) Jh ukfl#íhu

7- fuEu ls fdlus ;g vk'kadk O;Dr dh Fkh fd funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr rFkk izèkkuea=kh vFkokjkT;iky vkSj eq[;ea=kh osQ chp erHksn mRiUu gks ldrs gSa\

(a) osQ- lqCckjko (b) Jh laikue~

(c) izks- fuoklu (d) izks- Oghyj

4-5 jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd rÙo dh mi;ksfxrk (Usefulness of DirectivePrinciples of State Directive Policy)

uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh vkykspuk dh xbZ gS mldk rkRi;Z ugha fy;k tkuk pkfg, fd os fcYoqQy O;FkZ vkSjegÙoghu gSaA okLro esa] laoSèkkfud vkSj O;kogkfjd n`f"Vdks.k ls uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk cgqr vfèkd egÙogSA U;k;ewfrZ gsxM+s osQ vuqlkj] ¶;fn gekjs lafoèkku osQ dksbZ Hkkx ,sls gSa ftu ij lkoèkkuh vkSj xgjkbZ ls fopkjdjus dh vko';drk gS rks o gSa Hkkx rhu vkSj pkjA¸ muesa lafoèkku dk n'kZu fufgr gS vkSj ,d ys[kd osQ'kCnksa esa] ¶os gekjs lafoèkku dh vUrjkRek gSA¸ MkW- ik;yh osQ vuqlkj] ¶bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk egÙo bl ckresa gS ;s ukxfjdksa osQ izfr jkT; osQ ldkjkRed nkf;Ro gSA¸ bu rÙoksa osQ egÙo dk vè;;u fuEufyf[kr :iksals fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

1- vlaxr rFkk vlkef;d gksus osQ roZQ xyr (Directive Principles are neither Inconsistent

not out of date)% uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ lEcUèk esa izks- tSfuXt vkSj Jhfuokl tSls O;fDr;ksa dh ;gvkykspuk furkUr vuqfpr gS fd ;s rÙo vlaxr rFkk vlkef;d gSA okLro esa] ;s fopkj osQoy fons'kh ugha gSoju~ bl vè;k; osQ vusd micaèk iw.kZ:i esa Hkkjrh; gSA ;|fi 21oha lnh esa ;s fl¼kar iqjkus iM+ tk,¡xs vkSjO;kogkfjd gks tk,¡xs ysfdu de ls de 20oha lnh osQ Hkkjr esa ;s fl¼kar mi;ksxh rFkk O;kogkfjd izrhr gksrsgSaA iqu% izks- ,e-oh- ik;yh osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶;fn dHkh ;s fl¼kar iqjkus iM+ tk,¡xs rks budk vko';drkuqlkjla'kks/u fd;k tk ldrk gS_ D;ksafd la'kksèku izfØ;k vR;Ur ljy gSA tc rd buosQ la'kksèku djus dk le;vk,xk] rc rd Hkkjr budk iwjk ykHk mBk pqdk gksxk vkSj Hkkjr Hkwfe esa vkfFkZd yksdra=k dh tM+sa xgjh gkspqdh gksaxhA lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k orZeku leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy, gksrk gSA ;fn ge orZeku dk fuekZ.k ln`<+uhao ij djs rks Hkfo"; dh fpUrk djus dh vko';drk ugha jgsxhA¸

2- funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ ihNs tuer dh 'kfDr (Power of Public Opinion behind the Principles)%;|fi bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ysfdu blosQ ihNs tuer dh lÙkkgksrh gS] tks iztkra=k dk lcls cM+k U;k;ky; gSA vr% turk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h dksbZ Hkh ljdkj budh vogsyukdk lkgl ugha dj ldrhA 'kklu }kjk fd;k x;k budk ckj&ckj mYya?ku ns'k esa 'kfDr'kkyh fojksèk dks tUensxkA O;oLFkkfidk osQ Hkhrj 'kklu dks fojksèkh ny osQ izgkjksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxk vkSj O;oLFkkfidk osQ ckgjbls fuokZpu osQ le; fuokZpdksa dks tokc nsuk gksxkA funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ ihNs tuer nsuk gksxkA izks- ik;yh osQvuqlkj] ¶;s funsZ'kd rÙo jk"Vªh; psurk osQ vkèkkjHkwr Lrj dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj ftuosQ }kjk bu rÙoksa dkmYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS] os ,slk dk;Z mÙkjnkf;Ro dh fLFkfr ls vyx gksus dh tksf[ke ij gh djrs gSaA¸ vkykspdjk?kokpkjh Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fd] ¶tks 'kklu lÙkk ij vkfèkiR; cuk ys] mls bl vuqns'k&i=k dk vknj djuk

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gh gksxkA vkxkeh vke pquko esa mls bl lEcUèk esa fuokZpdksa dks tokc nsuk gh iM+rk gSA¸ ,slh fLFkfr esa JhvYykfn Ñ".kkLokeh vÕ;j us lafoèkku lHkk esa Bhd gh dgk Fkk fd ¶dksbZ Hkh yksdfiz; eaf=keaMy lafoèkkuosQ prqFkZ Hkkx osQ mica/ksa osQ mYya?ku dk lkgl ugha dj ldrkA¸

3- pje lhekvksa ls j{kk (An Insurance against Extremes)% gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrk bl rF; lsiw.kZr;k ifjfpr Fks fd iztkrkaf=kd jkT; esa ifjorZu'khy tuer osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fofHkUu le;ksa esa fofHkUujktuhfrd ny lÙkk:<+ gks ldrs gSaA dHkh nf{k.kiaFkh ny 'kklu lÙkk ij vfèkdkj dj ldrk gS vkSj dHkh dksbZokeiaFkh nyA funsZ'kd rÙo nksuksa izdkj dh ljdkjksa dks e;kZfnr j[ksaxs rFkk mUgsa fdlh izdkj dk ,d rjiQ >qdkoj[kus ls jksosaQxsA Jh vejuUnh osQ vuqlkj] ¶lafoèkku osQ funsZ'kd rÙo bl ckr dk vk'oklu nsrs gSa fd vuqnkjny viuh uhfr osQ fuèkkZj.k esa bu rÙoksa dh iw.kZ vogsyuk ugha dj losQxk vkSj ,d mxzxkeh ny vius nyosQ vkfFkZd ;k vU; dk;ZØe dks iwjk djus osQ fy, lafoèkku dk vUr djuk vko';d ugha le>sxkA bl izdkjfunsZ'kd rÙo oke vkSj nf{k.k iaFk dh pje lhekvksa ls lqj{kk iznku djrs gSaA¸

4- uSfrd vkn'kks± osQ :i esa egÙo (Importance as Moral Ideals)% ;fn funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks osQoyuSfrd èkkj.kk,¡ gh eku fy;k tk, rks bl :i esa Hkh mudk vikj egÙo gSA fczVsu esa eSXukdkVkZ] izQkal esa ekuoh;rFkk ukxfjd vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk rFkk vejhdh lafoèkku dh izLrkouk dks dksbZ dkuwuh vuq'kfDr izkIr ugha] fiQjHkh bu ns'kksa osQ bfrgkl ij bldk izHkko iM+k gSA blh izdkj mfpr :i ls ;g vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS fd ;sfunsZ'kd rÙo Hkkjrh; 'kklu dh uhfr dks funsZf'kr vkSj izHkkfor djsaxsA ,sysu XysMfgy osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶vufxurO;fDr;ksa osQ thou uSfrd vkn'kks± osQ iQyLo:i lqèkjs gSa vkSj ,sls mnkgj.kk Hkh feyus dfBu ugha gSa tcfd mPpuSfrd vkn'kks± dk jk"Vªksa osQ bfrgkl ij izHkko iM+rk gSA¸

5- lafoèkku dh O;k[;k esa lgk;d (Helpful in the Interpretation of the Constitution)%lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj funsZ'kd rÙo ns'k osQ 'kklu esa ewyHkwr gSa ftldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd ns'k osQ iz'kklu osQ fy,mÙkjnk;h lHkh lÙkk,¡ muosQ }kjk funsZf'kr gksaxhA U;k;ikfydk Hkh 'kklu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax gksus osQ dkj.k;g vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS fd Hkkjr esa U;k;ky; lafoèkku dh O;k[;k osQ dk;Z esa funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks mfpr egÙonsaxsA izks- ,sysDts.Mjksfop dk er gS fd ¶pw¡fd funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa lafoèkku lHkk dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftduhfr cksy jgh gS vkSj D;ksafd mlesa gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dh bPNk dh vfHkO;fDr gS] blfy, gekjs U;k;ky;ksadk ;g dÙkZO; gks tkrk gS fd os ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa lacaèkh micaèkksa dh O;k[;k djrs le; jkT; dh uhfr osQfunsZ'kd rÙoksa ij iwjk&iwjk è;ku nsaA¸ Hkkjrh; U;k;ky;ksa us dbZ ckj ekSfyd vfèkdkj lacaèkh fooknksa esa fu.kZ;nsrs le; funsZ'kd fl¼karksa ls ekxZn'kZu fy;k gSA ^cEcbZ jkT; cuke ,iQ-,e- okyljk;* okys fookn esa loksZPpU;k;ky; us vuqPNsn 47 osQ vkèkkj ij fu.kZ; fn;k fd 'kklu us eknd nzO; fu"ksèk vfèkfu;e ikl djosQ mfprizfrcaèk gh yxk;k FkkA iqu% mPpre U;k;ky; us ^fcgkj jkT; cuke dkes'ojflag* okys fookn esa vuqPNsn 39osQ izdk'k esa ;g fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd tehankjksa osQ vUr dk mís'; okLrfod tufgr gh FkkA blh izdkj ^fot;oL=k m|ksx cuke vtesj jkT;* osQ fookn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn 43 osQ izdk'k esa ^U;wure ikfjJfedvfèkfu;e* dks mfpr Bgjk;kA Jh ,e-lh- lhryokM+ osQ 'kCnksa esa ^jkT; uhfr osQ bu ewyHkwr fl¼karksa dksoS/kfud izHkko izkIr u gksrs gq, Hkh buosQ }kjk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fy, mi;ksxh izdk'k LrEHk dk dk;Z fd;k tkrkgS*A

6- 'kklu osQ ewY;kadu dk vkèkkj (Basis of the Evaluation of Government)% uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa}kjk turk dks 'kklu dh liQyrk o vliQyrk dh tk¡p djus dk ekin.M Hkh iznku fd;k tkrk gSA 'kkldny osQ }kjk vius ernkrkvksa dks funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ lanHkZ esa viuh liQyrk,¡ crkuh gksaxh rFkk 'kkld 'kfDrij vfèkdkj djus osQ bPNqd jktuhfrd ny dks bu rÙoksa dh fØ;kfUofr osQ izfr viuh rRijrk vkSj mRlkgfn[kkuk gksxkA bl izdkj funsZ'kd rÙo turk dks fofHkUu nyksa dh rqyukRed tk¡p djus ;ksX; cuk nsaxsA

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7- dk;Zikfydk izèkku budk nq#i;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSa (Executive Head cannot Exploit

Provisions)% funsZ'kd rÙo osQ i{k esa vfUre ckr ;gh dgh tk ldrh gS fd ;|fi foèkku osQ lnL;ksa rFkkoqQN lafoèkku&osÙkkvksa us ;g Hk; izdV fd;k gS fd jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky bl vkèkkj ij fdlh foèks;d ij viuhlEefr nsus ls badkj dj ldrs gSa fd og funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ izfrowQy gSa] ysfdu O;ogkj esa ,slk ?kVuk dhlEHkkouk de gS] D;ksafd lalnkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ukeek=k dk dk;Zikfydk izèkku yksdfiz; izèkku yksdfiz;eaf=k&ifj"kn~ }kjk ikfjr fofèk dks vLohÑr djus dk nqLlkgl ugha dj ldrk gSA MkW- vEcsMdj osQ 'kCnksa esa]¶foèkkf;dk }kjk ikfjr fofèk dks vLohÑr djus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr ;k jkT;iky funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk iz;ksx ugha djldrsA¸

okLro esa] funsZ'kd rÙo Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ loksZPp fl¼kar gaSA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k Jh osQfu;k us^xksikyu cuke enzkl jkT;* osQ fookn ij fu.kZ; nsrs gq, dgk Fkk] ¶D;ksafd jkT; dh uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙolafo/ku esa 'kkfey gSa] blfy, os cgqer ny osQ vLFkk;h vkns'k ek=k gh ugha gSa] oju~ muesa jk"Vª dh cqf¼eÙkkiw.kZLohÑfr cksy jgh gS tks lafoèkku lHkk osQ ekè;e ls O;Dr gqbZ FkhA¸


fuEu dFkuksa esa lR;@vlR; crkb,µ

8- ^jkT; uhfr osQ ewyHkwr fl¼karksa dks oSèkkfud izHkko izkIr u gksrs gq, Hkh buosQ }kjk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fy,mi;ksxh izdk'k LrEHk dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA* ;g dFku Jh ,e-lh- lhryokM+ dk gSA

9- funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk fØ;kfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA

VkLd jkT; osQ uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa dh mi;ksfxrk crk,¡A

4-6 funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk fØ;kUo;u vkSj miyfCèk;k¡ (Implementation andAchievements with Regard to Directive Principles)

uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ fØ;kUo;u dh leL;k iqfyl jkT; dks dY;k.kdkjh jkT; vkSj lafoèkku }kjk LFkkfirjktuhfrd yksdra=k dks vkfFkZd yksdra=k esa ifjorZu djus dh leL;k gSA ;g dk;Z bruk cM+k gS fd bls rqjUrlEiUu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bls iwjk djus osQ fy, nh?kZdkyhu iz;Ru] izpqj èku vkSj rhoz xfr ls vkfFkZd]lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd fodkl vko';d gSA

ijUrq jkT; us ;g dk;Z izkjaHk dj fn;k gS vkSj bl fn'kk esa dbZ egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa dh x;h gSaµ

1- ik¡p iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa osQ vkèkkj ij Ñf"k vkSj m|ksxksa dh mUufr] f'k{kk vkSj LoLF; dh lqfo/kvksadk izlkj] ukSdjh o dk;Z osQ lkèkuksa esa o`f¼] jk"Vªh; vk; o yksxksa osQ jgu&lgu osQ Lrj dks mQ¡pk mBkusosQ iz;Ru fd, x, gSaA

2- ;qod oxZ o ckydksa dks 'kks"k.k ls j{kk djus osQ fy, vusd dkuwu ikl fd, x, gSa] chekjh vkSj nq?kZVukosQ fo#¼ lqj{kk osQ fy, oqQN lhek rd etnwj oxZ esa chek ;kstuk ykxw dh x;h gS o csjkstxkjh chek;kstuk dks ykxw djus vkSj jkstxkj dh lqfoèkk,¡ c<+kus osQ iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA jkT; lkekftd dY;k.kdh fn'kk esa rsth lsss vkxs c<+ jgk gSA

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3- fgUnw fcy osQ dbZ va'kksa tSls fgUnw fookg vfèkfu;e] 1955_ fgUnw mÙkjkfèkdkj vfèkfu;e 1956_ vkfn

dk ikfjr djosQ ns'k osQ lHkh oxks± osQ fy, leku fofèk lafgrk izkIr djus osQ iz;Ru fd, tk jgs gSaA

4- vLi`';rk fuokj.k osQ fy, vkSj vuqlwfpr rFkk fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr;ksa osQ ckydksa dks mnkjiwoZd Nk=ko`fÙk

vkSj vU; lqfoèkk;ksa }kjk f'kf{kr djus dk dk;Z Hkh gqvk gSA

5- ;|fi vc Hkh fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z izkjfEHkd f'k{kk vkSj lcosQ fy, i;kZIr LokLF; lsok dk izcaèk

vèkwjk gh gS] rFkkfi bu fn'kkvksa esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ izxfr gqbZ gSA vfUre LFkku esa yksdrkaf=kd

foosQUnzh;dj.k vkSj lkeqnkf;d fodkl ;kstukvksa }kjk xzke iapk;rksa dks vfèkd l'kDr cukus dk iz;kl

fd;k tk pqdk gSA xjhcksa dks ^eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk* iznku djus osQ fy, U;k;ewfrZ ih-,u- Hkxorh dh

vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr xfBr dh xbZA dbZ izkarksa esa o`¼ rFkk vlgk; yksxksa osQ fy, o`¼koLFkk isa'ku

(Old Age Pension) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ;g xkSjo gfj;k.kk dks Hkh izkIr gSA

gky gh osQ o"kks± esa funsZ'kd rÙoksa osQ fØ;kfUo;u dh fn'kk esa oqQN vkSj dne Hkh mBk;s x;s gSaA ca/qvk etnwjh

dh lekfIr vkSj L=kh&iq#"k dks leku osru fnykus dk vè;kns'k tkjh fd;k x;k ftls ckn esa laln osQ }kjk iqf"V

iznku dj nh x;hA jkT; ljdkjksa osQ }kjk xzkeh.k turk vkSj lekt osQ vU; detksj oxks± dk ½.k ekiQ djus

osQ fy, vko';d dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA vHkh 1976 esa laln osQ }kjk ^'kgjh Hkwfe lhekdj.k dkuwu*

ikfjr fd;k x;k gS] ftlosQ vuqlkj 4 Js.kh osQ 'kgjksa esa 'kgjh Hkwfe dh lhek 500 oxZ ehVj ls 2000 oxZ ehVj

fuf'pr dj x;h gSA vk'kk dh tkuh pkfg, fd vkxs py dj bl dkuwu dks vU; 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa Hkh ykxw fd;k

tk,xkA okLro esa xjhcksa dh [kq'kgkyh osQ dk;ZØe esa ,d u;h tku Mkyh x;h gSA ftu yksxksa osQ ikl tehu

ugha] mUgsa ?kj cukus osQ fy, tehu fnykus] Hkwfe lqèkkj ykxw djus vkSj [ksrhckM+h ij dke djus okyksa dh etnwjh

c<+kus osQ dke rsth ls vkxs c<+k, tk jgs gSaA

uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa esa fufgr y{; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vHkh cgqr oqQN djuk ckdh gS] ijUrq jkT; bl lEcUèk

esa vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Hkwyk ugha gS vkSj vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS vkSj vkxs vkus okys o"kks± esa bl mÙkjnkf;Ro

dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vkSj vfèkd rsth ls iz;Ru fd, tk,¡xsA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)% mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd lafoèkku esa fyf[kr funsZ'kd fl¼kar

vFkZghu rFkk egÙoghu ughaA mudh laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk esa dkiQh vfèkd egÙkk gSA bu fl¼karksa dks O;ogkj esa

ykus ij gh gekjs yksdra=k dk Hkfo"; fuHkZj gSA MkW- ,-lh- diwj osQ dFkkuqlkj] ¶funsZ'kd fl¼kar yksdra=k dks

LFkkf;Ro nsus okys fl¼kar gSa A

vr% fu'p; gh funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk lafoèkku esa vR;Ur egÙo gSA 25osa la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~ rks budk egÙo cgqr

vfèkd c<+ x;k gSA vkt bu fl¼karksa dks Hkkjrh; jkT; dh lektoknh uhfr dk vkèkkj dgk tk ldrk gSA bu

fl¼karksa dks O;ogkj esa viukus ij gh Hkkjr esa vkn'kZ yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk rFkk liQyrk fuHkZj gSA Jh Nkxyk

(Chagla) osQ bl dFku esa i;kZIr lR;rk gS] ¶vxj bu funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks vPNh izdkj O;kogkfjd :i fn;k

tk, rks gekjk ns'k i`Foh ij LoxZ cu tk,xkA¸ loksZPp U;k;ky; us vius ,d fu.kZ; esa ;g fopkj O;Dr fd,

Fksµ‘‘Being a part of the constitutional scheme, the Directive Principles do no representa temporary will of a majority but the deliberate wisdom of the nation expressed throughthe constituent assembly entrusted with the duty of setting the paramount and per-manent law of the country.’’

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fuEu dFkuksa esa lR;@vlR; crkb,µ

10- 25osa lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~ uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk egÙo de gqvk gSA

11- ^funsZ'kd fl¼kar yksdra=k dks LFkkf;Ro nsus okys fl¼kar gSaA* dFku MkW- ,u-lh- diwj >k gSA

4-7 funsZ'kd fl¼kar vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa easa vUrj (Differenc betweenDirective Principles and Fundamental Rights)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ rhljs vè;k; esa èkkjk 12 ls 35 rFFkk N% izdkj osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZgS] ftudk iz;ksx djosQ ukxfjd vius thou dk iw.kZ fodkl dj ldrs gSa tcfd lafoèkku osQ pkSFks Hkkx esa èkkjk35 ls 51 esa jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS] ftudk mís'; Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dk vkfFkZd]lkekftd rFkk uSfrd fodkl rFkk Hkkjr esa dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk djuk gSA nksuksa osQ gh mís'; lekuizrhr gksrs gSaA ysfdu nksuksa esa vUrj gSA ge nksuksa dks leku izÑfr okys ugha dg ldrsA

funsZ'kd fl¼karksa vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa fuEufyf[kr vkèkkj ij Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

1- funsZ'kd fl¼kar ldkjkRed funsZ'k gSa tcfd ekSfyd vfèkdkj udkjkRed fu"ksèk vkKk,¡ gSa% nksuksa esaizFke vUrj ;g gS fd jkT; osQ uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼kar jkT; dks fn, x, fuf'pr vkns'k gSa tksfd gesa ;g crykrsgSa fd jkT; esa iapk;r iz.kkyh dk xBu fd;k tk,] csdkjh dks nwj djus dh ;kstuk,¡ cukbZ tk,¡] xkSgR;k dks jksdktk,] U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ls vyx fd;k tk, vkfnA blosQ foijhr ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa }kjk jkT; dksvfèkdrj udkjkRed vkns'k fn, x, gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jkT; 'kfDr ij izfrcaèk yxk, x, gSaA mnkgj.k Lo:i]jkT; fdlh O;fDr dh lEifÙk ij jkf'k fn, fcuk vfèkdkj ugha djsxk_ jkT; èkeZ] jax] fyax vkfn osQ vkèkkj ijHksnHkko ugha djsxkA

Jh XySMfgy (Gledhill) osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶ekSfyd vfèkdkj jkT; osQ fy, oqQN fu"ksèk vkKk,¡ gSaA buosQ }kjk jkT;dks oqQN fuf'pr dk;Z u djus dks dgk x;k gS] funsZ'kd fl¼kar ljdkj dks fn, x, ldkjkRed funsZ'k gSa tksfd crykrs gSa fd ljdkj us D;k fd;k gSA¸ (‘‘Fundamental Rights are injunctions to prohibitthe government from doing certain things, the Directive Principles are affirmmativeinstructions to the government to do certain things.’’)

2- ekSfyd vfèkdkj U;k;laxr gSa] funsZ'kd fl¼kar ugha% lafoèkku esa ;g Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd ekSfydvfèkdkj U;k;laxr ugha gSaA bUgsa U;k;ikfydk }kjk lqjf{kr djok;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;ikfydk ukxfjdksa osQekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djokus osQ fy, dk;Zikfydk dks dksbZ vkns'k tkjh dj ldrh gSA laoSèkkfud mipkjksadk vf/dkj (Rights the Constitutional Remedies) ukxfjdksa dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj gSA blosQ foijhrfunsZ'kd fl¼kar U;k;laxr ughaA lafoèkku dh èkkjk 37 esa ;g Li"V dgk x;k gS fd funsZ'kd fl¼kar U;k;ikfydk}kjk ykxw ugha djok;s tk ldrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa funsZ'kd fl¼kar osQoy ek=k funsZ'k gSa] dkuwuh vkns'k ughaAfunsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk U;k;laxr u gksuk rFkk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk U;k;ikfydk }kjk lqjf{kr gksuk gh nksuksa esa ,dcM+k Hksn gSA (Fundamental Rights are commendatory while the Directive Principles are

declaratory)

3- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mís'; jktuSfrd Lora=krk gS rks funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk mís'; vkfFkZd Lora=krk%tgk¡ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa }kjk jktuSfrd yksdra=k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ogha funsZ'kd fl¼karksa }kjk vkfFkZd rFkklkekftd yksdra=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA (Whereas Political Demoracy has been establihsed by

uksV



the incorporation of Fundamental Rights, Economic and Social Democracy has beenhoped to be established by the incorporation of Directive Principles) liQy yksdra=kh;O;oLFkk osQ fy, ;g ,d vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ vko';drk gksrh gS fd jktuSfrd yksdra=k vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftdyksdra=k ij vkèkkfjr gksA Hkkjr esa bls viukus osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ nks Hkkxksa (III and IV) esa Øe'k% jktuSfrdrFkk vkfFkZd yksdra=k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

4- nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ iwjd gSa% Hkkx III esa og vfèkdkj fy[ks x;s gSa ftudks jktuSfrd vfèkdkj dgk tkldrk gS rFkk Hkkx IV esa fy[ks fl¼kar vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vfèkdkj dgs tk ldrs gSaA jktuSfrd vf/dkjeuq"; osQ O;fDrÙo osQ fodkl esa rHkh iw.kZ ;ksx ns ldrs gSa tcfd os mfpr lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksaesa miHkksx fd, tk,¡A jktuSfrd yksdra=k dk vkèkkj lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd yksdra=k gks rks rHkh lkekftd fodkl,oa dY;k.k osQ dk;Z dks mfpr :i esa iw.kZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA mfpr lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksaa osQfy, lekt esa lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd vfèkdkjksa dk vfLrÙo vko';d gSA vr% ekSfyd vfèkdkj (jktuSfrdvfèkdkj) rFkk funsZ'kd fl¼kUr (vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd vfèkdkj) nksuksa bdV~Bs lekt dk fodkl lEHko cukldrs gSaA vr% nksuksa ,d nwljs osQ iwjd gSaA

5- ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr fd;s tk pqosQ gSa ijUrq funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa dks izkIr djuk vHkh ckdh gS% ekSfydvfèkdkj yksxksa dks izkIr gks pqosQ gSa tcfd funsZ'kd fl¼kUr vHkh rd yksxksa dks izkIr ugha gq,A ljdkj bufl¼kUrksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA

6- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk lEcUèk O;fDr;ksa ls gSa] funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa dk jkT; ls gS% ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dkeq[; mís'; O;fDr osQ O;fDrxr dk fodkl djuk rFkk mlosQ thou dks lq[kh o lH; cukuk gSA os ,slhifjfLFkfr;ksa dh LFkkiuk djrs gSa ftlesa O;fDr vius esa fufgr xq.kksa dk mfpr :i ls fodkl dj losQA blosQfoijhr] jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUr lekt osQ fodkl ij cy nsrs gSaA funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa osQ vè;k; esa èkkjk38 esa ;g Li"V :i ls dgk gS fd jkT; ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djsxk ftlesa lHkh dks lkekftdo vkfFkZd U;k; fey losQA

7- funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk egÙo ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls vfèkd gS% ekSfyd vfèkdkj lkekftd thou dh oqQNO;oLFkk,¡ gSa tks euq"; dh [kq'kh osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSaA ysfdu budk lEcUèk osQoy ,d euq"; ls gh gS tcfdblosQ foijhr] funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa mu y{;ksa dk mYys[k gS ftudks eísutj j[krs gq, esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkkjktdh; U;k; osQ vkèkkj ij ,d 'kq¼ dY;k.kdkjh jkT; LFkkfir djus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA Hkys gh ;s fl¼karU;k;ky;ksa }kjk ykxw ugha fd, x, tk ldrs] rks Hkh budk egÙo gekjs fopkj esa ekSfyd vf/dkjksa ls vfèkdgSA ;s fl¼kar lalnh; yksdra=k osQ lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd yksdra=k dk vkn'kZ n'kkZrs gSaA blfy, funsZ'kd fl¼kar MkW-,-lh- diwj (Dr. A.C. Kapoor) osQ 'kCnksa esaµ¶;s yksd jkT; dks fLFkjrk nsus okys fl¼kUr gSaA¸ ("They

provide an element of permanency in democrecy") tgk¡ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks dkuwuh cy izkIr gSaogka funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks uSfrd 'kfDr izkIr gSA ik;yh us Bhd gh dgk gS fd ¶jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksaesa ekxZ esa dksbZ Hkh vojksèk lgu ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,] pkgs og ,d O;fDr osQ ewy vf/dkj gh D;ksa u gkslewps lekt osQ dY;k.k rFkk izxfr osQ ekxZ esa ,d O;fDr osQ vfèkdkj vojksèk ugha cuus pkfg,A¸

8- nksuksa osQ chp ;fn vojksèk gks rks fdls egÙo feysxk% 25osa vkSj 42osa la'kksèku ls igys ekSfyd vfèkdkjksadks funsZ'kd fl¼karksa ls vfèkd egÙo fn;k tkrk FkkA ;fn nksuksa osQ chp vojksèk gksrk rks ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dksvfèkd egÙo fn;k tkrk FkkA ,d eqdnes esa fu.kZ; nsrs le; loksZPp U;k;ky; us dgk Fkk] ¶jkT; dks pkfg,fd og funsZ'kd fl¼karksa osQ mfpr ikyu osQ fy, dkuwu cuk,] ysfdu mlosQ }kjk cuk;s x;s dkuwuksa ls ekSfydvfèkdkjksa dks gkfu ugha igq¡puh pkfg,A¸

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27 iQjojh] 1967 dks xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; osQ eqdnes esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd lalnus lafoèkku esa 42osa la'kksèku ikfjr fd, ftlesa ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd laln lafoèkku osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esala'kksèku dj ldrh gS] ftlesa ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkh lfEefyr gksaxsA 25osa la'kksèku }kjk ,d ubZ èkkjk29-B vkSj 39-C esa fn, x, funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy, cuk,xh] og dkuwu loksZPp U;k;ky;}kjk bl vkèkkj ij jí ugha fd;k tk,xk fd og dkuwu èkkjk 14] 19o 31 esa fn, x, ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dkmYya?ku djrk gSA 24 vizSy] 1973 dks osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh osQl eas loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,slk fu.kZ; fn;k ftlesaxksydukFk fu.kZ; dks jí dj fn;k x;k rFkk lafoèkku osQ 24osa la'kksèku dh oSèkrk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k fd lalnlafoèkku osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa Hkh la'kksèku dj ldrh gS ftlesa ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkh lfEefyr gksaxs ysfdu lalnlafoèkku osQ ewy <k¡ps esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us lafoèkku osQ 25osa la'kksèku dh oS/rkdks Hkh Lohdkj dj fy;k] ysfdu 25osa la'kksèku osQ 31-C osQ bl Hkkx dks voSèk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k ftlosQvuqlkj lafoèkku osQ 39-B vkSj 39-C esa fn, x, funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dks ykxw djus osQ mís'; osQ ikl fd, dkuwuksadks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh gS fd os èkkjk 14] 19 o 31 esa fn, ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?kudjrs gSaA

uoEcj 1976 esa gekjh laln us 42osa la'kksèku }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh Fkh fd lafoèkku osQ pkSFks Hkkx esa fn, x,lHkh ;k fdlh Hkh funsZ'kd fl¼kar dks ykxw djus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k dksbZ Hkh dkuwu bl vkèkkj ij jí ughafd;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq 19 ebZ] 1980 dks vius egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ; feuokZ feYl rFkk vU; cuke Hkkjr ljdkjesa 42osa la'kksèku dh èkkjk (4) dks jí dj fn;k x;kA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)% jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk vkykspukRed vè;;u djus ls Li"V gks tkrkgS fd blosQ egÙo dks ns[krs gq, lafoèkku esa mudks lfEefyr djuk xyr ugha gSA ,e-lh- lhryokM+ osQ 'kCnksaesa] ¶;s fl¼kar izTtofyr T;ksfr osQ :i esa jkT; osQ lHkh vfèkdkjksa osQ jk"Vª&fuekZ.k osQ iz;klksa dk ekxZn'kZu djsaxsftlls jk"Vª /hjs&/hjs le`¼'kkyh rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh cu losQ vkSj fo'o osQ vU; jk"Vªksa esa viuk ;ksX; LFkku izkIrdj losQA¸

blh izdkj ge eq[; U;k;kèkh'k pUnzpwM+ osQ 'kCnksa esa dg ldrs gSa] ¶gekjs lafoèkku dk mís'; ekSfyd vf/dkjksavkSj funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djuk gS] buesa dksbZ ,d ugha vfirq nksuksa la;qDr :i eas lafo/ku dkfny ,oa vkRek gSaA¸ (‘‘Our constitution aims at bringing about a synthesis between Funda-mental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy. Together not individually,they four the core of the Constitution together not individually. They constitute, itstrue conscience.’’)

vUr esa K.C. Makandan us mfpr gh dgk gS] ‘‘If a chapter of Fundamental Rights is a mustfor a state of the modern democratic type with a written constitution, chapter on theDirective Principles of state policy is a must for a welfore state with written constitu-tion.’’



12- uhfr&funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh ?kks"k.kk lafoèkku osQ pkSFks Hkkx dh fdl èkkjk esa fd;k x;k gS\

(a) èkkjk 35&51 (b) èkkjk 35&77

(c) èkkjk 35&36 (d) èkkjk 51&57

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13- ekSfyd vfèkdkj izkIr fd;s tk pqosQ gSa] tcfd funsZ'kd fl¼kar---

(a) izkIr fd;s tk pqosQ gSa (b) izkIr djuk vHkh ckdh gS

(c) u (a) u (b) (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA


• bl uhfr funsZ'kd rÙoksa dk mYys[k lafoèkku osQ prqFkZ Hkkx esa fd;k x;k gSA bl vè;k; osQ vUrxZrlafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ,d fn'kk dh vksj laosQr fd;k gS ftldk vuqlj.k osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjkdkuwu fuekZ.k vkSj iz'kklu osQ lacaèk esaaaaa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• jkT;&uhfr osQ funZs'kd rÙo Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d ubZ fo'ks"krk gSA bu fl¼karksa esa mu vkns'kksa dhlwph lekfo"V gS ftuosQ vuqlkj orZeku rFkk Hkfo"; dh ljdkjsa dk;Z djsaxh Hkys gh os fdlh jktuhfrdny ls lacaf/r gksA

• funsZ'kd fl¼kar ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dh lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSaA vuqPNsn 38 osQvuqlkj] ¶jkT; ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djosQ ftlesa jk"Vªh; thou dh lHkh laLFkkvksa esalkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd U;k; miyCèk gksa] yksxksa osQ dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsus dk iz;Ru djsxkA¸

• 42osa la'kksèku }kjk lafoèkku esa u;k vuqPNsn 43-A tksM+k x;k gS ftlosQ }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fdjkT; mfpr dkuwu ;k fdlh vU; fofèk ls bl mís'; osQ fy, iz;Ru djsxk fd fdlh Hkh m|ksx lslEcfUèkr dkjksckj osQ izcaèk esa vFkok vU; laLFkkvksa esa Jfedksa dks Hkkx ysus dk volj iznku gksA

• lafoèkku us jkT; osQ uhfr osQ funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks ,d vksj rks ns'k osQ 'kklu esa ewyHkwr ekuk gS fdUrq lkFkgh os oSèkkfud 'kfDr ;k izkIr U;k; ;ksX; ugha gS vFkkZr~ U;k;ky; mi;qZDr fl¼kar dks fØ;kfUor ughadj ldrs gSaA

• ;|fi bu funsZ'kd rÙoksa dks U;k;ky; }kjk fØ;kfUor ugha fd;k tk ldrk] ysfdu blosQ ihNs tuerdh lÙkk gksrh gS] tks iztkra=k dk lcls cM+k U;k;ky; gSA

• uhfr&funsZ'kd rÙoksa esa fufgr y{; dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vHkh cgqr oqQN djuk ckdh gS] ijUrq jkT;bl lEcUèk esa vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks Hkwyk ugha gS vkSj vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS vkSj vkxs vkus okys o"kks±esa bl mÙkjnkf;Ro dks iwjk djus osQ fy, vkSj vfèkd rsth ls iz;Ru fd, tk,¡xsA

• ekSfyd vfèkdkj yksxksa dks izkIr gks pqosQ gSa tcfd funsZ'kd fl¼kUr vHkh rd yksxksa dks izkIr ugha gq,Aljdkj bu fl¼kUrksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nsus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSA


• vLi';rk (Untouchabality)% NqvkNwr] vNwrkiuA

• foosQUnzh;dj.k (Decentralisation)% osQUnz ls gVkukA

4-10 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Question)

1- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa fn, x, jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk egÙo crkrs gq, funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk oxhZdj.k dhft,A

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3- jkT;&uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A

4- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj funsZ'kd fl¼karksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A

5- jkT;&uhfr funsZ'kd fl¼karksa dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu dhft,A


1- 1937 2- vuqPNsn 36 ls 51

3- 42 4- 40

5- (d) 6- (a)

7- (b) 8- lR;

9- vlR; 10- vlR;

11- lR; 12- (a)

13- (b)


iqLrdsa 1- bafM;u xouZesaV ,aM ikWfyfVDlµ lqHkk"k d';iA

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- Nkcjk] vfHkuo izdk'ku] jksgrd (gfj;k.kk)A

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bdkbZ—5: la?kh; ljdkj% jk"Vªifr] mi&jk"Vªifr

bdkbZµ5: la?kh; ljdkj% jk"Vªifr] mi&jk"Vªifr(Union Government: President,

Vice-President)


mís'; (Objectives)


5.1 jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dk <ax (Method of President’s Election)

5.2 jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ <ax dh vkykspuk (Criticism of the Method for Election of

the President)

5.3 jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj fLFkfr (President’s Power and Position)

5.4 jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ (Emergency Powers of the President)

5.5 ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk vkSfpR; (Justification of Emergency Provisions)

5.6 Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr (Vice-President of India)





mís'; (Objectives)


• jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dks le>us gsrqA

• jk"Vªifr osQ dk;ks± vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dks le>us esaA

• Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu osQ ckjs esaA


Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku esa dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr dk ,d jk"Vªifr gksxkA la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr jk"Vªifr esa fufgrgksxh rFkk og bldk iz;ksx lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj Lo;a vFkok vèkhuLFk inkfèkdkfj;ksa osQ }kjk djsxkA bl izdkjla?kh; dk;Zikfydk jk"Vªifr vkSj eaf=kifj"kn~ gksaxsA jk"Vªifr dk;Zikfydk dk vkSipkfjd izèkku gksxk vkSjeaf=kifj"kn~ dk;Zikfydk dh okLrfod izèkkuA

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional UniversitySonia Sharma, Lovely Professional University

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Hkkjrh; la?k esa jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr dk izk:i izLrqr djrs gq, MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk] ¶Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esajk"Vªifr dks ogh fLFkfr izkIr gS tks fczfV'k lafoèkku esa lezkV dksA og jkT; dk izèkku gS dk;Zikfydk dk ughaAog jk"Vª dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS] jk"Vª ij 'kklu ugha djrkA og jk"Vª dk izrhd gSA iz'kklu esa mldk LFkkuvkSipkfjd izèkku dk gSA¸

5-1 jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dk <ax (Method of President’s Election)

lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d izHkqlÙkk lEiUu] lektoknh] èkeZ fujis{k vkSj yksdra=kh; x.kra=k gSA Hkkjr dksx.kra=k cukus osQ mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ }kjk ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZgSA ijUrq ljdkj dk lalnh; Lo:i viuk, tkus osQ dkj.k lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa osQ fy, ;g vko';d gks x;kfd jk"Vªifr dks ,d ukeek=k vkSj laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k cuk;k tk,A blosQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ fy, vizR;{kpquko iz.kkyh viukbZ xbZA ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd okLrfod 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ}kjk fd;k tkuk gS vkSj jk"Vªifr osQoy laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa jkT; osQ vè;{k osQ in ij vklhu gksxkA,slh lksp osQ vkèkkj ij ;g fu.kZ; LokHkkfod :i esa fy;k x;k fd jk"Vªifr dks turk osQ }kjk izR;{k :i esaugha fuokZfpr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A iafMr tokgj yky usg: osQ 'kCnksa esa] ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd tcfdjk"Vªifr osQoy laoS/kfud eqf[k;k gksxk blosQ fy, lkèkkj.k yksxksa osQ }kjk oksVksa osQ }kjk oksVksa osQ }kjk jk"Vªifrdk pquko ,d O;FkZ iz;Ru gksxkA ;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k x;k fd yksxksa osQ }kjk izR;{k :i esa fuokZfpr jk"Vªifrizèkkuea=kh osQ }kjk ljdkj osQ usr`Ro dks pqukSrh ns ldrk Fkk vkSj bl izdkj og lalnh; iz.kkyh osQ fy, [krjk[kM+k dj ldrk FkkA blfy, lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ;g fu.kZ; fd;k fd jk"Vªifr dk pquko vizR;{k <ax ls gksxkA

uksV~l Hkkjrh; la?k dh dk;Zikfydk osQ izèkku dks jk"Vªifr dgk tk,xkA ;|fi dk;Zikfydk osQ izèkku dk og

ukedj.k vejhdh lafoèkku osQ leku gS_ ysfdu Hkkjrh; jk"Vªifr osQ dk;Z vkSj 'kfDr;k¡ vejhdh

jk"Vªifr osQ leku ugha gSaA

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 54 osQ vuqlkj la?kh; laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa vkSj jkT; fo/kulHkkvksaosQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr osQ vizR;{k pquko osQ <ax dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSµ

(d) jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualifications for the office of the President)% lafoèkkuosQ }kjk jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ mEehnokj osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,¡ fuèkkZfjr dh xb± gSaµ

1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq ;g ugha fy[kk x;k fd og Hkkjr dk tUetkr ukxfjd ghgksuk pkfg,A

2- mldh vk;q 35 o"kZ ls mQij gksA

3- og yksxksa osQ lnu (yksdlHkk) osQ ,d lnL; osQ :i esa fuokZfpr gksus dh ;ksX;rk,¡ iw.kZ djrk gksA

4- og fdlh ljdkjh ykHkizn in ij fu;qDr u gks] rFkk

5- og laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu ;k fdlh jkT; foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; ugha ugha pkfg, ¶;fn dksbZ lalndk lnL; ;k jkT; foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa fuokZfpr gksrk gS rks mldks ml frfFkesa laln ;k foèkkulHkk dh lnL;rk ls R;kx&i=k nsuk gksrk gS ftl fnu ls og jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa inlaHkky ysrk gSA¸

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6- bu ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vfrfjDr jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu osQ ckjs esa ,DV 1974 osQ vèkhu O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fdjk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, pquko yM+us okyk izR;sd mEehnokj vius ukekadu i=k osQ lkFk 2500 #i,tekur jde tek djok,xk vkSj mlosQ uketnxh i=k ij de&ls&de 10 ernkrk mlosQ uke dkizLrko djsaxs vkSj 10 vU; ernkrk mlosQ uke dk leFkZu djsaxsA 1997 esa ,d vkns'k osQ }kjk tekurdh jkf'k 2]500 ls c<+kdj 15]000 #i, dj nh xbZ vkSj mEehnokj osQ uke dks izLrkfor djus osQ fy,vc 50 ernkrkvksa dk gksuk vko';d dj fn;k x;k vkSj blosQ lkFk gh 50 vU; ernkrkvksa us fdlh,sls mEehnokj osQ uke dk leFkZu djuk FkkA ,slk bl dkj.k fd;k x;k rkfd jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu easmEehnokjksa dh la[;k de ls de j[kh tk losQ vkSj xSj&ftEesokj mEehnokjksa dks pquko yM+us dk volju fey losQA ;g Hkh fu;e ykxw gS fd dksbZ mEehnokj jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa Mkys oksVksa esa lsde&ls&de 1@6 Hkkx izkIr ugha djrk rks mldh tekur jkf'k tCr gks tk,xhA ,sls ifjorZu osQ i'pkr~1997 osQ jk"Vªifr pquko esa osQoy 2 mEehnokj gh eSnku esa mrjsµJh osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku vkSj Jh Vh-vkj-ls'ku vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ Hkh jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa mEehnokjksa dh la[;k cgqr de gks jgh gSA lkekU;r%nks izeq[k mEehnokj gh jk"Vªifr dk pquko yM+rs jgs gSaA

([k) jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu osQ fy, fuokZpu&eaMy dh jpuk (Composition of the Electoral

College for the Election of the President)% lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr osQ vizR;{k fuokZpu dh

O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA og ,d pquko eaMy osQ }kjk fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gS tks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa vkSj jkT;ksa

dh foèkkulHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA laln vkSj jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ euksuhr lnL;

jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkkx ugha ys ldrs rkfd fo|eku jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ,sls lnL;ksa ij ik, tkus okys laHkkfor

izHkko ls cpk tk losQ] ;gk¡ ;g crykuk vko';d gS fd pquko eaMy esa [kkyh lhVksa osQ vkèkkj ij jk"Vªifr

osQ fuokZpu dks jksdk ughaa tk ldrk] tksfd izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ ckn gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA 1957 esa jk"Vªifr dk

fuokZpu djok, tkus dks bl vkèkkj ij pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh fd fuokZpu eaMy esa cgqr&lh lhVsa [kkyh iM+h FkhaA

bl =kqfV dks nwj djus osQ fy, 1961 esa lafoèkku esa 11ok¡ la'kksèku fd;k x;kA bl la'kksèku us vuqPNsn 71 eas

ntZ fd;k fd fuokZpu eaMy esa [kkyh lhVksa osQ vkèkkj ij jk"Vªifr osQ pquko ij vkifÙk ugha dh tk ldrhA

ijUrq osQUnz ljdkj osQ }kjk fojksèkh ny osQ cgqer okyh jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa

oksV Mkyus ls jksdus osQ fy, bl O;oLFkk dk xyr iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,slh oqQps"Vk dks LoLFk yksdra=kh;

uhfr osQ }kjk gh jksdk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu dks fuf'pr vofèk osQ ckn laxfBr djus dh

vko';drk us ,slh O;oLFkk dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd, tkus dks mfpr Bgjk;k gSA ;gk¡ ;g Hkh crykuk

vko';d gS fd utjcanh osQ vèkhu laln lnL;ksa vkSj foèkk;dksa rFkk fuyfEcr jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ foèkk;dksa

dks Hkh jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkkx ysus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA

1987 esa 9osa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ le; fuokZpu eaMy dh la[;k 4350 Fkh blesa 702 laln lnL; vkSj 3648

foèkk;d FksA tqykbZ 1992 eas jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu&eaMy esa oqQy lnL;ksa dh la[;k 4748 Fkh ftuesa 776 laln

lnL; vkSj 3910 foèkk;dksa us Hkkx fy;k vkSj oqQy 4642 oksV Mkys x,A 2002 osQ jk"Vªifr pqukoksa esa 776 laln

lnL;ksa vkSj 4120 foèkk;dksa us Hkkx fy;k vkSj fuokZpu&eaMy dh oqQy la[;k 4896 FkhA

(x) fuokZpu dk <ax (Method of Election)% vuqPNsn 54 vkSj 55 eas Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ <ax

dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vuqPNsn 54 osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dk vizR;{k pquko osQUnzh; laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ

fuokZfpr lnL;ksa vkSj jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr foèkk;dksa ij vkèkkfjr fuokZpu&eaMy osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk

gSA ;g pquko ,dy ifjorZuh; er&iz.kkyh vkSj xqIr ernku osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh osQ vuqlkj

xqIr ernku osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vuqPNsn 55 esa fuokZpu izfØ;k fuèkkZfjr dh xbZ gSA ;g vuqPNsn laln lnL;ksa

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vkSj jkT; osQ foèkk;dksa dh oksVksa esa ,dLo:irk vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ pquko ls lEcfUèkr vU; eqíksa dks fuf'pr djus

osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr fl¼kar fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA

1- vyx&vyx jkT;ksa osQ izfrfufèkRo osQ iSekus esa ,dLo:irk gksxh (There shall be uniformity in

the scale of representation of different States)% bl mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj,d jkT; osQ foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher lEcfUèkr jkT; dh tula[;k dh vuqikr osQ vuqlkj gksxhA fo/k;ddh oksV dh dher fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr iQkewZyk iz;ksx fd;k tk,xkA

jkT; osQ ,d foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher

= ×jkT; dh oQq y tula[;k 1

jkT ; fo/kulHkk oQs fuokfZ pr fo/k;dksa dh la[;k 1000

(;fn ,d gtkj dk mi;qZDr xq.kt ysus osQ i'pkr~ 'ks"k 500 ls de ugha cprk rks izR;sd lnL; dh oksV ,drd vkSj c<+kbZ tk ldrh gS)A

mnkgj.kµ

2002 osQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko le; iatkc dh tula[;k 1]35]516]60 Fkh vkSj iatkc osQ fuokZfpr fo/k;dksa dhla[;k 177 FkhA

iatkc osQ izR;sd foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher Fkh%

× = =1,35,51,660 1 826115 116

117 1000 1000

bl <ax ls izR;sd jkT; osQ foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher fudkyh tkrh gS vkSj fiQj lHkh jkT;ksa osQ lHkh fo/k;dksadh oksVksa dh dher fudky yh tkrh gSA

2- laln lnL;ksa vkSj foèkk;dksa dh oksV dh dher esa lekurk gksxh (There shall be parity in the

values of votes of all MPs and the MLAs)% jkT;ksa vkSj la?k esa lekurk ykus osQ fy, ;g fuf'pr fd;kx;k fd lHkh fuokZfpr laln lnL;ksa dh oksV dh dher lHkh foèkk;dksa dh oksVksa dh oqQy dher osQ leku gksxhA,slk fuEufyf[kr iQkewZys osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSµ

izR;sd fuokZfpr laln lnL; dh oksV dh dher

= lHkh jkT; fo/ku lHkkvkas osQ lHkh fuokfZ pr fo/k;dkas dh okVs ksa dh oQq y la[;k

oQq y fuokfZ pr laln lnL;kas dh l[a ;k

mnkgj.kµ

1992 osQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa lHkh jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr foèkk;dksa dh oksV dh oqQy laln lnL;ksadh la[;k 776 (543 yksdlHkk vkSj 233 jkT; lHkk) FkhA

izR;sd fuokZfpr laln lnL; dh oksV dh dher = = =544971 318702 702

776 776

2002 osQ jk"Vªifr pqukoksa esa ,d lkaln dh oksV dh dher 708 Fkh vkSj jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa osQ lnL;ksa dh oksVdh dher vyx&vyx FkhA vkaèkz osQ foèkk;d osQ oksV dh dher 148 Fkh] vle esa 116] fcgkj esa 173]egkjk"Vª dh 125] mÙkj izns'k 208] iatkc 116] gfj;k.kk 112] ef.kiqj 18] es?kky; 17] fetksje 8]

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ukxkyS.M 9] v#.kkpy 8] fgekpy izns'k 51] if'peh caxky 151] rfeyukMq 176] tEew rFkk d'ehj 72 vkSjvU;A

3- izkFkfedrk laosQr lfgr ,dy oksV iz.kkyh (Single Vote System along with the system of

indication of Preferences)% jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa izR;sd ernkrk (izR;sd fuokZfpr laln lnL; rFkkizR;sd fuokZfpr ,e-,y-,-) osQoy ,d oksV Mkyrk gSA izR;sd laln lnL; dh oksV dh dher ,d leku gksrhgS] tcfd ,d ,e-,y-,- vFkok foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSA

jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu&eaMy dk izR;sd lnL; vFkkZr~ izR;sd ernkrk oksV Mkyrs le; viuh izkFkfedrk 1] 2]

3] 4] 5 fofHkUu mEehnokjksa osQ i{k esa ntZ djrk gSA mldh oksV ml mEehnokj osQ i{k esa tkrh gS ftldks og

viuh izFke izkFkfedrk oksV nsrk gSA ijUrq ;fn og mEehnokj vko';d oksVksa dk dksVk izkIr djus esa vliQy

jgrk gS vkSj vU; dksbZ mEehnokj Hkh vko';d oksVksa dk dksVk izkIr ugha djrk rks ml ernkrk dh oksV nwljh

izkFkfedrk okys mEehnokj osQ i{k esa gLrkafrjr dj nh tkrh gSA

;gk¡ ;g crykuk vko';d gS fd ;|fi lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dk pquko vkuqikfrd izfrfuf/Ro ,dy

ifjorZu ;ksX; oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk gksrh gS ijUrq okLro esa ;g u rks vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo dh iz.kkyh gS vkSj

u gh ,dy ifjorZu ;ksX; oksV iz.kkyh gSA okLro esa ;g dksVk O;oLFkk okyh izkFkfedrk,¡ oksV iz.kkyh gSaA

4- fot; osQ fy, oksVksa dh ,d fuèkkZfjr la[;k (A fixed Quota of Votes to win)% jk"Vªifr dk pqukothrus osQ fy, ,d mEehnokj osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd og oksVksa dh ,d fuèkkZfjr la[;k izkIr djs] tksfuEufyf[kr }kjk fudkyh tkrh gSµ

+Mkys 'kq¼ okVs kas dh oqQy la[;k

1oQq y Hkjh tkus okyh lhVsa

;fn 'ks"k vkèkk ;k vfèkd gks rks dksVs esa ,d c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA

5- ;fn dksbZ Hkh mEehnokj vko';d oksVksa izkIr ugha djrk rks oksVksa osQ gLrkarj.k dh O;oLFkk

(Provision for Transfer of Votes in case no candidate gets the required Quota of Votes)%

;fn jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu esa dksbZ Hkh mEehnokj oksVksa dh izkFkfedrk okyh oksVksa osQ vkèkkj ij vko';d dksVk

ysus esa vliQy jgrk gS] rks lcls de oksV ysus okys mEehnokj dks eqdkcys ls ckgj dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj

mlosQ erksa dks ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk ntZ dh xbZ nwljh izkFkfedrk osQ vkèkkj ij 'ks"k mEehnokjksa esa ckaV fn;k tkrk

gSaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd nksgjkbZ tkrh gS tc rd fdlh ,d mEEkhnokj dks vko';d fuèkkZfjr la[;k (Quota)

izkIr ugha gks tkrkA

;g erksa dh gLrkarfjr iz.kkyh 1969 esa ikaposa jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpu osQ le; iz;ksx dh xbZ FkhA bl pquko esa

8]36]336 'kq¼ oksV iM+s Fks igyh izkFkfedrk dh oksVksa dh la[;k osQ vkèkkj ij Jh oh-oh- fxjh dks 4]01]515

vkSj Jh lathok jsM~Mh dks 3]13]548 oksVsa feyhaA bl izdkj buesa ls dksbZ Hkh vko';d dksVk tks 4]18]169 Fkk

izkIr u dj ldkA bl fLFkfr esa rhljs mEehnokj MkW- ns'keq[k dks eqdkcys ls ckgj fudky fn;k x;k vkSj mldh

oksVksa dks ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk ntZ dh xbZ nwljh izkFkfedrkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij vU; nks mEehnokjksa esa ck¡V fn;k x;k

ftlosQ iQyLo:i Jh oh-oh- fxjh dks 4]20]077 oksV vkSj Jh lathok jsM~Mh dks 4]05]427 oksV feysA bl izdkj

Jh oh-oh- fxjh us erksa dh fuèkkZfjr fuf'pr la[;k izkIr dj yh vkSj og 14650 erksa osQ vUrj ls pquko thr

x,A vU; jk"Vªifr pqukoksa osQ le; esa erksa osQ gLrkarj.k iz.kkyh osQ iz;ksx dh vko';drk gh ugha iM+hA

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jk"Vªifr pquko % 1952&2002(Presidential Election: 1952-2002)

fot;h nwljs uEcj ij

frfFk uke ;ksX; oksV izfr'kr uke ;ksX; oksV izfr'kr

1952 ebZ 2 vkj- izlkn 5074400 83-8 osQ-Vh- 'kkg 92827 15-3

1957 ebZ 6 vkj- izlkn 456990 99-3 ,u-,u-nkl 2000 0-4

1962 ebZ 7 ,l- jkèkkÑ".ku 553067 98-3 lh-,p- jke 6341 1-1

1967 ebZ 6 MkW- tkfdj gqlSu 471244 56-2 osQ- lwck jko 363971 43-4

1969 vxLr 16 oh-oh- fxfj 420077 50-2 ,u-,l- jSMh 405427 48-5

1974 vxLr 17 ,iQ-,- vgen 765587 80-2 Vh- pkSèkjh 189186 10-8

1977 vxLr 6 ,u-,l- jSMh fufoZjksèk pqus x,

1982 tqykbZ 12 Kkuh tSy flag 754113 72-7 ,p-vkj- [kUuk 281550 27-6

1987 flrEcj 7 vkj- oSadVjeu 740148 72-3 oh-vkj-osQ- vÕ;j 281550 27-5

1992 tqykbZ 25 ,l-Mh- 'kekZ 675864 64-4 th-th- loSy 346485 33-8

1997 tqykbZ 25 osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku 956290 91-4 Vh-vkj- 'ks"ku 50631 8-6

2002 tqykbZ 25 ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke 922884 89-58 osQ- y{eh lgxy 107366 10-4%

tqykbZ 2002 esa gq, 12osa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko ls lEcfUèkr vkadM+s

fuokZpu e.My osQ oqQy lnL; = 4896

lHkh jkT;ksa osQ fuokZfpr foèkk;dksa dh la[;k = 4120

laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ fuokZfpr oqQy laln lnL; = 776

,d fuokZfpr laln lnL; dh oksV dh dher = 708

izR;sd jkT; osQ ,d foèkk;d dh oksV dh dher% vkèkz izns'k&148] vjQ.kkpy izns'k&8] vle&116]fcgkj&173] NÙkhlx<+&129] xksok&20] xqtjkr&147] gfj;k.kk&112] fgekpy izns'k&51] tEew&d'ehj&72]>kj[kaM&176] dukZVd&131] osQjy&152] eè; izns'k&131] egkjk"Vª&175] ef.kiqj&18] es?kky;&17] fetksje&8]ukxkySaM&9] mM+hlk&149] iatkc&116] jktLFkku&129] flfDde&7] rfeyukMq&176] f=kiqjk&26] mRrjkapy&64]mÙkj izns'k&208] if'peh caxky&151] fnYyh&58] ikafMpsjh&16

oqQy Mkyh xbZ oksVsa = 4785 oqQy dher = 1075819

v'kq¼ oksVsa = 174 (42 ,e- iht + 132 ,e-,y- ,t)

v'kq¼ Mkyh xbZ oksVksa dh dher = 45569

'kq¼ oksVsa = 4611 (718 ,e-iht + 3893 ,e-,y- ,t)

'kq¼ oksVksa dh oqQy dher = 1030250

MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dks izkIr oqQy oksV 4152 (638 ,e- iht + 3514 ,e-,y- ,t)

izkIr oksVksa dh oqQy dher = 922884 (89-58%)

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oSQIVu y{eh lgxy dks Mkys oqQy oksV 459 (80 ,e- iht + 379 ,e-,y- ,t)

izkIr oksVksa dh oqQy dher = 107366 (10-4%)

MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke ftudks fd Hkkjr osQ ^felkby eSu* osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] Hkkjh cgqer lsHkkjrh; x.krU=k osQ 12osa jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gq,A mUgksaus 25 tqykbZ 2002] ftl fnu jk"Vªifr vkj-osQ- ukjk;.kuosQ in dh vofèk lekIr gqbZ Fkh] dks jk"Vªifr in xzg.k fd;kA

6- jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ pj.k (Stages in a Presidential Election)% Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpufuEufyf[kr pj.kksa esa lEiUu gksrk gS%

1- pquko osQ ckjs esa vfèklwpuk vkSj fjVfuZax viQlj dh fu;qfDr (Notification of Election and

Appointment of the Returning Officer)% pquko osQ ckjs esa vfèklwpuk jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk tkjh dh tkrhgS vkSj pquko djokus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fuokZpu vk;ksx dk gksrk gSA fuokZpu vk;ksx dk fjVfuZax viQlj fu;qDrdjrk gS vkSj ukekadu&i=k Hkjus dh frfFk] dkxt okil ysus dh vafre frfFk vkSj pquko dk;ZØe fuf'pr djrkgSA

2- ukekadu i=k Hkjuk] mudh tkap&iM+rky vkSj okilh (Filling of Nomination Papers, Scrutiny

and Withdrawals)% fuèkkZfjr frfFk rd izR;sd mEehnokj dks pquko vfèkdkjh osQ ikl ukekadu i=k tek

djokus iM+rs gSaA izR;sd mEehnokj osQ uke dks 50 ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk izLrkfor vkSj 50 vU; osQ }kjk lefFkZr

fd;k tkuk gksuk pkfg,A blosQ lkFk gh 15000 jQi, tekur jkf'k osQ :i esa tek djokus iM+rs gSaA blosQ ckn

lafo/ku esa fuèkkZfjr ;ksX;rkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij mEehnokjksa dh ik=krk dk fu.kZ; yssus osQ fy, ukekadu i=kksa dh

tkap&iM+rky dh tkrh gSA lHkh vèkwjs vkSj xyr ukekadu&i=k jí dj fn, tkrs gSaA fiQj mEehnokjksa dks NwV nh

tkrh gS fd os fuèkkZfjr frfFk rd viuh bPNk ls pquko eqdkcys ls vxj gVkuk pkgrs gSa rks os ,slk ,d fu/kZfjr

frfFk rd dj ldrs gSaA

3- pquko vfHk;ku (Election Campaign)% blosQ mijkar lHkh mEehnokj vius pquko vfHk;ku pykrs gSaA

vfèkdrj mEehnokj vius lacafèkr nyksa osQ }kjk gh pquko vfHk;ku pykrs gSa D;ksafd og vfHk;ku fuokZpu&eaMy

osQ lnL;ksa rd gh lhfer gksrk gSA blfy, vke turk dh blesa Hkwfedk cgqr de gksrh gSA

4- ernku (Polling)% fuèkkZfjr frfFk ij ernku gksrk gSA izR;sd ernkrk ,d oksV Mkyrk gS ijUrq og

ernku&i=k ij viuh vU; izkFkfedrk,¡ vafdr dj ldrk gSA ,d laln lnL; ns'k dh jktèkkuh ;k og ml

jkT; dh jktèkkuh esa viuk oksV Mky ldrk gS] ftl jkT; dk og izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA bl lEcUèk esa mldks

10 fnu igys crykuk gksrk gS fd mlus dgk¡ oksV Mkyuh gSA foèkk;d vius&vius jkT;ksa dh jktèkkfu;ksa esa gh

oksV Mkyrs gSaA ernku iw.kZ:i ls xqIr gksrk gSA

5- oksVksa dh x.kuk (Counting of Votes)% er Mkyus osQ i'pkr~ x.kuk vkjaHk gksrh gSA 'kq¼ (Valid) erksa

dh x.kuk dh tkrh gSA dksVk fuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd mEehnokj dks Mkys er (igyh izkFkfedrk) dh

x.kuk dh tkrh gS vkSj vuqPNsn 55 esa crk, x, fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr fd, izR;sd er dh dher osQ

vkèkkj ij fglkc yxk;k tkrk gSA tks mEehnokj fuèkkZfjr erksa dk dksVk izkIr dj ysrk gS ;k mlls vfèkd er

ys tkrk gS] og liQy ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh mEehnokj erksa dk de&ls&de fuèkkZfjr dksVk izkIr ugha

djrk_ rks fuèkkZfjr fofèk osQ vuqlkj erksa dk gLrkarj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

6- ifj.kke osQ ckjs esa vfèklwpuk (Notification of the Result)% ckn eas Hkkjr osQ xtV esa pquko ifj.kkeosQ ckjs vfèklwpuk tkjh dj nh tkrh gSA

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7- 'kiFk ysuk vkSj in laHkkyuk (Oath-taking and Installation)% igys jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky lekIr

gksus okys fnu ;k fuèkkZfjr frfFk ij u;k jk"Vªifr 'kiFk mBkrk gS vkSj in laHkkyrk gSA jk"Vªifr Hkkjr osQ eq[;

U;k;kèkh'k dh mifLFkfr esa vius in dh 'kiFk mBkrk gSA ;fn eq[; U;k;kèkh'k mifLFkr u gkss rks loksZPp

U;k;ky; osQ lcls vfèkd ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k dh mifLFkfr esa ,slh 'kiFk yh tkrh gSA

'kiFk bl izdkj yh tkrh gSµ

¶eSa---------ijekRek osQ uke ij e;kZnkiwoZd

izfrKk djrk gw¡ fd eSa viuh iwjh oiQknkjh ls vius drZO; fu"BkiwoZd fuHkkmQ¡xk vkSj ns'k osQ lafoèkku vkSj dkuwu

dh j{kk d:¡xk vkSj mudks dk;e j[kw¡xkA eSa vius&vki dks Hkkjr osQ yksxksa dh lsok vkSj izxfr osQ fy, lefiZr

d:¡xkA¸ 'kiFk mBkus osQ i'pkr~ u;k jk"Vªifr in laHkky ysrk gSA

(?k) ernku ls lEcfUèkr >xM+ksa dk fuiVkjk (Settlement of Disputes connected with Presi-

dential Election)% ernku osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr osQ ernku ls lEcfUèkr iSnk gq, fdlh Hkh >xM+s dh lquokbZ

vkSj vfUre :i esa fu.kZ; osQoy ns'k osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ pquko dks

pqukSrh nsus okyh ;kfpdk fdlh Hkh vliQy mEehnokj ;k 10 ;k blls vfèkd ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk nk;j dh tk

ldrh gSA pquko dks pqukSrh esa gsjkisQjh ;k pquko esa oqQN xSj&laoSèkkfud fØ;kvksa osQ nks"k osQ vkèkkj ij nh tk

ldrh gSA ,slh ;kfpdk pquko&ifj.ke ?kks"k.kk osQ 30 fnuksa esa nk;j dh tk ldrh gSA 1969 esa jk"Vªifr Jh oh-

oh- fxfj osQ jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa fuokZpu dks loksZPp U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh xbZ FkhA vkSj Jh fxfj Lo;a U;k;ky;

esa is'k gq, FksA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk Jh fxfj osQ pquko dks iw.kZ :i ls mfpr vkSj laoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr fd;k

x;k FkkA

(Ä) jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky (Tenure of the President)% jk"Vªifr dk pquko 5 o"kZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA

mudk dk;Zdky ml frfFk ls vkjaHk gksrk gS] ftl frfFk ls og in laHkkyrs gSaA fiQj Hkh ;fn fdlh dkj.k u,

jk"Vªifr dk pquko igys jk"Vªifr dk dk;Zdky lekIr gksus ls igys iw.kZ ugha gkss ikrk] rks u, jk"Vªifr osQ pquko

rd dk;Z dj jgk jk"Vªifr vius in ij cuk jgrk gSA

viuk dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls iwoZ Hkh jk"Vªifr vius in ls fyf[kr :i esa R;kx&i=k mi&jk"Vªifr dks Hkst ldrk

gSA

(p) jk"Vªifr dks in ls gVkus dk <ax (Method of Removal of the President)% jk"Vªifr dks

lafoèkku dk mYya?ku djus osQ vkèkkj ij vFkok vius in dh e;kZnk Hkax djus osQ nks"k ij egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k

osQ }kjk in ls gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA egkfHk;ksx ls lEcfUèkr dk;Zokgh laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa vkjaHk gks

ldrh gSA vejhdk esa osQoy izfrfufèk lnu dks gh jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ egkfHk;ksx vkjaHk djus dk vfèkdkj gS

vkSj lhusV nks"kksa dh tk¡p djus osQ i'pkr~ viuk vafre fu.kZ; nsrh gS ijUrq Hkkjr esa ,slh dk;Zokgh fdlh Hkh

lnu esa vkjaHk gks ldrh gS vkSj fiQj nwljk lnu nks"kksa dh tk¡p djrk gSA

egkfHk;ksx dh dk;Zokgh vkjaaaaHk djus osQ fy, de&ls&de 14 fnu igys lnu osQ oqQy lnL;ksa osQ ,d pkSFkkbZ

dks fyf[kr :i esa uksfVl nsuk gksrk gS] ftl ij muosQ gLrk{kj gksus vko';d gksrs gSaA ;fn lnu cgl osQ i'pkr~

oqQy lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls bl egkfHk;ksx ls lEcfUèkr izLrko dks ikfjr dj nsrk gS rks ;g izLrko nwljs

lnu dks Hkstk tkrk gSA nwljk lnu nks"kksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky djrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og bl

dk;Zokgh osQ nkSjku viuk i{k izLrqr djus osQ fy, Lo;a izLrqr gks ldrk gS ;k vius odhy osQ }kjk izLrqr gks

ldrk gSA ;fn tk¡p osQ i'pkr~ nwljk lnu Hkh oqQy lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls egkfHk;ksx dk izLrko ikl

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dj nsrk gS rks jk"Vªifr egkfHk;ksx ikl gksus dh frfFk ls nks"kh djkj gks tkrk gS vkSj vius in ls vyx gks tkrk

gSA vkt rd fdlh Hkh jk"Vªifr dks egkfHk;ksx dk;Zokgh dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+kA

(N) iqufuZokZpu dh O;oLFkk (Re-electon)% laoSèkkfud :i esaa fdlh O;fDr osQ jk"Vªifr pqus tkus ij dksbZ

izfrcaèk ykxw ugha gSA ,d O;fDr osQ ckj&ckj jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gks ldrk gS ijUrq vkt rd dksbZ Hkh jk"Vªifr

nks ckj ls vfèkd vius in ij ugha jgkA osQoy MkW- jktsUnz izlkn ns'k osQ nks ckj jk"Vªifr pqus x, FksA MkW- jkèkk

Ñ".ku] Jh oh-oh- fxfj] Jh lathok jsM~Mh] Kkuh tSy flag] Jh oSadVkjeu vkSj MkW- ,l-Mh- 'kekZ vkSj Jh osQ-

vkj- ukjk;.ku osQoy ,d ckj osQ fy, ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr jgsA MkW- tkfdj gqlSu vkSj Jh ,iQ-,- vgen dk vius

dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku gh nsgkar gks x;k Fkk vkSj og viuk 5 o"kZ dk dk;Zdky Hkh iw.kZ u dj losQ FksA

(t) jk"Vªifr dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh (Presidential Succession)% ;fn dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys gh

jk"Vªifr dh e`R;q gks tk, ;k fdlh vU; dkj.k ls jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gks tk, rks mi&jk"Vªifr ns'k dk

dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cu tkrk gSA vejhdk osQ leku mi&jk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr ugha curkA u, jk"Vªifr dks in fjDr

gksus osQ 6 eghus osQ vUnj&vUnj fuokZfpr fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA u;k jk"Vªifr viuk in laHkkyus dh frfFk ls ysdj

iwjs ik¡p o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky osQ fy, pquk tkrk gSA ;fn fdlh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gksus osQ le;

mi&jk"Vªifr dk in Hkh fjDr gks rks Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj mldh vuqifLFkfr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dk

lcls ofj"B U;k;k/h'k u, jk"Vªifr osQ pquko rd dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa 'kiFk ysrk gSA 1969 esa MkW-

tkfdj gqlSu dh ekSr gks tkus ij mi&jk"Vªifr Jh oh-oh- fxfj ns'k osQ dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cusA bl o"kZ muosQ

}kjk R;kx&i=k nsus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k Jh fgnk;rqYyk us dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa 'kiFk

yhA og ik¡posa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko (1969) esa fuokZfpr gq,] Jh oh-oh- fxfj osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr dk in laHkkyus

rd dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs jgsA

(>) osru vkSj vU; HkÙks (Emoluments)% bl le; jk"Vªifr dk osru 1]10]000 #i, ekfld gS vkSj

lsok eqDr gksus ij mudks 25]000 #i, osQ izfr eghuk iSa'ku feyrh gSA osru osQ vfrfjDr jk"Vªifr dks vusdksa

HkÙks vkSj eqÝr 'kkunkj fuokl feyrk gSA lsok eqfDr osQ i'pkr~ ,d O;fDrxr lfpo j[kus osQ fy, 30]000 #i,

okf"kZd HkÙks osQ :i esa feyrs gSaa rFkk eqÝr fuokl LFkku vkSj MkWDVjh lgk;rk Hkh feyrh gSA jk"Vªifr osQ osru

vkSj vU; HkÙks Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk (Consolidated Fund) ls fn, tkrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ dk;Zdky osQ

nkSjku budks ?kVk;k ugha tk ldrk] ijUrq bu ij vk;dj yxrk gSA

(×k) NwVsa (Immunities)% jk"Vªifr vius laoSèkkfud vfèkdkjksa vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; fdlh Hkh

U;k;ky; osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrkA vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku jk"Vªifr dks fxjÝrkj ;k utjcan ugha fd;k

tk ldrk vkSj u gh muosQ fo#¼ iQkStnkjh dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA fdlh flfoy osQl esaa muosQ fo#¼ nkok

nk;j djus osQ fy, 2 eghus igys uksfVl nsuk gksrk gSA



1- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, U;wure vk;q --------- gSA

2- o"kZ 1997 esa Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr in osQ pquko osQ fy, tks nks mEehnokj [kM+s gq,] muesa ,d osQ-vkj-ukjk;.ku Fks vkSj nwljs --------- FksA

3- o"kZ 1987 esa 9osa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ le; fuokZpu eaMy dh la[;k --------- FkhA

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5-2 jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ <ax dh vkykspuk (Criticism of the Method forElection of the President)

vkykspd jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ <ax esa fuEufyf[kr =kqfV;k¡ crykrs gSaµ

1- ;g vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh ugha gS (It is not a System of Proportional Representa-tion)% vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh dk ewy rRo ;g gksrk gS fd fuokZfpr inksa ij de ls de rhu O;fDr;ksadks fuokZfpr fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA fuokZfpr laLFkk esa fuokZfpr lnL;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo ernkrkvksa }kjk Mkys x,erksa dh vuqikr esa gksrk gSA bl izdkj blosQ fy, cgq&lnL;h; fuokZpu {ks=k dh vko';drk gksrh gS] ftllsgh lhVksa dk vkuqikfrd foHkktu gks losQA blosQ foijhr jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa ;g <ax ugha viuk;k x;kA jk"VªifrosQ fuokZpu esa osQoy ,d gh O;fDr dks jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ fy, ;g vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRoiz.kkyh ugha gSA

2- tfVy iz.kkyh (It is a very Complex Method)% jk"Vªifr dh pquko iz.kkyh cgqr tfVy gS] ftlesajkT;ksa osQ izR;sd ,e-,y-,- vkSj izR;sd laln lnL; osQ erksa dk fglkc&fdrkc yxk;k tkrk gSA erksa dkvko';d vuqikr ysuk izkFkfedrk crkuk vkSj fdlh mEehnokj osQ }kjk vko';d vuqikr u ysus dh fLFkfr easerksa dk gLrkarj.k Hkh bl iz.kkyh dks tfVy cukrk gSA

3- jkT;ksa osQ izfrfufèkRo esa lekurk dh deh (Lack of Uniformity in the Representation of

States)% lafoèkku esa fy[kk x;k gS fd tgk¡ rd laHko gks losQ] izfrfufèkRo esa ,d:irk fo'oluh; cukbZ tk,AijUrq ,d ,e-,y-,- dh oksV dk fglkc&fdrkc yxkus osQ fy, tks iQkewZyk viuk;k x;k gS] og vyx&vyxjkT;ksa osQ ,e-,y-,t- dh oksVksa dh dher esa fHkUurk ykus dk dkj.k curk gSA 1997 esa jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esafetksje osQ ,d ,e-,y-,- dh oksV dh dher osQoy 8 Fkh tcfd ;w-ih- osQ ,d ,e-,y-,- dh oksV dh dher208 FkhA bl izdkj ;w-ih- osQ Hkkjh la[;k esa laln lnL; vkSj ,e-,y-,- lnSo gh jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa vkSj pquko dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

4- ;g ,dy gLrkarj.k ;ksX; er iz.kkyh ugha gS (It is not a single Transferable Vote System)%lafoèkku bldks xyr :i esa ,dy gLrkarj.k er iz.kkyh crkrk gSA okLro esa ;g ,slh iz.kkyh ugha gSA ,dygLrkarj.k er iz.kkyh osQoy ,d cgq&lnL;h; pquko {ks=k esa ykxw dh tk ldrh gSA tgk¡ vfrfjDr erksa osQgLrkarj.k dk iz'u iSnk gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr dh pquko iz.kkyh esa osQoy ,d O;fDr dk jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa pqukodjuk gksrk gSA blosQ fy, bl pquko esa ,dy gLrkarj.k;ksX; oksV iz.kkyh O;kogkfjd ugha gks ldrhA bldksoSdfYid oksV ;k izkFkfedrk oksV iz.kkyh dguk vfèkd mfpr gSA

5- izkFkfedrk,¡ u ntZ fd;k tkuk ladV dk dkj.k cu ldrk gS (Non-recording of Preferences

can ba a source of crisis)% jk"Vªifr pquko iz.kkyh dk ,d ewy vkèkkj ;g gS fd ;fn izFke x.kuk (tksfd ernkrkvksa dh izFke ilan dh x.kuk gksrh gS) esa dksbZ ,d Hkh mEehnokj erksa dk fuèkkZfjr dksVk izkIr djusesa vliQy jgrk gS rks lcls de er ysus okys mEehnokj dks eqdkcys ls ckgj dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlosQerksa dks ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk ntZ dh xbZ nwljh izkFkfedrkvksa osQ vkèkkj ij 'ks"k mEehnokjksa esa ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSAijUrq ;fn ernkrkvksa osQ }kjk nwljh izkFkfedrk nh gh u xbZ gks rks erksa osQ gLrkarj.k dh ewy 'krZ dks iwjk djukvlaHko gks ldrk gSA ,slh laHkkouk Hkfo"; esa gksus okys fdlh Hkh jk"Vªifr fuokZpu esa gks ldrh gSA

6- fuokZpu&eaMy esa fjDr lhVksa osQ ckotwn pquko djokuk (Holding of the election despite

vacancies in the Electoral College)% loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ vuqlkj jkT; foèkku lHkk@lHkk,¡Hkax gksus osQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuokZpu&eaMy esa dbZ lhVsa [kkyh gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh jk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu igysjk"Vªifr dk dk;Z&dky iw.kZ gksus ls igys fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA bl O;oLFkk dk osQUnz esa lÙkkèkkjh ikVhZ osQ }kjk

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xyr iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA osQUnzh; lÙkkèkkjh ikVhZ ftl jkT; foèkkulHkk esa mlosQ ¶fojksfèk;ksa dk cgqergks] dks Hkax djosQ ,d fo'ks"k mEehnokj osQ i{k esa oksVksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA

7- Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dks dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cukus dh O;oLFkk (Provision for making the

Chief Justice of India as Acting-President)% jk"Vªifr vkSj mi&jk"Vªifr dk in ,d gh le; [kkyhgksus dh fLFkfr esa lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj mldh vuqifLFkfr esa loksZPp U;k;ky;dk lcls ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa 'kiFk ysrk gSA ;g O;oLFkk lafoèkku osQ x.kra=koknosQ fn'kk&funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj ugha gSA mi&jk"Vªifr osQ i'pkr~ yksdlHkk osQ Lihdj dks ml dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh cuk;ktkuk pkfg, FkkA

8- egkfHk;ksx dk;Zokgh esa euksuhr lnL;ksa dk 'kkfey gksuk (Participation of nominated mem-

bers in the Impeachment Proceedings)% jk"Vªifr dh pquko iz.kkyh esa lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj euksuhrlaln lnL;ksa vkSj euksuhr ,e-,y-,t- dk ernkrk osQ :i esa Hkkx ysus ij rks ikcUnh gS ijUrq bl euksuhr lnL;ksa}kjk jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ egkfHk;ksx dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ysus ij izfrcaèk ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gSA

9- R;kx&i=k osQ <ax ls lEcfUèkr eqf'dysa (Difficulties regarding the provisions providing for

the system of Resignation)% ;fn jk"Vªifr R;kx&i=k nsuk pkgrk gS rks og ,slk mi&jk"Vªifr dks R;kx&i=kHkstdj dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g Li"V ugha fd;k x;k fd ;fn mi&jk"Vªifr dk in Hkh fjDr gS rks jk"Vªifr dksfdl dks viuk R;kx&i=k Hkstuk pkfg,A blh izdkj dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr dks fdl dks R;kx&i=k Hkstuk pkfg,\,slh fLFkfr MkWDVj tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~ 1969 esa Jh oh-oh- fxfj osQ dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cuus osQi'pkr~ iSnk gqbZ FkhA ckn esa tc Jh fxfj us R;kx&i=k nsuk Fkk rks ;g eqík iSnk gqvk fd os fdldks R;kx&i=kHkstsaA Hkkjr osQ vVkjuh tujy us ;g er izdV fd;k fd dk;Zokgd mi&jk"Vªifr dks vius R;kx&i=k ij gLrk{kjdjosQ jk"Vªifr osQ lfpoky; esa ns nsuk pkfg, rFkk R;kx&i=k dh dkfi;k¡ izèkkuea=kh vkSj Hkkjr osQ eq[;U;k;kèkh'k dks Hksth tkuh pkfg,A Hkkjr osQ xtV esa blls lEcfUèkr vfèklwpuk rqjar tkjh dh tkuh pkfg,A ;gdk;Zokgh 1969 esa O;ogkj esa yk;h xbZ ijUrq vHkh ;g eqík dkuwu@la'kksèku osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkuk 'ks"k gSA

10- ckj&ckj pquko thr dj jk"Vªifr in izkIr djus ij izfrcUèk dh vuqifLFkfr (No bar on Re-election)% lafoèkku bl loksZPp izHkqlÙkk lEiUu in ij fdlh O;fDr osQ ckj&ckj pqus tkus ij izfrcUèk ughayxrkA vkykspd pkgrs gSa fd fdlh ,d O;fDr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ in ij cgqr vfèkd yEcs le; rd vklhujgus dks jksdus osQ fy, vejhdk osQ leku laoSèkkfud :i esa fdlh ,d O;fDr }kjk vfèkd&ls&vfèkd nks ckjiwjs dk;Zdky osQ fy, jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gksus dh O;oLFkk dj nh tkuh pkfg,A

11- osQoy tUetkr ukxfjd gh jk"Vªifr dk in izkIr djus osQ ;ksX; gksuk pkfg, (Only Naturalborn Citizen should be eligible to become the President)% lafoèkku esa jk"Vªifr osQ in dh ;ksX;rkosQ lEcUèk esa fy[kk x;k gS fd og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg, ijUrq ;g ugha fy[kk x;k fd og tUe&tkrukxfjd gh gksuk pkfg,A vkt ;g le; dh ekax gS fd Hkkjr osQ ,d tUe&tkr ukxfjd dks gh jk"Vªifr dkin izkIr djus dk vfèkdkj gksuk pkfg, vkSj bl lEcUèk esa mi;qDr la'kksèku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

mi;qZDr vkykspuk osQ ckotwn jk"Vªifr pquko iz.kkyh vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ in ls lEcfUèkr vU; O;oLFkk,¡ lafo/kuykxw gksus ls ysdj vc rd liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z dj jgh gSaA vkt rd jk"Vªifr dk pquko lq[kn okrkoj.k rFkkO;ofLFkr <ax ls gksrk jgk gS % MkW- jktsUnz izlkn (26 tuojh 1950 ls 13 ebZ] 1962 izFke vkSj nwljs jk"Vªifrdk pquko Øe'k% 1952 vkSj 1957 esa gqvk Fkk)] MkW- loZiYyh jkèkkÑ".ku (13 ebZ] 1962 ls 13 ebZ] 1967]jk"Vªifr dk rhljk pquko 1962 esa gqvk Fkk)] MkW- tkfdj gqlSu (13 ebZ] 1967 ls 13 ebZ 1969] pkSFkk jk"Vªifrpquko 1967 esa gqvk Fkk)] Jh oh-oh- fxfj (24 vxLr] 1969 ls 24 vxLr 1974] jk"Vªifr dk ik¡poka pquko1969 esa gqvk Fkk)] Jh ,iQ-,- vgen (24 vxLr 1974 ls 11 iQjojh 1977] NBk jk"Vªifr dk pquko 1974

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esa gqvk Fkk)] Jh uhye lathok jsM~Mh (25 tqykbZ] 1977 ls 25 tqykbZ] 1982] jk"Vªifr dk lkroka pquko 1977esa gqvk Fkk)] Kkuh tSy flag (25 tqykbZ 1982 ls 25 tqykbZ 1987] 8oka jk"Vªifr pquko 1982 esa gqvk Fkk)AJh vkj- oSadVkjeu (25 tqykbZ] 1987 ls 25 tqykbZ] 1992] ukSoka jk"Vªifr pquko tqykbZ] 1987 esa gqvk Fkk)AMkW- 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ (tqykbZ] 1992 ls 25 tqykbZ] 1997] nloka jk"Vªifr 992 esa gqvk Fkk) vkSj Jh oh-osQ-vkj-ukjk;.ku (25 tqykbZ 1997 ls 25 tqykbZ 2002] 11 oka jk"Vªifr dk pquko 1997 esa gqvk Fkk)A buosQ i'pkr~25 tqykbZ 2002 dks Jh ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr pqus x,A (12oka jk"Vªifr pquko tqykbZ 2002esa gqvk Fkk)A 13ok¡ jk"Vªifr pquko tqykbZ 2007 esa gqvk FkkA Jherh izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy jk"Vªifr pquh x,Ans'k osQ bfrgkl esa ;g igyh ckj gqvk gS] tc dksbZ efgyk jk"Vªifr pquh xbZ gSA


fuEu dFkuksa esa lR;@vlR; crkb,A

4- jk"Vªifr dh pquko iz.kkyh cgqr vklku gSA

5- jk"Vªifr dk pquko vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh ls gksrk gSA

6- MkW- tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q osQ i'pkr~ oh-oh- fxfj dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr cus FksA

5-3 jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj fLFkfr (President’s Power and Position)

Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jkT;&vè;{k vkSj eq[; dk;Zikfydk gksrk gSA vuqPNsn 53 osQ vuqlkj ¶la?k dh dk;Zikfydk'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr osQ ikl gSa vkSj mlosQ }kjk bu 'kfD;ksa dk iz;ksx lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj izR;{k :i esa vius }kjk;k vius vèkhu vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ }kjk fd;k tk,xkA¸ ijUrq ,d lalnh; iz.kkyh osQ jkT;&vè;{k osQ :i esa ogukeek=k 'kfDr;k¡ j[krk gqvk osQoy ,d laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k dh rjg gh dk;Z djrk gSA 42oha la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 74 esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd jk"Vªifr osQ fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd og viuh lHkh 'kfDr;ksadk iz;ksx efU=ke.My] ftldk eqf[k;k izèkkuea=kh gS] osQ ijke'kZ vuqlkj djsxkkA ijUrq bl ikcanh osQ ckotwnjk"Vªifr Hkkjr dk loksZPp in laHkkyrk gS] og Hkkjrh; izHkqlÙkk dk O;fDrxr :i ls izfrfufèkRo djrk gS]loksZPp fLFkfr dk miHkksx djrk gS vkSj Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA Hkkjrh;jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa jk"Vªifr dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa ppkZ mldh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ ckjs laf{kIr Kkuysus osQ i'pkr~ gh dh tk ldrh gSA mldh 'kfDr;ksa dh oqQN 'kh"kZdksa osQ vèkhu ppkZ gks ldrh gSSA

jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ (Executive Powers of the President)

vuqPNsn 53 osQ vuqlkj la?k dh lHkh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr osQ ikl gSaA jk"Vªifr la?k dh lqj{kk lsukvksadk loksZPp lsukifr gksrk gSA mldh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ fuEufyf[kr :i esa dh tk ldrh gS%

(i) iz'kkldh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Administrative Powers)% jk"Vªifr dk;Zikfydk vkSj iz'kklu dk eqf[k;k gksrkgSA jk"Vªifr dks ;g Hkh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ vuqPNsn 53 osQ vèkhu feyh gqbZ gSA vuqPNsn 77 osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrljdkj dh lHkh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jk"Vªifr osQ uke ij fd;k tkrk gSA og izèkkuea=kh dks fu;qDrdjrk gS vkSj izèkkuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ij vU; efU=k;ksa dks fu;qDr djrk gSA og ljdkj osQ dk;Z dks vklkuh lspykus osQ fy, fu;e cukrk gSA og efU=k;ksa esa foHkkxksa dk c¡Vokjk djrk gS vkSj bl c¡Vokjs dks og ckj&ckjifjofrZr dj ldrk gSA og efU=ke.My osQ }kjk iz'kklu pyk, tkus dks fo'oluh; cukuk gSA eU=kh ¶jk"Vªifrdh bPNk rd in ij jgrs gSa* vuqPNsn 75 (2)A ijUrq jk"Vªifr vius lHkh dk;Z izèkkuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj

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gh djrk gSA og laln esa cgqer izkIr ikVhZ osQ usrk dks izèkkueU=kh dks fu;qDr djrk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh ikVhZdks cgqer izkIr ugha gksrk rks og fdlh laln lnL; tks mldh n`f"V esa cgqla[;k dk leFkZu dj ldrk gS] osQusr`Ro esa efU=ke.My laxfBr fd, tkus dks fo'oluh; cukrk gSA og izèkkueU=kh dks ,d fuèkkZfjr le; esa lnuesa viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA twu] 1991 esa jk"Vªifr osadVjeu us 10oha yksdlHkk esa ,dcM+s lewg osQ usrk dkaxzsl (vkbZ) usrk Jh ujflEgk jko dks izèkkueU=kh osQ :i esa euksuhr fd;k vkSj mudks ,deghus osQ vanj cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, dgkA Jh jko viuh fu;qfDr le; laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu osQ lnL;ugha FksA fiQj Hkh Jh ujflEgk jko us 14 tqykbZ] 1991 dks yksdlHkk esa viuk cgqer fl¼ dj fn;kA ebZ] 1997esa jk"Vªifr ,l-Mh- 'kekZ us ,d lcls cM+h ikVhZ osQ usrk Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h (Hkktik) dks izèkkueU=kh osQ:i esa euksuhr fd;k ijUrq 12 fnuksa osQ ckn mUgksaus R;kx&i=k ns fn;k D;ksafd mUgksaus ns[kk fd yksdlHkk esa cgqertqVk lduk muosQ fy, laHko ugha FkkA blosQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr us 13 nyksa osQ lk>s xBcUèku osQ usrk Jh nsosxkSM+kdks ljdkj cukus dk fueU=k.k fn;k] ftudks dkaxzsl (vkbZ) vkSj lh-ih-,e- us ckgj ls leFkZu fn;k FkkA Jh ,p-Mh- nsosxkSM+k us laln esa viuk cgqer fl¼ dj fn;k ijUrq og osQoy 10 eghus gh cgqla[;k dk leFkZu viuslkFk j[k losQA 31 ekpZ] 1997 dks dkaxzsl us izèkkueU=kh Jh nsosxkSM+k osQ usr`Ro okyh lk>k xBcUèku ljdkj lsleFkZu okil ys fy;kA ifj.kkeLo:i esa 12 vizSy 1997 dks Jh xqtjky us izèkkueU=kh in laHkkyk vkSj mudhljdkj 24 ?kaVs osQ vanj yksdlHkk esa fo'okl dk oksV izkIr djus esa liQy jghA ijUrq Jh vkbZ-osQ- xqtjky dhljdkj Hkh osQoy oqQN eghuksa rd in ij jg ldh vkSj uoEcj] 1997 rd dkaxzsl osQ }kjk leFkZu okil ysusij Jh vkbZ-osQ- xqtjky dks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+kA

ekpZ] 1998 esa 12oha yksdlHkk osQ pquko gq,] ijUrq bu pqukoksa esa Hkh fdlh ,d ny dks Li"V cgqer u feykA

Hkktik osQ usr`Ro esa cus xBcUèku us lcls vfèkd lhVsa (252) izkIr dh vkSj jk"Vªifr us Hkktik usrk Jh vVy

fcgkjh oktis;h dks izèkkueU=kh fu;qDr fd;k vkSj 28 ekpZ] 1998 dks Hkktik dh ljdkj us yksdlHkk esa cgqer

izkIr dj fy;kA ijUrq ;g ljdkj Hkh vizSy] 1999 rd gh lÙkk esa jg ldhA 14 vizSy] 1999 dks ,-vkbZ-,-

Mh-,e-osQ- (AIADMK) us bl ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;k vkSj 17 vizSy] 1999 dks ;g ljdkj

yksdlHkk esa ,d oksV osQ vUrj ls fo'okl er izkIr djus esa vliQy jghA blosQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr us ;g vuqHko

fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh ikVhZ ;k xBcUèku ubZ ljdkj cukus dh {kerk ugha j[krk FkkA blfy, mUgksaus 12oha yksdlHkk

Hkax dj nh vkSj oktis;h ljdkj dk ubZ ljdkj osQ xBu rd dk;Zokgd ljdkj (Caretaker Govern-

ment) osQ :i esa cus jgus dk funsZ'k fn;kA vDrwcj 1999 esa 13oha yksdlHkk esa jk"Vªh; yksdrkfU=kd xBcaèku

(NDA) us cgqer izkIr dj fy;k vkSj jk"Vªifr Jh osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku us blosQ usrk Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h

dks izèkkueU=kh fu;qDr fd;kA ;g ljdkj vizSy 2004 rd lÙkk esa jghA 14oha yksdlHkk osQ pqukoksa (ekpZ&vizSy

2004) esa fdlh ,d ny vFkok xBcUèku dks cgqer rks izkIr ugha gqvk] ijUrq dkaxzsl dks rFkk blosQ xBcUèku

dks lcls vfèkd lhVsa izkIr gqbZaA fiQj CPM, CPI rFkk oqQN vU; nyksa us dkaxzsl osQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèku dks

ckgj ls leFkZu nssus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA jk"Vªifr Jh ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke us bl xBcUèku dks ljdkj cukus dk

fueU=k.k fn;kA 22 ebZ] 2004 dks izèkkueU=kh MkW- eueksgu flag osQ usr`Ro esa ;w-ih-,- ljdkj us lÙkk lEHkky yh

rFkk ckn esa yksdlHkk esa viuk cgqer fl¼ dj fn;kA

bl izdkj jk"Vªifr ml usrk dks izèkkuea=kh osQ :i esa euksuhr djrk gS] ftldks yksdlHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu

izkIr gksA ,slk usrk pkgs laln dk lnL; u Hkh gks ;k laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dk lnL; gksA rks Hkh jk"Vªifr

mldks izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA ijUrq laln dk lnL; u gksus dh fLFkfr esa mldks 6 eghus osQ vanj

yksdlHkk ;k jkT;lHkk esa ls fdlh ,d lnu dk lnL; cuuk gksrk gSA vliQy jgus ij og izèkkuea=kh osQ in

ij ugha jg ldrkA

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vuqPNsn 78 osQ vèkhu izèkkuea=kh dk ;g drZO; gS fd og iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ekeyksa dh tkudkjhjk"Vªifr dks nsA jk"Vªifr dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh ysus osQ fy, izèkkuea=kh dks dg ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk blvfèkdkj osQ iz;ksx osQ dkj.k izèkkuea=kh ls Vdjko okyh fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA tSlk fd 1987 osQ vkjaHk esa?kfVr gqvk Fkk tc rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh jktho xkaèkh us jk"Vªifr osQ tkudkjh ekaxus osQ vfèkdkj ij vkifÙk trkbZFkh vkSj mldh ljdkj us rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr Kkuh tSy flag dks cksiQkslZ rksiksa ls lEcfUèkr oqQN tkudkjh nsus lsbadkj dj fn;k FkkA jk"Vªifr us LVSaM fy;k Fkk fd mldk mÙkjnkf;Ro Fkk fd og yh xbZ 'kiFk osQ vuqlkjlafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 78 dh O;oLFkk,¡ LFkkfir j[ks vkSj budh j{kk djsA blosQ fy, muosQ fy, ;g vko';dgks tkrk Fkk fd og osQUnzh; iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ekeyksa ls tqM+s jgsaA ijUrq lHkh C;kSjs ughaA ijUrq jk"VªifrKkuh tSy flag vkSj izèkkuea=kh Jh jktho xkaèkh osQ chp Vdjko esa nksuksa dk vgadkj vfèkd Fkk vkSj bl Vdjkoesa laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa dks ysdj fopkjksa esa xaHkhj erHksnksa dk ;ksxnku de FkkA vU; jk"Vªifr;ksa vkSjiz/kueaf=k;ksa us lalnh; iz.kkyh dh ekax vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ mQ¡ps in osQ eku&lEeku dks liQyrkiwoZd cuk, j[kkAbl le; Hkh jk"Vªifr vkSj izèkkuea=kh osQ chp lfØ; vkSj vPNs lEcUèk LFkkfir gSaA

(ii) fu;qfDr;k¡ djus dh 'kfDr;k¡ (Appointment-making Powers)% lHkh izeq[k fu;qfDr;k¡ jk"VªifrosQ }kjk dh tkrh gSaA og izèkkuea=kh dks fu;qDr djrk gS vkSj mlosQ ijke'kZ ij osQUnz ljdkj osQ vU; eaf=k;ksa]Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k] loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa] jkT;ksa osQ jkT;ikyksa] ySÝVhuSaVxouZjksa] osQUnz 'kkflr {ks=kksa osQ eq[; dfe'ujksa] Hkkjr osQ vVkjuh tujy] dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVj tujy] ;w-ih-,l-lh- osQ ps;jeSu vkSj lnL;ksa] fuokZpu vk;ksx] vU; laoSèkkfud dfe'kuksa vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa Hkkjrh; jktnwrksa]gkbZ dfe'ujksa] okf.kT;d nwrksa rFkk vU; nwrksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA lHkh mPp&Lrjh; fu;qfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr osQ }kjkizèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ ij dh tkrh gSaA Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr osQ le; og loksZPpU;k;ky; osQ vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa ls Hkh ijke'kZ djrk gS] tcfd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr le;og Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr le; jkT;iky vkSj lEcfUèkr jkT;osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k ls ijke'kZ djrk gSA

(iii) fons'kh lEcUèkksa esa Hkwfedk (Role in Foreign Relations)% ns'k dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs jk"VªifrHkkjr osQ fons'kksa esa fLFkr jktnwrksa vkSj nwrksa dks ifjp; i=k (Credentials) nsrk gS vkSj og Hkkjr esa fons'khjktnwrksa dk Lokxr djrk gSA lHkh owQVuhfrd xfrfofèk;k¡ mlosQ uke ij gksrh gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj osQ }kjk cgqi{kh;vkSj f}i{kh; lHkh lfUèk;k¡ vkSj le>kSrs jk"Vªifr osQ uke ij fd, tkrs gSaA u, ns'kksa ls owQVuhfrd lEcUèk jk"VªifrosQ uke ij gh LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSaA

(iv) l'kL=k lsukvksa osQ loksZPp lsukifr osQ :i esa dk;Z (Functions as Supreme Commander of

the Armed Forces)% vuqPNsn 53 esa ntZ gS fd jk"Vªifr ns'k dh l'kL=k lsukvksa dk loksZPp dekaMj gSA oglqj{kk lsukvksa ls lEcfUèkr lHkh mPp&Lrjh; fu;qfDr;k¡ vkSj inksUufr;k¡ djrk gS ijUrq og bu lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dkiz;ksx dkuwu vkSj lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj djrk gSA og 'kkfUr vkSj ;q¼ osQ nkSjku ohjrk vkSj 'kkunkj lsok osQ fy,lHkh lSfud lEeku vkSj mikfèk;k¡ iznku djrk gSA

(v) osQUnz'kkflr {ks=kksa vkSj vuqlwfpr rFkk dchyh {ks=kksa osQ iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr 'kfDr;k¡ (Powers

regarding the administration of Union Territories and Scheduled Areas)% la?kh; {ks=kksa dkiz'kklu jk"Vªifr osQ vèkhu gksrk gSA vuqPNsn 243 jk"Vªifr dks vfèkdkj nsrk gS fd og osQUnz 'kkflr {ks=kksa dkiz'kklu jkT;ikyksa ;k eq[; dfe'ujksa ;k vius }kjk euksuhr fdlh vU; lÙkkèkkjh osQ }kjk pyk,A og fdlh la?kh;{ks=k dk izcaèk pykus osQ fy, iM+kslh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks Hkh dg ldrk gSA ,slk jkT;iky lnSo gh jk"VªifrosQ funsZ'kkssa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g Hkh vfèkdkj gS fd og vuqlwfpr dchyh {ks=kksa dk

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iz'kklu pyk,A og jkT;ksa osQ chp >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, iw.kZ :i ls tkap djus ij ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy,vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr vaMeku vkSj fudksckj Vkiqvksa osQ la?kh; {ks=kksa osQ 'kkfUr]mUufr vkSj muosQ vPNs iz'kklu osQ fy, fu;e cuk ldrk gSA

jk"Vªifr vkSj dkuwu&fuekZ.k (President and Law-Making)

lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj la?k dh dkuwuh 'kfDr;ksa laln osQ ikl gSa vkSj jk"Vªifr laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlhdk Hkh lnL; ugha gksrkA ijUrq lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 79 esa ntZ gS fd ¶la?k dh laln jk"Vªifr vkSj nksuksa lnuksaij vkèkkfjr gksxhA¸ bldk vFkZ gS fd jk"Vªifr laln dk lnL; cus fcuk gh laln dk ,d vVwV Hkkx gksrk gSvkSj mlosQ ikl fo'kky oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ fcuk laln osQ }kjk ikl fd;k x;kdksbZ Hkh fcy dkuwu ugha cu ldrkA

jk"Vªifr osQ ikl fuEufyf[kr oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ gSaµ

1- jk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g 'kfDr gS fd og laln ;k blosQ fdlh ,d lnu dk vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrk gSvkSj laln osQ vfèkos'ku dks yEcs le; osQ fy, mBk ldrk gS ijUrq laln osQ fdlh Hkh vfèkos'kuksa osQchp 6 eghus ls vfèkd dk vUrj ugha gks ldrkA

2- jk"Vªifr 5 o"kks± dk dk;Zdky iw.kZ gksus ls igys yksdlHkk Hkax dj ldrk gSA

3- ;fn fdlh fcy@eqís ij laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp fcy ;k fo"k; ij erHksn iSnk gks tk, rks jk"Vªifrnksuksa lnuksa dk lk>k vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrk gSA

4- jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh le; laln osQ fdlh ;k nksuksa lnuksa dks lEcksèku dj ldrk gSA

5- jk"Vªifr izR;sd vke pquko osQ i'pkr~ laln osQ igys vfèkos'ku osQ volj ij laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dkslEcksfèkr djrk gS vkSj izR;sd o"kZ laln osQ izFke vfèkos'ku dks vius Hkk"k.k ls vkjaHk djrk gSA ogizR;sd o"kZ igys fnu u, vfèkos'ku dks lEcksfèkr djrk gS vkSj mudk Hkk"k.k ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dkC;kSjk gksrk gSA ;g Hkk"k.k izèkkuea=kh vkSj mlosQ eaf=keaMy osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

6- ;fn jk"Vªifr ;g vuqHko djs fd ,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; dks lnu esa mfpr izfrfufèkRo ugha feyk rks ogbl leqnk; osQ nks lnL; yksdlHkk esa euksuhr dj ldrk gSA

7- jk"Vªifr dyk] foKku] lkfgR; vkSj lekt lsok osQ {ks=k ls lEcfUèkr 12 O;fDr;ksa dks jkT;lHkk esaeuksuhr dj ldrk gSA

8- jk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g 'kfDr gS fd og laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dks lans'k Hkst ldrk gSA ;g lans'k%(1) lnu esa ppkZ vèkhu fdlh fcy ;k (2) vU; dksbZ fo"k; ftl ij lnu dk fopkj&foe'kZvko';d gks] ls lEcfUèkr gks ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk Hksts ,sls lans'k ij lEcfUèkr lnu osQ fy,fopkj djuk vko';d gksrk gSA

9- èku fcy jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ LohÑfr ysdj gh yksdlHkk esa izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSaA

10- fdlh jkT; osQ iquxZBu ;k lhekvksa ;k ukeksa osQ ifjorZu ls lEcfUèkr fcy osQoy jk"Vªifr dh iwoZLohÑfr ls gh laln esa is'k fd, tk ldrs gSaA

11- jk"Vªifr jkT; osQ mu lHkh ,sls fcyksa dh LohÑfr ;k LohÑfr;k¡ nsrk gS] ftudks jkT;iky jk"Vªifr dhLohÑfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr j[krk gSA

12- laln osQ }kjk ikl fd;k dksbZ Hkh fcy jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ i'pkr~ gh dkuwu curk gSA jk"Vªifr ,slsfdlh fcy ij viuh lgefr jksd ldrk gSA eaf=keaMy jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr ysus ;k jk"Vªifr osQ lans'k

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ls fcy laln dks okil Hkst nsrk gS (vuqPNsn 111)A 1988 esa jk"Vªifr Kkuh tSy flag us bafM;u iksLVy,sDV (la'kksèku) fcy dks blosQ fooknxzLr rF;ksa osQ dkj.k jksd fy;k FkkA ljdkj us vuqPNsn 111 osQvèkhu dk;Zokgh ij cy ugha fn;k FkkA blesa ekywe gksrk gS fd ;|fi jk"Vªifr lnSo gh laln osQ }kjkikl fd, fcy osQ lEcUèk esa eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ dks ekurk gS ijUrq lHkh ekeyksa esa muls lger gksukvko';d ugha gksrkA jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh lkèkkj.k fcy gks iqu% fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, laln dks okilHkst ldrk gS ijUrq ;fn laln ml fcy dks iqu% ikfjr dj nsrh gS rks jk"Vªifr mldks nwljh ckj jksdugha ldrkA mldks ,sls fcy ij gLrk{kj djus gh gksrs gSaA

13- vlkèkkj.k fLFkfr esa tSls izèkkuea=kh ,p-Mh- nsoxkSM+k dh ljdkj] ftlus 1997&1998 dk ctV is'k fd;kFkk vkSj osQUnzh; laln osQ }kjk ;g ctV ikl djus ls igys gh ;g ljdkj fxj xbZ Fkh] rks jk"Vªifr usyksdlHkk osQ Lihdj ih-,- laxek vkSj vU; nyksa osQ usrkvksa ls fopkj&foe'kZ osQ i'pkr~ ,slk okrkoj.krS;kj fd;k] ftlls ctV is'k djus osQ i'pkr~ ijUrq ctV ikl djus ls igys ch-ts-ih- dh ljdkj fxjiM+h Fkh vkSj jk"Vªifr us laln dks funsZ'k fn;k Fkk fd ctV dks 'kh?kz ikl fd;k tk, vkSj llan osQ }kjkctV gksus osQ i'pkr~ gh jk"Vªifr us 25 vizSy] 1999 dks laln vFkkZr~ yksdlHkk dks Hkax fd;k FkkA

14- laln osQ nks vfèkos'kuksa osQ vUrjky osQ nkSjku jk"Vªifr vè;kns'k (vkMhZuSal) tkjh dj ldrk gS] ftldh'kfDr vkSj izHkko laln osQ }kjk ikl fd, dkuwu tSlk gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ,slk vè;kns'k eaf=keaMyosQ ijke'kZ ij tc laln dk vfèkos'ku u py jgk gks rqjar oSèkkfud vko';drk iw.kZ djus osQ fy, tkjhfd;k tkrk gSA ,slk izR;sd vè;kns'k laln osQ u, vfèkos'ku ls laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lkeus j[kukiM+rk gSA laln osQ vfèkos'ku osQ 6 lIrkg chrus vkSj ;k blls igys ;fn nksuksa lnuksa dh LohÑfr fdlhvè;kns'k dks ugha feyrh rks og lekIr gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd laln osQ nks vfèkos'kuksa esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd6 eghus dk vUrjky gks ldrk gS blosQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk tkjh vè;kns'k 6 eghus tek 6 lIrkgvFkkZr~ lk<+s lkr eghus ykxw jg ldrk gSAA jk"Vªifr vè;kns'k dks fdlh Hkh le; okil ys ldrk gSA

jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk bu lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx lnSo izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrkgSA

jk"Vªifr dh ,sfPNd 'kfDr;k¡ (Discretionary Powers of the President)

1- tc yksdlHkk esa fdlh ny dks cgqer ugha feyrk] dksbZ xBcaèku ;k vU; dksbZ cgqer izkIr xBca/uHkh u gks ;k u cu losQ ;k cgqer osQ leFkZu okyk dksbZ Hkh mEehnokj u gks ftldks izèkkuea=kh fu;qDrfd;k tk ldrk gks] rks jk"Vªifr viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Zokgh dj ldrk gS vkSj izèkkuea=kh dhfu;qfDr osQ fy, yksdlHkk esa vosQyh lcls vfèkd lhVksa okyh ikVhZ osQ usrk dks ljdkj&fuekZ.k dkfuea=k.k ns ldrk gSA twu] 1991 esa jk"Vªifr us dkaxzsl lalnh; ikVhZ osQ }kjk fuokZfpr usrk Jh ih-oh-ujflEgk jko dks izèkkuea=kh euksuhr fd;k FkkA ml le; twu] 1991 osQ vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl 225 lhVsathr dj ,d cM+s ny osQ :i esa lkeus vkbZ FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr us Jh ujflEgk jko dksizèkkuea=kh fu;qDr dj mUgsa viuk yksdlHkk esa cgqer fl¼ djus dk vkns'k fn;kA ekpZ] 1998 esa Hkhjk"Vªifr us yksdlHkk esa lcls cM+s xBcaèku osQ usrk Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h dks fu;qDr fd;k vkSjmldks yksdlHkk esa viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, dgkA blh izdkj tc 14 vizSy] 1999 dks ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- (AIADMK) us Hkktik xBcaèku ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;k rks jk"Vªifr thus izèkkuea=kh Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h dks yksdlHkk esa fo'okl er izkIr djus osQ fy, dgkA tc 17vizSy] 1999 dks ;g ljdkj fo'okl er izkIr djus eas vliQy jgh rks jk"Vªifr th us ,d ubZ ljdkj

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cuk, tkus osQ iz;kl fd;k ijUrq tc ;g vliQy gks xbZ rks jk"Vªifr us 12oha yksdlHkk Hkax dj nh vkSjHkktik xBcaèku ljdkj dks vUrfje ljdkj osQ :i esa cus jgus dk vkns'k fn;kA bl izdkj tcyksdlHkk esa fdlh ny dks cgqer u feys rks jk"Vªifr ljdkj cukus osQ lEcUèk esa vius foosd ls dk;Zys ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh eas f=k'kaoqQ yksd lHkkvksa (Hung Parliaments) osQ ;qx osQvkjaHk us ljdkj cukus dh izfØ;k esa jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr vkSj Hkwfedk esa o`f¼ dh gSA

2- nwljk {ks=k og gS tc jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk Hkax djus osQ fy, oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkjdk;Z dj ldrk gS (vuqPNsn 85)A lkèkkj.k le; esa tc cgqer osQ leFkZu okyk izèkkuea=kh jk"Vªifrdks yksdlHkk Hkax djus dk ijke'kZ nsrk gS rks jk"Vªifr osQ ikl vU; dksbZ ekxZ ugha gksrkA ijUrq tc fo'ks"kfLFkfr osQ (tSls uoEcj] 1990 esa oh-ih- flag dk ekeyk) le; esa tc izèkkuea=kh dks cgqer ugha feykgksrk rks ;g jk"Vªifr dh bPNk ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og ,sls izèkkuea=kh dk ijke'kZ Lohdkj vFkok jídjsA bl ekeys esa jk"Vªifr vkj- oSadVjeu us viuh bPNkuqlkj dk;Zokgh dh vkSj turk ny (,l) osQusrk Jh pUnz 'ks[kj dks iz/kuea=kh osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;k Fkk D;ksafd dkaxzsl osQ }kjk ckgj jg dj pUnz'ks[kj ljdkj dk leFkZu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;k FkkA tc iQjojh 1991 esa Jh pUnz 'ks[kj us jk"Vªifrdks yksdlHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dh rks jk"Vªifr us lcls cM+s lewg dkaxzsl osQ usrk dks ljdkj cukusdk fuea=k.k nsdj ubZ ljdkj cuk, tkus dh laHkkoukvksa dh tk¡p djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k ijUrq usrk Jhjktho xkaèkh osQ }kjk ljdkj cukus ls badkj fd, tkus osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr yksdlHkk Hkax djus osQ fy,foo'k gks x, vkSj mUgksaus Jh pUnz 'ks[kj dks dk;Zokgd izèkkuea=kh osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs jgus osQ fy,dgk vkSj u, pquko djokus dk vkns'k fn;kA ebZ&twu] 1991 esa 10oha yksdlHkk osQ fy, pquko gq,A,slh gh fLFkfr uoEcj] 1997 esa ml le; iSnk gks xbZ tc izèkkuea=kh Jh bUnz oqQekj xqtjky us R;kx&i=kns fn;kA bl volj ij jk"Vªifr us yksdlHkk Hkax dj nh xbZ vkSj 12oha yksdlHkk pqus tkus dk vkns'kfn;kA bl izdkj fiQj vizSy] 1999 esa jk"Vªifr us 12oha yksdlHkk Hkax djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k] pkgs ch-ts-ih- xBcaèku ;g pkgrk Fkk fd mldks nqckjk ,d ubZ ljdkj cukus dk volj feys] iQjojh 2004esa jk"Vªifr us ,u-Mh-,- ljdkj esa izèkkuea=kh oktis;h osQ ijke'kZ vuqlkj 13oha yksdlHkk dk;Zdky iw.kZgksus ls yxHkx 1 o"kZ igys gh Hkax dj nhA bl izdkj yksdlHkk dks Hkax djus osQ fu.kZ; osQ lEcUèkesa jk"Vªifr viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Z ys ldrk gS] ijUrq osQoy ml fLFkfr esa tcfd ljdkj dksyksdlHkk esa cgqer izkIr u gksA

bu nks vioknksa osQ vfrfjDr jk"Vªifr viuh lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQvuqlkj gh djrk gSA

jk"Vªifr dh foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Financial Powers of the President)

jk"Vªifr osQ ikl oqQN foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh gSaµ

1- dksbZ Hkh èku fcy jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ LohÑfr fcuk laln esa is'k fd;k tk ldrkA

2- izR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ osQ vkjaHk esa jk"Vªifr }kjk laln osQ lkeus okf"kZd foÙkh; ys[kk (ctV) j[kk tkrkgS ftlesa vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy, osQUnz ljdkj dh vk; vkSj [kpZ osQ vuqekuksa dk fooj.k gksrkgSA

3- jk"Vªifr }kjk vkdfLed O;;ksa dh fufèk (Contingency Fund of India) ij fu;a=k.k j[kk tkrk gSAjk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og vkdfLed O;;ksa dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy, bl iaQM esa ls [kpZdjus dh vkKk nsA

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4- le;≤ ij jk"Vªifr foÙk vk;ksx fu;qDr djrk gS] tks osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp jktLo@vk; osQcaVokjs osQ ckjs fliQkfj'ksa djrk gSA

jk"Vªifr dh U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ (Judicial Powers of the President)

jkT; osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i eas jk"Vªifr fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa eas ekiQh ns ldrk gS] n.M ekiQ dj ldrk gS ;k cnyldrk gS ;k ?kVk ldrk gS ;k lkekU; ekiQh ns ldrk gSµ

1- og vijkèkh ftudks e`R;q n.M fn;k x;k gksA

2- la?kh; vkSj lk>h lwph osQ vèkhu cuk, x, dkuwuksa osQ fo#¼ fd, vijkèkksa osQ lEcUèk esa] vkSj

3- lSfud U;k;ky; osQ }kjk fn, x, n.M osQ lHkh ekeysA

n;k dh lHkh vihyksa ls fuiVrs le; jk"Vªifr LosPNk ls dk;Z dj ldrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr jk"Vªifr fdlhHkh dkuwuh ekeys ;k lkoZtfud egÙo osQ fdlh fcy osQ lEcUèk esa Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; ls ijke'kZ ysldrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; jk"Vªifr }kjk ekaxs x, ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, ikcan gksrk gS (vuqPNsn 43)A ijUrqjk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk fn, x, ijke'kZ dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy, ikcan ugha gksrkA

jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ (Emergency Powers of the President)

lafoèkku osQ 18osa Hkkx esa ladVdkyhu O;oLFkk,¡ gSa vkSj ;g jk"Vªifr dks fo'ks"k ladVdky fLFkfr ls fuiVus dh'kfDr;k¡ nsrh gSaA bUgsa jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA rhu izdkj osQ ladVdky dh fLFkfr;k¡lwphc¼ dh xbZ gSaµ(i) vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªh; ladVdky vFkkZr~ ;q¼ ;k ckgjh vkØe.k ;k ns'k esavkarfjd l'kL=k fonzksg osQ dkj.k mRiUu ladVdky_ (ii) vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu fdlh jkT; ;k oqQN jkT;ksa esalaoSèkkfud ladVdky vFkkZr~ jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh isQy gks tkus osQ dkj.k iSnk gq, ladVdky dh fLFkfrvkSj (iii) vuqPNsn 360 osQ vèkhu foÙkh; ladVdky vFkkZr~ ns'k osQ foÙkh; ladV osQ :i esa iSnk gq, ladVdkydh fLFkfrA

bu rhu izdkj osQ ladVdkyksa esa jk"Vªifr dks ;g vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS fd og ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kkdjs vkSj ladVdky dh fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, mfpr dne mBk,A mnkgj.kLo:i ;fn vuqPNsn 352 osQvèkhu ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS rks lafoèkku dh la?kh; O;oLFkk,¡ LFkfxr gks tkrh gSa] osQUnzljdkj viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ls fdlh Hkh jkT; ljdkj dks dksbZ Hkh funsZ'k ns ldrh gSA osQUnzljdkj dks ;g vfèkdkj fey tkrk gS fd og jkT;&lwph okys fo"k;ksa osQ lEcUèk esa dkuwu cuk, vkSj osQUnz vkSjjkT;ksa osQ chp foÙkh; lEcUèkksa dks la'kksfèkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc fdlh jkT; esa vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhuladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS rks lEcfUèkr jkT; jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ vèkhu vk tkrk gSA jkT; dkjkT;iky okLrfod dk;Zikfydk cu tkrk gS vkSj jkT; eaf=keaMy@ljdkj Hkax gks tkrh gSA jkT;iky jk"Vªifr dhvksj ls jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrk gS vkSj osQUnz ljdkj osQ lHkh fn'kk&funsZ'k ykxw djrk gSA vuqPNsn 360 osQ v/hufoÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr osQ ekeys eas jk"Vªifr ns'k dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk osQ fy, jkT;ksa dks dksbZ Hkh funsZ'k nsldrk gSA og loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa lfgr ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙkksaesa dVkSrh djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA og vkns'k dj ldrk gS fd jkT; foèkkuikfydkvksa osQ }kjk ikl djusosQ i'pkr~ lHkh foÙkh; fcy mldh LohÑfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr j[ks tk,¡A

laoSèkkfud :i esa rhu izdkj osQ ladVdkyksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ ikl O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ gSa] ijUrq ,slh'kfDr;ksa osQ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, vusdksa laoSèkkfud izfrcaèk yxk, x, gSaA jk"Vªifr ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa

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dk iz;ksx Hkh izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ ls gh djrk gSA bl izdkj Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ ikldk;Zikfydk] oSèkkfud] foÙkh;] U;kf;d vkSj ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA (bl fo"k; dk foLr`r o.kZu vkxs fn;kx;k gSA)

VkLd jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkwfedk (Position and Role of the President)

jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa ij fopkj djus osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr dk ewY;kadu djuk cgqr ljy gks tkrk gSAizR;{k :i esa jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;k¡ cgqr vfèkd vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd rkuk'kkgh (ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡) izrhr gksrhgSaA ijUrq xgjkbZ ls tk¡p djus ij irk yxrk gS fd Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ,d uke&ek=k dk laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gS]tks yxHkx lHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj gh djrk gSA lafo/ku osQ42osa la'kksèku esa Li"V fd;k x;k gS fd jk"Vªifr izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy,ikcan gksrk gSA ijUrq ;g O;oLFkk osQ ckotwn jk"Vªifr ,d 'kfDrghu eqf[k;k ;k eaf=keaMy osQ gkFkksa esa jcM+ dheksgj ugha gSA 44osa la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og eaf=keaMy }kjk fn, x, ijke'kZvkSj lkekU; rkSj ij ;k vU; n`f"Vdks.k ls iqu% fopkj djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr dk ;g vfèkdkjfo'ks"k egÙo j[krk gS vkSj bldk eaf=keaMy ij vuqowQy izHkko iM+rk gSA blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd eaf=keaMyosQ }kjk iqu% fopkj osQ i'pkr~ fn;k x;k ijke'kZ jk"Vªifr dks ekuuk gh iM+rk gS] ijUrq jk"Vªifr bl vfèkdkjosQ iz;ksx }kjk eaf=keaMy dh dk;Zokgh dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ iqu% fopkj osQ funsZ'k dks ,dgYdk&lk ijke'kZ ;k ,d psrkouh osQ :i esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i esa jk"Vªifr dks izHkqlÙkklEiUu Lrj izkIr gS vkSj bl fo'ks"krk osQ dkj.k og Hkkjr dh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa mPp Lrjh;] vFkZiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrk gSA

lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk Li"V :i esa jk"Vªifr dks jkT; dk laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k cukuk pkgrh Fkh D;ksafd Hkkjr esalalnh; iz.kkyh osQ pyu osQ fy, ,slk djuk vko';d FkkA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkh osQ izèkku MkW- jktsUnz izlknus Hkh Lohdkj fd;k fd jk"Vªifr ns'k dk laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gksxkA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk eas cksyrs gq, MkW-vacsMdj us dgk Fkk fd] ¶jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr fczfV'k lafoèkku osQ vèkhu ckn'kkg tSlh fLFkfr osQ leku gSA ogjkT; dk eqf[k;k gS ijUrq dk;Zikfydk dk ughaA og jk"Vª dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS ijUrq jk"Vª ij 'kklu ughadjrkA¸ Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr lkekU; :i esa eaf=k;ksa dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, ikcan gksxkA og muosQ ijke'kZ osQfo#¼ oqQN ugha dj losQxk vkSj u gh muosQ ijke'kZ osQ fcuk oqQN dj losQxk rks Hkh lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk us;g fu.kZ; fy;k fd Li"V :i esa ;g dgk u tk, fd jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, ikcan gksxkAijUrq lafoèkku dh bl pqIih dks 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk lekIr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;g dgk x;k fd jk"Vªifriz/kuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa dk;Z dj jgh ljdkj dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, ikcan gksxkA

lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr us lkekU; :i esa jkT; osQ ,d laoSèkkfud vè;{k rFkkukeek=k dk;Zikyd eqf[k;k osQ :i esa viuh fLFkfr dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA ijUrq 1960 esa ns'k osQ igys jk"VªifrMkW- jktsUnz izlkn us ubZ fnYyh esa Hkkjrh; dkuwu laLFkku ij uhao iRFkj j[krs le; vius Hkk"k.k esa jk"Vªifr osQHkkjrh; laoSèkkfud iz.kkyh esa okLrfod dk;ks± vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk eqík mBk;kA muosQ ,sls fopkj iz/kuea=kh usg:osQ fopkjksa ls oqQN fojksèk j[krs FksA mUgksaus Li"V :i esa dgk fd ¶geus vius jk"Vªifr dks okLro esa dksbZ 'kfDrugha nh ijUrq mldh fLFkfr ,d lÙkk vkSj LokfHkeku okyh cuk nh gSA¸ loksZPp U;k;ky; us jke thok;k cuke

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iatkc jkT; (1955) osQ ekeys esa vius fu.kZ; esa dgk fd ¶jk"Vªifr dk;Zikfydk dk vkSipkfjd ;k laoSèkkfudeqf[k;k gS vkSj okLrfod dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ eaf=keaMy osQ ikl gSaA¸

lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ ckn jk"Vªifr dh ukeek=k dh 'kfDr;ksa dh fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa Li"V :i esa O;oLFkklafoèkku esa u 'kkfey fd, tkus osQ dkj.k bl fopkj dks cy feyk fd jk"Vªifr dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksxls lEcfUèkr ,d lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk FkkA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk dh elkSnk lfefr osQ ,d HkwriwoZ lnL;Jh osQ-,e- eaq'kh us 1963 esa ?kks"k.kk dh fd geus jk"Vªifr dks izQkalhlh jk"Vªifr osQ leku ,d uke&ek=k dkeqf[k;k ugha cuk;kA mldks fdlh Hkh vksj ls [kM+h dh xb± #dkoVksa osQ fo#¼ ,d Lora=k O;fDr osQ :i esadk;Zokgh djosQ lafoèkku dh j{kk djuh gksrh gSA bl fopkjèkkjk osQ vU; leFkZdksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr osQ jk"VªifrosQ ikl vè;kns'k tkjh djus] ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk djus vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks LFkfxr djustSlh oqQN okLrfod 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA og laln osQ }kjk ikl fd, oqQN fo'ks"k fooknxzLr fcyksa dks viuh LohÑfrnsus ls jksd ldrk gSA og vke turk ls izkFkZuk&i=k izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj laln dks lans'k Hkst ldrk gS vkfnAjkT; osQ ,d fuokZfpr eqf[k;k osQ :i esa jk"Vªifr dh fLFkfr vkSj ntkZ fczVsu osQ iSr`d ckn'kkg ls fHkUu gS vkSjHkkjrh; jk"Vªifr dks osQoy uke&ek=k eqf[k;k osQ :i esa ysuk iw.kZ :i ls Bhd ughaA

ijUrq bl fopkj dk cgqr&ls vU; fo}kuksa] jktuhfrd usrkvksa vkSj laoSèkkfud fo'ks"kKksa osQ }kjk leFkZu ugha fd;kx;kA Jh eksjkjth nslkbZ us ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ¶;g lkspuk xyr gS fd gekjs jk"Vªifr dks ,d iz'kkld dh dksbZokLrfod 'kfDr izkIr gSA lkèkkj.k le; esa mlosQ ikl oqQN Hkh 'kfDr ugha gSA lafoèkku osQ vèkhu og fczfV'kckn'kkg osQ leku laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gh gSA¸ lalnh; iz.kkyh viuk, tkus ls Li"V irk yxrk gS fd jk"Vªifrdks lnSo eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk iM+sxkA ;gk¡ rd fd ladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa Hkh ogeaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ dks misf{kr ugha dj ldrkA bl lEcUèk esa 42osa la'kksèku es Li"V fd;k x;k gS tks igysLi"V ugha FkkA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jkT; osQ laoSèkkfud vkSj ukeek=k eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, ikcangSA mldks izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ }kjk fn, x, ijke'kZ osQ vulkj dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA jk"Vªifr dks lnSoizèkkuea=kh vkSj ea=khifj"kn~ dh mifLFkfr esa gh dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ,d eaf=keaMyizèkkuea=kh vèkhu yxkrkj vfLrRo esa jgrk gSA laln esa cgqer dh deh osQ dkj.k tc dksbZ ljdkj fxjrh gS vkSjjk"Vªifr bl fLFkfr esa ugha gksrk fd og oSdfYid izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy dks ys losQA ,slh fLFkfr esa mldksigys izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy dks rc rd dk;Zokgd ljdkj osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, dguk iM+rk gStc rd yksdlHkk osQ pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ ubZ ljdkj vfLrRo esa ugha vk tkrhA vizSy] 1999 esa tc 17 vizSydks Hkktik xBcaèku ljdkj yksdlHkk esa fo'okl er izkIr djus eas vliQy jgh vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ dksbZ vU;ikVhZ ljdkj cukus esa liQy u gks ldh rks jk"Vªifr us Hkktik ljdkj dks dk;Zokgd ljdkj osQ :i esa dk;Zdjus dk vkns'k fn;kA iQjojh 2004 esa yksdlHkk Hkax dj fn, tkus osQ ckn ,u-Mh-,- ljdkj ,d dk;Zokgdljdkj osQ :i esa 22 ebZ] 2004 rd dk;Z djrh jgh rFkk bl fnu ;w-ih-,- dh ljdkj lÙkk:<+ gks xbZA vkt;g ckr Li"V gS fd jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy dh vfLrRo dks fujUrj cuk, j[krk gS pkgs ;g eaf=keaMy fu;fer gks;k dk;ZokgdA 1989] 1997] 1999 rFkk 2004 esa jk"Vªifr dks ,slh gh djuk iM+k FkkA

lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus ls ysdj vkt rd jk"Vªifr osQ in dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk djus ij irk yxrk gS fdjk"Vªifr us lnSo jkT; osQ laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa viuh fLFkfr dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gS vkSj og lnSogh eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA ;|fi igys jk"Vªifr MkW- jktsUnz izlkn us jk"Vªifr osQ okLrfoddk;ks± vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dks fuf'pr djus dk eqík mBk;k Fkk rks Hkh mUgksaus lnSo izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZosQ vuqlkj gh dk;Z fd;k FkkA muosQ vuq:i gh MkW- ,l- jkèkk Ñ".ku] MkW- tkfdj gqlSu] Jh oh-oh- fxfj] Jh,iQ-,- vgen] Jh uhye lathok jsM~Mh] Kkuh tSy flag] Jh vkj- oSadVjeu vkSj MkW- ,l-Mh- 'kekZ rFkk Jh osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku us dk;Z fd;kA orZeku jk"Vªifr Jherh izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy ls iwoZ jk"Vªifr Jh ,-ih-ts- vCnqy

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dyke Hkh mlh ijEijk ij pyrs gq, ns'k osQ laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs jgs fulansg izfrHkk ikfVyHkh blh ijaijk dks fuHkkrh jgsaxhA

ijUrq bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy osQ gkFkksa esa osQoy ,d jcM+ dh eksgj vFkok dBiqryh gksrk

gS ;k osQoy lqugjh 'kwU; gSA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ns'k dk fuokZfpr eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs fo'kky izHkko vkSj izfr"Bk

ls ,d loksZPp lÙkk osQ :i esa psrkouh] lafoèkku dh j{kk djrk gS] viuk ijke'kZ nsus osQ vfèkdkj] mRlkfgr

djus] tkudkjh ysus] laln dks lans'k Hkstus] fooknxzLr fcyksa dks laln osQ }kjk iqufoZpkj djus osQ fy, okil

Hkstus vkSj yksxksa ls izkFkZuk&i=k izkIr djus osQ fy, vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr Hkkjr dh

jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA og ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dks

izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA og vusdksa igyqvksa ls ljdkj dks psrkouh ;k de&ls&de ljdkj dks fn'kk&funsZ'k ns

ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr Kkuh tSy flag osQ }kjk fooknxzLr fo'ks"krkvksa osQ dkj.k bafM;u iksLVy fcy (la'kksèku ,DV)

dks viuh LohÑfr nsus ls jksd fy;k x;k gS vkSj og ckn esa dkuwu dk :i ugha ys ldk FkkA 25 flrEcj] 1998

dks jk"Vªifr Jh osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku us fcgkj dh jkcM+h nsoh ljdkj dks Hkax djus okys la?kh; oSQfcusV osQ fu.kZ;

dks iqu% fopkj osQ fy, oSQfcusV osQ ikl Hkst fn;k FkkA bl ckj la?kh; oSQfcusV us bl fo"k; ij jk"Vªifr dks

iqu% fliQkfj'k u djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k ftlosQ dkj.k jkcM+h nsoh ljdkj cp xbZA ijUrq 10 iQjojh 1999 dks

tc la?kh; oSQfcusV us jkcM+h nsoh ljdkj dks Hkax djosQ jk"Vªifr 'kklu iqu% ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k dh rks

jk"Vªifr dks oSQfcusV ijke'kZ Lohdkj djuk iM+kA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk fn, x, ijke'kZ ;k lans'k dh vksj eaf=keaMy

vkSj laln dks è;ku nsuk iM+rk gSA vius O;fDrxr xq.kksa vkSj ns'k osQ loksZPp in ij fojkteku gksus osQ dkj.k

jk"Vªifr ns'k vkSj fons'k esa egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA 1989 osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd

iz.kkyh esa f=k'kaoqQ yksd lHkkvksa osQ xBu gksus osQ ;qx osQ vkjaHk gksus osQ i'pkr~ ljdkj fuekZ.k osQ lEcUèk esa

jk"Vªifr esa jk"Vªifr dh Hkwfedk esa ,d ubZ lfØ;rk vkbZ gSA 1989&90&91&96&97] 1998 rFkk 2004 esa jk"Vªifr

us la?k ljdkj osQ fuekZ.k osQ le; ,d lfØ; vkSj egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vius laoSèkkfud drZO;ksa rFkk 'kfDr;ksa osQ

iz;ksx }kjk fuHkkbZ FkhA

bl izdkj Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr jkT; dk ,d laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gS u fd ,d jcM+ dh eksgj ;k lqugjh 'kwU;A og

Hkkjrh; lalnh; yksdra=k osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj esa egÙoiw.kZ vkSj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA jk"Vªifr ;g Hkwfedk

viuh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa ij cy fn, fcuk fuHkkrk gSA ,d fu"i{k vkSj oLrqfu"B :i esa dk;Z djus okys

jkT;&vè;{k rFkk dk;Zikfydk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs og vius O;fDrxr xq.kksa] fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj izHkqlÙkk lEiUu

fLFkfr osQ vkèkkj ij jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa cgqewY; Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA



7- la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;k¡ fdlesa fufgr gSa\

(a) jkT;iky (b) jk"Vªifr

(c) izèkkuea=kh (d) eq[;ea=kh

8- 12oha yksdlHkk osQ pquko fdl o"kZ gq, Fks\

(a) 1995 (b) 1996

(c) 1997 (d) 1998

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9- ml jk"Vªifr dk D;k uke gS ftlus vius ,d Hkk"k.k esa jk"Vªifr osQ Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud iz.kkyh esaokLrfod dk;ks± vkSj 'kfDr;ksa dk eqík mBk;k Fkk\

(a) MkW- jktsUnz izlkn (b) osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku

(c) izfrHkk nsoh flag ikfVy (d) vCnqy dyke vktkn

5-4 jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ (Emergency Powers of thePresident)

Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj feyh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ egÙoiw.kZ gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk lafoèkku dhfookniw.kZ O;oLFkk,¡ Hkh jgh gSaA ;g 'kfDr;k¡ osQoy cgqr O;kid gh ugha gSa] cfYd ,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k osQ fy,fcYoqQy foy{k.k Hkh gSaA jk"Vªifr dks ;g 'kfDr;ksa nsrs le; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa osQ eu esa Hkfo"; osQ laHkkforladVksa vkSj lÙkk ifjorZuksa ls ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks lqjf{kr j[kus dk fo"k; vR;Ur egÙo dk fo"k;FkkA og ,d la?kh; <k¡ps osQ laHkkfor [krjs osQ izfr lkoèkku jgrs gq, ns'k dh ,drk] v[k.Mrk vkSj HkykbZ osQfy, dBksj vkSj 'kh?kz dne mBk, tkus dh vko';drk osQ izfr lpsr FkkA blosQ fy, og blls lEcfU/r oqQNmik; djus osQ fy, oqQN dne mBkus osQ bPNqd FksA la?kh; <k¡ps esa ,dkRed Hkkouk dk feJ.k ,d ,slk ghdne FkkA nwljk dne FkkµHkfo"; osQ [krjksa vkSj ladVdkyhu fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr dks fo'ks"k'kfDr;k¡ vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro nsukA nwljk dne viukrs le; lafoèkku fuekZrk x.kra=k teZuh osQ oSej lafo/ku dhbl izdkj dh O;oLFkk ls izHkkfor gq, FksA Mh-Mh- clq dh n`f"V esa ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ la?kh; ljdkj dks bl;ksX; cukrh gSa fd tc dHkh Hkh fLFkfr ekax djs rks og ,dkRed iz.kkyh dh 'kfDr izkIr dj losQA

lafoèkku osQ Hkkx XVIII esa ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk o.kZu gS vkSj buosQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dks rhu izdkj osQfo'ks"k ladVdkyksa ls fuiVus dh 'kfDr;k¡ feyh gqbZ gSaµ(i) jk"Vªh; ladVdky (vuqPNsn 352) vFkkZr~ ;q¼] ckgjhvkØe.k ;k vkarfjd l'kL=k fonzksg osQ dkj.k iSnk gqbZ ladVdkyhu fLFkfr (ii) fdlh jkT; esa laoS/kfudladVdky (vuqPNsn 356) vFkkZr~ jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh vliQy gks tkus osQ dkj.k iSnk gq, ladVdkydh fLFkfr (iii) foÙkh; ladVdky (vuqPNsn 360) vFkkZr~ fLFkjrk ;k Hkkjr dh lk[k dks iSnk gq, [krjs osQ dkj.kmRiUu ladVdkyhu fLFkfrA

jk"Vªh; ladVdky (vuqPNsn 352) (National Emergency Art. 352)

lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 352 ;q¼] fons'kh vkØe.k ;k vkarfjd l'kL=k fonzksg ls iSnk gqbZ ladVdky dh fLFkfrls fuiVus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA bldks lkekU; :i esa jk"Vªh; ladVdky dgk tkrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr dks fo'oklgks tkrk gS fd ;q¼] ckgjh vkØe.k ;k vkarfjd l'kL=k fonzksg osQ dkj.k ;k ,slh fdlh [krjs dh laHkkouk osQdkj.k leLr Hkkjr ij ns'k osQ fdlh Hkkx dh lqj{kk dks [krjk iSnk gks x;kA gS rFkk xaHkhj ladVdky dh fLFkfrgS rks og blls lEcfUèkr ?kks"k.kk tkjh dj ldrk gSA ¶l'kL=k fonzksg¸ 'kCn 44osa ,sDV (la'kksèku) osQ }kjk 'kkfeyfd, x, vkSj bUgksaus ekSfyd 'kCnksa ¶vkarfjd xM+cM+ dk LFkku ys fy;kA ,sls ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk osQoy mlle; gh ugha dh tkrh] tc okLro esa Hkkjr dh lqj{kk dk mYya?ku gqvk gks cfYd ml le; Hkh dh tkrh gStc jk"Vªifr ;g vuqHko djs fd ns'k dh lqj{kk dks [krjk iSnk gks x;kA [vuqPNsn 352 (3)]A

'kCn ¶;fn jk"Vªifr dks fo'okl gks tkrk gS dk okLro esa vFkZ ;g gS fd jk"Vªifr dks eaaf=keaMy ls ,slhtkudkjh ;k ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gSA vc eaf=keaMy dks viuk ,slk ijke'kZ fyf[kr :i esa nsrk gSA ,slh lwpukfeyus osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ykxw dj ldrk gSA ,slk ladVdky leLr HkkjrosQ fdlh Hkkx@Hkkxksa esa ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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(d) ladVdky ?kks"k.kk dh LohÑfr (Approval of the Emergency Proclamation)% vuqPNsn 352osQ vèkhu ?kksf"kr ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ykxw fd, tkus osQ 30 fnuksa osQ vanj&vanj laln osQ nksuksalnuksa ls LohÑfr ysuh gksrh gSA ;fn ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dks laln dh LohÑfr ugha feyrhrks ;g 30 fnuksa ckn lekIr gks tkrh gSA ;fn ladVdky ykxw djrs le; yksdlHkk Hkax gks rks bldh 30 fnuksaosQ Hkhrj jkT;lHkk osQ }kjk iqf"V dh tkuh vko';d gksrh gS vkSj ckn esa ubZ yksdlHkk ls viuh igyh cSBdls ysdj 30 fnuksa osQ vUnj&vUnj LohÑfr ysuh vko';d gksrh gSA ;fn yksdlHkk LohÑfr ugha nsrh rks 30 fnuksaosQ ckn ladVdky dh fLFkfr lekIr gks tkrh gSA ;fn lalan osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk LohÑfr fey tkrh gS rksladVdky ls lEcfUèkr ?kks"k.kk 6 eghus osQ fy, ykxw jg ldrh gSA ;fn ladVdky vkSj le; osQ fy, tkjhj[kuh gks rks izR;sd 6 eghus ckn blosQ fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa ls LohÑfr ysuh vko';d gksrh gSA ;fnyksdlHkk Hkax gks vkSj ladVdky c<+kuk gks rks ;g dk;Z jkT;lHkk izLrko ikl djosQ dj ldrh gS ijUrq ubZyksdlHkk dh LohÑfr djokuh vfuok;Z gksrh gSA

([k) ladVdky dh vofèk (Tenure of the Emergency Proclamation)% ,d ckj ?kksf"kr vkSj lalnosQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk Lohdkj dh xbZ ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk 6 eghus osQ fy, ykxw jg ldrh gS ;|fi izR;sd6 eghus osQ ckn LohÑfr osQ }kjk bldh vofèk dks ckj&ckj c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd44osa la'kksèku osQ i'pkr~ ,slh ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dks laln osQ }kjk LohÑr fd, tkus osQ fy, oqQy lnL;ksaosQ cgqer rFkk mifLFkr ,oa ernku dj jgs lnL;ksa dk nks&frgkbZ cgqer vko';d gksrk gSA

(x) laln osQ }kjk ladVdky dh fLFkfr esa lekIr djus dh O;oLFkk (Provision for the Revoca-

tion of Emergency by the Parliament)% yksdlHkk osQ 10% lnL; laln osQ }kjk igys Lohdkj dhxbZ ladVdkyhu dh fLFkfr dks lekIr djus osQ fy, dk;Zokgh vkjaHk dj ldrs gSaA bl iz;kstu osQ fy, ;fnyksdlHkk dk vfèkos'ku u py jgk gks rks mudks jk"Vªifr dks fyf[kr :i esa uksfVl nsuk iM+sxk ;k ;fn yksdlHkkdk vfèkos'ku py jgk ijUrq LFkfxr gks rks ;g uksfVl Lihdj dks nsuk iM+sxkA yksdlHkk dk ,slk vko';dvfèkos'ku 10% lnL;ksa osQ }kjk uksfVl fn, tkus osQ 14 fnuksa esa gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn yksdlHkk lkèkkj.kcgqer ls ladVdky lekIr djus osQ ckjs esa izLrko ikl dj nsrh gS rks ladVdky ?kks"k.kk lekIr gks tkrh gSvkSj jk"Vªifr dks ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dks okil ysuk iM+rk gSA

(?k) vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ykxw djuk U;k;&;ksX; gSA blosQ laoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dh ij[kloksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk vc fuf'pr dh tk ldrh gSA

(Ä) vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus osQ ifj.kke (Consequences of Emer-

gency Proclamation under Art. 352)% vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus osQ i'pkr~fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu gks tkrs gSaµ

(i) la?kh; laln dks jkT; lwph okys fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj fey tkrk gSA ,sls dkuwuladVdky osQ nkSjku ykxw jgrs gSa vkSj ladVdky lekIr gksus osQ 6 eghus ckn lekIr gks tkrs gSaA

(ii) la?kh; ljdkj dks jkT; ljdkjksa dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx funsZf'kr djus dk vfèkdkj feytkrk gSA

(iii) jk"Vªifr osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp foÙkh; foHkktu dks ifjofrZr dj ldrk gS ijUrq ;s lHkh fu.kZ; lalnosQ izR;sd lnu osQ lkeus j[kus vko';d gksrs gSaA

(iv) ladVdky osQ nkSjku lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 17 osQ vèkhu feyh ekSfyd LorU=krkvksa ij izfrcUèk yxk;stk ldrs gSaA ;gka rd fd ;fn ,slh ladVdky dh ns'k osQ fdlh Hkh Hkkx@Hkkxksa esa ?kks"k.kk dh tkrh gS rks laln

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ns'k osQ mu Hkkxksa esa Hkh ukxfjd LorU=krkvksa ij ikcanh yk ldrh gS tgk¡ ladVdky ykxw ugha gksrkA 44osa la'kks/uosQ vuqlkj vuqPNsn 19 osQ }kjk nh xbZ LorU=krkvksa dks osQoy ml le; LFkfxr fd;k tk ldrk tcfd ;q¼;k ckgjh vkØe.k osQ dkj.k ,slh ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw dh xbZ gksA

(v) vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 osQ }kjk feys vfèkdkjksa osQ vfrfjDr jk"Vªifr ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dksLFkfxr dj ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] laoSèkkfud mipkjksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkj (vuqPNsn 32) dks mi;qZDr nksvuqPNsnksa esa fn, vfèkdkjksa dks NksM+ dj vU; vfèkdkjksa osQ lEcUèk esa LFkfxr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(vi) ,sls ladVdky osQ nkSjku yksdlHkk vkSj jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa dk dk;Zdky c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA lalnbl lEcUèk esa dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ;g o`f¼ ,d ckj esa ,d o"kZ ;k blls de le; osQ fy, gks ldrh gSA

(vii) ;fn dksbZ jkT; vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu laoSèkkfud ladVdky osQ vèkhu gS vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ }kjkvuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ykxw dj fn;k tkrk gS rks lEcfUèkr jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ,d o"kZ osQlk/kj.k le; dh vis{kk 3 o"kZ rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA ,ssls ladVdky osQ nkSjku jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk tkjh fd,x, lHkh vkns'kksa dks LohÑfr osQ fy, laln esa j[kuk gksrk gSA

(p) vuqPNsn 352 osQ ykxw fd, tkus dk fooj.k (Operation of Emergency Proclamation

under Art. 352)% vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu Hkkjr ij phuh vkØe.k dks ns[krs gq, 26 vDrwcj] 1962 dksizFke ckj ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA 1965 esa ikfdLrku osQ lkFk ;q¼ osQ le; ;gh ladVdkyykxw FkkA ;g ladVdky 1968 esa okil ys fy;k x;kA ijUrq 3 fnlEcj] 1971 dks bldks iqu% ykxw fd;k x;k]D;ksafd ikfdLrku ls ;q¼ fNM+ x;k FkkA ;g ladVdky ekpZ] 1977 rd ykxw jgkA 26 twu] 1975 dks vkarfjdxM+cM+ osQ dkj.k ns'k dh lqj{kk dks iSnk gq, [krjs osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhuladVdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk Hkh dj nh xbZA ;g ladVdky ekpZ] 1977 osQ pqukoksa esa Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh vkSjmlosQ ny dkaxzsl (vkbZ) dh ijkt; osQ i'pkr~ 22 ekpZ] 1977 dks okil fy;k x;kA

uksV~l 1977 osQ i'pkr~ vkt rd vuqPNsn 352 osQ v/hu ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ugha dh xbZ pkgs 1999

esa dkjfxy ;q¼ gqvk Fkk fiQj fnlEcj 2001 ls ysdj flrEcj&vDrwcj 2002 rd ikfdLrku ls ;q¼

dk [krjk cuk jgk FkkA

vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu laoSèkkfud ladVdky(Constitutional Emergency under Article 356)

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªifr osQ ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fd og fdlh jkT;@jkT;ksa esa laoSèkkfude'khujh isQy gks tkus ls fuiVus osQ fy, ladVdky ykxw djus dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA bl vuqPNsn osQ vuqlkj];fn fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij ;k vU; lkèkuksa osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr dks ;g fo'okl gks tk,fd jkT; ljdkj laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z ugha dj jgh vFkok jkT; esas laoSèkkfud e'khujh vliQygks xbZ gS vkSj jkT; dk xBu djuk vFkok lapkyu lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj lEHko ugha jgkA vU; 'kCnksa esa jk"Vªifrdks ;g fo'okl gks tk, fd fdlh jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh iw.kZ :i esa vliQy gks xbZ gS ;k ,slk gksuk vVygS rks og jkT; esa laoSèkkfud ladVdky yxkus dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr fdlh jkT; esa Hkh laoS/kfudladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gS ;fn mldks fo'okl gks tk, fd jkT; ljdkj jkT; esa ml le; la?k ljdkjosQ iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr osQUnzh; dkuwuksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ls lEcfUèkr fn'kk&funsZ'kksa dks ykxw ugha dj jgh ;k ,slkdjus ls budkj dj jgh gSA

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(I) laoSèkkfud ladVdky dh LohÑfr (Approval of the Constitutional Emergency)% vuqPNsn356 osQ vèkhu ykxw fd, x, ladVdky dh LohÑfr osQ fy, bldks nks eghuksa osQ vanj laln osQ nksuksa lnuksaosQ lkeus j[kuk iM+rk gSA ;fn blosQ lEcUèk esa laln (nksuksa lnuksa) dh LohÑfr ugha feyrh rks ladVdky nkseghus ls vfèkd ykxw ugha jg ldrkA ijUrq ;fn ,slk ladVdky ml le; ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] tc yksdlHkkHkax gks ;k nks eghuksa osQ vanj Hkax gks tk, rks ladVdky ls lEcfUèkr ?kks"k.kk dks LohÑfr nsus osQ fy, jkT;lHkkesa j[kk tkrk gSA ;fn jkT; lHkk bldh LohÑfr dj ns rHkh ;g ykxw jg ldrh gS] ijUrq jkT;lHkk dh LohÑfrosQ i'pkr~ Hkh bldks ubZ yksdlHkk esa j[kuk gksrk gSA bldks ubZ yksdlHkk osQ lkeus igyh cSBd osQ i'pkr~ 30fnuksa esa j[kuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn yksdlHkk bldks LohÑfr ugha nsrh ;k 30 fnuksa osQ vanj LohÑfr ugha nhtkrh rks ladVdky izHkkoghu gks tkrk gSA

(II) jkT; esa laoSèkkfud ladVdky ykxw jgus dh vofèk (Duration of Constitutional Emer-

gency in a State)% vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu ykxw dh xbZ ladVdkyhu fLFkfr laln osQ }kjk ,d ckj LohÑfrnsus ij 6 eghus osQ fy, ykxw jgrh gS ijUrq laln dh LohÑfr ls bldks 6 eghus osQ fy, vkSj c<+k;k tk ldrkgSA ,slk ladVdky laln dh LohÑfr ls ,d o"kZ osQ i'pkr~ Hkh tkjh jg ldrh gS% (i) ;fn bl le; osQ nkSjkuvuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªh; ladVdky ykxw gks tkrk gS] vkSj (ii) ;fn fuokZpu vk;ksx ;g izekf.kr djs fdjkT; fo/kulHkk osQ pqukoksa esa vk jgh dfBukb;ksa dks ns[krs gq, bldk tkjh jguk vko';d gSA ,d jkT; esa blizdkj dk ladVdky vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 3 o"kZ osQ fy, tkjh j[kk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq fo'ks"k NwVsa gks ldrh gSa(iatkc 1980&92 vkSj tEew&d'ehj] 1990&96 osQ ekeys)A laln lafoèkku esa fo'ks"k la'kksèku djosQ laoS/kfudladVdky dh vofèk c<+k ldrh gSA ekpZ] 1994 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd vuqPNsn 356 osQvèkhu tkjh ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(III) ,d jkT; esa laoSèkkfud ladVdky (vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu) ykxw djus osQ izHkko (Effects of

the Proclamation of Constitutional Emergency (Under Art. 356))% vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhujk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus osQ fuEufyf[kr izHkko iM+rs gSa %

(1) jk"Vªifr jkT; ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkh ;k lHkh dk;Z Lo;a laHkky ldrk gS vkSj jkT;iky ;k jkT; dh lÙkk osQ}kjk iz;ksx dh tkrh lHkh ;k dksbZ Hkh 'kfDr Lo;a iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ijUrq jk"Vªifr jkT; foèkkulHkk vkSj jkT;dh mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrk gSA

(2) jk"Vªifr la?kh; laln dks ;g vfèkdkj ns ldrk gS fd og jkT; foèkkulHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ dk iz;ksx djsAlaln osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu ladVdky lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh rc rd ykxw jgrs gSa tc rd ;ksX;foèkkulHkk ;k vU; lÙkk osQ }kjk mldks cny] lekIr ;k la'kksfèkr ugha fd;k tkrkA

(3) la?kh; laln jk"Vªifr dks jkT; osQ fy, dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj ns ldrh gSA og jk"Vªifr dks ;g vfèkdkjns ldrh gS fd og ;g 'kfDr;k¡ fdlh Hkh vU; lÙkk dks lkSai nsA blls lEcfUèkr jk"Vªifr fLFkfr osQ vuqlkjtSls mfpr le>s] vius fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA

(4) jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax dh tk ldrh gS ;k LFkxu dh fLFkfr esa j[kh tk ldrh gSA

(5) ;fn jkT; dk ctV ikl djuk gks rks osQUnzh; laln bldks ikfjr djus dk vfèkdkj ys ysrh gSA

(6) jk"Vªifr dks jkT; dh lafpr fufèk (Consolidated of State) esa ls [kpZ djus dk vfèkdkj fey tkrkgSA

(7) jk"Vªifr ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djus osQ mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh dne] tks og vko';d le>s]mBk ldrk gSA

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bl izdkj vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu yxk, x, ladVdky osQ leku fdlh jkT; esa vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu yxk,x, laoSèkkfud ladVdky osQ vèkhu Hkh jkT; dh O;fDrxr LorU=krk ;k Lok;Ùkrk LFkfxr gks ldrh gSA lEcfUèkrjkT; vkSj osQUnz osQ chp lEcUèk ,dkRed Lo:i ys ysrs gSa D;ksafd osQUnz ljdkj lEcfUèkr jkT; osQ lHkhdk;Zikfydk vkSj oSèkkfud fo"k;ksa ij fu;U=k.k dj ysrh gSA

(IV) vuqPNsn 356 dk O;ogkj esa iz;ksx (Operation of Article 356)% vuqPNsn 356 dh O;oLFkkvksadks chrs esa yxHkx 100 ls vfèkd ckj iz;ksx fd;k tk pqdk gSA 1951 esa bldk iz;ksx iatkc esa fd;k x;kA blosQi'pkr~ bldk iz;ksx fu;fer :i ls fd;k tkrk jgk gSA 1977 esa bldk ,d gh le; 9 jkT;ksa mÙkj izns'k] eè;izns'k] gfj;k.kk] iatkc] fgekpy izns'k] jktLFkku] if'peh caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk esa iz;ksx fd;k x;kA iQjojh]1980 esa ;g dk;Zokgh 9 jkT;ksa mÙkj izns'k] fcgkj] jktLFkku] eè; izns'k] iatkc] xqtjkr] mM+hlk] egkjk"Vª vkSjrfeyukMq esa iqu% nksgjkbZ xbZA iatkc vkSj osQjyk tSls cgqr&ls jkT;ksa esa ckj&ckj jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw fd;k tkrkjgk gSA 1988 esa bldk iz;ksx ukxkySaM esa fd;k x;kA yxHkx lHkh jkT; dHkh u dHkh vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhulaoSèkkfud ladVdky osQ f'kdkj jgs gSaA 1998 esa xksok esa ,slk ladVdky ykxw fd;k x;kA 1999 esa fcgkj esalaoSèkkfud ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk djosQ jkcM+h nsoh dh ljdkj dks Hkax fd;k x;k vkSj yksdlHkk us bldhLohÑfr Hkh ns nhA ijUrq bl le; fo|eku ch-ts-ih- xBcaèku ljdkj osQ ikl jkT;lHkk esa cgqer izkIr ugha Fkkblfy, ljdkj us bldks jkT;lHkk esa is'k u fd;kA fcgkj esa laoSèkkfud ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk lekIr dj nhxbZ vkSj jkcM+h nsoh dh ljdkj dks iqu% LFkkfir dj fn;k x;kA ebZ 2004 esa fcgkj esa ladVdky dh fLFkfr?kksf"kr dh xbZ D;ksafd pquko osQ i'pkr~ dksbZ Hkh ny ljdkj xfBr djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha FkkA igys fcgkjfoèkkulHkk dks LFkfxr fLFkfr esa j[kk x;k ysfdu ckn esa ebZ 2005 esa bls Hkax dj fn;k x;k rFkk fuokZpu vk;ksxdks fcgkj jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ fy, u, pquko laxfBr djus osQ fy, dgk x;kA vc ;s pquko vDVwcj&uoEcj2005 esa djok, tk,axsA

vuqPNsn 356 esa of.kZr laoSèkkfud ladVdky dh O;oLFkk dk fojksèk yxHkx lHkh jktuhfrd ny djrs

jgs gSa ijUrq dHkh izR;sd ny us izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i esa bldk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA

vuqPNsn 360 osQ vèkhu foÙkh; ladVdky (Financial Emergency under Art. 360)

jk"Vªifr dks ;fn fo'okl gks tk, fd bl izdkj dh fLFkfr iSnk gks xbZ gS ftlls Hkkjr ;k Hkkjr osQ fdlh Hkkxesa foÙkh; fLFkjrk ;k lk[k dks [krjk gS rks og vuqPNsn 360 osQ vèkhu foÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr ykxw djldrk gS%

(I) foÙkh; ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dh LohÑfr (Approval of the Financial Emergency Procla-

mation)% vuqPNsn 360 osQ vèkhu ykxw fd, x, foÙkh; ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus ls 1 ekg osQ vanj&vanjlaln osQ nksuksa lnuksa ls LohÑfr ysuh vko';d gksrh gSA ;fn ;g LohÑfr ugha yh tkrh rks bl vofèk osQ cknfoÙkh; ladVdky lekIr gks tkrk gSA laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa ls ,d ckj LohÑfr feyus ij bldks 6 eghus osQfy, tkjh j[kk tk ldrk gSA blosQ i'pkr~ izR;sd 6 eghus ckn laln dh ckj&ckj LohÑfr ls bldh vofèkdks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

(II) foÙkh; ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus osQ izHkko ( Effects of the Finacial Emergency Procla-

mation)% vuqPNsn 360 osQ vèkhu ykxw fd, x, foÙkh; ladVdky osQ izHkko fuEufyf[kr osQ vuqlkj gksrs gSa %

uksV~l

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(1) la?k ljdkj dks fdlh Hkh jkT; dks foÙkh; vkSfpR; ls lEcfUèkr fn'kk&funsZ'k nsus dk vfèkdkj fey tkrkgSA la?k ljdkj jkT; dks ,sls vkns'k ekuus osQ fy, dg ldrh gS] tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks iqu% LoLFk cukusosQ fy, vko';d gksaA la?k ,sls fu;e cuk ldrk gS vkSj mudks jkT;ksa dks viukus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA

(2) jk"Vªifr ,ssls lHkh foÙkh; dne mBk ldrk gS fd tSls osru rFkk dhersa fLFkj djuk vkSj foÙkh; fLFkjrkvkSj Hkkjr dh foÙkh; fo'oluh;rk dh iqu% LFkkiuk osQ mís'; ls lHkh deZpkjh ;k deZpkfj;ksa osQ fdlh Hkh oxZosQ osru HkÙkksa esa dVkSrh djukA loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙkksa esa HkhdVkSrh dh tk ldrh gSA

(3) jk"Vªifr vkns'k ns ldrk gS fd jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa osQ }kjk ikl lHkh foÙkh; fcy mldh LohÑfr osQ fy,vkjf{kr j[ks tk,aA

(4) jk"Vªifr la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp vk;@jktLo osQ foHkktu esa mfpr ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA

bl izdkj rhu izdkj dh ladVdky dh fLFkfr;k¡ ls fuiVus osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dks O;kid'kfDr;k¡ feyh gqbZ gSaA blh dkj.k bUgsa jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA ijUrq jk"Vªifr bu 'kfDr;ksadk iz;ksx Hkh izèkkueU=kh rFkk la?kh; efU=ke.My osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj djrk gSA

ladVdky dh O;oLFkk,¡ % vkykspukRed ewY;kadu(Emergency Provisions : Critical Evaluation)

lafoèkku dh ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa ij Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dh fo'ks"k vkSj O;kid 'kfDr;k¡] tks okLro esaizèkkueU=kh vkSj efU=ke.My osQ ikl gSa] dh dM+h vkykspuk gqbZ gSA laoSèkkfud fuekZ.k lHkk esa Hkh tc buO;oLFkkvksa ij ppkZ gqbZ Fkh rks vusd lnL;ksa us ;g Hkkx lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd, tkus dh dBksj vkykspuk dhFkhA Jh ,p-oh- dkeFk us dgk Fkk] ¶fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh yksdrkfU=kd lafoèkku esa ladVdky osQ ckjs esa gekjstSlk vè;k; ugha gSA ;g 'keZ dk fnu gS] ijekRek Hkkjrh;ksa dh lgk;rk djsaA¸ tc vuqPNsn 359] ftlesaladVdky fLFkfr osQ nkSjku ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ LFkxu ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk gS] dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;kx;k rks izksiSQlj osQ-Vh- 'kkg us bl dk;Zokgh dks izfrØeksa osQ vè;k; dk vafre f'k[kj dgk vkSj bldh vkykspukdh FkhA

ladVdkyhu O;oLFkk,¡ vFkkZr~ jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa dh vkykspuk osQ eq[; fcUnq vxzfyf[kr jgs gSa %

1- yksdrU=k fojksèkh (Ante-Democratic)% ladVdkyhu O;oLFkk,¡ xSj&yksdrkaf=kd gSa D;ksafd ;s jk"Vªifr osQgkFkksa esa O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ osQfUnzr djrh gSa tks lHkh ekeyksa esa izèkkuea=kh vkSj osQUnzh; eaf=keaMy dk ijke'k ekuusosQ fy, ikcan gksrk gSA okLro esa ;s 'kfDr;k¡ la?kh; eaf=keaMy dh 'kfDR;k¡ gh gSaA jk"Vªifr (iz/kuea=kh) ;g fu.kZ;djrk gS fd dc fdl izdkj dh ladVdky yxk;k tkuk gS vkSj ,slh fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, dkSu&ls dnemBk, tkus vko';d gSaA ,p-oh- dkeFk osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶eq>s Mj gS fd ge bl ,d vè;k; osQ }kj ,d rkuk'kkghjkT; ,d iqfyl jkT; dk uhao iRFkj j[kus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaaA¸

2- la?kkRedrk fojksèkh (Ante-Federal)% ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa osQ fo#¼ vkykspuk dk ,d n`<+ fcUnq ;gjgk gS fd ;g vius LoHkko vkSj {ks=k esa la?kkRedrk dh fojksèkh gSaA osQUnz ljdkj fo'ks"k :i esa vuqPNsn 352vkSj 356 osQ vèkhu ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk djosQ jkT;&lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij iz'kklu dks vius gkFkksa esa ysldrh gSA bl dne dk 'kq¼ izHkko la?kokn osQ ,dkRed esa cny tkus osQ :i esa fudyrk gSA ladVdky osQnkSjku Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,dkRed lafoèkku cu tkrk gSA

3- U;k;ikfydk osQ fu;a=k.k ls ckgj gSa (Emergancy Proclamations are beyond Judicial

Control)% U;k;ikfydk dks jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ykxw dh xbZ ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kkvksa osQ vkSfpR; vkSj izekf.kdrk

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osQ ckjs iqufuZjh{k.k osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; dj ldrs gSaA u gh og ladVdky ls fuiVus osQ fy, mBk, x, dneksaosQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; dj ldrh FkhA ijUrq 11 ekpZ] 1994 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; us vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu yxk,x, ladVdky dh laoSèkkfud mfprrk osQ ckjs esa tk¡p djus osQ vius vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k]ysfdu loksZPp U;k;ky; iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dh izÑfr ?kks"k.kk ykxw fd, tkus rFkk blosQ oqQN le; rdpyus osQ ckn (Post Mortem) djus tSlh gSA

4- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ LFkxu ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk (Provisions for the Suspension of Funda-

mental Rights)% ladVdky fLFkfr esa vuqPNsn 32 osQ vèkhu feys ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ ykxw djus osQvfèkdkj dks LFkfxr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g O;oLFkk yksdra=k fojksèkh vkSj lÙkkoknh gSA 44osa la'kksèku }kjkfo'oluh; cuk;k x;k gS fd vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 osQ vèkhu feyh O;fDrxr Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj dksladVdky fLFkfr osQ nkSjku Hkh LFkfxr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;g ,d Lokxr ;ksX; la'kksèku gS] ijUrq blus osQoyvkaf'kd :i esa yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks LFkfxr fd, tkus dh O;oLFkk dks udkjk gSA lafoèkku osQ bl¶udkjkRed y{k.k¸ yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks LFkfxr fd;s tkus ls lEcfUèkr vuqPNsn 359 dks lafoèkkuesa 'kkfey fd, tkus dh lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ vusd lnL;ksa }kjk vkykspuk dh xbZ vkSj vkt Hkh vusdksafo}kuksa osQ }kjk dM+h vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

5- ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk lEHkkfor xyr iz;ksx (Possible Misuse of Emergency Provi-

sions)% vius LokFkhZ mís';ksaaa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lÙkkèkkjh ny osQ }kjk ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk xyr iz;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSA lS¼kafrd :i esa rhu izdkj osQ ladVdky dh fLFkfr;ksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr dksO;kid 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA ijUrq okLro esa bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx osQUnzh; eaf=keaMy osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gS vkSjbu 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx esa jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, Hkh ikcan gksrk gSA ,sls lHkh iz'uksa tSlkfd fo'ks"k izdkj dh fLFkfr esa ladVdky yxkus dh vko';drk gS ;k ugha\ fo|eku fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj dkladVdky yxkus dh vko';drk gS\ ladVdky fLFkfr esa fdl izdkj osQ dne mBkus dh vko';drk gS] vkfnosQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; eaf=keaMy osQ }kjk fy;k tkrk gS tks okLro esa jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk gS vkSj og dbZ ckji{kèkj fu.kZ; ys ldrh gSA

chrs le; esa vuqPNsn 352 vkSj 356 osQ iz;ksx ls ,slh fopkjèkkjk dh iqf"V gqbZ gSA twu] 1975 esa vuqPNsn 352dk nq#i;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk tc Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh dh ljdkj osQ }kjk vkarfjd xM+cM+ osQ dkj.k ns'k esaladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh xbZ FkhA jk"Vªifr iQ[k#íhu vyh vgen ls ftl <ax ls ladVdky ykxwdjok;k x;k vkSj ftl rjg ehlk vkSj dksiQikslk (MISA, COFEPOSA) vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] lsladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dh [krjukd vkSj lÙkkoknh iz;ksx dh laHkkouk osQ ckjs esa irk yxk FkkA vusd voljksaij vuqPNsn 356 dk fd;k x;k nq#i;skx gekjh jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk ,d rF; cu pqdk gSA chrs esa vusdksavoljksa vkSj bl vuqPNsn dk iz;ksx cfYd nq#i;ksx osQUnz eas lÙkkèkkjh ny osQ }kjk ¶,d vlg;ksxh¸ fojksèkh nydh jkT; ljdkj dks gVkus osQ fy, fd;k x;kA 1977 esa fd;k x;k iz;ksx bl vuqPNsn osQ nq#i;ksx dk izeq[kmnkgj.k Fkk tc turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªifr }kjk ladVdky ykxw djokdj 8 jkT; ljdkjsaa Hkax dj nh xb±A bl nq#i;ksx osQ O;ogkj dks iQjojh 1980 esa nksgjk;k x;k tc dkaxzsl dhljdkj us Hkh vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu ladVdky osQ }kjk 9 jkT; ljdkjksa dks gVk fn;kA 1991 esa Mh-,e-osQ-osQ usr`Ro okyh rfeyukMq ljdkj dks lÙkk ls gVkus osQ fy, osQUnz ljdkj osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 356 dk vfu;fervkSj 'kh?kzrk esa fd;k iz;ksx FkkA vkt rd vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu yxHkx 100 ckj ladVdky ykxw fd;k tkpqdk gSA

vuqPNsn 356 dk nq#i;ksx osQUnz&jkT; lEcUèkksa esa ruko iSnk djus vkSj jkT;iky osQ in dks fooknkxzLr cukusdk ,d izeq[k dkj.k jgk gSA 44osa la'kksèku us ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa osQ ,sls nq#i;ksx osQ voljksa dks de djus

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osQ fy, ,d vPNk iz;kl fd;k rFkk blosQ }kjk oqQN vU; cpko osQ lkèku iznku fd, x,] ijUrq ladVdkyhuO;oLFkkvksa dk lEHkkfor [krjukd Lo:i vHkh Hkh dk;e gSA

6- vuqPNsn 360 dh O;oLFkk Bhd ugha (Provision of Article 360 III-conceived)% vuqPNsn 360 osQvèkhu jk"Vªifr Hkkjr dh foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj foÙkh; fo'oluh;rk dh j{kk osQ fy, ns'k esa foÙkh; ladVdkydh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA bl O;oLFkk osQ iz;ksx osQ udkjkRed izHkko iM+ ldrs gSaA foÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfrns'k dh foÙkh; fLFkfr osQ lqèkkj esa lgk;d gksus dh vis{kk gkfudkjd gks ldrh gSA MkW- osQ-oh- jko osQ 'kCnksaesa] ¶fo'okl LFkkiuk ls nwj foÙkh; ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk vius :i esa ns'k dh fo'oluh;rk dks pksV igq¡pk,xh]?kcjkgV dk okrkoj.k iSnk djsxh vkSj bl izdkj ;g okLro esa vfèkd foÙkh; vfLFkjrk iSnk dj ldrh gSA¸

7- vi;kZIr lqj{kk mik; (Inadequate Safeguards)% 44 osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk dh xbZ O;oLFkkvksa osQi'pkr~ Hkh lafoèkku esa fd, x, ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ lEHkkfor nq#i;ksx osQ fo#¼ mik; vi;kZIr gSa vkSjog osQUnz ljdkj osQ }kjk bu 'kfDr;ksa osQ xyr iz;ksx dks iw.kZ :i ls ugha jksd ldrsA ;g O;oLFkk fd jk"VªifrlnSo eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj pyus osQ fy, ikcan gS] osQ dkj.k ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa osQ jktuhfrdiz;ksx (nq#i;ksx) dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA jk"Vªifr ij egkfHk;ksx pykus dh O;oLFkk osQ ekxZ esa vusd vM+pusagSa rFkk jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ bldk iz;ksx vklkuh ls ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ladVdky ykxw fd, tkus dh lalnosQ }kjk LohÑfr dh O;oLFkk bl rF; dh rqyuk esa cgqr lhfer ikcanh gS fd eaf=keaMy tksfd okLro esaladVdky fLFkfr osQ ckjs fu.kZ; ysus okyh laLFkk gS] dks laln esa cgqla[;k dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gS vkSj blosQdkj.k eaf=keaMy fcuk fdlh dfBukbZ osQ laln ls LohÑfr ysus esa lnSo liQy gh jgrk gSA nycnyh fojksèkhdkuwu osQ dkj.k eaf=keaMy dks lÙkkèkkjh ikVhZ ls lEcfUèkr laln osQ lnL;ksa ij viuk fu;a=k.k dk;e j[kus esalgk;rk feyh gSA le; lhek fuèkkZfjr djus osQ ckjs esa O;oLFkk Hkh okLro esa ladVdky dks yEcs le; rdtkjh j[ks tkus dks jksd ugha ldh gSA iatkc oqQN vUrjky dks NksM+dj yxHkx ,d n'kd (1982&92) rdlaoSèkkfud ladVdky (jk"Vªifr 'kklu) osQ vèkhu jgkA bl izdkj vuqPNsn 352&60 osQ nq#i;ksx osQ fo#¼ mik;vi;kZIr gSaA

blosQ vfrfjDr vkykspdksa us ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dh bl vkèkkj ij xgu vkykspuk dh gS fd ;gLokHkkfod :i esa la?kh; <k¡ps dh fojksèkh O;oLFkk,¡ gSa (vuqPNsn 356)] {ks=k osQ i{k ls lÙkkoknh gSaA (vuqPNsn352) vkSj fo"k; osQ :i esa yksdra=k vkSj Lora=krk fojksèkh gSa (ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks LFkkfir djus dh O;oLFkk)rFkk vuqPNsn 360 ykHk dh vis{kk gkfu vfèkd dj ldrk gSA

bu lHkh vkèkkjksa ij lafoèkku esa 'kkfey ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dh vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA



10- foÙkh; ladV dk o.kZu vuqPNsn --------- esa fd;k x;k gSA

11- ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk --------- rd ykxw jg ldrh gSA

12- vuqPNsn 352 --------- ladVdky dk o.kZu djrk gSA

5-5 ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk vkSfpR; (Justification of EmergencyProvisions)

vkykspuk osQ ckotwn vusd vkèkkj fo|eku gSa ftuosQ vkèkkj ij lafoèkku esa 'kkfey ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksadh fo|ekurk vkSj buosQ tkjh jgus dks mfpr Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA vusdksa fo}kuksa osQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh; fgr

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lqj{kk] fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, bu O;oLFkkvksa dks vko';d djkj fn;k x;k gSA mu osQ }kjk budks mfprBgjk;k x;k gSA

lafoèkku osQ bl Hkkx osQ leFkZdksaa osQ }kjk vèkhu fuEufyf[kr roZQ fn, x, gSaµ

1- ,sfrgkfld vko';drk (Historical Necessity)% Hkkjr osQ bfrgkl ls irk yxrk gS fd ,d detksjosQUnzh; lÙkk lnSo vfLFkjrk vkSj fo[kaMu dk dkj.k curh jgh FkhA jk"Vªh; ladV ij vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esajk"Vª dh fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, ladVdky O;oLFkkvksa dk lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk ,d ,sfrgkfldvko';drk gSA ladVdky osQ nkSjku 'kfDr;ksaaaa osQ ,d gkFk esa osQfUnzr fd, tkus dks ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.MrkosQ vkèkkj ij ij[kuk vko';d gSA bu O;oLFkkvksa osQ ckjs eas Jh oh-,u- 'kqDyk dk lq>ko Bhd gS] ¶buO;oLFkkvksa dk vè;;u Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ lanHkZ esa djuk pkfg,A tc dHkh Hkh osQUnzh; 'kfDr detksj gqbZ Fkhrks Hkkjr dks cqjs fnu ns[kus iM+s FksA¸

2- O;fDrxr vfèkdkjksa dh rqyuk esa jk"Vªh; lqj{kk vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ (National Security is more

important than Individual Rights)% fdlh Hkh ns'k osQ jk"Vªh; fgr loksZPp gksrs gSa vkSj budh j{kk osQfy, O;fDr osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj Lora=krkvksa ij izfrcaèk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA jk"Vªh; ladV osQ nkSjku ,sls izfrcaèklcls vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrss gSaA la?kokn cuke ,dkRedokn dk eqík Hkh ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk osQvkxs egÙoiw.kZ ugha jgrkA la?kokn ;k ,dkRedrk ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk osQ i'pkr~ dh ckrsa gSaA ¶;fnHkkjr gh ugha jgsxk rks thfor dkSu jgsxk vkSj ;fn Hkkjr thfor gS rks ejsxk dkSu\¸ D;ksafd ckgjh vkSj vkarfjd[krjksa ls ns'k dh j{kk dk izkjafHkd mÙkjnkf;Ro osQUnz dk gSA blfy, ladVdky fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, bldksfo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ nsuk iw.kZ :i ls mfpr gSA tSlk fd MkW- vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk fd ¶;g osQoy osQUnz gh gS tkslk>s mís'; ij leqfpr :i esa ns'k osQ vke fgrksa osQ fy, dk;Z dj ldrk gSA ladVdky esa osQUnz dks vfèkd'kfDr;k¡ nsus dk vkSfpR; bl roZQ esa Nqik gqvk gSA¸

3- rkuk'kkgh dh LFkkiuk dh cgqr de lEHkkouk,¡ (Little Chance for Authoritarianism)% lafo/kuosQ vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh ,d O;fDr ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrkA ;s 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr dks nhxb± gSa] ftudk iz;ksx og osQoy eaf=keaMy osQ ijke'kZ ls gh dj ldrk gS tks fd yksdrkaf=kd <ax ls LFkkfirmÙkjnk;h laLFkk gksrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ladVdkyhu fLFkfr laln dh LohÑfr ls gh ykxw jg ldrh gSA ;gO;oLFkk jk"Vªifr ;k eaf=keaMy dks rkuk'kkg cuus ls jksdrh gSA

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd 1975 esa izèkkuea=kh Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh dh ljdkj osQ }kjk vuqPNsn352 dk nq#i;ksx fd;k x;k Fkk ijUrq budh mldks cgqr cM+h dher pqdkuh iM+h Fkh vkSj ekpZ]

1977 esa pqukoksa esa lÙkk mlls tkrh jgh FkhA

41ok¡ la'kksèku ,sDV ikl gksus ls vuqPNsn 352 vkSj 356 osQ xyr iz;ksx osQ voljksa dks vkSj de fd;k x;kgS rFkk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ LFkxu vkSj ladVdky osQ 'kklu dks yack [khapus ls lEcfUèkr 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksxosQ ?ksjs dks lhfer fd;k x;k gSA

4- mi;qDr lqj{kk mik; (Adequate Safeguards)% jk"Vªifr dks ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ lkSairs le;vuqPNsn 352] 356 vkSj 360 osQ xyr iz;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, lafoèkku esa vusdksa mik; ntZ fd, x, gSaµ

(a) jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, ikcan gksrk gSA

(b) eaf=keaMy viuh lHkh fu.kZ;] =kqfV;ksa vkSj vkns'kksa osQ fy, vafre :i esa yksxksa vkSj izR;{k :i esa lalnosQ le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa

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(c) jk"Vªifr eaf=keaMy dks fyf[kr fliQkfj'k feyus ij gh vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kkdj ldrk gSA

(d) fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dks ,d fuèkkZfjr le; esa laln ls LohÑfr ysuh iM+rh gSA

(e) ladVdky ykxw jgus dk vfèkd&ls&vfèkd le; fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gSA 44osa la'kksèku us jk"Vªifr dhladVdky dh vofèk c<+k, tkus dh 'kfDr;ksa ij vusdksa izfrcaèk yxk, gSaA

(f) yksdlHkk osQ 10% lnL; yksdlHkk dk vfèkos'ku cqykus dh ekax osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 352 osQ v/huyxk, x, ladVdky dks lekIr djus dh izfØ;k vkjaHk dj ldrs gSaA yksdlHkk dk ,slk vfèkos'ku ,slsladVdky dks lekIr djus osQ fy, lkèkkj.k cgqer ls izLrko ikl dj ldrk gS vkSj mlosQ i'pkr~ladVdky ykxw ugha jgrkA

(g) vc vuqPNsn 20 vkSj 21 osQ vèkhu O;fDrxr Lora=krk osQ vfèkdkj dks ladVdky osQ nkSjku Hkh LFkfxrugha fd;k tk ldrkA

(h) vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu yxk, x, ladVdky osQ nkSjku ,d pkSdl vkSj lkoèkku jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 356osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT;iky osQ in osQ jktuhfrd iz;ksx@xyr iz;ksx dks jksd us osQ fy, vius mQ¡ps in dkliQyrkiwoZd iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

(i) ekpZ] 1994 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk ,d ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; fn, tkus osQ i'pkr~ vc ladVdkyhu?kks"k.kkvksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ lkeus pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gS vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; budhlaoS/kfudrk dh ij[k dj ldrk gSA

5- jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ egkfHk;ksx dh O;oLFkk (Provision for the Impeachment of the Presi-

dent)% laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa dk xyr iz;ksx ;k mYya?ku djus dh ifjfLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr dks laln osQ }kjkegkfHk;ksx dh dk;Zokgh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA ladVdkyhu O;oLFkkvksa dk xyr iz;ksx laln dks foo'kdj ldrk gS fd og jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ lafoèkku osQ mYya?ku dk nks"k yxk, tkus vkSj egkfHk;ksx izLrko ikldjus dks izkFkfedrk nsA

6- foÙkh; ladVdky ls lEcfUèkr O;oLFkk,¡ Hkh mfpr gSa (Provisions regarding Financial

Emergency are also justified)% jk"Vªh; foÙkh; ladV dks ns[krs gq, dksbZ Hkh dBksj vkfFkZd dne mBk,tkus dh vko';drk ls badkj ugha dj ldrkA foÙkh; fLFkjrk vkSj Hkkjr dh fo'oluh;rk dks is'k vk, [krjsls fuiVus osQ fy, izHkko'kkyh dne mBkus osQ fy, foÙkh; ladVdky yxkus dk vfèkdkj nsuk ,d mfprO;oLFkk gSA HkkSfrd ;k jktuhfrd ;k foÙkh; :i esa ns'k esa iSnk gq, ladV ls ns'k dks lkewfgd :i esa fuiVukgksrk gS vkSj bl fn'kk esa osQUnz ljdkj ij mÙkjnkf;Ro Mkyuk ,d izkÑfrd vko';drk gSA

bu lHkh rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij cgqr&ls fo}ku ladVdky O;oLFkkvksa osQ vfLrRo vkSj muosQ tkjh jgus dks mfprBgjkrs gSa ftuosQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks ;g vfèkdkj feyrs gSa fd og rhu izdkj dh ladVdkyhu fLFkfr;ksaosQ }kjk iSnk fd, [krjs ls fuiVus osQ fy, O;kid rFkk n`<+ 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djsA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)% fu"d"kZ esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd lafoèkku esa XVIII Hkkx osQ 'kkfey fd, tkusjk"Vªifr dks ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa nsus osQ ihNs mís'; ¶,d yksdrkaf=kd ns'k osQ :i esa Hkkjr dh lqj{kk] ,drkvkSj fLFkjrk dks lqjf{kr j[kuk gSA¸ ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ mu dM+oh xksfy;ksa ;k lftZdy vkWijs'ku osQ lekugSa] tks fdlh dks viuh lqj{kk vkSj fodkl osQ egku mís'; osQ fgr esa lnSo Lohdkj djus ;k lgu djus iM+rsgSaA jk"Vªifr dh ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ ;q¼] vkØe.k] ;q¼ ;k vkØe.k osQ [krjs] vkarfjd l'kkL=k fonzksg vkSjfoÙkh; ladV tSls ladVdky vkSj gkfudkjd fLFkfr osQ dkj.k iSnk gq, ruko vkSj ncko ls fuiVus osQ fy, gSaA

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bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx lkekU; fLFkfr LFkkfir djus osQ fy, vlq[kn fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, fd, tkus dhO;oLFkk gSA bl mís'; osQ fy, ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh fdlh osQ }kjk fojksèkrk ugha dh tk ldrhvkSj u gh dh tkuh pkfg,A

ijUrq bu 'kfDr;ksa dks mfpr Bgjkrs gq, dksbZ Hkh bu 'kfDr;ksa osQ laHkkfor [krjukd izHkkoksa dks vk¡[kksa ls vks>yugha dj ldrkA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr mu laHkkfor oqQizHkkoksa dks misf{kr ugha dj ldrk tks vius ladh.kZ izHkko ;kfo'ks"k oxZ ls lEcfUèkr y{;ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, bu 'kfDr;ksa dh ckj&ckj vfu;fer vkSj rkuk'kkgh <ax ls iz;ksxosQ }kjk fudy ldrs gSaA fuLlansg 44osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk bu 'kfDr;ksa dk xyr iz;ksx ;k 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx osQ}kjk iSnk gksus okyh laHkkfor gkfu;ksa dh lhfer djus osQ fy, vusdksa vPNs dne mBk, x, gSaA ijUrq vkt Hkhbl ckr dh n`<+ vko';drk gS fd lÙkkèkkjh jktuhfrd ny vFkok xBcaèku dks bu 'kfDr;ksa osQ nq#i;ksx osQfo#¼ jksdk tk,A blosQ fy, n`<+ tuer rFkk ukxfjd lekt rFkk vfLrRo vko';d gSA vej uanh us Bhd ghpkSdl fd;k gS fd] ¶;g 'kfDr;k¡ Hkjh gqbZ canwd gSa ftldk iz;ksx nksuksa izdkj ls ukxfjdksa dh j{kk ;k fiQjLora=krk u"V djus osQ fy, gks ldrk gSA blosQ fy, canwd dk iz;ksx cgqr gh lkoèkkuhiwoZd djuk pkfg,A¸ladVdkyhu O;oLFkk,¡ jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, fo'ks"k izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz;ksx osQ fy, gSaA buO;oLFkkvksa osQ xyr iz;ksx dks jksdus dh vko';drk gS u fd budks lafoèkku esa ls lekIr djus dhA



13- jk"Vªh; ladV ij vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr;ksa esa jk"Vª dh fLFkjrk vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, ladVdky O;oLFkkvksadk lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk ,d ,sfrgkfld vko';drk gSA

14- jk"Vªifr dks laln osQ }kjk egkfHk;ksx dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rkA

15- jk"Vªifr dks vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA

5-6 Hkkjr dk mi&jk"Vªifr (Vice-President of India)

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 63 osQ }kjk mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA bl in dh O;oLFkk izkjafHkd :iesa jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ vLFkkbZ ;k LFkk;h :i esa vpkud in fjDr gksus dh iwfrZ osQ fy, dh xbZ gSA

mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in dh O;oLFkk djrs le; lafoèkku fuekZrk vejhdh lafoèkku ls izHkkfor gq, Fks ftlesami&jk"Vªifr osQ in dh O;oLFkk gS tks e`R;q] R;kx&i=k ;k egkfHk;ksx osQ dkj.k jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fjDr gks tkusdh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr cu tkrk gSA ekSfyd :i esa blh mís'; osQ fy, Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa Hkh mi&jk"Vªifr osQin dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ijUrq vejhdk esa tc jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr gks tkrk gS rks mi&jk"Vªifr jk"Vªifr cutkrk gS] tcfd Hkkjr esa mi&jk"Vªifr osQoy dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr (Acting President) gh curk gSA ,slhfLFkfr esa u, jk"Vªifr dk pquko 6 eghus osQ vUnj&vUnj fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z gksrk gSA vejhdk esa jk"Vªifr osQ'ks"k dk;Zdky osQ fy, mi&jk"Vªifr gh jk"Vªifr cu tkrk gSA chekjh ;k vU; fdlh dkj.k vejhdh jk"Vªifr dkin vLFkk;h :i esa fjDr gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; mi&jk"Vªifr osQ leku vejhdh mi&jk"Vªifr Hkh osQoydk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr curk gSA

Hkkjr esa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in ls lEcfUèkr eq[; O;oLFkkvksa ij fuEufyf[kr osQ vuqlkj ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSµ

(a) mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualification for the Office of the Vice-President)

1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

2- mldh vk;q 35 o"kZ ls de u gksA

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3- mlosQ ikl ;s lHkh ;ksX;rk,¡ gksa tks mldks jkT;lHkk dk lnL; cukus osQ ;ksX; cukrh gksaA

4- mlosQ ikl osQUnz ;k jkT; ljdkj esa dksbZ ykHkdkjh in u gksA ijUrq jk"Vªifr] mi&jk"Vªifr] jkT;iky ;kosQUnz ;k jkT; osQ ea=kh osQ in ij dk;Z djus okyksa dks blls NwV izkIr jgrh gSA

5- og laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu ;k fdlh Hkh jkT; foèkkulHkk dk lnL; u gksA ;fn la?kh; laln] jkT;fo/kuikfydk ;k laln dk dksbZ lnL; mi&jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gks tkrk gS rks mldks in laHkkyus ls igysviuh lnu dh lnL;rk ls R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA

(b) pquko (Election)% mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko ,dgjh ifjorZu'khy oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk vkuqikfrdizfrfufèkRo osQ vuqlkj laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ernku lnSo xqIr gksrk gSSA ;gvko';d ugha gksrk fd nksuksa lnuksa dh cSBd lk>h gksA mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko dks Hkh bl vkèkkj ij LFkfxrugha fd;k tk ldrk fd laln dh dksbZ lhVsa vHkh [kkyh gSaA

vxLr 1997 esa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, pquko gq,A nks mEehnokj Fks] Jh Ñ".kdkar vkSj Jh lqjthr flagcjukykA Jh Ñ".k dkar us 441 er izkIr djosQ fot; izkIr dh vkSj Jh lqjthr flag cjukyk dks 273 oksV ghfeysA 21 vxLr 1997 dks Jh Ñ".kdkar us ns'k osQ 10osa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa in laHkkyk vkSj tqykbZ 2002esa vius dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku mudk nsgkar gks x;kA blfy, vxLr 2002 esa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, iqu%pquko gq, vkSj Jh HkSjksa flag 'ks[kkor mi&jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gq, orZeku le; esa gkfen valkjh Hkkjr osQmi&jk"Vªifr gSA

(c) dk;Zdky (Term)% mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko 5 o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA og iqu% Hkh fuokZfpr fd;ktk ldrk gSA og viuk dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys vius in ls R;kx&i=k Hkh ns ldrk gS tSlk fd 1969 esaJh oh-oh- fxfj us fd;k FkkA mlosQ }kjk viuk R;kx&i=k jk"Vªifr dks Hkstk tkrk gSA

(d) [kkyh in dh iwfrZ (Filling of a Vacancy)% lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj e`R;q] R;kx&i=k] in ls vyx dj

fn, tkus ;k vU; fdlh dkj.k ls [kkyh gqvk mi&jk"Vªifr dk in ftruk Hkh 'kh?kz laHko gks] Hkjuk gksrk gSA ijUrq

6 eghus osQ vanj&vanj gh ,slk fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA bl izdkj mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in osQ fy, fuokZfpr

O;fDr iwjs 5 o"kZ osQ dk;Zdky osQ fy, pquk tkrk gSA mldk dk;Zdky in laHkkyus dh frfFk ls vkjEHk gksrk

gSA

mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko ls lEcfUèkr iSnk gq, lHkh >xM+ksa dh lquokbZ osQoy Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dh

tk ldrh gS vkSj blls lEcfUèkr mldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksrk gSA

(e) in ls gVkus dk <ax (Method of Removal)% mi&jk"Vªifr dks jkT;lHkk osQ }kjk izLrko ikl djosQ

in ls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq blls lEcfUèkr yksdlHkk dh lgefr vko';d gksrh gSA mi&jk"Vªifr dks

in ls vyx djus ls igys 14 fnu dk uksfVl nsuk iM+rk gSA

(f) osru (Salary)% mi&jk"Vªifr 90 gtkj jQi, izfr eghuk osru ysrk gS ijUrq ;g osru mldks mi&jk"Vªifr

osQ :i esa ugha fn;k tkrkA og ;g osru mls jkT;lHkk dk vè;{k gksus osQ ukrs ysrk gSA vius in osQ lkFk gh

mi&jk"Vªifr dks fu%'kqYd fuokl LFkku] fu'kqYd MkWDVjh bykt vkfn lqfoèkk,¡ Hkh feyrh gSaA

(g) dk;Z (Functions)% mi&jk"Vªifr nksgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS % 1- mi&jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa Hkwfedk vkSj 2-

jkT;lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;ZA

1- mi&jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa dk;Z (Functions as the Vice-President)% okLro esa mi&jk"Vªifr dks

lafoèkku }kjk dksbZ fo'ks"k laoSèkkfud dk;Z ugha lkSaik x;kA ml ij rc gh mÙkjnkf;Ro iM+rk gS] tc jk"Vªifr dk

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in e`R;q ;k R;kx&i=k ;k gVk nsus osQ dkj.k fjDr gks tk,A MkWDVj oh-oh- fxfj us MkWDVj tkfdj gqlSu dh e`R;q

osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa in laHkkykA fiQj Jh ch-Mh- tfr us Jh iQ[kjQíhu vyh vgen dk fuèku gks tkus

ij jk"Vªifr dk in lEHkkykA mi&jk"Vªifr] jk"Vªifr osQ in ij vLFkk;h :i esa gh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA vxj

jk"Vªifr dh chekjh osQ dkj.k mijk"Vªifr dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr curk gS rks og rc rd bl in ij vklhu jgrk

gS tc rd jk"Vªifr LokLF; izkIr dj viuk in iqu% lEHkky ugha ysrkA ijUrq vxj jk"Vªifr osQ in esa e`R;q]

R;kx&i=k vFkok egkfHk;ksx osQ dkj.k LFkk;h fjDrrk iSnk gks xbZ gks rks mijk"Vªifr cu tkrk gS rFkk bl ij ij

vfèkd&ls&vf/d 6 eghus rd dk;Z dj ldrk gSA bl vofèk esa u, jk"Vªifr dk pquko fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z

gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk mi&jk"Vªifr dks dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z lkSaik tk ldrk gSA

2- jkT; lHkk osQ ps;jeSu osQ :i esa dk;Z (Functions as the Chairman of Rajya Sabha)%lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj mi&jk"Vªifr dk ;g drZO; gS fd og jkT;lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa in laHkkysA ogjkT;lHkk dk lnL; rks ugha gksrk ijUrq og blosQ ps;jeSu osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA bl gSfl;r esa og lnudh dk;Zokgh pykrk gSA og lnu eas vuq'kklu vkSj e;kZnk dk;e j[krk gS vkSj mlosQ ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fdog mu lnL;ksa osQ fo#¼ dk;Zokgh dj ldrk gS tks lnu dh dk;Zokgh osQ fu;eksa dk mYya?ku djrs gSaA ogppkZ vkSj fookn lapkfyr djrk gS vkSj lnL; mldh vkKk ls gh lnu esa cksyrs gSaA lkèkkj.k fLFkfr esa mldksjkT;lHkk esa fdlh fo"k;@cfy ij oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj ugha gS] D;ksafd og jkT;lHkk dk lnL; ugha gksrkAijUrq cjkcj oksV gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa og ,d fu.kkZ;d oksV Mky ldrk gSA

fLFkfr (Position)% bl rF; osQ ckotwn fd mi&jk"Vªifr dks dksbZ fuf'pr ;k fo'ks"k drZO; ugha fn, x,] og

egÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr j[krk gSA og fo'ks"k ntsZ dk Lokeh gksrk gSA mldk in jk"Vªifr osQ i'pkr~ nwljk gksrk gSA ijUrq

bl rF; ls dksbZ badkj ugha dj ldrk fd mldh ljdkj esa okLrfod Hkwfedk ¶fu'p; gh xSj&egÙoiw.kZ gSA

Vh-osQ- Vksis vkSj ,p-,e- tSu tSls vkykspdksa us mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in dks ^O;FkZ dk mQ¡pk in* djkj fn;k gS] ,slk

dFku vejhdk osQ mi&jk"Vªifr osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr dk in O;FkZ in ugha

gSA jkT;lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ dk;ks± dks iwjh ekU;rk vkSj iz'kalk izkIr gSA vpkud ?kVuk

?kfVr gksuss dh fLFkfr esa mi&jk"Vªifr dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA og vyx&vyx jk"Vªh; dkUizsaQlksa esa Hkkjr osQ

izfrfufèk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA Hkfo"; osQ jk"Vªifr;ksa osQ fy, mldk in ,d izf'k{k.k osQUnz osQ :i esa dk;Z

djrk gSA Jh ,l- jkèkkÑ".ku] MkW- tkfdj gqlSu] Jh oh-oh- fxfj] MkW- 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ vkSj Jh osQ-vkj- ukjk;.ku

jk"Vªifr pqus tkus ls igys mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in ij jgsA orZeku esa gkfen valkjh mi&jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa bl mQ¡ps

in osQ mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks lEeku vkSj lefiZr Hkkouk ls fuHkk jgs gSaA



16- lafoèkku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ }kjk mi&jk"Vªifr osQ in dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS\

(a) vuqPNsnµ65 (b) vuqPNsnµ63

(c) vuqPNsnµ69 (d) vuqPNsnµ68

17- mi&jk"Vªifr fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldk vè;{k Hkh gksrk gS\

(a) yksdlHkk (b) ;kstuk vk;ksx

(c) jkT;lHkk (d) mijksDr esa ugha

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18- vesfjdk esa tc jk"Vªifr dk in fjDr (e`R;q] R;kx&i=k ;k egkfHk;ksx osQ dkj.k) gksrk gS] rksmi&jk"Vªifrµ

(a) jk"Vªifr curk gS (b) dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr curk gS

(c) (a) vkSj (b) esa dksbZ ugha (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA


• lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr osQ vizR;{k fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA og ,d pquko eaMy osQ }kjk

fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gS tks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa vkSj jkT;ksa dh foèkkulHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ij

vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA

• jk"Vªifr dks lafoèkku dk mYya?ku djus osQ vkèkkj ij vFkok vius in dh e;kZnk Hkax djus osQ nks"k ij

egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k osQ }kjk in ls gVk;k Hkh tk ldrk gSA

• vuqPNsn 78 osQ vèkhu izèkkuea=kh dk ;g dÙkZO; gS fd og iz'kklu ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ekeyksa dh

tkudkjh jk"Vªifr dks nsA jk"Vªifr dksbZ Hkh tkudkjh ysus osQ fy, izèkkuea=kh dks dg ldrk gSA

• jk"Vªifr izR;sd vke pquko osQ i'pkr~ laln osQ igys vfèkos'ku osQ volj ij laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dks

lEcksfèkr djrk gS vkSj izR;sd o"kZ laln osQ izFke vfèkos'ku dks vius Hkk"k.k ls vkjaHk djrk gSA

• vuqPNsn 352 osQ vèkhu Hkkjr ij phuh vkØe.k dks ns[krs gq, 26 vDrwcj] 1962 dks izFke ckj

ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ FkhA

• laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa dk xyr iz;ksx ;k mYya?ku djus dh ifjfLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr dks laln osQ }kjk

egkfHk;ksx dh dk;Zokgh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA

• mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko ,dgjh ifjorZu'khy oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo osQ vuqlkj

laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

• lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj mi&jk"Vªifr dk ;g drZO; gS fd og jkT;lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ :i esa in laHkkysA

og jkT;lHkk dh lnL; rks ugha gksrk ijUrq og blosQ ps;jeSu osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA


• ukekadu (Nomination)% uke vafdr djuk] uke izLrkfor djukA

• mÙkjkfèkdkjh (Successor)% fdlh dh e`R;q osQ ckn mldh laifÙk ikus dk vfèkdkjh] fdlh osQ ckn

in ;k vfèkdkj ikus okykA


1- Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr dk pquko oSQls gksrk gS\

2- Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dh vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,\

4- Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ^jcM+ dh eksgj* ek=k gS] D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gS\ Li"V dhft,A

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1- 35 2- Vh-,u- 'ks"ku

3- 4350 4- vlR;

5- lR; 6- lR;

7- (b) 8- (d)

9- (a) 10- 360

11- 6 ekg 12- jk"Vªh;

13- lR; 14- vlR;

15- lR; 16- (b)

17- (c) 18- (a)

5-10 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Reading)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj- ?kbZ A

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ MkW-,e-ih- jk; A

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bdkbZ—6: la?kh; laln% yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;lHkk

bdkbZµ6: la?kh; laln% yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk(Union Parliament:

Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha)


mís'; (Objectives)


6.1 la?kh; laln dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Union Parliament)

6.2 jkT; lHkkµjkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ (Rajya Sabha—The Council of States)

6.3 jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of the Rajya Sabha)

6.4 jkT; lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Rajya Sabha)

6.5 yksd lHkkµyksxksa dk lnu (Lok Sabha—The House of the People)

6.6 yksd lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha)

6.7 yksd lHkk dk Lihdj (Speaker of the Lok Sabha)

6.8 yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa lacaèk (Relation between Lok Sabha and Rajya

Sabha)





mís'; (Objectives)


• la?kh; laln dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkus esaA

• jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ckjs esa tkuus esaA

• yksd lHkk osQ dk;ks± osQ crkus esaA

• yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa lacaèkksa dks crkus esaA


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la?k dh dkuwu fuekZ.k 'kfDr;k¡ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ }kjk la?kh; laln dks lkSaih xbZ gSaA Lora=krk ls igys bldksosQUnzh; foèkkuikfydk (Central Legislature) dgk tkrk Fkk] ijUrq Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkhus lafoèkku esa bldks la?kh; laln dk uke fn;kA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 79 esa fy[kk x;k gS fd la?k dh ,d lalngksxh ftlesa jk"Vªifr vkSj nks lnu gksaxs ftudk Øeokj uke jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ (jkT; lHkk) vkSj yksxksa dk lnu(yksd lHkk) gksxkA jkT; lHkk dks mifj lnu dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gS vkSj fuEu lnu dks yksd lHkk dgk x;kgSA jk"Vªifr fdlh lnu dk lnL; rks ugha gksrk ijUrq mldks laln dk ,d vfHkUu vax ekuk tkrk gSA lalndh leLr dk;Zokgh jk"Vªifr osQ uke ij pyrh gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh fcy tksfd laln us ikl fd;k gks] rc rddkuwu ugha curk tc rd jk"Vªifr ml ij gLrk{kj ugha dj nsrkA

Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk esa la?k dh vkSj la?kh; ljdkj esa laln dh fLFkfr cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj izHkko'kkyhgSA ;g fczfV'k dh rjg izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln rks ugha ijUrq blosQ ikl fo'kky 'kfDr;k¡ gSa vkSj bldh fLFkfrcgqr 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj izHkko'kkyh gSA dbZ rjg ls bldh 'kfDr;k¡ vejhdh dkaxzsl ls Hkh vfèkd gSaa D;ksafd tgk¡vejhdk esa jk"Vªifr osQ ikl cgqr fo'kky 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSa vkSj og dkaxzsl osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrk ogk¡Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa okLrfod dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ izèkkuea=kh vkSj ea=kh&ifj"kn~ vius lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy,la?kh; laln osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h vkSj tokcnsg gksrs gSaA

6-1 la?kh; laln dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Union Parliament)

Hkkjrh; laln dh izeq[k fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

1- jk"Vªifr laln dk lnL; ugha gksrk ijUrq bldk vfHkUu vax ekuk tkrk gS (President is not a

member of the Parliament but is an Integral part of Parliament)% jk"Vªifr laln osQ fdlhlnu dk u rks lnL; gksrk gS vkSj u gh cu ldrk gS] ijUrq lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 79 osQ vèkhu mldks la?kh;laln dk ,d vfHkUu vkSj egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx cuk;k x;k gSA jk"Vªifr gh laln osQ vfèkos'ku cqykrk gS] mudks LFkfxrdjrk gS] ;k fiQj laln dks Hkax djrk gSA

uksV~l la?kh; laln osQ }kjk ikl dksbZ Hkh fcy jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kj osQ fcuk dkuwu ugha cu ldrkA

oqQN fcyksa osQ lEcUèk esa fu;e ;g gS fd mudks laln esa is'k djus ls igys gh jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr ysuhvko';d gksrh gSA jk"Vªifr laln dks dksbZ lans'k Hkh Hkst ldrk gSA dkuwu fuekZ.k jk"Vªifr&lfgr laln osQ }kjkfd;k tkrk gSA

2- laln dk xSj&izHkqlÙkk lEiUu Lrj (Non-sovereign Status of Union Parliamant)% fczfV'klaln ls foijhr Hkkjrh; laln ,d xSj&izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa loksZPprk lafoèkku dks izkIrgS vkSj laln lafoèkku osQ }kjk nh xbZ 'kfDr;ksa dk gh iz;ksx djrh gSA ;fn laln osQ }kjk ikl fd;k x;k dksbZHkh dkuwu lafoèkku dk fojksèkh gks ;k lafoèkku dk mYya?ku djrk gks rks loksZPp U;k;ky; mldks jí dj ldrkgSA nwljs 'kCnksa eas] la?kh; laln osQ }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa ij loksZPp U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDrykxw gksrh gSA fiQj Hkkjrh; laln osQoy la?k ljdkj osQ {ks=k esa vkus okys fo"k;ksa ij gh dkuwu fuekZ.k dj ldrhgSA

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3- laln dh laoSèkkfud la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr (Parliament’s Power to amend the Constitu-

tion)% lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 368 osQ vèkhu laln dks lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gS vkSj blesala'kksèku djus dk <ax Hkh Li"V :i esa fy[kk x;k gSA laln lafoèkku osQ fdlh Hkkx esa Hkh la'kks/u dj ldrhgS ijUrq loksZPp U;k;ky; U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh vèkhu ;g fu.kZ; dj ldrk gS fd fdlh Hkh la'kks/uosQ }kjk lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk esa ifjorZu rks ugha fd;k x;kA laln osQ }kjk ikl fd, x, laoS/kfudla'kksèkuksa osQ lEcUèk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ykxw gksrh gSA

4- nks&lnuh; laxBu (Bi-cameral Organisation)% vejhdk] baXyS.M] fLoV~”kjySaM vkfn dbZ vU; ns'kksaosQ leku Hkkjr esa Hkh la?kh; laln nks&lnuh; laln gSA blosQ nks lnu gSa% (i) jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ vFkkZr~ jkT; lHkktksfd mifj lnu gS vkSj ftlesa Hkkjrh; la?k dh bdkb;ksa dks izfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k gSA jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;vizR;{k :i esa izR;sd jkT; dh foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA ;g ,d vèkZ&LFkk;h lnu gS ftlosQ ,d&frgkbZ lnL; izR;sd nks o"kZ ckn lsok&fuo`Ùk gksrs gSaA blesa Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dks leku izfrfufèkRougha fn;k x;k vkSj ;g fo'ks"krk vejhdh lhusV ls bldks fHkUu cukrh gSA (ii) yksxksa dk lnu vFkkZr~ yksd lHkk]tksfd laln dk fuEu lnu gS Hkkjrh; turk dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA blosQ lnL; turk osQ }kjk izR;{k :iesa fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA bldh lnL; la[;k 545 gS vkSj bldk dk;Zdky 5 o"kZ gksrk gSA izR;sd ik¡p o"kZ cknblosQ fy, u, pquko djok, tkrs gSa] ijUrq jk"Vªifr dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh bldks Hkax dj ldrk gSA

5- yksd lHkk jkT; lHkk ls vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh lnu gS (Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya

Sabha)% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk la?kh; laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dks ,d leku vfèkdkj ugha fn, x,A yksd lHkkdks jkT; lHkk ls vfèkd 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA eaf=k&ifj"kn~ yksd lHkk osQ izfr gh mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS] jkT; lHkkosQ izfr ughaA èku fcy osQoy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj bl lEcUèk esa jkT; lHkk osQ izfrughaA èku fcy osQoy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj bl lEcUèk esa jkT; lHkk fdlh Hkh èku fcydks ikl gksus esa osQoy 14 fnu dh nsj gh dj ldrh gSA ns'k osQ èku ij yksd lHkk dk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA lkèkkj.kdkuwu fuekZ.k {ks=k esa lS¼kafrd :i esa nksuksa lnuksa dks ,d tSlh 'kfDr nh xbZ gS ijUrq O;ogkj esa yksd lHkk ghvfèkd dkuwu&fuekZ.k 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA jkT; lHkk dh fLFkfr detksj gS ijUrq ;g bruh detksj ughaftruh fd baXyS.M osQ ykMZ lnu dh vkSj yksd lHkk dh fLFkfr Hkh bruh 'kfDr'kkyh ugha ftruh fd baXyS.MosQ dkWeu lnu dhA

6- uketnxh dh O;oLFkk (Provision for Nomination)% yksd lHkk yksxksa dk ,d izR;{k :i esa fuokZfprlnu gS ijUrq jk"Vªifr blesa ,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; osQ nks izfrfufèk;ksa dks euksuhr dj ldrk gS ;fn og le>sfd bl leqnk; dks yksd lHkk esa mfpr izfrfufèkRo izkIr ugha gSA blh izdkj jkT; lHkk esa Hkh jk"Vªifr 12 lnL;ksadks euksuhr dj ldrk gS ftUgksaus dyk] foKku] lkfgR;] laLÑfr vkSj lekt lsok osQ {ks=k esa iz'kaluh; izkfIr;k¡dh gqbZ gksaA

7- la?kh; laln osQ ikl oSèkkfud vkSj foÙkh; 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡Hkh gSa (The Union Parliament exercises some Executive and Judicial Powers alongwith

its Legislative and Financial Powers)% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku 'kfDr;ksa osQ i`FkDdj.k osQ fl¼kar ijvk/kfjr ugha gSA Hkkjrh; laln dks dkuwu fuekZ.k vkSj foÙkh; 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk oqQN dk;Zikfydk vkSjU;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA laln dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ izèkkuea=kh vkSj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ij fu;a=k.k djrh gSA lafo/kuosQ vuqPNsn 75 (3) esa fy[kk x;k gS fd eaf=k&ifj"kn~ lkewfgd :i esa yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksxhAeaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fujUrj fujh{k.k vkSj fu;a=k.k vèkhu dk;Z djrh gSA yksd lHkk vfo'okl dk izLrko ikl djosQ;k ctV dks jí djosQ ;k fiQj fdlh dk;Zikfyd uhfr ;k fu.kZ; dks jí djosQ eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dks in ls gVk ldrh

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gSA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; jk"Vªifr vkSj mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko djrs gSaA laln osQ nksuksa lnuegkfHk;ksx dk eqdíek pyk dj jk"Vªifr dks in ls gVkus dk vfèkdkj Hkh j[krs gSaA bl izdkj Hkkjrh; lalnosQ ikl dk;Zikfydk U;kf;d pquko ls lEcfUèkr vkSj dbZ vU; izdkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Hkkjrh;lafoèkku osQ vèkhu laln dks oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ gh ugha cfYd dk;Zikfyd vkSj U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh lkSaih xbZgSaA

8- mi&jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk insu vè;{k gksrk gS tcfd Lihdj yksd lHkk dk vè;{k gksrk gS (TheVice-President is the Ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha and Speaker is the Chair-man of Lok Sabha)% vejhdh lhusV dh rjg Hkkjrh; jkT; lHkk dks cSBdksa dh vè;{krk Hkh mi&jk"Vªifrdjrk gSA Hkkjrh; mi&jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk dk lnL; rks ugha gksrk ijUrq og jkT; lHkk osQ izèkku osQ :i esa dk;Zdjrk gS vkSj bldh cSBdksa dh dk;Zokgh lapkfyr djrk gSA mldks osQoy fu.kkZ;d oksV (Casting Vote) nsusdk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA yksd lHkk dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk Lihdj djrk gS vkSj ;fn Lihdj vuqifLFkr gks rksmi&Lihdj yksd lHkk dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA Lihdj vkSj mi&Lihdj nksuksa gh yksd lHkk osQ lnL;gksus vko';d gksrs gSaA budk pquko yksd lHkk osQ lnL; djrs gSaA fczfV'k dkWeu lnu osQ Lihdj dh HkkfUr yksdlHkk dk Lihdj Hkh ,d fu"i{k izèkku dh rjg dk;Z djrk gS ijUrq tgk¡ fd fczfV'k Lihdj viuk in laHkkyusosQ le; jktuhfr ls laU;kl ys ysrk gS ogk¡ Hkkjrh; Lihdj ij laHkkyus osQ i'pkr~ lnu esa ,d fu"i{k izèkkudh rjg rks dk;Z djrk gS ijUrq jktuhfrd ls laU;kl ugha ysrkA bl izdkj Hkkjrh; yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj dhfLFkfr u rks fczfV'k Lihdj dh rjg iw.kZ fujis{krk dh gS vkSj u gh vejhdh Lihdj dh rjg iw.kZ jktuhfrdizfrc¼rk dh gSA

9- lfefr O;oLFkk (Committee System)% fo'o dh fofHkUu lalnksa dh rjg Hkkjrh; laln Hkh dbZ ,dlfefr;ksa osQ }kjk viuh dkuwu&fuekZ.k dk;Zokgh vkSj vU; vfèkd 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lalnosQ nksuksa lnuksa dh viuh&viuh vyx&vyx lfefr O;oLFkk,¡ gSa ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh dbZ ,d lk>h lfefr;k¡Hkh gSaA viuh dbZ lfefr;ksa osQ }kjk tSlk fd lkoZtfud ys[kk vuqnku lfefr (Public Accounst

Committee)] vuqeku lfefr (Estimate Committee) vkfn osQ }kjk laln dk;Zikfydk ij fu;a=k.k djusdk dk;Z Hkh djrh gSA laln esa dkuwu fuekZ.k osQ dk;Z esa laln dh lfefr;k¡ cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkrhgSaA

bl izdkj la?kh; laln ,d xSj&izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln gS ijUrq ;g ,d vR;Ur 'kfDr'kkyh laLFkk gSA la?kh; lwphesa fn, x, 97 fo"k;ksa vkSj vo'ks"k fo"k;ksa (Residuary Subjects) ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj la?kh;laln osQ ikl gSA lk>h lwph osQ 47 fo"k;ksa ij la?kh; laln vkSj jkT; foèkkuikfydkvksa nksuksa gh dkuwu cuk ldrhgSa ijUrq ;fn nksuksa osQ dkuwu esa dksbZ fojksèk gks rks laln osQ }kjk ikl fd, x, dkuwu dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrhgSA oqQN fo'ks"k rjg dh ladVdky fLFkfr;ksa esa la?kh; laln jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu cuk ldrh gSAbl izdkj la?kh; laln osQ ikl dkuwu fuekZ.k dh fo'kky 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa ns'k osQ èku ij vfUre fu;a=k.k la?kh; laln dk gh gksrk gSA bldh LohÑfr osQ fcuk la?k ljdkj

u rks dksbZ dj yxk ldrh gS] u gh dksbZ dj ,df=kr dj ldrh gS vkSj u gh dj O;oLFkk

esa dksbZ ifjorZu dj ldrh gSA

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ }kjk lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh ykxw dh xbZ gS vkSj blosQ vèkhu la?kh; eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vius dk;ks±osQ fy, laln osQ le{k ftEesokj vkSj mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA la?kh; laln ljdkj osQ dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k djrh gS

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vkSj ljdkj dks fujaoqQ'k 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx ls jksdrh gSA bl izdkj Hkkjrh; la?kh; laln ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lalngSA ysfdu ;g izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln ughaA Hkkjr esa lafoèkku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gS vkSj laln lafoèkku osQvuqlkj gh vius 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr laln osQ ikl gS ijUrq;g lafoèkku osQ ekSfyd <k¡ps esa ifjorZu ugha dj ldrhA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laln ,dlqlaxfBr 'kfDr'kkyh laln gS ijUrq ;g izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln ugha gSA



1- la?kh; laln osQ }kjk ikl dksbZ Hkh fcy --------- osQ gLrk{kj osQ fcuk dkuwu ugha cu ldrkA

2- la?kh; laln osQ }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa ij --------- dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ykxw gksrh gSA

3- jkT; lHkk fdlh Hkh --------- dks ikl gksus esa osQoy --------- fnu dh nsj gh dj ldrh gSA

6-2 jkT; lHkkµjkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ (Rajya Sabha—The Council of States)

jkT; lHkk vFkkZr~ jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ la?kh; laln dk mifj lnu gSA tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gksrk gS] jkT; lHkkdh LFkkiuk Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dks izfrfufèkRo nsus osQ fy, dh xbZ gSA ijUrq la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSjfLoV~”kjyS.M osQ mifj lnuksa osQ foijhr] Hkkjrh; jkT;ksa dks jkT; lHkk esa ,d leku izfrfufèkRo izkIr ugha gSAbu jkT;ksa dks jkT; lHkk esa Hkh mudh tula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij izfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k gSA

1- jkT; lHkk dh jpuk (Composition of the Rajya Sabha)% jkT; lHkk vFkkZr~ laln osQ mifj lnuesa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 250 lnL; gksrs gSa ftuesa ls 238 jkT;ksa osQ izfrfufèk gksrs gSa vkSj 'ks"k 12 lnL;ksa dhuke”knxh jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk mu O;fDr;ksa esa ls dh tkrh gS ftUgksaus dyk] lkfgR;] foKku ;k lekt lsokvksa osQ{ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k miyfCèk;k¡ izkIr dh gksaA jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs 238 lnL;] Hkkjr osQ 28 jkT;ksa esa lfØ;jkT; foèkkulHkkvksa osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA izR;sd jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk pqus x, lnL;ksa dh la[;k vyx&vyxgksrh gSA lafoèkku dh pkSFkh lwph esa jkT;ksa dks jkT; lHkk dh lhVsa ckaVh xbZ gSaA vfèkd tula[;k okys jkT;ksa dksvfèkdrj lhVsa nh xbZ gSaA

Table 6.1

jkT; lHkk% lhVksa dk foHkktu

(14oha vuqlwph)

Name of States Seats Name of States/UT Seats

1. Andhra Pradesh 18 16 West Bengal 16

2. Assam 7 17. Jammu and Kashmir 4

3. Bihar 16 18. Nagaland 1

4. Goa 1 19. Himachal Pradesh 3

5. Gujrat 11 20. Manipur 1

6. Haryana 5 21. Tripura 1

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7. Kerala 9 22. Maghalaya 1

8. Madhya Pradesh 13 23. Sikkim 1

9. Tamil Nadu 18 24. Mizoram 1

10. Maharashtra 19 25. Arunachal Pradesh 1

11. Karnataka 12 26. Delhi 3

12. Orissa 10 27. Pandicherry 1

13. Punjab 7 28. Chhattisgarh 3

14. Rajasthan 10 29. Jharkand 6

15. Uttar Pradesh 31 30. Uttarakhand 3

nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dks lhVsa mudh tula[;k osQ vuqikr esa ckaVh xbZ gSA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa iatkcdh jkT; lHkk esa 7] gfj;k.kk dh 5] vkaèkz izns'k dh 18 vkSj fe”kksje dh ,d lhV gSA orZeku le; esa jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k 245 gS ftuesa ls 233 lnL; jkT;ksa vkSj osQUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa osQ izfrfufèk gSa vkSj12 euksuhr fd, lnL; gSaA jkT; lHkk esa lhVksa dk foHkktu djrs le; lafoèkku] jkT; dh tula[;k osQ lkFkHkkSxksfyd vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[krk gSA

la?k osQ jkT;ksa esa jkT; lHkk dh lhVksa dk foHkktu lafoèkku osQ }kjk ntZ fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl O;oLFkk dkslaoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ }kjk gh cnyk tk ldrk gSA jkT; lHkk esa Hkh Hkkjrh; la?k osQ cM+s jkT;ksa tSls ;w- ih- vkSjfcgkj dks vfèkd lhVsa feyh gqbZ gSa vkSj NksVs jkT;ksa dks de lhVsa] ijUrq ;g ,d fu;e gS fd jkT; lHkk esa NksVsls NksVs jkT; dks Hkh ,d lhV vo'; feyrh gSA

la;qDr jkT; vejhdk osQ lafoèkku esa la?k osQ izR;sd jkT; dks lhusV (la;qDr jkT; dk mifj lnu) esa lekuizfrfufèkRo (nks lhVsa) nh fn;k x;k gS] pkgs bldk {ks=kiQy vkSj tula[;k fdruh Hkh D;ksa u gksA blosQ foijhrHkkjr la?k osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa vkSj osQUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa dks vyx&vyx lhVksa nh xbZ gSaA bldks Hkkjrh; la?kh;iz.kkyh dh X+kSj&la?kh; fo'ks"krk le>k tkrk gSA okLro esa] Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ fuekZrkvksa us jk"Vªh; fo/kulHkkosQ mifj lnu esa la?k osQ jkT;ksa dks izfrfufèkRo nsrs le; vejhdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM dh iz.kkyh dks rks viuk;kijUrq la?k osQ lHkh jkT;ksa dks ,d leku izfrfufèkRo nsus osQ fl¼kUr dks misf{kr dj fn;kA

II. pquko dh fofèk (Method of Election): jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko jkT; foèkku lHkkvks osQlnL;ksa osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo ,dgjh gLrkarfjr oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk vizR;{k :i esa fd;k tkrk gSAizR;sd jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk mrus gh izfrfufèk;ksa dk pquko fd;k tkrk gS ftrus dh vkKk lafoèkku osQ }kjknh xbZ gksrh gSA jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk esa 12 lnL;ksa dks mu O;fDr;ksa esa ls euksuhr djrk gS ftUgksaus dyk] foKku]lkfgR; vkSj lekt lsok osQ {ks=k esa fo'ks"k miyfCèk izkIr dh gksA

vDrwcj 2003 esa ,d loZnyh; lEesyu esa ;g izLrko ikl fd;k x;k fd jkT; lHkk dh lnL;rk osQ fy, jkT;esa fuokl osQ fu;e dks lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh eqDr ernku (Open Voting) osQ }kjk jkT;lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk dh tkus pkfg,] ysfdu twu 2004 esa jkT; lHkk dh lnL;rk osQ lEcUèkesa izLrkfor la'kksèku fd, tkus ij loksZPp U;k;ky; us jksd yxk nhA

III. lnL;ksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualifications of Members): jkT; lHkk dh lnL;rk osQ fy, lafoèkkuesa crk, vuqlkj O;fDr esa fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,a%

(d) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,A

([k) ftl jkT; ls og pquko yM+uk pkgrk gS] ml jkT; dk og de&ls&de 6 eghus ls fuoklh gksuk pkfg,A

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(x) mldh vk;q 30 o"kZ ls vfèkd gksuh pkfg,A blhfy, jkT; lHkk dks cq”kqxks± dk lnu (House of

Elders) dgk tkrk gSA

(?k) og laln osQ }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ vU; lHkh ;ksX;rk,¡ iw.kZ djrk gksA

(Ä) og Hkkjr ljdkj ;k jkT; ljdkj osQ vèkhu fdlh ykHkizn in ij fu;qDr u gksA

(p) og ikxy ;k fnokfy;k ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(N) mldks laln osQ fdlh dkuwu osQ vèkhu v;ksX; djkj u fn;k x;k gksA

IV. dk;Zdky (Tenure): jkT; lHkk ,d vèkZ&LFkk;h lnu gSA ;g yksd lHkk osQ leku Hkax ugha gks ldrkAizR;sd nks o"kks± ckn blosQ ,d&frgkbZ lnL; lsok&fuo`Ùk gks tkrs gSa vkSj [kkyh lhVksa osQ fy, pqukol djok,tkrs gSaA jkT; lHkk osQ izR;sd lnL; dk dk;Zdky N% o"kZ dk gksrk gSA fdlh lnL; dh lnL;rk rc jí gkstkrh gS tc og R;kx&i=k ns ns ;k mldks v;ksX; djkj ns fn;k tk,A vè;{krk djus okys vfèkdkjh osQ }kjkdjokbZ xbZ lnu dh cSBdksa vkSj blosQ vfèkos'kuksa esa fcuk fdlh dkj.k 60 fnuksa rd vuqifLFkr jgus okys jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; dks v;ksX; djkj fn;k tk ldrk gSA

V. vfèkos'ku (Sessions): jkT; lHkk osQ vfèkos'ku lkekU; :i esa jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk yksd lHkk osQ vfèkos'kuksaosQ lkFk gh ;k fiQj tc mldks vko';d izrhr gks] cqyk, tkrs gSaA ijUrq jkT; lHkk osQ nks vfèkos'kuksa esa N%eghus ls vfèkd vUrj ugha gks ldrkA blh izdkj o"kZ esa de&ls&de nks vfèkos'ku cqykus laoSèkkfud vko';drkgSA jk"Vªifr ml fLFkfr esa jkT; lHkk dk fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrk gS tc yksd lHkk Hkax gks pqdh gks vkSjladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh Loho`Qfr ysuh gksA fdlh jkT; esa jk"Vªifr jkT; dh vofèk c<+kus osQ fy,vè;kns'k (vkMhZuSal) dh Loho`Qfr osQ fy, Hkh jkT; lHkk fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku cqyk;k tk ldrk gSA ebZ&twu] 1999esa dkjfxy ;q¼ osQ eqís ij ppkZ djokus osQ fy, jkT; lHkk osQ ,d fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku dh ekax dh xbZ D;ksafdbl le; 12oha yksd lHkk Hkax dh tk pqdh Fkh] ijUrq ,slk fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku cqyk;k ugha x;k FkkA

VI. jkT; lHkk dh cSBdksa dh x.kiwfrZ (Quorum for the Meetings of Rajya Sabha): jkT;lHkk dh izR;sd cSBd esa blosQ de ls de 1@10 lnL;ksa dk mifLFkr gksuk vfuok;Z gS vFkkZr~ lnu dh dk;ZokghosQ fy, jkT; lHkk osQ de&ls&de 1@10 lnL;ksa dh mifLFkfr vko';d gSA 42osa la'kksèku }kjk] jkT; lHkk dksviuh cSBdksa esa lnL;ksa dk vko';d dksje fuf'pr djus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ ijUrq 44osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;FkkiwoZfLFkfr vFkkZr~ lnL;ksa osQ 1@10 lnL;ksa dh mifLFkfr okyh O;oLFkk dks iqu% LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

VII. lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"k vfèkdkj (Privileges of Members): jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks dbZ fo'ks"kvfèkdkj izkIr gksrs gSaA muosQ }kjk lnu esa vius fopkj izdV djus ij dksbZ jksd ugha gksrh vkSj lnu esa mu osQ}kjk dgs x, fdlh 'kCn ij muosQ fo#¼ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk ldrhA jkT; lHkk osQ vfèkos'ku osQ 40fnu igys vkSj 40 fnu ckn rd vkSj blosQ nkSjku bl fdlh lnL; dks fdlh nhokuh vijkèk osQ fy, fxjÝrkjugha fd;k tk ldrkA lnu osQ lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy,] jkT; lHkk dh LFkkiuk osQ le;ls gh ,d fo'ks"k lfefr (fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dh lfefr) dk xBu fd;k x;k gSA

VIII. jkT; lHkk dk vè;{k (Chairman of the Rajya Sabha): Hkkjr dk mi&jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkkdk insu (Ex-officio) vè;{k gksrk gSA og u rks lnu dk lnL; gksrk gS vkSj u gh lnu esa viuh oksV dkiz;ksx djrk gS ijUrq cSBdksa dh vè;{krk vkSj bldh dk;Zokfg;ksa dk lapkyu og gh djrk gSA og fopkj&foe'kks±esa Hkkx ugha ysrk ijUrq lnu esa vuq'kklu vkSj O;ogkjoqQ'kyrk LFkkfir j[krk gSA fdlh oSèkkfud fcy osQ lEcUèkesa cjkcj osQ oksV iM+us osQ le; mi&jk"Vªifr] jkT; lHkk dk vè;{k gksus osQ ukrs viuh fu.kkZ;d oksV dk iz;ksxdj ldrk gSA tc Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr dks gVkus dk izLrko fopkjkèkhu gks ml le; og u rks cSBdksa dh

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vè;{krk dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh fu.kkZ;d oksV nsus osQ vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA mi&jk"Vªifr dhvuqifLFkfr esa] jkT; lHkk dk fMIVh vè;{k] ftldk pquko jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk vius esa ls gh fd;ktkrk gS] cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA vktdy Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr Jh gkfen valkjh jkT; lHkk osQ izèkkugSaA

IX. osru] HkÙks vkSj iSU'ku (Salary, Allowances and Pensions): jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks lalnosQ dkuwu osQ }kjk fuf'pr fd, osru vkSj HkÙks feyrs gSa vkSj ;fn dksbZ lnL; viuk N% o"kZ dk dk;Zdky iw.kZdj ysrk gS rks mldks iSa'ku Hkh feyrh gSA



4- jkT; lHkk esa vfèkdre lhVksa dh la[;k gSµ

(a) 250 (b) 238

(c) 245 (d) 240

5- jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk esa fdrus lnL; euksuhr dj ldrk gS\

(a) 18 (b) 16

(c) 12 (d) 14

6- fnYyh esa jkT; lHkk dh fdruh lhVs gSa\

(a) 3 (b) 5

(c) 4 (d) 2

6-3 jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of the RajyaSabha)

1- oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ (Legislative Powers): lkèkkj.k dkuwu cukus osQ {ks=k esa jkT; lHkk osQ ikl yksdlHkk osQ leku 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA ,d lkèkkj.k fcy jkT; lHkk esa Hkh is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g rc rd dkuwuugha cu ldrk tc rd bldks jkT; lHkk dh Loho`Qfr izkIr u gksA la?kh; lwph] leorhZ lwph ;k vo'ks"k 'kfDr;ksaosQ fo"k;ksa ls lEcfUèkr dksbZ Hkh fcy] c'krsZ fd ;g èku fcy u gks] jkT; lHkk esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlhlkèkkj.k fcy ij laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa xfrjksèk iSnk gksus dh fLFkfr esa vkSj ;fn ;g xfrjksèk N% eghus rdfuiVk;k uk tk losQ rks jk"Vªifr bl osQ lekèkku osQ fy, nkuksa lnuksa dh lk>h cSBd cqykrk gSA bl lk>h cSBddh vè;{krk yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA ;fn lk>s vfèkos'ku esa fcy ikl gks tk, rks fcy dksjk"Vªifr osQ ikl gLrk{kjksa osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gS vkSj jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ i'pkr~ fcy dkuwu cu tkrkgSA vxj fdlh fcy ij xfrjksèk lekIr u gks rks fcy dks jí dj fn;k tkrk gSA

2- foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Financial Powers): foÙkh; {ks=k esa jkT; lHkk dh fLFkfr yksd lHkk dh rqyuk esadkI+kQh de”kksj gSA ,d èku fcy osQoy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd;kx;k èku fcy fopkj osQ fy, jkT; lHkk esa Hkstk tkrk gSA ;fn 14 fnuksa osQ vanj&vanj jkT; lHkk fcy ikl djusesa vliQy jgrh gS rks fcy dks laln osQ }kjk ikl le>k tkrk gS pkgs jkT; lHkk us mldks ikl u gh fd;kgksA ;fn jkT; lHkk oqQN lqèkkjksa dk izLrko j[krh gS rks èku fcy yksd lHkk esa okil Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA izLrkforlqèkkjksa dks Lohdkj ;k jí djuk yksd lHkk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ctV Hkh èku fcy gh gksrk gS vkSj jkT; lHkk

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blosQ ikl gksus osQ ekxZ esa Hkh ckèkk iSnk ugha dj ldrhA ;g vfèkd&ls&vfèkd èku fcy ikl djus esa 14 fnuksadh nsjh gh dj ldrh gSA bl ekeys esa jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr fczfV'k gkmQl vkWiQ ykMZ ls Hkh de gS] tks èkufcy dks 30 fnu rd jksd ldrk gSA la;qDr jkT; vejhdk dh lhusV foÙkh; {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; jkT; lHkk ls vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh gSA la;qDr jkT; dh lhusV gh èku fcy osQ vfUre :i dk fu.kZ; djrh gSA

3- dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;k¡ (Executive Powers): Hkkjrh; lafoèkku 75 (3) osQ vuqlkj] ¶efU=k&ifj"kn~lkewfgd :i esa yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA¸ osQoy yksd lHkk gh vfo'okl dk izLrko ikl djosQefU=k&ifj"kn~ dks gVk, tkus dk dkj.k cu ldrh gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa jkT; lHkk dks efU=k&ifj"kn~ ij de gh fu;U=k.k 'kfDr izkIr gSA jkT; lHkk efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks

mlosQ in ls gVk ugha ldrh] ijUrq jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; iz'kklu lEcUèkh tkudkjh izkIr djosQ]viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djosQ] iz'u vkSj iwjd iz'u iwN dj vkSj LFkxu izLrko ikl

djosQ efU=k;ksa ij oqQN jksd yxk ldrs gSaA

jkT; lHkk esa ls Hkh oqQN eU=kh fy, tkrs gSaA ;g ijEijk fd izèkkueU=kh lnSo yksd lHkk esa ls gh gksrk gS] vcVwV pqdh gSA 1996 esa] izèkkueU=kh ,p- Mh- nsosxkSM+k yksd lHkk osQ ugha cfYd jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; cusA vizSy]1997 esa Jh bUnz oqQekj xqtjky izèkkueU=kh cus vkSj og Hkh jkT; lHkk osQ gh lnL; FksA orZeku izèkkueU=kh MkW-eueksgu flag Hkh jkT; lHkk osQ gh lnL; gSaA bl izdkj vc jkT; lHkk dk lnL; Hkh izèkkueU=kh cu ldrk gSc'krsZ fd yksd lHkk esa cgqer okys@lewg mldks viuk usrk fuokZfpr dj ys] viuk ys] tSlk fd MkW- eueksguflag osQ ekeys esa ebZ 2004 esa gqvk FkkA ijUrq oqQy feyk dj] jkT; lHkk dks laln dks izkIr dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;ksaosQ {ks=k esa lhfer Hkwfedk gh izkIr gSA

4- la'kksèku 'kfDr;k¡ (Amendment Powers): tgk¡ rd la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr;ksa dk lEcUèk gS] lalnosQ nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa dksbZ Hkh laoSèkkfud la'kksèku fcy izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn jkT; lHkkbldks viuk ysrh gS rks bldks Loho`Qfr osQ fy, yksd lHkk esa Hkstk tkrk gS vkSj ;fn yksd lHkk bldks ikldj ns rks bldks ckn esa Loho`Qfr osQ fy, jkT; lHkk osQ ikl Hkstk tkrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd jkT; lHkkvkSj yksd lHkk nksuksa dh Loho`Qfr osQ fcuk dksbZ laoSèkkfud la'kksèku fcy ikl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA nksuksa dksleku :i esa vkSj lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 368 osQ }kjk fuf'pr cgqer osQ vuqlkj ,d la'kksèku fcy ikl djukgksrk gSA vr% la'kksèku djus osQ {ks=k esa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dks ,d leku 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA

5- pquko ls lEcfUèkr 'kfDr;k¡ (Electoral Powers): jkT; lHkk osQ ikl oqQN fuokZpu 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh gksrhgSaA jkT; lHkk osQ fuokZfpr lnL;] yksd lHkk vkSj lHkh jkT;foèkku lHkkvksa osQ fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ls feydj HkkjrosQ jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; vius esa ls gh ,d lnL; dks viuk mikè;{k pqursgSaA jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; yksd lHkk ls feydj Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko djrs gSaA

6- U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ (Judicial Powers): ;g Bhd gS fd jkT; lHkk osQ ikl dksbZ flfoy ;k iQkStnkjhvfèkdkj&{ks=k ugha] ijUrq ;g fuEufyf[kr U;kf;d dk;Z djrh gS%

(d) jkT; lHkk rFkk yksd lHkk nksuksa feydj jk"Vªifr ij lafoèkku dk mYya?ku djus dk vkjksi yxk dj mlij egkfHk;ksx dk eqdíek pyk ldrh gSA

([k) jkT; lHkk loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k dks gVkus osQ fy, fo'ks"k izLrko ikl djldrh gSA

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(x) mi&jk"Vªifr ij vkjksi osQoy jkT; lHkk esa gh yxk, tk ldrs gSaA

(?k) ;g oqQN mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa tSlk fd vVkjuh tujy vkWiQ bafM;k] dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVj tujy] eq[;pquko vk;qDr vkfn dks gVkus osQ fy, Hkh izLrko ikl dj ldrh gSA

7- iqQVdy 'kfDr;k¡ ( Miscellaneous Powers): mi;qZDr 'kfDr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr] jkT; lHkk] yksd lHkkls feydj fuEufyf[kr dk;Z la;qDr :i esa iw.kZ djrh gS%

(d) jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk tkjh fd, x, vè;kns'kksa dh Loho`Qfr djukA

([k) ladVdky fLFkfr osQ ?kks"k.kk dh Loho`Qfr djukA

(x) loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ vfèkdkj {ks=k esa ifjorZuksa ls lEcfUèkr fcy ikl djus dh'fDrA

(?k) yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk dh lnL;rk osQ fy, ;ksX;rkvksa esa ifjorZu djus dh 'kfDrA

8- jkT; lHkk dh fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ (Special Powers of Rajya Sabha): jkT; lHkk dks lkSaih xbZoqQN fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ksa dk C;kSjk bl izdkj gS%

(i) jkT; lwph osQ fdlh fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egÙo dk fo"k; ?kksf"kr djus dh 'kfDr (The Power to

declare a Subject of State List as a Subject of National Importance): vuqPNsn249 vèkhu] jkT; lHkk fo|eku lnL;ksa osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikl djosQ jkT; lwph osQ fdlh Hkh fo"k;dks jk"Vªh; egÙo dk fo"k; ?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA ,sls izLrko osQ iQyLo:i la?kh; laln ml fo"k; osQ lEcUèkesa ,d o"kZ osQ le; osQ fy, dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ,slk izLrko jkT; lHkk osQ }kjk izR;sd o"kZ ckj ckj ikl fd;ktk ldrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc jkT; lHkk èkkjk 249 osQ vèkhu dksbZ izLrko ikl djrh gS rks lEcfUèkr jkT;fo"k; ,d o"kZ osQ fy, lk>k fo"k; cu tkrk gSA bl ij la?kh; laln dkuwu&fuekZ.k dj ldrh gSA bl izdkjjkT; lHkk osQ ikl lkèkkj.k le; osQ nkSjku fdlh Hkh jkT; osQ fo"k; dks la?kh; laln osQ oSèkkfud vfèkdkj {ks=kesa 'kkfey djus dh fo'ks"k 'kfDr izkIr gSA

(ii) fdlh vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dh LFkkiuk vFkok lekfIr ls lEcfUèkr 'kfDr (Power in respect

of Creation of Abolition of an All India Service): lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 312 osQ vuqlkj jkT;lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls ,d izLrko ikl djosQ ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dh LFkkiuk djldrh gSA blh izdkj] jkT; lHkk fdlh fo|eku vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dks Hkax Hkh dj ldrh gSA

(iii) yksd lHkk osQ Hkax gksus dh fLFkfr esa] jkT; lHkk jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx ijyksdrU=kh; <ax ls jksd yxkus osQ ;ksX; gksrh gSA yksd lHkk dh ,slh fLFkfr esa ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dks jkT;lHkk osQ }kjk Lohdkj djok, tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA

(iv) osQoy jkT; lHkk gh Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr dks gVkus dk izLrko is'k dj ldrh gSA

jkT; lHkk dh fLFkfr (Position of the Rajya Sabha)

jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ vè;;u ls ,d ckr lkeus vkrh gS fd ;g u rks fczfV'k gkmQl vkWiQ ykMZ osQ leku,d ltkoVh lnu gS vkSj u gh vejhdh lhusV osQ leku ,d cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh lnu gSA bldh fLFkfr bu nksuksaosQ chp okyh gSA ;g yksd lHkk dh ijNkb± ugha gS] ijUrq yksd lHkk osQ leku 'kfDr'kkyh Hkh ugha gSA vc la?kh;laln osQ mifj lnu gksus osQ ukrs jkT; lHkk dks yksd lHkk ls de 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaih xbZ gSa] ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh;g Hkh tku ysuk vko';d gS fd lafoèkku }kjk jkT; lHkk dks tks Hkwfedk nh xbZ gS] og dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ gSA

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blls dksbZ budkj ugha fd yksd lHkk dh rqyuk esa jkT; lHkk de”kksj lnu gS] dbZ vkykspdksa osQ }kjk rks bldksxkS.k ;k fujFkZd lnu Hkh dgk x;k gSA MkW- vacsMdj Hkh bldh mi;ksfxrk osQ izfr fuf'pr ugha FksA muosQ fopkjosQ vuqlkj] ¶eSa ugha dg ldrk fd eSa nwljs lnu osQ cgqr i{k esa gw¡A ijUrq lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk osQ }kjk jkT;lHkk dks nwljk lnu cukus dk fu.kZ; dj fy;k x;k tks Hkkjr la?k dh bdkb;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djsxk vkSj tkslgk;d vkSj fu;U=kd lnu osQ :i esa dk;Z djsxkA¸ (I cannot say that I am very stronglyprepossessed in favour of a second chamber. However, the Constituent Assembly de-cided to provide for the Rajya Sabha as a second chamber,a chamber designed to giverepresentation to the units of Indian Federation and a chamber designed to act as ahelping as well as a checking chamber.) jkT; lHkk dks u rks fczfV'k gkmQl vkWiQ ykMZ osQ leku'kfDrghu cuk;k x;k vkSj u gh la;qDr jkT; dh lhusV ftruk 'kfDr'kkyhA lkèkkj.k dkuwu&fuekZ.k] jk"Vªifr vkSjmi&jk"Vªifr osQ fuokZpuksa] egkfHk;ksx pykus dh 'kfDr vkSj ljdkj dh fjiksVks± dks fopkjus dh 'kfDr osQ lEcUèkesa jkT; lHkk dks yksd lHkk osQ leku 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA ijUrq oqQy feyk dj bldh Hkwfedk dks fuEu lnudh Hkwfedk ls de egÙoiw.kZ j[kk x;kA yksd lHkk dks la?k dh dk;Zikfydk vkSj ns'k osQ foÙkh; fu;U=k.k dkmÙkjnkf;Ro lkSaik x;k gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ cgqr lhfer gSaA

jkT; lHkk dh de”kksj Hkwfedk osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h dkjd(Factor responsible for giving a Weaker Role to Rajya Sabha)

1- jkT;ksa dks leku izfrfufèkRo u fn;k tkuk (Lack of Equal Representation to theStates): jkT; lHkk dh jpuk ,d lPps la?k dh izo`Qfr osQ vuqlkj ugha gS D;ksafd blesa jkT;ksa dks ,d lekuizfrfufèkRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo tula[;k vkSj {ks=k osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k gSA la;qDr jkT;vejhdk vkSj fLoV~”kjySaM tSls la?kh; jkT;ksa esa] la?kh; bdkb;ksa dks jk"Vªh; lalnksa osQ mifj lnuksa esa lekuizfrfufèkRo izkIr gSA blh dkj.k jkT; lHkk ,d okLrfod la?kh; lnu ugha cu ldhA

2- ny osQ fgrksa dk izfrfufèkRo (Representation of the Party Interests): jkT; lHkk osQlnL; yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ leku jkT; osQ fgrksa dh ugha cfYd ny osQ fgrksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA mudkpquko nyh; js[kkvksa osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA Jh fxjèkkjh yky osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶;g Li"V dgk tk ldrk gS fd;g jkT;ksa dh ifj"kn~ ugha cfYd jkT; lHkkvksa osQ jktuhfrd nyksa dh ifj"kn~ gSA¸ (It is, plainly speaking,not a council of states but a council of political parties in the state assemblies.) bldhjpuk ,slh gS tks vyx&vyx jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa esa vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa osQ }kjk izkIr lhVksa dhvkuqikfrd la[;k dks izdV djrh gSA

3- euksuhr lnL;ksa dh O;oLFkk (Provision for Nominated Members): jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk esa12 lnL; euksuhr djrk gSA ;g okLro esa yksdrU=kh; vkSj la?kh; Hkkouk osQ fo#¼ gSA ;g laHkkouk lnSoLFkkfir jgrh gS fd euksuhr fd, ;g 12 lnL; viuk iw.kZ leFkZu jkT;ksa dks nsus dh vis{kk osQUnz dks nsaxsA

4- vizR;{k pquko iz.kkyh (Indirect Election System): jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko vizR;{k <axls gksrk gS vkSj blosQ fy, og tuk osQ izfr izR;{k :i esa mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrsA blosQ vfrfjDr vizR;{k pqukoiz.kkyh esa izR;{k pquko iz.kkyh dh rqyuk esa Hkz"V <axksa osQ iz;ksx dh vfèkd laHkkouk jgrh gSA

5- de 'kfDr'kkyh lnu (Less Powerful House): jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ fu'p; gh yksd lHkk dh'kfDr;ksa ls de gSaA jkT; lHkk èku fcy dks ikl djus esa osQoy 14 fnu dh nsjh gh dj ldrh gS vkSj bldkdk;Zikfydk ij okLrfod vkSj izHkko'kkyh fu;U=k.k ugha gksrkA eU=kh yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa] jkT;lHkk osQ izfr ughaA lkèkkj.k fcyksa osQ lEcUèk esa Hkh jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ yksd lHkk ls de gksrh gSa D;ksafd

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nksuksa lnuksa esa xfrjksèk osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, cqyk;k lk>k vfèkos'ku Hkh vfèkd lnL;rk osQ dkj.k yksd lHkk dkgh i{k iw.kZ djrk gSA lk>s vfèkos'ku esa fu.kZ; ysus esa yksd lHkk osQ lnL; osQ dkj.k yksd lHkk dk gh i{kiw.kZ djrk gSA lk>s vfèkos'ku esa fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkh yksd lHkk osQ lnL; gkoh jgrs gSaA

6- fcyksa dks la'kksèku dh 'kfDr okLro esa ykHkizn ugha gS (Revision of Bills not reallyUseful): yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd, x, fcyksa dks nksgjkuk jkT; lHkk dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gS ijUrq ;gk¡Hkh] mxz ikVhZ jktuhfr osQ dkj.k] jkT; lHkk esa fopkj&foe'kZ ikVhZ js[kkvksa ij gh gksrk gSA jkT; lHkk dh Hkwfedklhfer gksrh gSA ;fn yksd lHkk esa cgqer j[krh ikVhZ dks gh jkT; lHkk esa cgqer izkIr gks rks yksd lHkk osQ }kjkikl fd;k x;k fcy jkT; lHkk esa ikl gksuk vfuok;Z gh gksrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr lfefr iz.kkyh dh dk;Z 'kSyhus Hkh nwljs lnu osQ nksgjkus dh Hkwfedk dks okLro esa fujFkZd cuk fn;k gSA

jkT; lHkk og Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa iw.kZ :i ls liQy ugha gks ldh tks lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us gesa lkSaih FkhA lkèkkj.k:i esa blus Hkkjr la?k osQ jkT;ksa osQ izfrfufèk osQ :i osQ lnu rFkk cq”kqxks± osQ lnu dh Hkwfedk n`<+rk ls ughafuHkkbZ gSA cfYd blosQ foijhr blus nyh; js[kkvksa ij pyrs gq, foHkkftr gq, lnu dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS ftlesaizR;sd jktuhfrd ny viuk gh i{k izLrqr djrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh ;g yksd lHkk ij jksd* (Check/Brake)dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa Hkh vliQy jgk gSA lkFk gh] dbZ ckj jkT;us ^o`¼* ;k ^ijkftr ny* osQ mEehnokjksa dkslaln esa 'kkfey djus osQ fy, ,d ekxZ osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k gSA NksVs pquko {ks=k vFkkZr~ jkT; foèkkulHkk osQlnL;ksa osQ erksa dks jkT;&lHkk esa fdlh ,d mEehnokj osQ pquko osQ fy, ladh.kZ fgrksa osQ fy,] vklkuh ls [kjhnktk ldrk gSA

6-4 jkT; lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk (Utility of Rajya Sabha)

bl lPpkbZ osQ ckotwn fd jkT; lHkk ,d de”kksj lnu gS] Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud iz.kkyh esa la?kh; laln dklgk;d vkSj nksgjkus okyk lnu gksus osQ dkj.k] vkSj la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; ,d lEioZQ&lw=k dk dk;Z djusokyh laLFkk osQ :i esa bldk LFkku egÙoiw.kZ jgk gSA jkT; lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk dk o.kZu djrs gq, eksfjl tksu”k(Morris Jones) fy[krs gSa] ¶bldh rhu izHkko'kkyh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa% ;g vfrfjDr jktuhfrd volj nsrh gSftudh ekax fo|eku gS] ;g fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, vfèkd volj miyCèk djokrh gS ftudh dHkh&dHkkjvko';drk iM+h gS] vkSj ;g lhfer oSèkkfud leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku <w¡<us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA¸ la?kh; lalnosQ mifj lnuj osQ :i esa jkT; lHkk osQ egÙo dk vxzfyf[kr rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS%

(1) ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dh izfrfufèk (Representative of Able Persons): Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ,slsO;fDr;ksa esa ls jkT; lHkk esa 12 euksuhr djrk gS ftUgksaus dyk] foKku] lkfgR; vkSj lekt lsok osQ {ks=k essa fo'ks"kmiyfCèk;k¡ izkIr dh gksrh gSaA bl izdkj ;ksX; vkSj vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa dks la?kh; laln esa 'kkfey djosQ jk"Vª osQ}kjk mudh lsokvksa dk ykHk mBk;k tk ldrk gSA

(2) fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ksa lfgr vèkZ&LFkk;h lnu osQ :i esa jkT;&lHkk dh mi;ksfxrk (Rajya Sabha’s

Utility as a Quasi-permanent House with Special Powers): jkT; lHkk ,d vèkZ&LFkk;hlnu gS vkSj viuh fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud iz.kkyh esa izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSAvèkZ&LFkk;h lnu osQ :i esa ;g fLFkjrk dk lzksr gSA tc yksd lHkk Hkax gks pqdh gks vkSj fo'ks"k dk;Z vk iM+stSlk fd fdlh jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu dh vofèk c<+kuh gks ;k ladVdkyhu le; osQ ?kks"k.kk dh Loho`Qfr dhvko';drk gks] ml le; jkT; lHkk ls Loho`Qfr yh tk ldrh gSA ebZ] 1991 esa gfj;k.kk esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu dhvofèk c<+kus dh Loho`Qfr izkIr djus osQ fy, nks fnu dk jkT; lHkk dk fo'ks"k vfèkos'ku cqyk;k x;k FkkA 21ebZ] 1991 dks HkwriwoZ izèkkueU=kh Jh jktho xkaèkh osQ nqHkkZX;iw.kZ vkSj nq[knk;h dRy osQ dkj.k pquko izfozQ;k iwjh

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gksus esa gqbZ nsjh osQ dkj.k ;g cgqr vko';d gks x;k FkkA blosQ lkFk gh jkT; lHkk lgk;d lnu osQ :i esaHkh dk;Z djrh gSA ;g yksd lHkk dk dk;Z&Hkkj gYdk djrh gS D;ksafd fookn&jfgr vkSj oqQN vU; fcy igysjkT; lHkk esa izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;g fcyksa dks nksgjkus okys lnu osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrh gSA lafo/kudh la'kksèku izfØ;k esa vkSj jk"Vªifr vkSj mi&jk"Vªifr dk pquko esa ;g yksd lHkk osQ leku Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAfiQj blosQ ikl vuqPNsn 249 vkSj 312 osQ vèkhu fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA bl dkj.k jkT; lHkk fczfV'k gkmQl vkWiQykM~”kZ osQ leku xkS.k ;k fujFkZd lnu ugha gSA

(3) jkT; lHkk dh Hkwfedk (Rajya Sabha’s Role): lafoèkku ykxw djus osQ le; ls ysdj vc rdjkT; lHkk la?kh; laln osQ nwljs lnu osQ :i esa mfpr Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA 1977&79 osQ nkSjku] blus yksd lHkkosQ }kjk ikl fd, x, oqQN fcyksa@izLrkoksa ij jksd yxkus ij tk¡p djus dh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA bl le; osQ nkSjkujkT; lHkk ,d lfØ; lnL; cuk jgk D;ksafd ml le; jkT; lHkk esa rks dakxzsl dk cgqer Fkk] ijUrq yksd lHkkesa turk ikVhZ dk cgqer FkkA blus 43 osa vkSj 44 os la'kksèku fcyksa dh oqQN O;oLFkkvksa esa la'kksèku fd;k ;kdkV nh ftudks yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl dj fn;k x;k FkkA blh izdkj 1989&90 vkSj 1996&2003 osQ nkSjku,sls gh okrkoj.k osQ dkj.k gh jkT; lHkk fiQj lfØ; cuh jghA ijUrq 1950&77 vkSj 1980&89 osQ nkSjku jkT;lHkk osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr vkSj laoSèkkfud :i esa fuf'pr dh xbZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa bldh vliQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k,d&ny osQ gkoh gksus dh iz.kkyh okyh Hkkjrh; ny iz.kkyh dh izÑfr jgh Fkh vkSj blesa dksbZ lajpukRed ;klaoSèkkfud =kqfV;k¡ ugha gSaA T;ksa&T;ksa dkaxszl dh vR;Ur 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr de gksrh xbZ vkSj nwljs jktuhfrd nyksadh fLFkfr vfèkd lfØ; vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh xbZA jkT; lHkk dh Hkwfedk Hkh ifjofrZr gksrh xbZA vktdy dbZvyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa dks la?k osQ vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa cgqer izkIr gS] jkT; lHkk lHkh nyksa dkvkuqikfrd Øe esa izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ny nks&frgkbZ lhVksa dk cgqer izkIr djus osQ fy,vk'kkoku ugha gks ldrk vkSj blosQ fy, jkT; lHkk viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj viuh la'kksèku 'kfDr vkSj nks fo'ks"k'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vc dj ldrh gSA blls bldh fLFkfr oqQN vkSj n`<+ gqbZ gSA ;g vo'; Lej.k j[kk tkukpkfg, fd la?kh; laln ,d nks&lnuh; laLFkk gS vkSj jkT; lHkk dks bldk vVwV vax mifj lnu cuk gh jgukgSA vc izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, mEehnokj nsus osQ fy, jkTlHkk ij Hkh fuHkZj fd;k tk ldrk gSA



7- o"kZ 1997 esa izèkkuea=kh cus Jh bUnz oqQekj xqtjky --------- osQ lnL; FksA

(a) yksd lHkk (b) jkT; lHkk

(c) u (a) u (b) (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ugha

8- lafoèkku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ }kjk jkT; lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls ,d izLrko ikl djosQ ,d ;k vfèkd ubZvf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrk gS\



9- jktho xkaèkh dh gR;k dc gqbZ Fkh\

(a) 21 ebZ 1992 (b) 21 ebZ 1991

(c) 21 ebZ 1993 (d) 21 ebZ 1994

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6-5 yksd lHkkµyksxksa dk lnu (Lok Sabha—The House of the People)

yksxksa dk lnu (The House of the People)] ftldks yksdfiz; :i esa yksd lHkk (Lok Sabha) osQ :i

esa tkuk tkrk gS] la?kh; laln dk izFke vkSj fuEu lnu gSA tSlk fd blosQ uke ls gh Li"V gksrk gS] ;g Hkkjr

osQ yksxksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA bldk pquko izR;{k :i esa yksxksa osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;g la?kh; laln dk

'kfDr'kkyh] yksdrU=kh; vkSj lEiw.kZ izfrfufèk lnu gS vkSj bl lEcUèk esa budh fLFkfr fczfV'k gkÅl vkWiQ

dkWeU”k tSlh gSA Hkkjrh; yksd lHkk dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;k¡ fczfV'k gkÅl vkWiQ dkWeU”k dh 'kfDr;ksa tSlh gh gSaA

yksd lHkk dh fLFkfr bruh 'kfDr'kkyh gS fd dbZ fo}ku~ rks bldks gh okLrfod laln dguk ilan djrs gSaA ijUrq

;g mfpr fVIi.kh ughaA fiQj Hkh] blls yksd lHkk dks Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk esa izkIr egÙoiw.kZ vkSj

'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr izdV gksrh gSA

1- jpuk (Composition)% 1950 essa tc lafoèkku ykxw gqvk] rc yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 500

fuf'pr dh xbZ FkhA 1956 esa lkrosa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;g la[;k 520 rd c<+k nh xbZA iqu% 1963 esa] 14osa

la'kksèku osQ }kjk lnL;ksa dh la[;k 525 rd c<+k nh xbZA buesa ls 500 lhVsa jkT;ksa esa jgrs yksxksa vkSj 25 lhVsa

osQUnz 'kkflr izns'kksa dh ck¡Vh xbZ FkhaA 31 osa la'kksèku fu;e }kjk] yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh vfèkd&ls&vfèkd

la[;k 550 fuf'pr dh xbZ ijUrq vktdy budh la[;k 545 gSA ftuesa ls 525 jkT;ksa esa ls vkSj 20 osQUnz 'kkflr

izns'kksa esa ls pqus tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 331 osQ vuqlkj ;fn jk"Vªifr dks fo'okl gks tk, fd

,aXyks&bafM;u leqnk; dks mfpr izfrfufèkRo ugha feyk rks og bl leqnk; osQ nks izfrfufèk yksd lHkk esa euksuhr

dj ldrk gSA yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 2010 lu~ rd 545 fuf'pr dh xbZ gSA (42osa la'kksèku dkuwu

1976 }kjk)A yksd lHkk es Hkh lafoèkku osQ }kjk fuf'pr vuqikr esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ

fy, lhVsa vkjf{kr j[kh xbZ gSaA

Table 6.2

yksd lHkk% lhVksa dk foHkktu(Lok Sabha : Allocation of Seats)

States/U.T. Total seats Reserved for Reserved forthe S.C. the S.T.

STATES:

Andhra Pradesh 5 34 3

Arunachal Pradesh 2 - -

Assam 1 10 3

Bihar 13 22 2

Goa 1 1 -

Gujarat 14 12 -

Haryana - 8 2

Himachal Pradesh - 4 -

Jammu and Kashmir - 4 2

Karnataka 18 8 2

Kerala - 1 19

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Madya Pradesh 24 4 1

Maharashtra 25 23 -

Manipur - 1 -

Meghalaya 1 - -

Mizoram 1 - -

Nagaland - - 1

Orrisa 18 3 -

Punjab 11 2 -

Rajasthan 21 4 -

Sikkim - - 1

Tamil Nadu 0 35 4

Tripura - 2 -

Uttar Pradesh 12 9 59

West Bengal 1 5 36

Chhattisgarh 10 1 -

Jharkhand 1 10 3

Uttaranchal 4 1 -

UNION TERRITORES :

Andaman and Nicobar - 1 -

Chandigarh - 1 -

Dadra & Nagar Haveli - 1 -

Delhi 1 6 -

Daman and Diu - 1 -

Lakshadweep 1 - -

Pondicherry - 1 -

II. yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko <ax (Method of Election of the Members of Lok

Sabha)% yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko fuEufyf[kr fl¼kUrksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gS%

(d) lkoZHkkkSfed o;Ld oksV vfèkdkj (Universal Adult Franchise)% 18 o"kZ ;k mlls vfèkddh vk;q okys O;fDr dks yksd lHkk pquko esa oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA igys vk;q dh ;g lhek 21o"kZ dh FkhA ijUrq oksV osQoy ogh ernkrk Mky ldrk gS ftldk uke ernkrk lwph esa ntZ gqvk gksA

([k) la;qDr fuokZpu&e.My (Joint Electorate System)% ernkrk la;qDr fuokZpu&e.My osQvkèkkj ij oksV Mkyrs gSa ftldk vFkZ gS fd lHkh ernkrk lk>s mEehnokjksa dks gh oksV Mkyrs gSa vkSj vyx&vyxlEiznk;ksa ls vius xBcUèku osQ vkèkkj ij ughaA leLr ns'k dks {ks=kh; pquko&{ks=kksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS vkSj izR;sdpquko {ks=k osQ lHkh ernkrk ,d izfrfufèk fuokZfpr djrs gSaA ijUrq oqQN pquko {ks=k vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj dchyksaosQ fy, vkjf{kr j[ks tkrs gSaA mudks vkjf{kr fuokZpu&{ks=k dgk gS vkSj ,sls pquko {ks=kksa esa osQoy vuqlwfpr tkfr;k dchys ls lEcUèk j[kus okys mEehnokj gh pquko yM+ ldrs gSaA ijUrq vkjf{kr pquko {ks=k esa Hkh lHkh ernkrkoksV Mkyrs gSaA

(x) ,d&lnL;h; pquko {ks=k (Single Member Constituencies)% leLr ns'k dks mrus pquko{ks=kksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gS ftrus fd yksd lHkk osQ lnL; pqus tkus gksrs gSa vkSj izR;sd pquko {ks=k esa ls ,d izfrfufèkpquk tkrk gSA pquko {ks=kksa dh fu'kkunsgh ,d lhekcanh vk;ksx (Delimaitation Commission) djrk gSftldh LFkkiuk izR;sd tux.kuk (Census) osQ i'pkr~ dh tkrh gSA

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(?k) pquko&{ks=k {ks=kh; pquko {ks=k gksrs gSaA (The Costituencies are Territorial Constitu-

encies)% pquko {ks=kksa dh lhekcanh lhek&fuèkkZj.k vk;ksx osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA lkekU; :i esa izR;sd pquko{ks=k dh tula[;k 5 yk[k ls 7-5 yk[k osQ chp gksrh gSA

(Ä) xqIr oksV (Secret Ballot)% yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko xqIr oksV osQ }kjk gksrk gS vkSj dksbZ ughaturk fd fdl ernkrk us fdlh mEehnokj osQ i{k esa oksV Mkyh gSA

(p) izR;{k pquko (Direct Election)% yksd lHkk osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dk pquko izR;{k <ax ls gksrk gSAizR;sd ernkrk vius pquko {ks=k esa [kM+s fdlh Hkh mEehnokj dks oksV Mky ldrk gSA og mEehnokj tks ml {ks=kesa [kM+s izfr;ksfx;ksa es ls lcls vfèkd er izkIr djrk gS] mldks ml {ks=k osQ yksxksa dk izfrfufèk fuokZfpr ekufy;k tkrk gSA

III. lnL;rk osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualifications for Membership): yksd lHkk dk pquko yM+usosQ fy, O;fDr esa fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg,a%

(1) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

(2) mldh vk;q 25 o"kZ ls de u gksA

(3) og la?k ;k jkT; ljdkj osQ vèkhu fdlh ykHkizn in ij dk;Z u dj jgk gksA

(4) og ikX+ky ;k fnokfy;k u gksA

(5) mldks dkuwu osQ }kjk fdlh U;k;ky; osQ }kjk fdlh vijkèk osQ fy, nks"kh u Bgjk;k x;k gksA

(6) og laln osQ dkuwu osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr dh xb± ;ksX;rk,¡ iw.kZ djrk gksA

IV. dk;Zdky (Term): yksd lHkk dk lkèkkj.k dk;Zdky ik¡p o"kZ dk gksrk gSA ladVdkyhu le; osQ nkSjku;g dk;Zdky ,d o"kZ osQ fy, c<+k;k Hkh tk ldrk gS ijUrq fiQj ladVdkyhu le; osQ lekIr gksus ls N% eghusosQ Hkhrj&Hkhrj yksd lHkk osQ rk”kk pquko djok, tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA 42osa la'kksèku }kjk] yksd lHkk dkdk;Zdky 6 o"kZ rd c<+k fn;k x;k Fkk ijUrq 44osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;g dk;Zdky iqu% 5 o"kZ dk dj fn;k x;kAjk"Vªifr yksd lHkk dk dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh bldks Hkax dj ldrk gS tSlk fd 1977] 1979] 1991]1997] 1998] 1999] vkSj 2004 esa fd;k x;k FkkA ;fn yksd lHkk osQ pquko] igyh yksd lHkk dk dk;Zdkyiwjk gksus ls igys djok, tk,a rks mudks eè;orhZ pquko dgk tkrk gSA ijUrq izR;sd ubZ yksd lHkk 5 o"kZ osQle; osQ fy, fuokZfpr dh tkrh gSA yksd lHkk dks Hkax djrs le; jk"Vªifr izèkkueU=kh osQ ijke'kZ vuqlkj dk;Zdjrk gSA izèkkueU=kh dks tc rd yksd lHkk esa cgqer izkIr gks] og jk"Vªifr dks u;k tukns'k izkIr djus osQ fy,yksd lHkk Hkax djuss osQ fy, dHkh Hkh flI+kQfj'k dj ldrk gSA ,slh izR;sd izkFkZuk jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk Lohdkj djyh tkrh gSA

V. cSBosaQ (Sessions): Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 85 osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh le; laln dh cSBdcqyk ldrk gS ijUrq laln dh nks cSBdksa esa N% eghuksa ls vfèkd dk vUrj ugha gks ldrkA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvkfd ,d o"kZ esa yksd lHkk dh de&ls&de nks cSBosaQ gksuh vko';d gksrh gSaA jk"Vªifr osQ ikl yksd lHkk osQvfèkos'ku cqykus] nh?kZdkyhu le; osQ fy, LFkfxr djus ;k Hkax djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA

VI. x.kiwfrZ (dksje) (Quorum): yksd lHkk dh ,d cSBd osQ fy, de&ls&de 1@10 lnL;ksa dhmifLFkfr vfuok;Z gksrh gSA ;fn yksd lHkk osQ 1@10 lnL; cSBd esa mifLFkr u gksa rks lnu dk Lihdj x.kiwfrZla[;k osQ de gksus osQ dkj.k cSBd dks mBk ldrk gSA

VII. yksd lHkk osQ vfèkdkjh] Lihdj vkSj fMIVh Lihdj (Presiding Officers of Lok Sabha,

Speaker and Deputy Speaker): Lihdj gh yksd lHkk dk vè;{k vkSj vè;{krk djus okyk

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vfèkdkjh gksrk gSA Lihdj dk pquko yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk vius esa ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd ubZyksd lHkk viuh igyh cSBd esa vius esa ls gh ,d lnL; dks Lihdj vkSj nwljs dks fMIVh Lihdj osQ :i esafuokZfpr djrh gSA Lihdj yksd lHkk dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gS] lnu dh dk;Zokgh lapkfyr djrk gSvkSj lnu esa vuq'kklu vkSj e;kZnk LFkkfir j[krk gSA lnu esa mldh lÙkk loksZPp gksrh gSA og lnu esa jktuhfrd:i esa fu"i{k O;fDr osQ :i esa O;ogkj djrk gSA Lihdj dh vuqifLFkfr esa mlosQ drZO; fMIVh Lihdj osQ }kjkfuHkk, tkrs gSaA Lihdj vkSj fMIVh Lihdj nksuksa osQ laln esa ls vuqifLFkr gksus dh ifjfLFkfr esa vè;{k O;fDr;ksadh lwph esa ls dksbZ O;fDr cSBd dh vè;{krk djrk gSA 14oha yksd lHkk us Jh lkseukFk pVthZ dks viuk LihdjvkSj Jh lh- ,l- vVoky dks mi&Lihdj fuokZfpr fd;kA

VIII. yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk osru] HkÙks vkSj iSa'ku (Salary, Allowances and Pension of

Members): yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks laln osQ }kjk fuf'pr ekfld osru vkSj HkÙks feyrs gSa vkSj ;fn ,dlnL; de&ls&de 5 o"kZ rd yksd lHkk dk lnL; jgrk gS rks mldks iSa'ku Hkh feyrh gSA

IX. fo'ks"k vfèkdkj (Special Privileges): yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks oqQN fo'ks"k vfèkdkj izkIr gSaAmudks lnu esa vius fopkj izLrqr djus dh iw.kZ LorU=krk gksrh gSA muosQ }kjk lnu esa dgh xbZ fdlh Hkh ckrij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk ldrhA cSBd osQ nkSjku] blls 40 fnu igys vkSj ckn esa mudks fdlh nhokuhnks"k osQ vèkhu canh ugha cu ;k tk ldrkA iQkStnkjh ekeyksa esa mudks osQoy rHkh fxjÝrkj fd;k tk ldrk gS;fn Lihdj dks blosQ ckjs esa lwpuk nh xbZ gksA ikVhZ vuq'kklu osQ dkj.k yksd lHkk osQ lnL; dks vius nydh uhfr osQ vuqlkj gh dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA vius ny osQ }kjk tkjh fd, x, fOgi (Whip) osQ vuqlkj ernkuesa Hkkx ysuk iM+rk gS ugha rks muosQ fo#¼ vuq'kklfud dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA

X. fojksèkh i{k osQ usrk dks ljdkjh ekU;rk (Official Recognition to the Leader of Oppo-

sition): baXySaM esa fojksèkh i{k osQ usrk dks fo'ks"k ljdkjh ekU;rk izkIr gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh] fczVsu osQ leku18 vxLr 1977 dks laln ls lEcfUèkr dkuwu ikl fd;k x;k vkSj blosQ vuqlkj lnu esa fojksèkh ny osQ usrkdks ljdkjh ekU;rk fn, tkus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA fojksèkh ny osQ usrk dks os lHkh lqfoèkk,¡ miyCèk gksrh gSaAtks oSQfcusV osQ efU=k;ksa dks izkIr gksrh gSaA ch- ts- ih- usrk Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h 11oha yksd lHkk esa fojksèkhi{k osQ ljdkjh ekU;rk izkIr usrk Fks vkSj 12oha yksd lHkk esa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) osQ Jh 'kjn iokj fojks/h i{k dhusrk osQ :i esa ekU;rk feyhA 14oha yksd lHkk esa Hkktik osQ lakln vkSj usrk Jh ,y-osQ- vkMok.kh fojks/h nyosQ usrk osQ in ij vklhu gksdj mHkjsA 15oha yksdlHkk esa Hkh ;w-ih-, dk opZLo jgkA

Table 6.3

15oha yksdlHkk vke pquko 2009 {ks=kokj ifj.kke

jkT; ,oa lhVsa jktuhfrd ny thrh xbZ lhVksa dh la[;k

Indian National Congress 33

Andhra Pradesh (42) Telugu Desam Party 6

Telangana Rashtra Samithi 2

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul 1Muslimeen

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Arunachal Pradesh (2) Indian National Congress 2


Bharatiya Janata Party 4

Assam (14) Assam United Democratic Front 1

Asom Gana Parishad 1

Bodaland Peoples Front 1

Janata Dal (United) 20


Bihar (40) Rashtriya Janata Dal 4


Independent 2

Chhattisgarh (11) Bharatiya Janata Party 10

Indian National Congree 1

Goa (2) Bharatiya Janata Party 1


Gujarat (26) Bharatiya Janata Party 15


Haryana (10) Indian National Congress 9

Haryana Janhit Congress 1

Himachal Pradesh (4) Bharatiya Janata Party 3


Jammu and Kashmir (6) Jammu and Kashmir 3National Conference


Independent 1


Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 2

Jharkhand (14) Indian National Congress 1

Jharkhand Vikas Morcha 1(Prajatantrik)

Independent 2

Karnataka (28) Bharatiya Janata Party 19


Janata Dal (Secular) 3

cont.

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Kerala (20) Left Democratic Front 4

Indian Union Muslim League 2

Kerala Congress (Mani) 1


Madhya Pradesh (29) Indian National Congress 12

Bahujan Samaj Party 1


Shiv Sena 11

Maharashta (48) Bharatrya Janata Party 9

Nationalist Congress Party 8

Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi 1

Swabhimani Paksha 1

Independent 1

Manipur (2) Indian National Congress 2

Meghalaya (2) Indian National Congress 1

Nationalist Congress Party 1

Mizoram (1) Indian National Congress 1

Nagaland (1) Nagaland People’s Front 1

Biju Janata Dal 14

Orissa (21) Indian National Congress 6

Communist Party of India 1


Punjab (13) Shiromani Akali Dal 4



Rajasthan (25) Bharatiya Janata Party 4

Independent 1

Sikkim (1) Sikkim Democratic Front 1

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 18

All India Anna Dravida 9Munnetra Kazhagam

India National Congress 8

cont.

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Tamil Nadu (39) Communist Party of India 1

Communist Party of India (Marxist) 1

Marumalarchi Dravida 1Munnetra Kazhagam

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 1

Tripura (2) Communist Party of India 2(Marxist)

Samajwadi Party 23


Uttar Pradesh (80) Bahujan Samaj Party 20


Rashtriya Lok Dal 5

Independent 1

Uttarakhand (5) Indian National Congress 5

All India Trinamool Congress 19

Left Front 15

West Bengal (42) Indian National Congress 6


Socialist Unity Centre of India 1

Territory (≠ of seats) Party Seats won

Andaman and Nicobar Bharatiya Janata Party 1Island (1)

Chandigarh (1) Indian National Congress 1

Daman and Diu (1) Bharatiya Janata Party 1

Delhi (7) Indian National Congress 7

Lakshadweep (1) Indian National Congress 1

Puducherry (1) Indian National Congress 1



10- yksd lHkk laln dk --------- lnu gSA

11- orZeku le; esa yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k --------- gSA

12- yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko --------- iz.kkyh }kjk gksrk gSA

13- yksd lHkk dk lnL; cus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q lhek --------- gksA

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6-6 yksd lHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of Lok Sabha)

yksdlHkk dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;ks± dks fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kdksa osQ vèkhu o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1- oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ (Legislative Powers): ,d lkèkkj.k fcy osQoy rHkh dkuwu cu ldrk gS ;fnbldks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk ikl fd;k x;k gksA bldks yksd lHkk ;k jkT; lHkk fdlh esa Hkh is'k fd;ktk ldrk gSA tc ;g ,d lnu osQ }kjk ikl gks tkrk gS rks bldks nwljs lnu esa Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA nksuksa lnuksa}kjk ikl fd, tkus osQ i'pkr~] jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kj ls ;g dkuwu cu tkrk gSA pkgs fd lkèkkj.k fcy lalnosQ nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh lnu esa Hkh is'k fd, tk ldrs gSa ijUrq yxHkx 90% fcy yksd lHkk esa gh is'kfd, tkrs gSaA igys yksd lHkk budks ikl djrh gS vkSj ckn esa jkT; lHkkA ;fn jkT; lHkk ,sls fdlh fcy dksjí dj nsrh gS ;k la'kksèku lfgr yksd lHkk osQ ikl okil Hkstk nsrh gS rks yksd lHkk iqu% fcy ij fopkj djrhgSA ;fn dksbZ fcy yksd lHkk osQ }kjk iqu% ikl dj fn;k tk, ijUrq jkT; lHkk vHkh Hkh bldks ikl djus osQfy, rS;kj u gks rks xfrjksèk (Deadlock) iSnk gks tkrk gSA ;fn ,sls xfrjksèk dk N% eghus rd lekèkku u gkslosQ rks jk"Vªifr nksuksa lnuksa dh lk>h cSBd cqykrk gS vkSj ,slh cSBd esa tks fu.kZ; gks tkrk gS mlosQ vuqlkjfcy osQ HkkX; dk fu.kZ; gks tkrk gSA nksuksa osQ lk>s vfèkos'ku osQ <ax osQ }kjk fojksèk nwj djus dk <ax yksd lHkkosQ i{k esa jgrk gS D;ksafd yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k ls vfèkd yxHkxnqxuh gksrh gS vkSj lk>s vfèkos'ku esa] yksd lHkk] vfèkd lnL;ksa osQ dkj.k gkoh gh jgrh gSA nksuksa lnuksa dhlk>h cSBd dh vè;{krk yksd lHkk dk Lihdj djrk gSA blosQ fy, lkèkkj.k dkuwu cukus osQ lEcUèk esa Hkhyksd lHkk dh fLFkfr vPNh vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSA

2- dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k¡ (Executive Powers): Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 75 (3) osQ vuqlkj]¶efU=k&ifj"kn~ lkewfgd :i esa yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gSA¸ (Council of Ministers shall be

collectively responsible to the House of the people): efU=k&ifj"kn~ viuh izR;sd =kqfV] mis{kk vkSjvogsyuk osQ lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA eU=kh rc rd vius in ij jg ldrsgSa tc rd fd mudks yksd lHkk esa cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr jgrk gSA izèkkueU=kh lkekU; :i esa yksd lHkk dkgh lnL; gksrk gS ijUrq vc ;g vko';d ughaA yksd lHkk dHkh Hkh efU=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl izLrko ikldjosQ mudks in ls gVk ldrh gSA bl rjg efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ thou vkSj e`R;q dk fu.kZ; yksd lHkk osQ gkFk esagksrk gSA yksd lHkk dbZ <axksa osQ }kjk efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks vius izfr mÙkjnk;h cukrh gS tSlk fd iz'kklu osQ lHkhekeyksa ls lEcfUèkr iz'u iwN dj] muosQ }kjk viukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djosQ] dVkSrh izLrko] fuankizLrko vkSj vfo'okl izLrko ikl djosQ vkSj ljdkj osQ lkèkkj.k fcy vkSj èku ls lEcfUèkr fcy jí djosQA;fn yksd lHkk (i) oSQfcusV dh fdlh uhfr ;k fu.kZ; dks jí dj ns ;k ljdkj dk dksbZ ctV ;k fcy Lohdkju djs] ;k (ii) izèkkueU=kh os fo#¼ vfo'okl dk oksV ikl dj ns rks bldks leLr efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fo#¼vfo'okl dk izLrko eku fy;k tkrk gS vkSj leLr efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks gh R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA 12 vizSy]1997 dks izèkkueU=kh ,p-Mh- nsosxkSM+k osQ }kjk is'k fd, x, fo'okl osQ izLrko dks yksd lHkk dk leFkZu ufeyus ij twu] 1996 esa cuh lk>s ekspsZ dh igyh ljdkj fxj xbZ FkhA vizSy] 1999 esa ch-ts-ih- xBcaèku ljdkjHkh yksd lHkk esa ls ,d fo'okl dk izLrko izkIr djus esa vliQy jgh vkSj 17 viSzy] 1999 dks izèkkueU=khJh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us viuh ljdkj dk R;kx&i=k jk"Vªifr dks is'k dj fn;kA bl izdkj yksd lHkk osQikl ljdkj dks in ls gVkus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSSA

3- foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Financial Powers)µfoÙkh; ekeyksa osQ lEcUèk esa yksd lHkk dks mÙke fLFkfr izkIrgS D;ksafd foÙk ls lEcfUèkr lHkh fcy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tkrs gSaA yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd, tkusij ,sls fcy jkT; lHkk esa Hksts tkrss gSaA yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd;k x;k dksbZ foÙkh; fcy jkT; lHkk osQ }kjk

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vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 14 fnu osQ le; osQ fy, gh jksdk tk ldrk gSA ;fn jkT; lHkk fdlh foÙkh; fcy dks ikldjus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS ;k jkT; lHkk esas foÙkh; fcy Hksts tkus dh frfFk ls 14 fnu O;rhr gks tk,a rks ;geku fy;k tkrk gS fd bldks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa us ikl dj fn;k gS vkSj bldks LohÑfr osQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQikl Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA dksbZ fo'ks"k fcy foÙkh; fcy gS ;k ugha] bldk fu.kZ; yksd lHkk dk Lihdkj djrkgSA mldk fu.kZ; vafre gksrk gS vkSj bldks yksd lHkk osQ ikl dj yxkus ;k dksbZ dj lekIr djus vkSj jk"Vªdh foÙkh; uhfr;ksa ij fu;U=k.k djus ls lEcfUèkr ekeyksa ij vafre vfèkdkj gksrk gSA yksd lHkk jk"Vª osQ foÙkdh okLrfod Lokeh vkSj lajf{kdk gksrh gSA

4- U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ (Judicial Powers)µyksd lHkk dbZ U;kf;d 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh fuHkkrh gSA jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼nks"k yxkus dh dk;Zokgh laln osQ cgqer ls izLrko ikl djosQ jk"Vªifr dks mlosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSAblosQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ mi&jk"Vªifr osQ fo#¼ jkT; lHkk osQ }kjk yxk, x, nks"kksa dh Hkh tk¡p dh tkrh gSA ;gjkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa ls feydj loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k fdlh jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ fdlh U;k;k/h'k dksgVkus dk izLrko Hkh ikl dj ldrh gSA ;g la;qDr :i esa jk"Vªifr dks fo'ks"k izLrko osQ }kjk jkT; osQ oqQNfo'ks"k mPp vfèkdkfj;ksa tSlk fd vVkjuh tujy] eq[; pquko vk;qDr] Hkkjrh; dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVj tujydks gVkus osQ fy, Hkh izLrko ikl dj ldrh gSA ;g fdlh lnL; ;k fdlh O;fDr osQ fo#¼ vuq'kklfuddk;Zokgh dj ldrh gS tks lnu dh ekugkfu djus dk nks"kh gksA

5- fuokZpu dk;Z (Electora Functions)µyksd lHkk oqQN fuokZpu dk;Z Hkh fuiVkrh gSA yksd lHkk jk"VªifrosQ pquko esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; Hkkjr osQ mijk"Vªifr dk fuokZpu djrs gSaA yksdlHkk osQ lnL; vius esas ls gh nks lnL;ksa dks Øe'k% Lihdj vkSj mi&Lihdkj dk fuokZpu Hkh djrs gSaA

6- la'kksèku 'kfDr;k¡ (Amendment Powers)µlafoèkku esa la'kksèku fcy fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tkldrk gSA ijUrq bldks rc gh ikl le>k tkrk gS tc nksuksa lnu bldks leku :i esa vkSj lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn368 dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj ikl dj nsrs gSaA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk] nksuksa gh ,d leku lafo/ku la'kksèkudh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

7- ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kk s"k.kk dh LohÑfr ( Approval of the declaration of

Emergency)µHkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr rhu izdkj dh ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrkgSµjk"Vªh; ladVdky fLFkfr (vuqPNsn 352)] jkt@jkT;ksa esa laoSèkkfud ladVdky fLFkfr (vuqPNsn 356) vkSjfoÙkh; ladVdky fLFkfr (vuqPNsn 360)A ijUrq ladVdky fLFkfr dh ,slh izR;sd ?kks"k.kk dks djrs le; yksdlHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk nksuksa dh LohÑfr izkIr djuh vko';d gksrh gSA ;fn ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk osQ le;yksd lHkk Hkax gks xbZ gks rks bldh LohÑfr jkT; lHkk ls djok yh tkrh gS] ijUrq ubZ yksd lHkk osQ vfLrRoesa vkus osQ i'pkr~ ladVdky fLFkfr osQ ?kks"k.kk dks 30 fnuksa osQ Hkhrj blls Hkh Lohdkj djokuk vko';d gksrkgS] ugha rks ?kks"k.kk dks jí le>k tkrk gSA

8- yksd lHkk dh oqQN vU; 'kfDr;k¡ (Some other Powers of Lok Sabha)µmi;qZDr 'kfDr;k¡ j[kusosQ lkFk&lkFk yksd lHkk oqQN vU; dk;Z Hkh djrh gS% (d) jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk tkjh fd, x, vè;kns'kksa dksLohdkj ;k jí djuk] ([k) jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu djuk] u, jkT;ksa dks cukuk vkSj fdlh jkT; dk ukecny nsuk] (x) loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; osQ vfèkdkj {ks=k ifjofrZr djuk] (?k) laln vkSj jkT;foèkkuikfydkvksa osQ lnL; dh ;ksX;rkvksa esa ifjorZu djuk] (Ä) laln osQ lnL;ksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙkksa esa la'kks/udjuk] vkSj (p) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa osQ fy, la;qDr yksd lsok vk;ksx LFkkfir djukA ;g jkT; fo/kulHkkosQ mifj lnu dks Hkax djus ;k iqu% LFkkfir djus osQ fy, Hkh izLrko ikl dj ldrh gSA

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yksd lHkk dh fLFkfr (Position of the Lok Sabha)µyksd lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk vè;;u djusosQ i'pkr~ ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd yksd lHkk vFkkZr~ laln] cgqr gh 'kfDr'kkyh lnu gSA efU=k&ifj"kn~yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS] jkT; lHkk osQ izfr ughaA efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ lnL; yksd lHkk dk jk"V osQfoÙk ij iw.kZ fu;U=k.k gksrk gSA lkèkkj.k dkuwu cukus osQ ekeyksa esa Hkh yksd lHkk dh gh fLFkfr izHkkoh gS D;ksafdyxHkx 90» fcy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tkrs gSa vkSj nksuksa lnuksa esa fdlh >xM+s osQ lekèkku osQ le; la;qDrcSBd dh fofèk yksd lHkk osQ gh i{k esa gSA yksd lHkk dk;Zikfydk ij fu;U=k.k j[krh gSA loZizFke izèkkueU=khlkekU; :i esa yksd lHkk ls gh gksrk FkkA yksd lHkk vfo'okl dk izLrko ikl djosQ ;k ljdkj dh uhfr ;kdkuwu dks jí djosQ efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks Hkax dj ldrh gSA

D;ksafd yksd lHkk dk fuokZpu izR;{k :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] blosQ fy, ;g jk"Vª dk izfrfufèkRo djus okyk lnugksrk gS vkSj okLro esa gh yksd lHkk Hkkjrh; turk dh izHkqlÙkk dks izdV djrh gSA


fuEu esa lR;@vlR; crk,¡

14- Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 75 (1) osQ vuqlkj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ lkewfgd :i ls yksd lHkk osQ izfrmÙkjnk;h gSA

15- yxHkx 90 izfr'kr fcy jkT; lHkk esa gh is'k fd;s tkrs gSaaA

6-7 yksd lHkk dk Lihdj (Speaker of the Lok Sabha)

yksd lHkk esa Lihdj cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh O;fDr gksrk gSA og lnu osQ vUnj loksZPp lÙkkèkkjh gksrk gSA ns'k osQloksZPp O;fDr;ksa esa mldk 7oka LFkku gS vkSj mldks Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k osQ leku Lrj izkIr gksrk gSALihdj yksd lHkk dh loksZPprk dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS] mldk in cgqr xkSjo okyk gksrk gS ftldk lHkhlnL;ksa osQ }kjk bl lhek rd Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gS fd tc Lihdj lnu esa [kM+k gksrk gS rks vU; dksbZ HkhlnL; lnu esa [kM+k ugha gksrk vkSj tc og cksyrk gS rks vU; dksbZ Hkh ugha cksyrk] lHkh mldks lqurs gSaA iafMrtokgj yky usg: osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶Lihdj lnu dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA og lnu osQ xkSjo dk izfrfufèkRo djrkgS vkSj D;ksafd lnu ,d fo'ks"k <ax ls jk"Vª dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS bl izdkj Lihdj ns'k dh LorU=krk dkizrhd cu tkrk gSA¸ (The Speaker represents the House. He represents the dignity of theHouse and because the House represents the nation, in a particular way, the Speakerbecomes the symbol of Nation’s freedom and liberty.) yksd lHkk osQ HkwriwoZ Lihdj gqde flagus ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ¶Lihdj ns'k osQ lcls mPp inksa esa ls ,d in laHkkyrk gSA¸ (The Speaker holdsone of the highest offices of the land.)

(i) Lihdj dj pquko (Election of the Speaker)µyksd lHkk dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djus osQfy, blosQ lHkh lnL;ksa osQ }kjk ,d O;fDr dks vè;{k osQ :i esa fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk gS mldks yksd lHkkdk Lihdj dgk tkrk gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 93 osQ vuqlkj] ¶yksxkssa osQ lnu (yksd lHkk) osQ }kjk ftruhtYnh gks losQ] lnu osQ nks lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu Lihdj vkSj mi&Lihdj osQ :i esa fd;k tk,xkA¸

vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ ubZ ljdkj cuus ij Lihdkj dk pquko lnu osQ }kjk viuh izFke cSBd esa fd;k tkrkgSA lkekU; :i esa Lihdj dk fuokZpu loZlEefr ls fd;k tkrk gSA fojksèkh nyksa osQ usrkvksa ls ijke'kZ osQ i'pkr~cgq&la[;k okys ny osQ usrk osQ }kjk Lihdj dk uke izLrkfor fd;k tkrk gSA bl izLrko dk fojksèkh ny osQ

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usrk osQ }kjk leFkZu fd;k tkrk gSA Lihdj dk pquko rHkh gksrk gS ;fn lnu esa cgqer okys ny vkSj vU; nybl eqís ij vlger gksaA 1976 esa Lihdj osQ in osQ fy, dkaxszl (vkbZ) osQ mEehnokj Jh ckyh jke Hkxr dhfot; gqbZ FkhA 9oha yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj Jh jfo js FksA Jh f'ko jkt ikfVy 10oha yksd lHkk vkSj Jh ih-,-laxek 11oha yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj Jh jfo js FksA blh izdkj 12oha yksd lHkk esa Jh cky;ksxh Lihdj vkSj Jhih-,l- lbZn pqus x, FksA ijUrq ckn esa tc ,d gokbZ gknls esa Jh cky;ksxh dh e`R;q gks xbZ rks yksd lHkk usvius fy, u;k Lohdj fuokZfpr fd;kA Jh euksgj tks'kh yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj fuokZfpr fd, x,A Jh ih-,e-lbZn igys osQ leku gh mi&Lihdj cus jgsA (Jh th-oh- ekoyadj igyh yksd lHkk osQ igys Lihdj Fks)A

14oha yksd lHkk us Jh lkseukFk pVthZ dks Lihdj rFkk Jh pj.kthr flag vVoky dks mi&Lihdj loZlgefrls fuokZfpr fd;k rFkk orZeku esa py jgh 15oha yksd lHkk dh vè;{k Jherh ehjk oqQekj gSaA

(ii) ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualifications)µLihdj osQ in osQ fy, vkSipkfjd ;ksX;rk,¡ fuf'pr ugha dh xbZAlnu osQ }kjk yksd lHkk osQ fdlh Hkh fo|eku lnL; dks Lihdj pquk tk ldrk gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd yksdlHkk osQ lnL; cuus osQ fy, tks ;ksX;rk,¡ vko';d gSa] ogh ;ksX;rk,¡ Lihdj osQ in osQ fy, Hkh vko';d gSa]ijUrq okLro esa osQoy ,d vuqHkoh vkSj yksdfiz; yksd lHkk dk lnL; gh bl egku~ in osQ fy, fuokZfpr fd;ktkrk gSA

(iii) dk;Zdky (Tenure)µLihdj dk dk;Zdky yksd lHkk ftruk vFkkZr~ 5 o"kZ gksrk gS] ijUrq yksd lHkkHkax gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh og vius in ij cuk jgrk gSA og rc rd in ij cuk jgrk gS tc rd ubZ yksdlHkk viuk Lihdj ugha fuokZfpr dj ysrhA Lihdj viuk dk;Zdky iwjk gksus ls igys fdlh Hkh le; vius inls R;kx&i=k ns ldrk gSA

(iv) in ls gVkus dk <ax (Method of Removal)µHkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 94 esa dgk x;k gSfd ;fn Lihdj lnu dk lnL; ugha jgrk rks mldh Lihdj osQ :i esa lsok,¡ lekIr gks tkrh gSaA Lihdj Lo;aHkh vius in ls dHkh Hkh R;kx&i=k ns ldrk gSA yksd lHkk Lihdj dks in ls gVk Hkh ldrh gSA bl lEcUèkesa ;fn lnu dh cgqla[;k mldks in ls gVkus osQ ckjs esa izLrko ikl dj nsrh gSA rks Lihdj dks in NksM+uk iM+rkgSA ijUrq Lihdj osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl izLrko ykus ls 14 fnu igys ,slk izLrko ykus okyksa dks lnu dks ,duksfVl nsuk iM+rk gSA

(v) osru vkSj HkÙks (Salary and Allowances)µLihdj osQ osru vkSj HkÙks laln osQ }kjk fuf'pr fd,tkrs gSaA osru vkSj HkÙkksa osQ vfrfjDr mldks eqÝr fuokl] eqÝr MkWDVjh lgk;rk] ;k=kk HkÙkk vkSj vU; cgqr&lhlqfoèkk,¡ feyrh gSaA mldk osru lafpr fufèk (Consolidated Fund) esa ls fn;k tkrk gSA

Lihdj dh 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of the Speaker)

yksd lHkk dk Lihdj fuEufyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gS%

1- lnu dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk (To Preside Over the meetings of the House)µLihdj lnu dhcSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gS vkSj bldh dk;Zokgh pykrk gSA og nksuksa lnuksa dh lk>h cSBd dh Hkh vè;{krkdjrk gSA

2- lnu esa vuq'kklu LFkkfir j[kuk (To Maintain Discipline in the House)µLihdj lnu esavuq'kklu LFkkfir j[krk gSA ;fn dksbZ lnL; lnu dh dk;Zokgh esa fo?u Mkyuk gS ;k fo?u Mkyus dk iz;kldjrk gS rks Lihdj mldks psrkouh ns ldrk gS ;k mldks lnu ls ckgj tkus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA ;fn Lihdjfdlh lnL; dks vuq'kklu vkSj e;kZnk dk mYya?ku djus dk nks"kh ikrk gS rks og lEcfUèkr lnL; dh lnL;rkdks ,d fuf'pr le; osQ fy, LFkfxr dj ldrk gSA

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3- lnu dh dk;Z&lwph fuf'pr djuk (To Fix Agenda of the House)µLihdj lnu osQ vU; lnL;ksa]lfefr;ksa vkSj izèkkueU=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls lnu osQ vfèkos'ku dh dk;Z&lwph fuf'pr djrk gSA og lnu osQvyx&vyx izdkj osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, le; fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA

4- iz'u iwNs tkus osQ ckjs vkKk nsuk (To give Permission to ask Questions)µlnu dk izR;sdlnL; vyx&vyx ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh ysus osQ fy, efU=k;ksa ls vyx&vyx izdkj osQ iz'u iwN ldrkgS] ijUrq bl vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus ls igys mldks Lihdj ls vkKk ysuh iM+rh gSA blls lEcfUèkr LihdjvfUre :i esa fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSj lnL;ksa dks lnu esa iz'u iwNus dh vkKk nsrk gSA

5- lnu dh dk;Zokgh pykuk (To Conduct the Business of the House)µLihdj lnu dh dk;Zokghpykrk gSA lnL;ksa dks fcy is'k djus] è;ku fnykvks izLrko vkSj dk;Z jksdks izLrko j[kus dh vkKk nsrk gSA oglnu esa lnL;ksa dks ekU;rk nsrk gS] lnu esa cksyus dh vkKk nsrk gS] lnu esa cgl osQ fy, le; fuf'pr djrkgSA ekeyksa ij oksV Myokrk gS vkSj ernku osQ ifj.kkeksa dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA xSj&lalnh; Hkk"kk iz;ksx djus osQfy, og lnL;ksa dks psrkouh ns ldrk gS vkSj ,slh fVIi.kh dks fjdkMZ esa ls fudkyus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA

6- fu;eksa dh O;k[;k (Interpretation of Rules)µlnu dk dk;Z dk;Zokgh osQ fuf'pr fu;eksa osQ vuqlkjpyk;k tkrk gSA ;fn lnu osQ fu;eksa osQ ckjs esa dksbZ fookn gks tk, rks Lihdj O;k[;k djrk gS vkSj bu fu;eksadks ykxw djrk gSA Lihdj osQ }kjk fu;eksa dh] dh xbZ O;k[;k vafre gksrh gS vkSj mldks fdlh Hkh U;k;ky;esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA

7- lnu dh dk;Zokgh LFkfxr djuk (To Adjourn the House)µ;fn lnu dk dksje iwjk u gks ;k ;fnlnL;ksa osQ vuqfpr O;ogkj osQ dkj.k lnu dk dk;Z pyk lduk laHko u gks ;k vU; fdlh mís'; ;k oqQNxEHkhj ekeys ij Lihdj lnu dh cSBd LFkfxr dj ldrk gSA

8- foÙk fcy osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; (Decision about a Money Bill)µ;fn fdlh fcy osQ foÙk fcy gksus ;ku gksus osQ ckjs esa fookn iSnk gks tk, rks blosQ lEcUèk esa Lihdj osQ }kjk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA mldk fu.kZ;vafre gksrk gksrk gS vkSj bldks lnu esa ;k mlls ckgj pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrhA

9- fcy is'k djus dh vkKk nsuk (To give Permission for the introduction of Bills)µ;fn lnuesa fcy is'k djuk gks rks Lihdj dh vkKk ysuk vko';d gksrh gSA Lihdj dh vkKk ls gh dksbZ lnL; ;k ,deU=kh lnu esa fcy is'k dj ldrk gSA

10- fu.kkZ;d oksV Mkyuk (To Exercise a Casting Vote)µLihdj lnu dh cgl vkSj fopkj&foe'kZ esaHkkx ugha ysrkA og fcyksa ij oksV Mkyrs le; Hkh oksV ugha Mkyrk] ijUrq ;fn fdlh fcy ij er cjkcj gkstk,a rks og viuh fu.kkZ;d oksV Mky ldrk gSA

11- lnu osQ lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk (Protection of the Privileges of the Membersof the House)µlnu osQ lnL;ksa osQ oqQN fo'ks"k vfèkdkj gSa ftudh j{kk Lihdj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA LihdjosQ }kjk lnL;ksa osQ vfèkdkjksa ls lEcfUèkr lHkh >xM+ksa osQ ekeys fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa osQ ckjs lfefr dks Hksts tkrsgSaA bl lfefr osQ lq>ko ;k bPNk osQ vuqlkj Lihdj buls lEcfUèkr fu.kZ; ysrk gSA bl izdkj Lihdj lnL;ksaosQ fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dk j[kokyk gksrk gSA og fo'oluh; cukrk gS fd lnL;ksa osQ }kjk efU=k;ksa osQ }kjk efU=k;ksadks iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mÙkj Bhd vkSj le; ij feysaA

12- jk"Vªifr vkSj laln osQ chp lEioZQ lw=k (Link between the President and theParliament)µyksd lHkk osQ lnL; Lihdj osQ ekè;e ls gh jk"Vªifr rd igq¡p dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkjLihdj jk"Vªifr vkSj laln osQ chp lEioZQ lw=k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

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13- n'kZd xSyjh ij fu;U=k.k (Control Over Visitors’ Gallary)µLihdj n'kZdksa dh xSyjh ij fu;U=k.kj[krk gSA og n'kZdksa dks lnu dh xSyjh esa cSBus dh vkKk ns ldrk gS vkSj vuqfpr O;ogkj ;k 'kksj&'kjkcs osQdkj.k mudks xSyjh ls ckgj tkus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA

14- lnu dh lfefr;ksa ls lEcfUèkr Hkwfedk (Role regarding the Committees of the House)µlnuosQ dk;Z dk i;kZIr Hkkx lnu dh lfefr;ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA Lihdj bu lfefr;ksa osQ xBu ls lEcfUèkregÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA og oqQN egÙoiw.kZ lfefr;ksa tSls dkjksckj ijke'kZnkrk lfefr (BusinessAdvisory Committee)] fu;e lfefr vkfn dk vè;{k Hkh gksrk gSA

15- iz'kkldh; dk;Z (Administrative Functions)µLihdj osQ cgqr&ls iz'kklfud mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrs gSaAyksd lHkk osQ lfpoky; ij mldk vafre :i esa fu;U=k.k gksrk gSA og lfpoky; osQ deZpkjh fu;qDr djrkgS] mudh lsok osQ fu;e fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj muosQ dk;Z dh fuxjkuh djrk gSA lnu dh dk;Zokgh osQ fjdkMZls lEcfUèkr laHkky dk mÙkjnkf;Ro Lihdj dk gksrk gSA

VkLd yksdlHkk osQ vè;{k dks izkIr 'kfDr;ksa ij vius er izLrqr dhft,A

Lihdj dh fLFkfr (Position of the Speaker)

Lihdj dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk foLr`r vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gSa fd Lihdjdh lEekutud fLFkfr gSA Lihdj dk ;g izeq[k mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og lnu dh dk;Zokgh bl <ax ls pyk,rkfd yksd lHkk esa dk;Z fu;fer <ax ls gks losQA og lnu osQ ,d izfrfufèk vkSj usrk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrkgSA og blosQ fu"i{k vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA Lihdj bl Å¡ps in ij fuokZfpr gks tkus osQ i'pkr~ viusny dh lnL;rk ls R;kx&i=k rks ugha nsrk] ijUrq og viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fujis{krk ls djrk gSA lnu esaog u gh cgqla[; vkSj u gh fojksèkh i{k osQ O;fDr osQ :i essa O;ogkj djrk gSA og lnu osQ O;fDr osQ :iesa O;ogkj djrk gS tks lnu dh eku&e;kZnk LFkkfir j[kus osQ fy, opuc¼ gksrk gSA

yksd lHkk osQ igys Lihdj th-ih- ekoyadj us ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ¶pkgs eSa dkaxzsl dk lnL; gw¡ ijUrq ;g esjkdÙkZO; vkSj iz;kl gksxk fd eSa lnu osQ lHkh lnL;ksa vkSj oxks± ls U;k; vkSj lekurk okyk O;ogkj d:¡A¸(Though a Congressman, it would be my duty and effort to deal with all the membersand sections of the House with justice and equality.) Lihdj lnu osQ lnL;ksa osQ fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksadh j{kk djrk gS tSlk fd ,d ifjokj dk eqf[k;k ifjokj osQ vU; lnL;ksa osQ fgrksa dh ns[kHkky djrk gSA ,e-oh- ik;yh osQ 'kCnksa esa ¶Lihdj lnL;ksa ossQ O;fDrxr lkeF;Z esa ;k lewg ;k ny osQ vkèkkj ij vfèkdkjksa vkSjfo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dk j{kd vkSj laj{kd gksrk gSA FkksMs+ 'kCnksa esa Lihdj viuh 'kfDr;ksa] dk;Zokgh pykus ij viusin osQ lEeku osQ :i esa lnu dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA¸ (The Speaker is thus the guardian andcustodian of the rights and privileges of the members in their individual capacity or onthe group or party basis. The Speaker, in short, is the representative of House itself inits powers, proceedings and dignity.)

lHkh Lihdjksa th-oh- ekoyadj] vUukFkkl;uke vk;axj] lathok jsM~Mh] xq#n;ky flag f<Yyksa] gqde flag] osQ-,e-gsxM+s] ch-vkj- Hkxr] cyjke vkSj lksekFk pSVthZ tk[kM+] jfo js] Jh f'kojkt ikfVy] Jh ih-,- laxek] Jhcky;ksxh] Jh euksgj tks'kh us fcuk i{kikr fd, fujis{krk ls dk;Z fd;k gSA orZeku Lihdj Jherh ehjk oqQekjHkh vius in osQ dÙkZO; vkSj dk;Z fuiq.krk vkSj oLrqfu"Brk ls fuHkk jgs gSaA

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ysfdu Hkkjrh; yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj dh jktuhfrd fujis{krk osQoy lnu osQ vanj gh gksrh gSA og Lihdj cuusosQ i'pkr~ Hkh viuh jktuhfrd ikVhZ dk lnL; cuk jgrk gS vkSj viuk dk;Zdky iw.kZ djus osQ i'pkr~ ;k yksdlHkk Hkax gksus osQ i'pkr~ og Hkh pquko yM+rk gS Hkkjrh; yksd lHkk dk Lihdj fczfV'k dkWeu lnu osQ Lihdjdh rjg jktuhfr ls laU;kl ugha ysrk ijUrq og lnu dh dk;Zokgh pykrs le; ,d fu"i{k n`f"Vdks.k osQ vuqlkjdh dk;Z djrk gSA th-oh- ekoyadj osQ }kjk LFkkfir js[kkvksa vkSj ijEijkvksa osQ vuqlkj gh vkt rd yksd lHkkosQ lHkh Lihdjksa us yksd lHkk dh dk;Zokgh pykus esa lnSo fujis{krk viuk, j[kh gS vkSj bl izdkj Lihdj osQin dk iw.kZ lEeku vkt Hkh fo|eku gSA

yksd lHkk dk Lihdj vejhdh izfrfufèk lnu osQ Lihdj osQ leku u gh jktuhfroku gksrk gS vkSj u gh crkZfu;kosQ gkÅl vkWiQ dkWeu osQ Lihdj osQ leku jktuhfrd laU;klh gksrk gSA lnu ls ckgj vius jktuhfrd lEcUèkksadks dk;e j[krs gq,] ;gk¡ rd fd lqn`<+ cukrs gq, Hkh] Hkkjrh; Lihdj lnu esa fu"i{k ps;jeSu osQ :i esa dk;Zdjrk gSA og vius ny dk lnL; cus jgus osQ ckotwn ny jktuhfrv esa iM+us ls nwj jgrk gSA 1967 esa Jhlathok jsM~Mh us vius ny ls vius vki dks vyx dj fy;k vkSj 1969 esa xqjn;ky flag f<Yyksa us Hkh ,slkgh fd;kA

¶LFkk;h fu"i{k Lihdj¸ osQ fczfV'k ekWMy dh viuh lhek,¡ gSa vkSj iw.kZ :i ls jktuhfr esa jaxs gq, Lihdj osQvejhdh ekWMy osQ in dh Hkh viuh lhek,¡ gSaA Hkkjrh; ekWMy eè; ekxZ gS vkSj vkt rd bl izcUèk us iw.kZ:i ls vPNh izdkj ls dk;Z fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa Lihdj osQ in dks ,d mPp vkSjlEekutud in osQ :i esa Lihdkj fd;k x;k gSA izèkkueU=kh iafMr usg: osQ fuEufyf[kr 'kCn lnSo bl in vkSjHkkjrh; yksd lHkk esa Lihdj dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa yksdfiz; fopkjksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrs gSaµ¶Lihdjlnu (yksd lHkk) dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA og lnu dh 'kku] lnu dh LorU=krk dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSjD;ksafd lnu ,d fo'ks"k <ax ls jk"Vª dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gS] blfy, Lihdj jk"Vªh; LorU=krk vkSj LorU=krkdk izrhd cu tkrk gSA ;g dguk Bhd gS fd mlosQ in dh lEekfur fLFkfr gSA ,d LorU=k vfLrRo vkSj blin ij foy{k.k lkeF;Z vkSj fu"i{k O;fDrRo okyk O;fDr gh fojkteku gksuk pkfg,A¸ Jh usg: osQ ijke'kZ ijpyrs gq, yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dks pkfg, fd os lnSo Lihdj dk pquko djrs le; ny dh jktuhfr ls ÅijmB dj ,d ;ksX; vkSj vuqHkoh lnL; dks gh Lihdj osQ :i esa fuokZfpr djsaA

6-8 yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa lacaèk (Relation between Lok Sabha andRajya Sabha)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 79 esa dgk x;k gS fd ¶la?k dh ,d laln gksxh tks jk"Vªifr vkSj nks lnuksa] ftudksØeokj jkT;ksa dh dkSafly (jkT; lHkk) vkSj yksxksa dk lnu (yksd lHkk) dgk tk,xk] ij vk/kfjr gksxhA¸blosQ vuqlkj yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk la?kh; laln osQ nks lnu gSaA yksd lHkk fuEu lnu vkSj jkT; lHkk mifjlnu gSA yksd lHkk osQ lnL; izR;{k :i esa yksxksa osQ }kjk fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA bldh lhVksa dk foHkktutula[;k osQ vkèkkj ij gksrk gSA ;g jk"Vª dk leqfpr :i esa izfrfufèkRo djrh gS vkSj blosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k545 gSA jkT; lHkk Hkkjrh; la?k osQ jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA blosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 250 gS ftl esa ls238 jkT;ksa dh foèkkulHkkvksa osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSa vkSj 12 jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSaA jkT;ksa esa jkT;lHkk dh lhVksa dk foHkktu lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ,slk djrs le; tula[;k osQ rF; dks Hkhè;ku esa j[kk x;k gSA

,d nks&lnuh; laln lnSo nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp ?kfu"B lEcUèkksa dh LFkkiuk djus dh leL;k,¡ iSnk djrh gSAijUrq Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bl leL;k dks le>nkjh ls fuiVk;kA mUgksaus jkT; lHkk dks vejhdk lhusV

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osQ leku u rks vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k vkSj u gh crkZfu;k osQ gkÅl vkWiQ ykMZ dh rjg 'kfDrghu cuk;kAmUgksaus eè;ekxZ viuk;kA mUgksaus jkT; lHkk dks nwljk lnu cuk;k ijUrq nwljs ntsZ dk lnu ughaA mUgksaus yksdlHkk dks 'kfDr'kkyh lnu cuk;k ijUrq loZ'kfDreku lnu ughaA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ chp lEcUèkfuf'pr djrs le; lafoèkku fuekZrk nks lnuksa dks lfØ; Hkkxhnkj cukus ossQ mís'; ls izsfjr gq,A mUgksaus cgqrlw>&cw> ls yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk foHkktu fd;k vkSj yksdlHkk dks jkT;lHkk dh rqyuk esa vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh lnu cuk;kA

tc ge laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rks irk yxrk gS fd cgqr&ls {ks=kksa esa yksd lHkk vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh gS tcfd oqQN {ks=kksa esa jkT; lHkk dks fuf'pr :i esa fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA laln osQ nksuksa lnuksaosQ lEcUèkksa dk 3 cM+s 'kh"kZdksa osQ vèkhu fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS%

(d) yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk dh ,d&leku 'kfDr;k¡A

([k) jkT; lHkk ij yksd lHkk dh Js"BrkA

(x) jkT; lHkk dh yksd lHkk ij oqQN fo'ks"k 'kfDrA

(d) yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk dh leku 'kfDr;k¡ (Equal Powers of the Lok Sabha and the

Rajya Sabha)%

1- lkèkkj.k fcyksa osQ lEcUèk esa (Regarding Ordinary Bills)µtgk¡ rd lkèkkj.k fcyksa dk lEcUèk gSnksukssa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ leku gSaA ,d lkèkkj.k fcy nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrkgS vkSj bldks nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk ikl fd, fcuk ikl ugha le>k tk ldrkA ;fn nksukssa lnuksa osQ chp fdlhfcy osQ lEcUèk esa xfrjksèk iSnk gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g xfrjksèk 6 eghus ls vfèkd le; LFkkfir jgrk gS rks jk"Vªifrbldk lekèkku djus osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa dk lk>k vfèkos'ku cqykrk gSA ;fn bl vfèkos'ku esa fcy cgqer osQ}kjk ikl dj fn;k tkrk gS rks ;g vfUre :i esa ikl gks tkrk gSA lk>s vfèkos'ku dk fu.kZ; nksuksa lnu ekuusosQ fy, ikcan gksrs gSa] ijUrq yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh vfèkd la[;k Js"Brk mudks lk>s lnu dh cSBd ftldhvè;{krk Lihdj djrk gS] fd dk;Zokgh ij gkoh gksus osQ leFkZ cukrh gSA fiQj lk>s vfèkos'ku dh vè;{krkHkh yksd lHkk dk Lihdj gh djrk gSA ;g <ax jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa yksd lHkk osQ i{k esa gSA blosQ vfrfjDrdkuwuh vkSj lS¼kfUrd :i esa dksbZ Hkh fcy laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq okLroesa yxHkx lHkh egÙoiw.kZ fcy lnSo yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tkrs gSaA ,slk eq[; :i esa yksd lHkk osQ vfèkdizfrfufèk pfj=k osQ dkj.k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl rF; osQ dkj.k Hkh fd ljdkj osQ vfèkdrj eU=kh yksd lHkkls gh gksrs gSaA blls jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa yksd lHkk dk egÙo vfèkd jgrk gSA

2- laoSèkkfud la'kksèku ls lEcfUèkr (Regarding Constitutional Amendments)µlaoSèkkfud la'kksèkuosQ {ks=k esa nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ leku gSaA ,d laoSèkkfud la'kksèku fcy laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;ktk ldrk gS vkSj mldks rc rd ikl gqvk ugha le>k tkrk tc rd mldks nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk ,d lekufo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 368 osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr dk;Zokgh osQ vuqlkj ugha dj fy;k tkrkAlafoèkku esa nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp laoSèkkfud la'kksèku ls lEcfUèkr xfrjksèk lekèkku djus ls lEcfUèkr dksbZ O;oLFkkugha gSA 'kadjh izlkn cuke Hkkjrh; la?k osQ osQl esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd laoSèkkfud xfrjksèkosQ lekèkku osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa dk lk>k vfèkos'ku cqyk;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq 6oha yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj JhgsxM+s us ,d ckj fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd laoSèkkfud la'kksèku ls lEcfUèkr nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ ,d leku gSaA jkT;lHkk fdlh Hkh la'kksèku izLrko dks jksd ldrh gS ;k yksd lHkk dks blesa vko';d la'kksèku djus osQ fy, foo'kdj ldrh gSA

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3- egkfHk;ksx ls lEcfUèkr 'kfDr;k¡ (Regarding Impeachment Powers)µegkfHk;ksx osQ lEcUèk esanksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ leku gSaA nksuksa lnu O;fDrxr :i esa jk"Vªifr] loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fo#¼ egkfHk;ksx dh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrs gSaA ,d lnu nks&frgkbZ cgqr ls nks"k yxkrkgS vkSj nwljk lnu nks"kksa dh tk¡p djrk gSA ;fn tk¡p osQ i'pkr~ nwljk lnu Hkh nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls egkfHk;ksxizLrko ikl dj nsrk gS rks lEcfUèkr vfèkdkjh dks egkfHk;ksxh djkj ns fn;k tkrk gSA mi&jk"Vªifr dks gVkus osQckjs esa izLrko osQoy jkT; lHkk esa gh j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;fn jkT; lHkk ikl dj nsrh gS rks bldks yksd lHkkdh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkstk tkrk gS yksd lHkk blls lEcfUèkr vfUre fu.kZ; ysrh gSA bl izdkj egkfHk;ksx lslEcfUèkr yksd lHkk dh ,d leku 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA ijUrq vHkh rd ,slh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;kA

4- leku fuokZpu 'kfDr;k¡ (Co-equal Electoral Powers)µnksuksa lnuksa osQ ikl leku fuokZpu 'kfDr;k¡gSaA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ fuokZfpr lnL; jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL;mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa Hkh Hkkx ysrs gSaA

5- ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dks LohÑfr nsus dk vfèkdkj (Power to Approve Emergency

Proclamation)µtc dHkh Hkh jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 352 ;k 356 ;k 360 osQ vèkhu ladVdky ?kksf"kr djrk gSrks bl ij laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh LohÑfr vko';d gksrh gSA ;g rHkh tkjh jgrh gS ;fn nksuksa lnu bldksLohÑfr ns nsrs gSaA blls lEcfUèkr nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ leku gSaA ;fn yksd lHkk Hkax gks vkSj ladVdky ykxwfd, tkus dh LohÑfr ysuh gks rks jk"Vªifr bldks LohÑfr osQ fy, jkT; lHkk esa j[krk gSA ;fn jkT; lHkkLohÑfr ns nsrh gS rks ladVdky ykxw jgrk gS ugha rks 30 fnuksa ckn lekIr gks tkrk gS] ijUrq jkT; lHkk osQ }kjkLohdkj djus osQ i'pkr~ ubZ yksd lHkk ls Hkh LohÑfr nsuh vko';d gksrh gSA ladVdky rHkh ykxw jg ldrkgS ;fn blls lEcfUèkr 30 fnuksa osQ vanj ubZ yksd lHkk LohÑfr ns nsrh gSA

6- fjiksVks± ij fopkj&foe'kZ dk leku vfèkdkj (Equal Power to Consider Reports)µvyx&vyxfjiksVks± ij fopkj djus osQ lEcUèk esa nksuksa lnuksa dh leku 'kfDr;k¡ gSaA laln osQ nksuksa lnu la?k yksd lsokvk;ksx] dEiVªksyj ,aM vkMhVj tujy vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj dchyksa osQ ckjs esa vk;ksx dh fjiksVks± ij fopkjdjrs gSaA

([k) jkT; lHkk ij yksd lHkk dh Js"Brk (Superiority of the Lok Sabha over the RajyaSabha)

oqQN {ks=kkssa esa jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa Js"Brk gkfly gSA lafoèkku ossQ vuqlkj yksd lHkk dks vusd fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡nssrs le; vusdksa {ks=kkssa esa jkT; lHkk dh nwljs ntsZ dh Hkwwfedk Hkh nh xbZ gSA bl rF; osQ ckjs fuEufyf[krfo'ks"krkvksa ls irk yxrk gS%

1- foÙkh; ekeyksa esa yksd lHkk dh Js"Brk (Superiority of the Lok Sabha in Financial

Matters)µfoÙkh; {ks=k esa jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa yksd lHkk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gSA foÙkh; fcy osQoy yksdlHkk esa gh izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSaA fcy osQ foÙk fcy gksus ;k u gksus ls lEcfUèkr iSnk gq, >xM+s osQ ekeysessa yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj dk fuekZ.k vafre gksrk gSA izR;sd foÙk fcy osQoy yksd lHkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSvkSj blosQ }kjk ikl gksus osQ mijkUr gh ;g jkT; lHkk esa tkrk gSA jkT; lHkk foÙk fcy dks osQoy 14 fnu rdjksd ldrh gSA jkT; lHkk esa fcy Hkstus osQ 14 fnuksa ckn fcy dks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk ikl le>k tkrkgSA ;fn jkT; lHkk 14 fnuksa osQ vUnj foÙk fcy yksd lHkk dks oqQN la'kksèku lfgr okil Hkst nsrh gS rks yksdlHkk bl fcy dks jkT; lHkk osQ la'kksèku dks Lohdkj fd, fcuk ikl dj ldrh gSA bl izdkj foÙk fcy lslEcfU/r jkT; lHkk osQ ikl osQoy 14 fnu jksd dj j[kus dk vfèkdkj gSA foÙkh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k osQ lEcUèkesa yksd lHkk osQ ikl loksZPp vfèkdkj gSA

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2- dk;Zikfydk ij fu;U=k.k djus dk vfèkdkj yksd lHkk dk gS u fd jkT; lHkk dk (The Lok

Sabha and not the Rajya Sabha has the Power to Control the Executive)µdk;Zikfydk

'kfDr;ksa osQ {ks=k esa Hkh jkT; lHkk dk LFkku de egÙo okyk gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 75 (3) osQ vuqlkj

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ yksd lHkk osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA yksd lHkk vfo'okl izLrko ikl djosQ eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dks in

ls gVk ldrh gSA izèkkuea=kh yksd lHkk esa cgqer izkIr ny dk usrk gksrk gS pkgs vc izèkkuea=kh jkT; lHkk dk

lnL; Hkh gks ldrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ vfèkdrj ea=kh Hkh yksd lHkk ls gh fy, tkrs gSaA iz'kklu

ls lEcfUèkr tkudkjh ysus osQ fy, iz'u iwNus osQ ckjs esa jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk eaf=k;ksa ij cgqr lhfer fu;a=k.k

gksrk gSA ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dks vkykspuk djus osQ lEcUèk esa Hkh muosQ lhfer vfèkdkj gSaA os fdlh Hkh fLFkfr

esa oSQfcusV osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl izLrko ikl ugha dj ldrsA

3- egÙoiw.kZ fcy izLrqr djus osQ lEcUèk esa (Re-Egarding the introduction of Important

Bills)µ;g izk;% gh dgk tkrk gS fd vfèkd egÙo okys fcy igys yksd lHkk esa izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA

vf/drj eU=kh yksd lHkk osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA egÙoiw.kZ uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ Hkh yksd lHkk esa gh vkjEHk gksrh

gSA yksd lHkk izR;{k :i esa fuokZfpr] yksdrkfU=kd] yksdfiz; vkSj iw.kZ :i ls izfrfufèk vkSj jk"Vªh; lnu gS

ftldks vizR;{k :i esa fuokZfpr vèkZ&LFkk;h vkSj de 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa yksxksa vkSj

efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk O;kid fo'okl izkIr gksrk gSA vfèkd egÙo okys fcy igys lkekU; :i esa yksd lHkk esa gh

is'k fd, tkrs gSaA

(x) jkT; lHkk dh fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ (Special Powers of the Rajya Sabha)

1- fdlh jkT;&lwph osQ fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egÙo dk fo"k; ?kksf"kr djus dh 'kfDr (Regarding

declaration of a State Subject as a Subject of National Importance)µjkT; lHkk osQ lnL;

nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikl djosQ (vuqPNsn 249 vèkhu) jkT;&lwph osQ fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egÙo

dk fo"k; ?kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa la?kh; laln dks ,d o"kZ osQ fy, jkT;&lwph osQ ml fo"k; ij

dkuwu&fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj fey tkrk gSA jkT; lHkk ,slk izLrko ckj&ckj ikl dj ldrh gS vkSj la?kh; laln

dks jkT;&lwph osQ fo"k; osQ ckjs esa dkuwu cukus osQ ;ksX; cukrh gSA ,slk vfèkdkj osQoy jkT; lHkk osQ ikl gS]

yksd lHkk osQ ikl ughaA

2- ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk xBu djus ls lEcfUèkr (Regarding the Creation of New All

India Services)% jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; vuqPNsn 312 osQ vèkhu nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko ikl djosQ fdlh

Hkh lkoZtfud lsok dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok djkj ns ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ;g ,d ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok xfBr

djus osQ fy, izLrko ikl dj ldrh gS ;k fdlh fo|eku vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dks lekIr dj ldrh gSA bl

izdkj lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj ,slk vfèkdkj osQoy jkT; lHkk dk gS vkSj bl {ks=k esa yksd lHkk dks dksbZ ,slk

vfèkdkj ugha fn;k x;kA

3- yksd lHkk dh vuqifLFkfr esa ladVdky fLFkfr dks LohÑfr nsuk (Regarding the Approval of

Emergency in the absence of Lok Sabha)% ;fn yksd lHkk Hkax gqbZ gks ;k fdlh dkj.k bldk

vfèkos'ku u gks ldrk gks rks ,slh fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj ns rks blls lEcfUèkr LohÑfr

osQoy jkT; lHkk ls ysuh gksrh gSA ;|fi ubZ yksd lHkk osQ xBu osQ i'pkr~ blls lEcfUèkr mlls LohÑfr ysuh

Hkh vko';d gksrh gSA

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yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk dh fLFkfr dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k(Comparative Analysis of Positions of the Lok Sabha and RajyaSabha)

laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ ;g rF; lkeus vkrk gS fd jkT; lHkk

dh rqyuk esa fuLlansg yksd lHkk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gS ijUrq blh le; ;g eku ysuk xyr gksxk fd jkT; lHkk

nwljs ntsZ dk ;k izfrfØ;koknh lnu gSA bldks Hkh oqQN {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k vkSj yksd lHkk osQ leku vf/dkj izkIr

gSa ftuls bldh fLFkfr dkiQh lhek rd 'kfDr'kkyh cu tkrh gSA iafMr tokgj yky usg: us bl lEcUèk esa ,d

ckj dgk Fkk] ¶gekjs lafoèkku esa jkT; lHkk vkSj yksd lHkk osQ dk;ks± dks Li"V :i esa fu'pr fd;k x;k gSA

nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh dks Hkh mifj lnu ;k fuEu lnu dguk mfpr ugha gSA izR;sd lnu dks laoSèkkfud

lhekvksa osQ Hkhrj viuh dk;Zokgh djus dk iw.kZ vfèkdkj gSA oqQN fo'ks"k foÙkh; ekeyksa] ftl ij osQoy yksd

lHkk dk vfèkdkj gS] dks NksM+ dj lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj nksuksa lnu leku gSaA¸ laoSèkkfud :i esa nksuksa lnuksa esa

dkssbZ vUrj ugha gS vkSj lafoèkku vius vki esa vafre lÙkk gSA lafoèkku nksuksa lnuksa ls ,d leku O;ogkj djrk

gSA

fiQj Hkh bl okLrfodrk dks è;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gS fd O;kogkfjd :i esa jkT; lHkk dh fLFkfr yksd lHkk

osQ ckn vkrh gSA jkT; lHkk ,d nwljk lnu gSA ijUrq blosQ ckotwn ;g nwljs ntsZ ;k fczfV'k gkÅl vkWiQ ykM~tZ

osQ leku 'kfDrghu lnu ugha gSA Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud iz.kkyh esa jkT; lHkk dk lEekutud LFkku gS vkSj og

mfpr <ax ls viuh fuèkkZfjr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus osQ leFkZ gSA pkgs jkT; lHkk dks jkT;ksa dh dkSafly dgk

tkrk gS ijUrq bldk xBu okLro esa ,d la?kkRed lnu osQ leku ugha fd;k x;k gSA fiQj Hkh ;g lnu Hkkjrh;

la?k dh bdkb;ksa osQ fgrksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA


fuEu esa lR;@vlR; crk,¡%

16- yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj dk ns'k osQ loksZPp O;fDr;ksa esa 17ok¡ LFkku gSA

17- 15oha yksd lHkk dh Lihdj Jherh ehjk oqQekj gSaA

18- yksd lHkk osQ vè;{k dks egkfHk;ksx yxkdj gVk;k tk ldrk gSA

19- jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls izLrko djosQ (vuqPNsn 249 osQ vèkhu) jkT;&lwph osQ fdlh

fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egÙo dk fo"k; ?kksf"kr dj ldrsA

20- lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj yksd lHkk dks vusd fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ nsrs le; vusd {ks=kksa esa jkT; lHkk dh nwljs

ntsZ dh Hkwfedk nh xbZ gSA


• Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk esa la?k dh vkSj la?kh; ljdkj esa laln dh fLFkfr cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj

izHkko'kkyh gSA

• èku fcy osQoy yksd lHkk esa gh is'k fd, tk ldrs gSa vkSj bl lEcUèk esa jkT; lHkk fdlh Hkh èku

fcy dks ikl gksus esa osQoy 14 fnu dh nsj gh dj ldrh gSA

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• jkT; lHkk vFkkZr~ laln osQ mifj lnu esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 250 lnL; gksrs gSa ftuesa ls 238 jkT;ksa

osQ izfrfufèk gksrs gSa vkSj 'ks"k 12 lnL;ksa dh uke”knxh jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk mu O;fDr;ksa esa ls dh tkrh

gS ftUgksaus dyk] lkfgR;] foKku ;k lekt lsokvksa osQ {ks=kksa esa fo'ks"k miyfCèk;k¡ izkIr dh gksaA

• jkT; lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko jkT; foèkku lHkkvks osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo ,dgjh

gLrkarfjr oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk vizR;{k :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

• jk"Vªifr jkT; lHkk esa 12 lnL; euksuhr djrk gSA ;g okLro esa yksdrU=kh; vkSj la?kh; Hkkouk osQ

fo#¼ gSA ;g laHkkouk lnSo LFkkfir jgrh gS fd euksuhr fd, ;g 12 lnL; viuk iw.kZ leFkZu jkT;ksa

dks nsus dh vis{kk osQUnz dks nsaxsA

• ;fn jkT; lHkk fdlh foÙkh; fcy dks ikl djus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS ;k jkT; lHkk esas foÙkh; fcy Hksts

tkus dh frfFk ls 14 fnu O;rhr gks tk,a rks ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd bldks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa us

ikl dj fn;k gS vkSj bldks LohÑfr osQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ ikl Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

• ,d lkèkkj.k fcy nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh lnu esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldks nksuksa lnuksa

osQ }kjk ikl fd, fcuk ikl ugha le>k tk ldrkA ;fn nksukssa lnuksa osQ chp fdlh fcy osQ lEcUèk

esa xfrjksèk iSnk gks tkrk gS vkSj ;g xfrjksèk 6 eghus ls vfèkd le; LFkkfir jgrk gS rks jk"Vªifr bldk

lekèkku djus osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa dk lk>k vfèkos'ku cqykrk gSA

• laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk rqyukRed vè;;u djus osQ i'pkr~ ;g rF; lkeus vkrk gS fdjkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa fuLlansg yksd lHkk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gS ijUrq blh le; ;g eku ysuk xyrgksxk fd jkT; lHkk nwljs ntsZ dk ;k izfrfØ;koknh lnu gSA


• jkT; O;oLFkk (Political System)% jkT; dk izcaèk

• yksd lHkk (Lok Sabha): tu lkèkkj.k }kjk pqus x, izfrfufèk;ksa dh lHkk] Hkkjr esa bl rjg dhosQUnzh; lHkkA


1- la?kh; laln ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

2- la?kh; laln dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,¡A

3- jkT; lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko oSQls gksrk gS\

5- yksd lHkk dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk mYys[k dhft,A

6- yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj dh fLFkfr dk mYys[k dhft,A


1- jk"Vªifr 2- loksZPp U;k;ky;

3- èku foèks;d] 14 4- (a)

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5- (c) 6- (a)

7- (b) 8- (c)

9- (b) 10- fuEu

11- 545 12- o;Ld erkfèkdkj

13- 25 o"kZ 14- lR;

15- vlR; 16- vlR;

17- lR; 18- vlR;

19- lR; 20- lR;


iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ;w-vkj- ?kbZA

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµMkW-,e-ih- jk;A

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bdkbZµ7: la?kh; laln dh lfefr;k¡(Committees of Union Parliament)


mís'; (Objectives)


7.1 Lak?kh; laln dh lfefr;k¡ (Committees of the Union Parliament)

7.2 lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk laxBu (Organisation of the Parliamentary Committees)

7.3 yksd lHkk dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa osQ dk;Z (Functions of Various Committees of theLok Sabha)

7.4 oSèkkfud lfefr;ksa osQ dk;Z (Functions of the Legislative Committees)

7.5 foÙkh; lfefr;k¡ (Financial Committees)

7.6 la;qDr lfefr;k¡ (Joint Committees)

7.7 dkuwu cukus dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Law-making)

7.8 ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Passing the Budget)





mís'; (Objectives)


• la?kh; laln dh lfefr;ksa osQ ckjs esa crkus esaA

• yksd lHkk dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa osQ uke crkus esaA

• foÙkh; ,oa la;qDr lfefr;ksa dh O;k[;k djus easA

• ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k crkus esaA


tSlk fd ,d laln viuh lfefr iz.kkyh ls tkuh tkrh gSA ,d vkèkqfud jkT; ,d iqfyl jkT; ugha gSA ;g,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; gS vkSj xq.kksa vkSj dk;ks± esa bl ifjorZu osQ dkj.k laln ij dk;ks± dk cgqr foLrkj gqvk


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bdkbZ—7: la?kh; laln dh lfefr;k¡

gS vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i bl ij dk;Z&cks> cgqr vfèkd gks x;k gSA laln osQ lnL; le; dh deh osQ dkj.k dk;ks±osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy, izR;sd fcy ij fopkj&foe'kZ ugha dj ldrsA blosQ vfrfjDr orZeku le; esa izR;sd fcydk vkdkj cgqr c<+ x;k gS D;ksafd blus lkewfgd vkSj xfr'khy vkS|ksfxd lekt dh ekaxksa dks iw.kZ djuk gksrkgSA viuh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku osQ fy, ,d vkèkqfud laln lfefr;ksa dh lgk;rk ysrh gSA okLro esa lalndks izR;sd lnu vusdksa lfefr;k¡ cukrk gS tks dkuwu cukus vkSj vU; ekeyksa dh izfØ;k esa bldh lgk;rk djrhgSaA lkewfgd :i esa lfefr;k¡ laln dh lfefr iz.kkyh cukrh gSaA lfefr iz.kkyh Hkkjrh; la?kh; laln osQ oqQ'kydk;Z&O;ogkj esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS vkSj ;g oSèkkfud <kaps dk ,d vVwV Hkkx cu pqdh gSAFkkel jhM osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶lfefr;k¡ foèkkuikfydk dh vk[k] dku vkSj gkFk gSa vkSj dbZ ckj ;g foèkkuikfydkosQ efLr"d dk Hkh dk;Z djrh gSaA¸ lfefr;ksa ossQ egÙo dks ekU;rk nsrs gq, vusdksas fo}ku bu lfefr;ksa dks NksVsfoèkku e.My dgus dh lhek rd pys tkrs gSaA eksfjl tksu”k dk ;g fopkj mfpr gS fd ¶foèkku e.My viuhlfefr;ksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA¸ (Legislative is known by the committees it keeps.)

7-1 la?kh; laln dh lfefr;k¡ (Committees of the Union Parliament)

Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ fdlh Hkh vuqPNsn esa lfefr iz.kkyh osQ xBu vkSj dk;ks± ls lEcfUèkr C;kSjk ugha gSA lafoèkku

osQ vuqPNsn 118 esa lkekU; rkSj ij dgk x;k gS fd laln osQ nksuksa lnu oSèkkfud dk;Z lqfoèkk ls pykus osQ

fy, viuh lfefr;ksa dk xBu dj ldrs gSaA fu"d"kZ osQ :i esa nksuksa lnuksa dh lfefr;ksa dk xBu laln osQ }kjk

cuk, x, dk;Zokgh osQ fu;eksa osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjrh; laln dh lfefr;ksa dks 5 fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa

esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1- lkèkkj.k lfefr;k¡ (General Committees)µbl Js.kh esa ,slh lfefr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

ftudk lEcUèk lnu dk dk;Z pykus ls gSA blesa (1) fu;e lfefr] (2) dkjksckj ijke'kZnkrk lfefr]

(3) fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dh lfefr (4) lnu dh cSBdksa esa ls lnL;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ ckjs esa lfefr (5)

ljdkjh ok;nksa dh lfefr (6) iVh'kuksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr] vkSj (7) lkekU; mís';h; lfefr 'kkfey gSaA

2- oSèkkfud lfefr;k¡ (Legislative Committees)µbl Js.kh esa ,slh lfefr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa ftudk lEcUèk

dkuwu&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ls gSA buesa ;g lfefr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa% (1) futh lnL;kssa osQ fcyksa vkSj izLrkokssa osQ ckjs

esa lfefr] (2) mi&foèkku lfefr ;k iznÙk&O;oLFkkiu dh lfefr (3) izoj&lfefr] vkSj (4) fo'ks"k

lkoZtfud fcy osQ ckjs esa fo'ks"k lfefrA

3- foÙkh; lfefr;k¡ (Financial Committees)µbl Js.kh esa os lfefr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa tks foÙkh; ekeyksa ls

fuiVrh gSaA buesa 'kkfey gSa% (1) vuqeku lfefr (2) yksd&ys[kk lfefr (3) lkoZtfud m|eksa dh lfefrA

4- la;qDr lfefr;k¡ (Joint Committees)µbl Js.kh esa os lfefr;k¡ 'kkfey gSa tks lk>h fØ;k ;k nksuksa

lnuksa ls lEcfUèkr dksbZ dk;Z djus osQ fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk lk>s :i esa LFkkfir dh tkrh gSaA buesa

'kkfey gSa% (1) laln osQ lnL;ksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙkksa osQ ckjs esa la;qDr lfefr (2) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj

vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ dY;k.k osQ ckjs esa lfefr] vkSj (3) ykHkdkjh inksa osQ ckjs esa lk>h lfefrA

5- iqQVdj lfefr;k¡ (Miscellaneous Committees)% mi;qZDr 4 Jsf.k;ksa dh lfefr;ksa osQ vfrfjDr lalndh oqQN vkSj Hkh lfefr;k¡ gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i% (1) ?kj lfefr] vkSj (2) ykbczsjh lfefrA

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fjDr&LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the Blanks)

1- izoj lfer ------- lfefr gSA

2- yksd&ys[kk lfefr ------- lfefr gSA

3- dkjksckj ijke'kZ lfefr ,d --------- lfefr gSA

7-2 lalnh; lfefr;ksa dk laxBu (Organisation of the ParliamentaryCommittees)

vyx&vyx lfefr;ksa osQ laxBu ij fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, nksuksa lnuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d lnu dh lfefr;ksa

osQ ekeys ij fopkj djrs gSaA vkb, yksd lHkk dh lfefr;ksa osQ ekeys ij fopkj djsaµ

1- Lihdj osQ }kjk uke”knxh (Nomination by the Speaker)% yksd lHkk dh lfefr;ksa dk xBu lnu

osQ lnL;ksa esa ls Lihdj osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA vyx&vyx lfefr;ksa osQ lnL; euksuhr djrs le; Lihdj

bl ckr dks fo'oluh; cukrk gS fd vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa osQ lnL;ksa dh lfefr;ksa esa mi;qDr

izfrfuf/Ro feysA Lihdj Lo;a oqQN lfefr;ksa dk lnL; rFkk ps;jeSu gksrk gSA fu;e ;g gS fd in osQ vk/kj

ij Lihdj ,slh ml izR;sd lfefr dk vè;{k gksrk gS ftldk fd og lnL; gksrk gSA fofHkUu lfefr;ksa osQ iz/kuksa

dh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk lfefr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa esa ls dh tkrh gSA ;fn mi&Lihdj fdlh lfefr dk lnL;

gksrk gS rks mldks ml lfefr dk ps;jeSu cuk;k tkrk gSA la;qDr lfefr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr nksuksa lnuksa

osQ vè;{kksa osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA

2- pquko lnu osQ }kjk ikl izLrko osQ vkèkkj ij (Election on the Basis of Resolution Passed

by the House)% foÙkh; lfefr;ksa dk pquko lnu osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA foÙkh; lfefr;ksa osQ lnL;ksa dk

pquko vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh dh ,dy gLrkarj.k oksV iz.kkyh osQ vkèkkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

3- lfefr;ksa dk vkdkj (Size of Committees)% izR;sd lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k ls lEcfU/r dksbZ

fuf'pr fu;e ugha gSA vius vki esa lHkh lfefr;ksa dk vkdkj ,d gh tSlk ugha gSA lkekU; :i esa ,d lfefr

osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 15 ls 30 osQ chp j[kh tkrh gSA vfèkdrj ,d lfefr osQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSaA izoj lfefr;ksa

osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 20 ls 30 osQ chp gksrh gSA vuqeku lfefr esa 30 vkSj yksd ys[kk lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dh

la[;k 22 gSA

4- lfefr;ksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh (Working of Committees)% laln dh izR;sd lfefr dk fuèkkZfjr dk;Z

gksrk gSA buesa ls oqQN dk;Z osQoy laln osQ vfèkos'ku osQ nkSjku gksrs gSa tcfd oqQN lfefr;k¡ rc Hkh dk;Z djrh

jgrh gSa tc laln dk vfèkos'ku ugha py jgk gksrkA ,d lfefr fdlh Hkh le; viuh cSBd dj ldrh gSA

lfefr;ksa osQ vfèkdrj fu.kZ; lgefr osQ }kjk ;k lfefr osQ ps;jeSu osQ }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA lkekU; :i esa

lfefr;ksa dh cSBosaQ laln Hkou osQ vanj gh gksrh gSa ijUrq Lihdj dh iwoZ LohÑfr ysdj ;g cSBosaQ laln Hkou

osQ ckgj Hkh gks ldrh gSaA

lfefr;ksa dh cSBd osQ fy, vko';d dksje oqQy lnL;ksa dk ,d&frgkbZ gksrk gSA lfefr;ksa esa vfèkdrj fu.kZ;

lkèkkj.k cgqer osQ }kjk fy, tkrs gSaA fdlh fu.kZ; osQ fojksèk vkSj i{k esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k cjkcj gks tkus dh

fLFkfr esa lfefr dk ps;jeSu vius fu.kkZ;d oksV dk iz;ksx djrk gSA lfefr;ksa dks ljdkj osQ fjdkMZ dh

tk¡p&iM+rky djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS vkSj og ljdkjh foHkkxksa ls vko';d tkudkjh ysus dk vfèkdkj j[krh

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gSaA lfefr;k¡ viuh fjiksVks± rS;kj djus osQ fy, fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrh gSaA ijUrq fo'ks"kK lkekU; rkSj ij

ijke'kZ gh ns ldrs gSaA mudks lfefr;ksa esa oksV Mkyus dk vfèkdkj ugha gksrkA lfefr;k¡ fdlh fo'ks"k egÙo ;k

fgr okys fo'ks"k fo"k; osQ foLrkfjr vè;;u osQ fy, vkxs vU; mi&lfefr;ksa dk xBu dj ldrh gSaA lfefr;ksa

dks fuèkkZfjr frfFk ij viu dk;Z iw.kZ djosQ lnu dks viuh fjiksV±s nsuh iM+rh gSaA Lihdj og le; fuf'pr djrk

gS ftlosQ vanj lfefr;ksa dks viuh fjiksVZ nsuh iM+rh gSA lfefr;ksa dks mu lHkh ekeyksa ij fjiksVs± rS;kj djuh

iM+rh gSa vkSj nsuh iM+rh gSa tks mudks Hksts tkrs gSaA og fjiksVZ u nsus tSlk dne ugha mBk ldrhA



4- lkekU; :i ls yksd LkHkk dh fdlh Hkh lfefr esa fdrus lnL; gks ldrs gSaµ

(a) 15 ls 30 (b) 20 ls 40

(c) 10 ls 20 (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

5- yksd ys[kk lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k fdruh gSa\

(a) 20 (b) 22

(c) 24 (d) 18

6- lfefr;ksa dh cSBd osQ fy, vko';d dksje oqQy lnL;ksa dk fdruk gksrk gS\

(a)13

(b)23

(c) u (a) vkSj u (b) (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ugha

7-3 yksd lHkk dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa osQ dk;Z(Functions of Various Committees of the Lok)

lkèkkj.k lfefr;ka os lfefr;k¡ gksrh gSa] tks lnu osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj ls lEcfUèkr gksrh gSaµ

1- fu;e lfefr (Rules Committee)% fu;e lfefr 15 lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS ftudks Lihdj

euksuhr djrk gSA Lihdj Lo;a bl lfefr dk ps;jeSu gksrk gS ;g lfefr lnu dh dk;Zokgh osQ ckjs esa fu;eksa

ij ppkZ djrh gS vkSj izLrkfor ifjorZu vkSj la'kksèku ls lEcfUèkr vius fu.kZ; nsrh gSA 1954 ls iwoZ Lihdj

Lo;a bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk Fkk vkSj ,slk djrs le; fu;eksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ }kjk mldk

usr`Ro fd;k tkrk FkkA vc lfefr osQ lq>ko lnu esa vkxs j[ks tkrs gSa vkSj budks rc gh ykxw fd;k tkrk gS

tc buosQ ckjs esa lnu viuh lgefr ns nsA

2- dkjksckj ijke'kZnkrk lfefr (Business Advisory Committee)% ;g ,d LFkk;h lfefr gS ftldks

yksd lHkk esa dk;Z pykus esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy, cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g 15 lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS ftudh

fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA Lihdj Lo;a bl lfefr dk ps;jeSu gksrk gSA Lihdj bl lfefr osQ lnL;ksa

dh fu;qfDr lnu osQ usrk] lnu esa fojksèkh i{k osQ usrk vkSj vU; fojksèkh nyksa osQ usrkvksa osQ ijke'kZ ls djrk

gSA bl lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z mu lHkh fcyksa] eqíksa vkSj izLrkoksa ls lEcfUèkr le; vkSj dk;ZØe lwph fuf'pr

djuk gksrk gS tks lnu esa is'k fd, tkus gksrs gSaA ;g lfefr fuf'pr djrh gS fd dc fcy is'k fd;k tkuk

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gS vkSj bl ij ppkZ osQ fy, fdruk le; fn;k tkuk gSA lkekU; 'kCnksa esa ;g lfefr lnu osQ }kjk fd, tkus

okys dk;ks± ls lEcfUèkr le; lwph rS;kj djrh gSA

3- fo'ks"k vfèkdkjksa dh lfefr (Committee on Privileges)% laln osQ lnL;ksa dks oqQN fo'ks"k vfèkdkj

izkIr gksrs gSaA ;fn bu vfèkdkjksa esa ls fdlh dk fdlh O;fDr osQ }kjk mYya?ku fd;k tkrk gS rks ekeyk

fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh lfefr dks lkSaik tkrk gSA bl lfefr dks lnu osQ lnL;ksa esa ls ,d o"kZ osQ fy, euksuhr fd;k

tkrk gSA blosQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSaA lnu esa izfrfufèkRo izkIr lHkh nyksa osQ lnL;ksa dks bl lfefr esa vko';d

izfrfufèkRo fn;k tkrk gSA lkekU; :i esa lnu dk usrk vkSj dkuwu ea=kh bl lfefr osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA ;fn fMIVh

Lihdj bl lfefr dk lnL; gks rks og bldk vè;{k Hkh gksrk gS ugha rks vè;{k dh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk

dh tkrh gSA

4- lnu esa ls lnL;ksa dh vuqifLFkfr osQ ckjs esa lfefr (Committee on the Absence of Members

from the House)% lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj dksbZ lnL; lnu dh LohÑfr osQ fcuk lnu dh cSBdksa ls 60 fnuksa

ls vfèkd le; vuqifLFkr jgrk gS rks mldh lhV [kkyh ?kksf"kr dh tk ldrh gSA lnL;ksa dh lnu ls

vuqifLFkfr ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ekeyksa dh tk¡p&iM+rky djus] vuqifLFkfr osQ dkj.kksa dh tk¡p djus vkSj lnu

ls vodk'k osQ lEcUèk esa lq>ko nsus osQ fy, lnu dh ,d lfefr cukbZ tkrh gSA bl lfefr dks lnL;ksa dh

vuqifLFkfr osQ ckjs esa lfefr dgk tkrk gSA ;g lfefr 15 lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA budh fu;qfDr Lihdj

osQ }kjk ,d o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA

5- ljdkjh ok;nksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr (Committee on Governmental Assurances)% izk;% ea=kh lnu

esa tokc nsus ;k lnu dks lacksèku djrs le; oqQN fo'ks"k ok;ns dj nsrs gSa ;k lnu dks oqqQN fo'okl fnyk nsrs

gSaA lnu ;g tkuuk pkgrk gS fd D;k eaf=k;ksa osQ }kjk fd, x, ok;ns Bhd rjg iw.kZ fd, x, gSa ;k ugha\ ;g

dk;Z ljdkjh ok;nksa osQ ckjs lfefr osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl lfefr dk dk;Z ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk gS fd D;k

ljdkj osQ }kjk fd, x, ok;ns fuèkkZfjr le; esa iw.kZ fd, x, gSa ;k ughaA ;fn fdlh ea=kh osQ }kjk dksbZ ok;nk

iwjk ugha fd;k tkrk rks lfefr bldks lnu osQ è;ku esa ykrh gSA bl lfefr osQ Hkh 15 ls vfèkd lnL; ugha

gksrs ftudh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk ,d o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA dksbZ Hkh ea=kh bl lfefr dk lnL; ugha

cu ldrk] ;fn bl lfefr dk dksbZ lnL; ckn esa ea=kh cu tkrk gS rks mldks bl lfefr dh lnL;rk NksM+uh

iM+rh gSA

6- fiVh'kuksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr (Committee on Petitions)% bl lfefr dk dk;Z ;g ns[kuk gksrk gS fd

D;k yksxksa osQ }kjk yksd lHkk dks izLrqr dh xbZ fiVh'kuksa ls Bhd <ax ls fuiVk x;k gSA ;g lHkh fiVh'kuksa dh

Nku&chu djrh gS vkSj viuh fliQkfj'kksa lfgr ;k fliQkfj'kksa osQ fcuk lEcfUèkr foHkkxksa dks Hkstrh gSA ;g lfefr

Hkh 15 lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS ftudh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa ls lEcfUèkr

lnL;ksa esa ls dh tkrh gSA bl lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dk dk;Zdky ,d o"kZ dk gksrk gSA

7- lkekU; mís'; lfefr (General Purpose Committee)% bl lfefr dk vfLrRo 1954 ls gSA ;g

lfefr fdlh fo'ks"k ls ugha fuiVrhA bl lfefr osQ 20 lnL; gksrs gSaA Lihdj] fMIVh Lihdj] ps;jeSuksa osQ iSuy

osQ lnL; vkSj lnu esa vyx&vyx ekU;rk izkIr jktuhfrd nyksa osQ usrk blosQ lnL; gksrs gSaA 'ks"k lnL;ksa dh

fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA og Lo;a bl lfefr dk ps;jeSu Hkh gksrk gSA ;g lnu ls lEcfU/r fdlh

eqís ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrh gSA

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7-4 oSèkkfud lfefr;ksa osQ dk;Z (Functions of the Legislative

Committees)

1- izoj lfefr;k¡ (Select Committees)% ;s lfefr;k¡ cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA bu lfefr;ksa dk xBu

vyx&vyx lkoZtfud ljdkjh fcyksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS ftudks dkuwu esa cnyus

osQ fy, lnu esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g lfefr;k¡ LFkk;h ugha gksrhaA fuf'pr dk;Z iwjk djus osQ i'pkr~

izR;sd izoj lfefr Hkax gks tkrh gSA tc yksd lHkk fu.kZ; ysrh gS fd dksbZ fo'ks"k fcy fdlh fo'ks"k lfefr dks

Hkstk tk,xk rks Lihdj ,slh ,d lfefr euksuhr djrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa izR;sd izoj lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k fuf'pr ugha gksrhA vke rkSj ij bl izoj lfefrosQ 10 ls 30 lnL; gksrs gSaA tks lnL; dksbZ fcy izLrqr djrk gS og lnSo fcy ijfopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, euksuhr izoj lfefr dk lnL; gksrk gSSA

lfefr osQ ps;jeSu vkSj vU; lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa ls lEcfUèkr

lnL;ksa esa dh tkrh gSA ,d fcy dh tk¡p esa izoj lfefr tc vko';d le>s] fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk ys ldrh

gSA og O;fDr Hkh] tks bl lfefr osQ lnL; ugha gksrs] lfefr osQ le{k izLrqr gks ldrs gSa vkSj vius lq>ko

ns ldrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr os vius lq>ko fyf[kr :i esa Hkh bl lfefr osQ ikl Hkst ldrs gSaA izk;% fdlh

vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ lkoZtfud fcy dh leh{kk osQ fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ }kjk ,d lk>h izoj lfefr cuk

yh tkrh gSA yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk nksuksa lnu 2%1 osQ vuqikr esa ,d la;qDr izoj lfefr osQ lnL; euksuhr

djrs gSaA

2- futh lnL; fcyksa vkSj izLrkoksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr (Committee on Private Members’ Bills and

Resolutions)% 1953 ls igys futh lnL; fcyksa] tks lnu osQ lkèkkj.k lnL;ksa vFkkZr~ ,sls lnL; tks ea=kh

ugha Fks] osQ }kjk izLrqr fd, tkrs gSa] osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk ,d ykVjh osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA osQoy mu fcyksa

dks fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, fy;k tkrk Fkk tks ykVjh esa fot;h jgrs FksA bl ijEijk osQ ifj.kke osQ :i esa vusdksa

egÙoiw.kZ fcy vkSj izLrko lnu esa is'k ugha fd, tk ldrs Fks vkSj oqQN de egÙoiw.kZ fcyksa dks ikl gksus dk

volj fey tkrk FkkA bl leL;k osQ lekèkku osQ fy, 1953 esa lHkh xSj&ljdkjh vFkkZr~ futh lnL; fcyksa ij

fopkj osQ fy, ,d lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA ;g lfefr vc lHkh izkbosV lnL; fcyksa osQ HkkX; dk fu.kZ;

djrh gSA ,slk djrs le; ;g lfefr vko';drk vkSj fcy osQ egÙo dks è;ku esa j[krh gSA ;g lfefr fcyksa

dks nks eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vrh gSµ(d) os fcy tks mPp egÙo okys gksrs gSa ([k) os fcy tks de egÙo okys

gksrs gSaA ;g lfefr lnu osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk izLrqr fd, x, fcyksa dh Nku&chu djrh gS vkSj lnu dks fliQkfj'k

djrh gS fd fdu fcyksa ij fopkj fd;k tk,xkA bl lfefr osQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj lkekU; :i esa yksd lHkk

dk fMIVh Lihdj bldk ps;jeSu gksrk gSA bl lfefr osQ vU; lnL; Lihdj osQ }kjk ,d o"kZ osQ fy, fu;qDr

fd, tkrs gSaA

3- iznÙk O;oLFkkiu osQ ckjs lfefr (Committee on Subordinate or Direct Legislation)% le;

vkSj izf'kf{kr Kku dh deh osQ dkj.k ,d vkèkqfud laln lkekU; :i esa fcy dks elkSns osQ :i esa ikl djrh

gS vkSj dk;Zikfydk dks vfèkdkj lkSai nsrh gS fd og fu;e cukdj bls iw.kZ dj ysA dbZ ckj fo/kuikfydk

izR;{k :i esa dkuwu cukus ls lEcfUèkr viuh oqQN 'kfDr;k¡ dk;Zikfydk dks lkSai nsrh gSA bl iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu

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dk;Zikfydk laln osQ }kjk nh xb± 'kfDr;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij dkuwu cukrh gSA dkuwu cukus dh bl iz.kkyh dks iznÙk

vFkok vèkhuLFk O;oLFkkiu iz.kkyh dgk tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh vèkhu lkSaih xbZ 'kfDr;ksa dk dk;Zikfydk osQ }kjk

laHkkoh xyr iz;ksx dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA blfy, laln lnSo iznÙk O;oLFkkiu v/hu fufeZr dkuwuksa ij fu;a=k.k

j[kuk pkgrh gSA bl mís'; osQ fy, og ,d lfefr iznÙk O;oLFkkiu dh lfefr fu;qDr djrh gS vkSj bldks

mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSairh gS fd og dk;Zikfydk osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa dh Nku&chu djsA Hkkjrh; laln osQ }kjk

Hkh ,slk fd;k tk pqdk gSA bldh ,slh lfefr dks iznÙk O;oLFkkiu lfefr dgk tkrk gSA bl lfefr osQ 15

lnL; gksrs gSa ftudh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk ,d o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA ;g lfefr dk;Zikfydk osQ }kjk

iznÙk O;oLFkkiu osQ vèkhu cus dkuwuksa vkSj fu;eksa dh Nku&chu djrh gSA

7.5 foÙkh; lfefr;k¡ (Financial Committees)

1- vuqeku lfefr (Estimates Committee)%

vuqeku lfefr osQ ps;jeSu dh fu;qfDr Lihdj osQ }kjk fuokZfpr lnL;ksa esa ls dh tkrh gSA tc fMIVh Lihdjbl lfefr dk lnL; pquk tkrk gS rks og lfefr dk vè;{k cu tkrk gSA lfefr dk vè;{k og lHkh dk;Zdjrk gS tks vU; lalnh; lfefr;ksa osQ vè;{k djrs gSaA ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh mldks oqQN fo'ks"k dk;Z Hkh djusiM+rs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa og ljdkj dh foÙkh; xfrfofèk;ksa dh tk¡p dh izÑfr vkSj {ks=k osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ;djrk gSA

uksV~l Hkkjr esa vuqeku lfefr 1950 esa LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA ;g fczfV'k iz.kkyh osQ vuq:i cukbZ xbZ

FkhA bl lfefr osQ 30 lnL; gksrs gSa ftudk pquko yksd lHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ }kjk vius esals fd;k tkrk gSA

og vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo vkSj bdgjh ifjorZuh; oksV iz.kkyh osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA bl <ax ls vyx&vyxjktuhfrd nyksa esa lhVksa dk vkuqikfrd foHkktu fo'oluh; cuk;k tkrk gSA

vuqeku lfefr osQ dk;Z (Functions of the Estimate Committee)% yksd lHkk osQ fu;e uacj 310osQ vuqlkj lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z ljdkj osQ }kjk yxk, x, mu vuqekuksa dk vè;;u djuk gksrk gS tks vuqekuctV osQ }kjk lnu osQ le{k izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA bl lfefr dks lkSais x, 4 fo'ks"k dk;Z bl izdkj gSaµ

(d) uhfr osQ vuqowQy laxBu] oqQ'kyrk ;k iz'kklu osQ lEcUèk esa foÙkh; lqèkkjksa osQ ckjs esa fjiksVZ nsuh rkfdvuqeku Bhd rjg is'k fd, tk losaQ_

([k) iz'kklu esa oqQ'kyrk vkSj cpr ykus osQ fy, oSdfYid uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa lq>ko nsuk_

(x) ;g ijh{k.k djuk fd D;k èku vuqekuksa osQ ckjs esa uhfr osQ vuqlkj gh fooj.k fn;k x;k gS ;k ugha_ vkSj

(?k) ml fofèk osQ ckjs esa lq>ko nsuk ftl osQ vuqlkj laln osQ le{k j[ks tkus pkfg,¡A

bl izdkj vuqeku lfefr dks u osQoy okf"kZd ljdkjh vuqekuksa dh tk¡p djus dk vfèkdkj gS cfYd og iz'kkluesa oqQ'kyrk vkSj ljyrk ykus ls lEcfUèkr oSdfYid uhfr;ksa vkSj dneksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh lq>ko nsrh gSA

vius vfLrRo esa vkus ls ysdj vc rd vuqekuksa dh lfefr us vusdksa ljdkjh foHkkxksa vkSj ,tsafl;ksa lslEcfUèkr lSdM+ksa fjiksVs± nh gSaA vius dk;Z dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls djus osQ fy, lfefr vius vki dks lewg ;k

uksV



mi&lfefr;ksa esa foHkkftr dj ysrh gS vkSj buesa ls izR;sd lewg dks fn, x, vuqekuksa dh Nkuchu osQ fy,vusdksa foHkkx lkSais tkrs gSaA budk dk;Z ctV izLrqr djus osQ i'pkr~ vkjaHk gksrk gS ijUrq ;g ctV ikl gksusij lekIr ugha gksrkA bldk dk;Z o"kZ Hkj tkjh jgrk gSA ;g vuqekuksa dh Nkuchu osQ mís'; osQ fy, viuh bPNkosQ vuqlkj fdlh foHkkx ;k ,tsalh dk pquko djrh gSA ;g fiNys o"kZ osQ vuqekuksa dh rqyuk okLro esa fd,x, O;;ksa vkSj u, o"kZ osQ foÙkh; vuqekuksa ls Hkh djrh gSA ;g ljdkj ij foèkkuikfydk osQ fu;a=k.k osQ ,degÙoiw.kZ midj.k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA

2- yksd ys[kk lfefr (Public Account Committee)% ;g okLro esa vuqeku lfefr dh tqM+ok¡ cgu ghgSA ;fn vuqeku lfefr (Estimates Committees) dk lEcUèk vuqekuksa dh Nkuchu djuk gS rks yksd ys[kklfefr dk lEcUèk vyx&vyx ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ }kjk fd, x, [kpZ osQ <ax vkSj ifj.kkeksa ls gksrk gSA ;g22 lnL;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS ftuesa 7 jkT; lHkk vkSj 15 yksd lHkk osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA lnL;ksa dk pqukoizR;sd lnu osQ }kjk vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh osQ }kjk ,d o"kZ osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dksbZ ea=kh bl lfefrdk lnL; ugha cu ldrkA

lfefr dk eq[; dk;Z leLr foÙkh; ysu&nsu ls lEcfUèkr ljdkj osQ [kkrksa dk ijh{k.k vkSj mudh iqf"V djukgksrk gSA ;g fofu;ksx [kkrksa (Appropriation Account) vkSj Hkkjr osQ dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVj tujy dhfjiksVks± dh Nku&chu djrh gSA lfefr ;g fuèkkZfjr djrh gS fdµ

1- D;k [kkrksa esa ntZ jkf'k ftl izdkj dh xbZ gS] og dkuwuh :i esa miyCèk Fkh vkSj ml lsok dk mís';osQ fy, mfpr Fkh ftl osQ fy, ;g olwy ;k [kpZ dh xbZ Fkh\

2- D;k [kpZ dh vkKk ml lÙkk us nh gS tks bldks pykrh gS\

3- D;k iqufoZfu;ksx (Pre-Appropriation) O;oLFkk leFkZ vfèkdkjh osQ }kjk blls lEcfUèkr cukbZ xb±O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj gS\

bl lfefr dk ;g Hkh drZO; gS fd og lkoZtfud fuxeksa] fuekZ.k bdkb;ksa] Lok;Ùk vkSj vèkZ&Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksadh cSyasl 'khVksa vkSj ykHk vkSj gkfu [kkrksa dh tk¡p djus osQ lkFk&lkFk muosQ ys[ks&tks[ks ftlesa vk;k vkSj x;k[kpZ ntZ gksrk gS] dh Nku&chu Hkh djsA

;fn foÙkh; o"kZ osQ nkSjku fdlh lsok ij fd;k x;k [kpZ bl mís'; osQ fy, laln osQ }kjk Lohdkj jkf'k lsvfèkd fd;k x;k gks rks lfefr izR;sd ekeys osQ rF;ksa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh fjiksVZ gokys lfgr Nkuchu djrhgS] ftl osQ dkj.k vfèkd [kpZ djuk iM+k FkkA ;g ekeys ij bl n`f"Vdks.k ls iqufoZpkj djrh gS fd D;klEcfUèkr foHkkx us [kpZ djrs le; vko';d mfpr vkSj U;k;iw.kZ è;ku fn;k gS ;k ughaA ;g lfefr =kqfV;ksa dkslkeus yk ldrh gS vkSj buosQ lEcUèk esa mfpr dk;Zokgh osQ fy, laln dks fliQkfj'k dj ldrh gSA

vuqeku lfefr osQ foijhr yksd ys[kk lfefr osQ ikl ,d izf'kf{kr ,tsalh] Hkkjr osQ dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVjtujy dh lsok,¡ gksrh gSa tks lHkh [kkrksa dh tk¡p djrh gS vkSj vkfMV djrh gSA lfefr osQ ikl ;g vfèkdkjgS fd og foHkkxksa osQ }kjk fd, x, foÙkh; ysu&nsu ls lEcfUèkr tkudkjh osQ fy, lEcfUèkr foHkkx osQvfèkdkfj;ksa ls lwpuk,¡ izkIr dj ldrh gSA ;g dgus esa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gS fd yksd ys[kk lfefr laalndh lcls vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj lfØ; lfefr gSA bldh dk;Zokfg;k¡ vèkZ&vnkyrh <ax ls pykbZ tkrh gSaA ;glfefr nyh; fgrksa ls Åij mB dj ,d U;k;kèkh'kksa dh lfefr osQ leku dk;Z djrh gSA blosQ }kjk dh xbZfliQkfj'kksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dk ljdkj osQ }kjk Hkfo"; esa fd, tkus okys O;;ksa ij O;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA oqQ'kyvkSj cf<+;k foÙkh; izcaèku osQ fy, ljdkjh e'khujh dks iw.kZ :i ls pkSdl djus esa ;g lfefr egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrh gSA ;g lfefr iz'kklfud foHkkxksa ij izHkko'kkyh vkSj fujUrj fu;a=k.k j[kus esa laln dh lgk;rk djrhgSA

uksV



dbZ ckj ;g nks"k yxk;k tkrk gS fd yksd ys[kk lfefr dk dk;Z x<+s eqnsZ m[kkM+us tSlk gksrk gSA ;g mu foÙkh;vfu;ferrkvksa dks uaxk djrh gS tks igys dgha dh xbZ gksa bl izdkj blosQ fy, ftEesokj izcaèkd osQ fo#¼izHkko'kkyh dk;Zokgh djuk ;fn vlaHko ugha gS rks dfBu vo'; gksrk gSA bl detksjh osQ gksrs gq, Hkh ge badkjugha dj ldrs fd yksd ys[kk lfefr laln dk og 'kfDr'kkyh midj.k gS tks jk"Vª osQ èku ij fu;a=k.k djrkgSA bldh okLrfod 'kfDr eq[; :i esa blls lEcfUèkr bldh lkeF;Z ij fuHkZj gS fd ;g vius è;ku esa vkbZfdlh ljdkjh foHkkx osQ }kjk dh xbZ fdlh vfu;ferrk ls lEcfUèkr vko';d dk;Zokgh fd, tkus osQ fy,fdl izdkj lkoZtfud fu.kZ; fy, tkus dk okrkoj.k rS;kj djrh gSA

3- lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ ckjs esa lfefr (The Committee on Public Undertakings)% ;g lfefr1964 esa cukbZ xbZ Fkh vkSj blosQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSaA 10 lnL; yksd lHkk ls vkSj 5 lnL; jkT; lHkk ls gksrsgSaA ;g lfefr fuEufyf[kr dk;Zokgh djrh gSµ

(d) lkoZtfud miØeksa dh fjiksVks± vkSj muosQ [kkrksa dk ijh{k.kA

([k) lkoZtfud miØeksa osQ ckjs ;fn Hkkjr osQ dEiVªksyj vkSj vkMhVj tujy dh dksbZ Hkh fjiksVZ gks] rks mlosQlEcUèk esa tk¡p&iM+rky vkSj fliQkfj'k djukA

(x) lkoZtfud bdkb;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj oqQ'kyrk osQ lanHkZ esa fd D;k mudk dk;Z&O;ogkj cf<+;kO;kolkf;d fl¼karksa vkSj nwj n`f"V okys O;kolkf;d O;ogkj osQ vuqlkj Fkk vFkok ughaA ;g lkoZtfudmiØeksa ls lEcfUèkr ,sls dk;ks± dh Nkuchu Hkh djrh gS tks lkekU; :i esa yksd&ys[kk lfefr vkSjvuqeku lfefr djrh gSaA ;g Lihdj osQ }kjk lkSais x, lHkh vU; dk;Z djrh gSA

VkLd yksd ys[kk lfefr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

7-6 la;qDr lfefr;k¡ (Joint Committees)

1- lnL;ksa dh osru vkSj HkÙkksa dh la;qDr lfefr (Joint Committee on Salaries and Allowancesof Members)% bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1954 esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g ,d lk>h lfefr gS ftlesa laln osQ nksuksalnuksa osQ lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj ;g lnL;ksa osQ osru] ;k=kk HkÙkksa] izfrfnu osQ HkÙkksa] fuokl] MkDVjh lgk;rk vkSj Mkdlqfoèkkvksa ls fuiVrh gSA bl lfefr osQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSa ftuesa ls 10 yksd lHkk esa ls vkSj 'ks"k 5 jkT; lHkkesa ls gksrs gSaA yksd lHkk ls lnL; Lihdj osQ }kjk euksuhr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj jkT; lHkk ls lnL; jkT; lHkk osQvè;{k osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA lalnh; ekeyksa dk ea=kh bl lfefr dk vè;{k gksrk gSA

2- ykHk dekus okys inksa osQ ckjs esa la;qDr lfefr ( Joint Committee on Offices of Profit)% ;g,d LFkk;h lfefr gS ftlosQ 15 lnL; gksrs gSa ftuesa ls 10 lnL; yksd lHkk esa ls fy, tkrs gSa vkSj 'ks"k ik¡pjkT; lHkk esa ls fy, tkrs gSaA bl lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1959 esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g lfefr fu;fer :i esa lalnh;,DV] 1959 dh O;oLFkkvksa dh Nkuchu djrh jgrh gS vkSj blls lEcfUèkr la'kksèku osQ ckjs lq>ko nsrh gSA

3- vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ dY;k.k ls lEcfUèkr lfefr (Joint Committee onthe Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes)% ;g lfefr Hkh la;qDr lfefr gS ftlesalaln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA ;g lfefr vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ ckjs vk;ksx dhfjiksVks± dh Nkuchu djrh gS vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj dchyksa ls lEcfUèkr yksxksa dh HkykbZ ls lEcfUèkrljdkj osQ }kjk le;≤ ij mBk, x, dneksa osQ ckjs esa fjiksVZ laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa dks nsrh gSA

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la?kh; laln dh lfefr iz.kkyh osQ dk;ks± esa ifjorZu (Changes in the Working of Committee

System of the Union Parliament)% 1 vizSy] 1993 ls oSèkkfud dk;Z vfèkdrj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls djus

osQ fy, vusdksa LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ cukbZ xbZ gSaA 17 LFkk;h lfefr;k¡ LFkkfir gks pqdh gSaA izR;sd lfefr osQ 45

lnL; gSa ftuesa ls 30 yksd lHkk vkSj 15 lnL; jkT; lHkk esa ls gksrs gSaA 11 lfefr;ksa osQ vè;{kksa dh fu;qfDr

yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA 'ks"k 6 lfefr;ksa osQ vè;{kksa dh fu;qfDr jkT; lHkk osQ vè;{k osQ

}kjk dh tkrh gSA izR;sd lfefr dk dk;Zdky 1 o"kZ dk gksrk gSA ;g lfefr;k¡ vyx&vyx ea=kky;ksa dh xzkaVksa

dh ek¡xksa ij fopkj djrh gSaA ;g vyx&vyx ea=kky;ksa vkSj mudh okf"kZd fjiksVks± vkSj yach vofèk okyh jk"Vªh;

uhfr;ksa ls lEcfUèkr dkuwu cukus osQ fy, mBk, tkus okys dneksa ij Hkh fopkj djrh gSaA bu LFkk;h lfefr;ksa

osQ ikl ;g vfèkdkj gS fd os vyx&vyx eqíksa vkSj fcyksa ls lEcfUèkr fo'ks"kKksa vkSj vU; izfl¼ yksxksa ls

ijke'kZ ys ldrh gSaA laln bu lfefr;ksa dh fjiksVks± osQ vkèkkj ij mBk, tkus okys dneksa ls lEcfUèkr fopkj

djrh gSA

bl izdkj la?kh; laln iw.kZ :i ls laxfBr] lfØ; vkSj oqQ'ky lfefr iz.kkyh dh lgk;rk ls viuk dk;Z pykrhgSA

fuEufyf[kr esa lR;@vlR; crkb,

7- dkjksckj ijke'kZ lfefr ,d LFkk;h gS] ftldks yksd lHkk esa dk;Z pykus esa lgk;rk osQ fy, cuk;k tkrkgSA

8- 1953 ls igys futh fcyksa] tks lnu ds lkèkkj.k lnL;ksa vFkkZr~ ,sls lnL; tks ea=kh ugha Fks] ds }kjkizLrqr fd;s tkrs Fks] osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk ,d ykVjh ds }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA

9- yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk nksuksa lnu 2%1 ds vuqikr esa la;qDr izoj lfefr ds lnL; euksuhr djrs gSaA

10- yksd lHkk lfefr ftlesa 22 lnL; gksrs gSa] muesa ls 7 yksd lHkk vkSj 15 jkT; lHkk ls gksrs gSA

11- laln lnL;ksa ds osru vkSj HkÙkksa dh la;qDr lfefr dh LFkkiuk 1954 esa xbZ FkhA

7-7 dkuwu cukus dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Law-making)

leLr fo'o esa dkuwu&fuekZ.k dks izR;sd vkèkqfud laln osQ eq[; dk;Z osQ :i esa ekU;rk izkIr gSA dkuwu&fuekZ.k

osQ fy, laln ,d fo'ks"k <ax viukrh gSA laln esa dkuwu cukus osQ fy, izLrqr fd, tkus okys nLrkostksa dks

fcy ;k ¶MªkÝV ,DV~l¸ dgk tkrk gSA ,d fcy laln esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj vyx&vyx pj.kksa esa ppkZ

osQ i'pkr~ laln ;k rks fcy ikl dj nsrh gS vkSj ,slk gksus ij og bldks jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ fy, Hkst

nsrh gS vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ ;g fcy dkuwu cu tkrk gS] ;k fiQj laln fcy dks jí dj nsrh gSA la?kh; laln la?kh;

lwph vkSj lk>h lwph esa fn, x, fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj j[krh gS vkSj bldk vo'ks"k fo"k;ksa ij

Hkh dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj gS fo'ks"k fLFkfr] tSlk fd lafoèkku esa fy[kk x;k gS] laln ;g vfèkdkj jkT; dh

lwph okys fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA ijUrq izR;sd ekeys esa dkuwu cukus osQ fy, bldks fo'ks"k izfØ;k

viukuh iM+rh gSA

osQUnzh; laln osQ }kjk vyx&vyx izdkj osQ fcyksa dks ikl djus dh izfØ;k osQ ckjs esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ

vuqPNsnksa 107&111 osQ vèkhu ppkZ gksrh gSA blosQ ckjs esa fopkj djus ls igys vkb, vyx&vyx izdkj osQ

fcyksa osQ ckjs ppkZ dj ysa tks laln eas izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaµ

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fcyksa osQ izdkj (Kinds of Bills)% fcyksa dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSµ

1- lkoZtfud fcy (Public Bill)% lkoZtfud fcy dh fo'ks"krk loZO;kidrk gksrh gS vkSj ;g lHkh ;k ns'kdh cgqla[;k ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gSaA

2- futh fcy (Private Bill)% futh fcyksa dk lEcUèk lekt osQ fo'ks"k oxks± ;k oqQN futh dEifu;ksa ls gksrkgSA

3- ljdkjh fcy (Government Bill)% eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fdlh lnL; osQ }kjk is'k fd, x, fcy dks ljdkjhfcy dgk tkrk gSA

4- futh lnL; fcy (Private Member Bill)% ,d fcy tks fd laln osQ fdlh ,sls lnL; osQ }kjk izLrqrfd;k x;k gks tksfd ea=kh u gks] dks futh lnL; fcy dgk tkrk gSA

5- foÙkh; fcy (Money Bill)% ,d foÙkh; fcy dk lEcUèk djksa dks yxkus] ?kVkus ;k lekIr djus ;k [kpZ;k vk; ls gksrk gSA

la?kh; laln osQ }kjk dkuwu&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k dh lkekU; fo'ks"krk,¡(General Features of Law-making by the Union Parliament)

1- la?kh; laln la?kh; lwph vkSj lk>h lwph esa fn, x, fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA vo'ks"k fo"k;ksaij dkuwu cukus dk vfèkdkj Hkh laln osQ ikl gSA fo'ks"k fLFkfr esa tSlk fd lafoèkku esa of.kZr gS] ;gjkT; lwph okys fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA

2- la?kh; laln izHkqlÙkk lEiUu laln ugha gSµ

(d) la?kh; laln dkuwu cukus esa osQoy mu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gS tks lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj bldksfeyh gqbZ gSA

([k) jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk gLrk{kj djus osQ i'pkr~ gh laln osQ }kjk ikl fd, x, fcy dkuwu curs gSaA

(x) laln osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa ij Hkkjr dh loksZPp U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDrykxw gksrh gS] tks fdlh Hkh dkuwu dks jí dj ldrh gS ;fn og mldks xSj&laoSèkkfud ikdjlafoèkku fojks/h ?kksf"kr dj nsA

(?k) osQUnzh; laln ,d la?kh; foèkkuikfydk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ }kjk dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr;k¡,d vksj la?kh; laln vkSj nwljh vksj jkT;ksa dh vusdksa foèkkuikfydkvksa esa foHkkftr gqbZ gSaA

3- dkuwu cuus ls igys ,d fcy dks vusdksa pj.kksa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA

4- laln osQ }kjk vafre :i esa ikl djus ls igys izR;sd fcy dk ,d ;ksX; lfefr osQ }kjk vè;;u fd;ktkrk gSA

5- lkèkkj.k dkuwu&fuekZ.k osQ lEcUèk esa yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ ikl dkuwu cukus osQ ,d lekuvfèkdkj gSa ijUrq fdlh fcy ij nksuksa lnuksa osQ chp iSnk gq, xfrjksèk osQ lekèkku osQ fy, lk>svfèkos'ku cqykus dk <ax ,sls fdlh Hkh fcy osQ ckjs esa jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa yksd lHkk dks vfèkd'kfDr'kkyh cuk nsrk gSA

6- foÙkh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k osQ lEcUèk esa yksd lHkk vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr esa gSA bl foÙkh; fcy osQoyyksd lHkk esa gh izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ,slk osQoy ,d ea=kh izLrqr dj ldrk gSA ;fn fdlhfcy osQ foÙkh; fcy gksus ;k u gksus osQ ckjs esa dksbZ fookn gks rks bldk fu.kZ; yksd lHkk dk Lihdj

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djrk gS vkSj mldk fu.kZ; vfUre gksrk gSA ,d foÙkh; fcy yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd;k tkrk gS rksHkh bldks jkT; lHkk esa Hkstk tkrk gS] ijUrq og bl {ks=k esa lhfer 'kfDr gh j[krk gSA jkT; lHkk 14fnuksa osQ Hkhrj fcy dks ikl dj ldrh gS ;k vius la'kksèku izLrko lfgr bldks yksd lHkk dks okilHkst ldrh gSA nwljh fLFkfr esa yksd lHkk dh ;g bPNk ij fuHkZj gksrk gS fd og izLrkfor la'kksèku dksLohdkj dj ys ;k jí dj nsA ;fn jkT; lHkk dksbZ fu.kZ; ysus esa vliQy jgrh gS vkSj 14 fnuksa dkle; lekIr gks tkrk gS rks foÙkh; fcy dks blosQ }kjk ikl le> fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g dkuwu cutkrk gSA bl izdkj jkT; lHkk foÙkh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k {ks=k esa osQoy nsjh djus dh Hkwfedk gh fuHkkrh gSA

7- yksd lHkk esa fdlh fcy osQ ikl u gksus dks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl izLrko osQ :i esa fy;ktkrk gS ijUrq ;fn dksbZ ljdkjh fcy jkT; lHkk esa ikl ugha gksrk rks bldk eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ij dksbZ izHkkougha iM+rkA

8- fczVsu osQ leku tgk¡ dkuwu cukus dk dk;Z jkT; lfgr laln (King-in-Parliament) osQ }kjk fd;ktkrk gS] Hkkjr esa Hkh dkuwuh :i esa dkuwu&fuekZ.k dk dk;Z jk"Vªifr lfgr laln osQ }kjk fd;k tkrkgSA

,d lkèkkj.k fcy dks ikl djus dk <ax(Procedure of Passing an Ordinary Bill)

,d lkèkkj.k fcy dks dkuwu cuus ls igys fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa esa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSµ

1- izFke pj.k% is'k djuk vkSj fcy dh izFke i<+r (First Stage: Introduction and First

Reading of the Bill)% ,d lkèkkj.k fcy laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu eas izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq ;gns[kk x;k gS fd yxHkx 90% fcy igys yksd lHkk esa gh izLrqr fd, tkrs gSaA ,d futh lnL; dks fcy izLrqrdjus ls ,d eghuk igys Lihdj dks uksfVl nsuk iM+rk gSA bl uksfVl osQ lkFk fcy dh dkih] fcy osQ mís';ksadk C;kSjk vkSj laHkkoh [kpZ dk C;kSjk nsuk iM+rk gSA fiQj fcy is'k djus okys ls fopkj&foe'kZ osQ mijkar fcyizLrqr djus dh frfFk fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA fuf'pr frfFk ij lnL; viuh lhV ij [kM+k gksdj lnu ls fcyizLrqr djus dh vkKk ekaxrk gSA fiQj lEcfUèkr O;fDr fcy dk 'kh"kZd i<+rk gS vkSj fcy dh dkih lnu esaj[krk gSA ;fn lnL; fcy dks viuk leFkZu ns nsrs gSa rks ;g le> fy;k tkrk gS fd lnu osQ }kjk igys pj.kij fcy ikl dj fn;k x;k gSA ;fn leFkZu ugha feyrk rks ;g fcy blh pj.k ij gh lekIr gks tkrk gSA blpj.k ij fcy dks Lohdkj djus osQ i'pkr~ Lihdj fcy dks izdkf'kr fd, tkus dh vkKk nsrk gSA

tgk¡ rd ljdkjh fcyksa dk lEcUèk gS os eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ,d lnL; osQ }kjk lnu esa j[ks tkrs gSaA bl lEcUèkesa lnu ls vkKk ysus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA fcy dk xtV esa Nkik tkuk gh dkiQh gksrk gSA bldh fcydh igyh i<+r le>k tkrk gSA ;fn vko';drk gks rks ea=kh ekSosQ ij vkKk ys ldrk gS vkSj lnu esa fcy izLrqrdj ldrk gSA

2- nwljk pj.k (Second Stage)% lkekU; :i ls fcy dh NikbZ vkSj bldks lnu osQ lnL;ksa esa ck¡Vus osQfy, izFke vkSj nwljs pj.kksa osQ chp dkiQh le; fn;k tkrk gSA blls lnL;ksa dks fcy dk vè;;u djus vkSjblosQ ckjs esa fopkj rS;kj djus osQ fy, le; fey tkrk gSA fuf'pr fnu ij lEcfUèkr O;fDr viuh lhV ij[kM+k gksdj vkKk ekaxrk gS fd fcy dh nwljh i<+r dh tk,xhA yksd lHkk dk vè;{k }kjk ;g vkKk feyusosQ i'pkr~ fcy izLrqr djus okyk fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ izLrko is'k djrk gSµ

(i) fd fcy ij rqjar fopkj fd;k tk,A

(ii) fd fcy ,d lfefr osQ ikl Hkst fn;k tk,A

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(iii) fd fcy nksuksa lnuksa dh ,d la;qDr lfefr dks Hkstk tk,A

(iv) fd fcy tuer tkuus osQ fy, yksxksa esa ck¡V fn;k tk,A

mi;qZDr izLrkoksa esa ls fdlh dks Hkh Lohdkj djuk fcy osQ egÙo vkSj vko';drk ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj fiQjfcy ij ppkZ vkjaHk gksrh gSA fcy izLrqr djus okyk ,d ik;yV osQ leku O;ogkj djrk gS vkSj og lnu dksfcy osQ mís';ksa vkSj fl¼karksa ls voxr djokrk gSA fojksèkh i{k osQ lnL;ksa dks fcy osQ ckjs esa vius fopkj izdVdjus osQ fy, iw.kZ volj fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn bl pj.k ij fcy ikl gks tkrk gS rks bldks lnu dh ,d lfefrdks Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn fcy ikl ugha gksrk rks bldks lekIr gqvk le> fy;k tkrk gSA ;fn ljdkjh fcybl pj.k ij ikl u gks rks bldks ljdkj dh ijkt; le>k tkrk gSA ;fn yksxksa osQ fopkj tkuus osQ fy, fcydks yksxksa esa ckaVus dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS rks ;g 'krZ iw.kZ djus osQ mijkar fcy ,d lfefr dks Hkst fn;k tkrkgSA ;fn lnu fcy ij rqajr fopkj djus dk fu.kZ; ysrk gS rks fcy ij mlh le; ppkZ vkjaHk gks tkrh gSA

3- lfefr pj.k (Committee Stage)% fcy is'k djus okys O;fDr dks ml lfefr esa euksuhr dj fn;k tkrkgS ftldks bl pj.k ij fcy Hkstk tkrk gSA bl lfefr esa fojksèkh i{k osQ lnL; Hkh fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA lkekU;:i esa ,sls lnL; fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa ftudk fcy osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh gksrh gSA ,slh lfefr esa lnL;ksa dhla[;k 25 ls 30 rd gksrh gSA lfefr esa fcy dh lHkh èkkjkvksa ij foLr`r cgl gksrh gS ;fn lfefr mfpr le>srks og mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks cqyk ldrh gS ftudks fcy osQ }kjk izHkkfor fd, tkus dh laHkkouk gks rks ,slsO;fDr dks cqyk ldrh gS tks lfefr dk lnL; u gks ijUrq og fcy ls lEcfUèkr ,d fo'ks"k Kku j[krk gksAlfefr dh dk;Zokgh xqIr gksrh gS blosQ fy, lHkh nyksa osQ lnL; fcy osQ ckjs esa vius fopkj izdV djus esaLora=k gksrs gSaA ljdkj osQ lnL; fojksèkh i{k osQ lnL;ksa osQ fopkjksa ls lgefr izdV djus esa fgpfdpkgV ughafn[kkrsA bl pj.k ij fcy dk xgu vkSj oLrqfu"B fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA fcy dh izR;sd èkkjk ij fopkj gksrkgS vkSj ppkZ gksrh gSA lfefr fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ Hkh ,d fliQkfj'k dj ldrh gSµ

(i) fd fcy izLrkoksa osQ vuqlkj la'kksfèkr fd;k tk,A

(ii) fd fcy ikl ugha gksuk pkfg,A

(iii) fd fcy fcuk fdlh la'kksèku osQ ikl fd;k tk,A

lfefr fcy ij fjiksVZ rS;kj djrh gS vkSj bldks lnu dks Hkst nsrh gSA lfefr oQks izR;sd voLFkk esa] pkgs bldh

fjiksVZ oqQN Hkh gks] okLrfod fcy dks lnu dks okil djuk iM+rk gS D;ksafd fcy dk lfefr }kjk lekIr ugha

fd;k tk ldrkA vejhdk esa fLFkfr blosQ foijhr gSA ogk¡ lfefr;k¡ cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gSa vkSj os lEcfUèkr

fcy dks lnu dks blosQ lacaèk esa fjiksVZ fn, fcuk lekIr dj ldrh gSaA Hkkjr esa lfefr dks fcy osQ ckjs esa

lEcfUèkr lnu dks fjiksVZ nsuh gh iM+rh gS pkgs og fjiksVZ fcy osQ i{k esa gks ;k fo#¼A

4- fjiksVZ pj.k (Report Stage)% tc fcy lfefr dh fjiksVZ lfgr lnu esa fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, vkrk

gS rks bl pj.k dks fjiksVZ pj.k dgk tkrk gSA lfefr dh fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij fcy ij fopkj djus osQ fy,

fuèkkZfjr frfFk ij fcy is'k djus okyk lnu dks lfefr dh fjiksVZ ij fopkj djus osQ fy, izkFkZuk djrk gSA fcy

dh izfr;k¡ lfefr }kjk lq>k, x, la'kksèku vkSj fliQkfj'kksa lfgr lnL;ksa eas ck¡Vh tkrh gSaA fcy osQ lHkh igyqvksa

ij ppkZ gksrh gSA izLrkfor la'kksèkuksa ij Hkh fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk gS] cgl gksrh gS vkSj izR;sd èkkjk ij oksV iM+rh

gS ;k èkkjkvksa ij lkewfgd :i esa Hkh ernku dj fy;k tkrk gSA bl <ax ls lEiw.kZ fcy ij fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk

gS vkSj fcy ikl fd;k tkrk gSA lnu osQ vè;{k osQ }kjk fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, le;&lhek fuf'pr dh tk

ldrh gSA ;g fcy dk fu.kkZ;d pj.k gksrk gSA ;fn fcy bl pj.k dks ikj dj tkrk gS rks bldks lnu osQ }kjk

iw.kZ :i ls ikl gh le>k tkrk gS D;ksafd rhljs vkSj vafre pj.k esa dksbZ Hkh fcy jí ugha gksrkA

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5- rhljh i<+r (Third Reading)% fcy dh rhljh i<+r lnu esa fcy dks ikl fd, tkus dk vafre pj.kgksrk gSA fjiksVZ pj.k osQ i'pkr~ fcy dh rhljh i<+r osQ fy, frfFk fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA bl pj.k ij fcydh izR;sd èkkjk ij fopkj ugha gksrkA fcy dks leqfpr :i esa i<+k tkrk gS vkSj ikl dj fn;k tkrk gSA osQoyfcy dh Hkk"kk ls lEcfUèkr la'kksèkuksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk gSA roZQ&foroZQ fcy osQ leFkZu ;k jí djus rdlhfer jgrk gSA fcy dk ;g pj.k vkSipkfjd gksrk gS vkSj bl pj.k ij vfèkdrj fcy jí ugha gksrsA fcy ijoksV Mkys tkrs gSa vkSj ;fn cgqla[;k bldk leFkZu dj nsrh gS rks bldks nwljs lnu osQ ikl Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

6- fcy nwljs lnu esa (Bill in the other House)% nwljs lnu esa fcy dks mu lHkh pj.kksa esa ls xqtjukiM+rk gS ftuesa ls og izFke lnu esa ls xqtjk FkkA nwljk lnu ,slk dj ldrk gSµ

(a) fcy dks fcuk dksbZ la'kksèku osQ ikl dj ldrk gSA

(b) fcy dks la'kksèku lfgr izFke lnu dks okil dj nsrk gSA

(c) fcy dks jí dj ldrk gSA

;fn nwljk lnu fcy ij 6 eghus rd fopkj ugha djrk rks fcy dks nwljs lnu osQ }kjk jí fd;k x;k le>fy;k tkrk gSA ;fn nwljk lnu fcy dks jí dj nsrk gS ;k fcy dks fliQkfj'kksa lfgr okil dj nsrk gS rks nksuksalnuksa esa Vdjko iSnk gks tkrk gS vkSj 6 eghus dk le; xqtjus ij jk"Vªifr Vdjko lekIr djus osQ fy, nksuksalnuksa dh lk>h cSBd vkeaf=kr dj ldrk gSA ;fn lk>h cSBd esa fcy dks cgqer osQ }kjk Lohdkj dj fy;ktkrk gS rks bldks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gS ijUrq ;fn fcy dks cgqer dk leFkZu ughafeyrk rks ;g lekIr gks tkrk gSA lk>h cSBd esa yksd lHkk viuh vfèkd lnL;rk gksus osQ dkj.k jkT; lHkkdh rqyuk esa Js"B fLFkfr esa jgrh gSA

7- jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr (Approval of President)% laln osQ }kjk fcy ikl djus osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr dhLohÑfr osQ fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr fcy dks viuh lgefr ns nsrk gS rks ;g dkuwu cu tkrk gS vkSjdkuwu dh iqLrd esa ntZ gks tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr fcuk fliQkfj'k ;k fliQkfj'kksa lfgr iqufoZpkj osQ fy, laln dksdksbZ fcy okil Hkh Hkst ldrk gSA ijUrq laln jk"Vªifr dh fliQkfj'ksa ekuus osQ fy, ikcan ugha gksrhA ;fn lalnnwljh ckj fliQkfj'kksa lfgr ;k fliQkfj'k osQ fcuk fcy ikl dj nsrh gS rks jk"Vªifr nwljh ckj viuh LohÑfrnsus ls badkj ugha dj ldrk vkSj fcy dkuwu cu tkrk gS] ijUrq jk"Vªifr fdlh fcy dks iqu% fopkj osQ fy,okil Hkstus dk egÙoiw.kZ dne cgqr de gh mBkrk gSA izR;sd fcy tks laln osQ }kjk ikl fd;k gksrk gS] dkscgqer vkSj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA jk"Vªifr lnSo eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrkgS vkSj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk laln dh bPNk osQ fo#¼ ijke'kZ fn, tkus dh vk'kk ugha dh tk ldrhA bl izdkjeaf=k&ifj"kn~ lnSo jk"Vªifr dks ijke'kZ nsrh gS fd og ,sls fcy] ftldks laln osQ }kjk mi;qDr <ax ls ikl fd;kx;k gS] ij gLrk{kj dj nsA

bl izdkj lkèkkj.k fcy dk dkuwu cuus osQ fy, laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa vusdksa pj.kksa esa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gSA;g jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ i'pkr~ gh dkuwu curk gSA

VkLd ,d lkèkkj.k fcy dks ikl djus dh izfØ;k dks le>kb,A

7-8 ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k (Procedure of Passing the Budget)

la?k dh vxys foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy, oqQy vk; vkSj [kpZ ls lEcfUèkr C;kSjs dks okf"kZd foÙkh; LVsVeSaV ;k ctVdgk tkrk gSA izR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ vkjaHk gksus ls igys ljdkj dks laln ls ctV ikl djokuk iM+rk gSA D;ksafd

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laln dh LohÑfr osQ fcuk jkT; dks"k esa ls èku ugha fudyok;k tk ldrk vkSj ljdkj osQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh iSlk[kpZ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA gekjs ns'k esa foÙkh; o"kZ ,d vizSy ls vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj vxys o"kZ 31 ekpZ dkslekIr gksrk gSA okf"kZd ctV izR;sd o"kZ igyh vizSy ls igys ikl djuk iM+rk gSA vuqPNsn 112 (1) osQvuqlkj] ¶jk"Vªifr izR;sd foÙkh; o"kZ ls lEcfUèkr Hkkjr ljdkj dh vuqekfur vk; vkSj O;; dh LVsVeSaV ftldks^okf"kZd foÙkh; LVsVeSaV* dgk tkrk gS] lnu osQ nksuksa lnuksa esa j[ksxkA¸ mi;qZDr vuqPNsnksa ls Li"V gks tkrk gSfd ;g jk"Vªifr dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og laln osQ le{k okf"kZd ctV izLrqr djok,A ijUrq okLro esa ;gmÙkjnkf;Ro la?kh; eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk gksrk gS tks ctV rS;kj djrh gS] bldks laln osQ le{k j[krh gS] blls ikldjokrh gS vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ eaf=k ifj"kn~ [kpZ djrh gS rFkk ctV dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj vk; ,df=kr djrhgSA ctV esa vk; vkSj [kpZ osQ [kkrs dk C;kSjk nsrs le; vkxkeh foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy, ljdkj dh foÙkh; uhfr;k¡Hkh r; dh tkrh gSaA

ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k esa mBk, tkus okys eq[; dne bl izdkj gSaA Hkkjr esa ctV laln esa nks Hkkxksa esaizLrqr fd;k tkrk gSµ

1- jsyos ctV (Railway Budget)% bl ctV esa jsyos ls lEcfUèkr oqQy vk; vkSj [kpZ 'kkfey fd;k tkrkgS vkSj ;g ctV laln esa jsyos ea=kh osQ }kjk izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ctV vke ctV izLrqr djus ls oqQNfnu igys izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

2- vke ctV (General Budget)% vke ctV esa jsyos foHkkx osQ fcuk lHkh foHkkxksa ls lEcfU/r oqQy vk;vkSj O;; dk C;kSjk 'kkfey gksrk gSA ;g ctV foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjk laln vFkkZr~ yksd lHkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrkgSA jsyos ctV vkSj lkèkkj.k ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k yxHkx ,d leku gSA

(a) ctV dh rS;kjh (Preparation of the Budget)% ctV dks rS;kj djuk ,d rduhdh vkSj tfVydk;Z gS D;ksafd og fo'ks"k :i esa vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ ls lEcfUèkr ns'k dh lEiw.kZ vFkZ&O;oLFkk dk vkèkkjgksrk gSA foÙkh; vkSj vkS|ksfxd&rduhdh fodkl dh vko';drk] mís'; vkSj mUufr ljdkj dh foÙk uhfr ijfuHkZj djrh gS tksfd ctV esa fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSA ;g foÙkh; uhfr vkSj vYidkfyd fo'ks"k foÙkh; uhfr;k¡]dj izLrko vkSj vU; vkfFkZd dneksa dh izfØ;k fuf'pr djrh gS ftuosQ vuqlkj ns'k osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZdfodkl dh izfØ;k u pyuk gksrk gSA jsyos ctV jsy ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkèkkj.k ctV foÙkea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa leqfpr :i esa uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; oSQfcusV djrhgSA O;;ksa osQ ckjs vuqikr rS;kj fd, tkrs gSa vkSj vyx&vyx ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ }kjk vftZr vk; osQ ckjsvuqikr ctV rS;kj djus ls yxHkx 4 ls 6 eghus igys foÙk ea=kh osQ ikl igq¡pus gksrs gSaA bu vuqekuksa vkSjoSQfcusV osQ uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij foÙk ea=kh vkus okys o"kZ osQ fy, vk; vkSj O;;ksa osQ ckjs esa vuqekuykrk gSA blosQ i'pkr~ foÙk ea=kh vyx&vyx lkèkuksa osQ }kjk vk; ,df=kr djus osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gS vkSjdj izLrko rS;kj djrk gSA bl izdkj foÙk ea=kh u, dj yxkus vkSj iqjkuksa osQ uohuhdj.k ls lEcfUèkr ;kstukrS;kj djrk gSA bl izdkj okLro esa ctV foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj og vfUre fopkj osQ fy,bldks oSQfcusV esa j[krk gS vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ ctV laln esa izLrqr djus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gSA

(b) lkèkkj.k ctV osQ eq[; Hkkx (Main Parts of the General Budget)% Hkkjr esa ctV osQ nks eq[;Hkkx gSaµ

(i) vk; dh LVsVeSaV (Statement of Income)% bl Hkkx esa osQUnz&ljdkj vFkkZr~ blosQ lHkh foHkkxksadk fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ dh vk; dk fjdkMZ gksrk gSA

(ii) O;; dh LVsVeSaV (Statement of Expenditure)% bl Hkkx esa ljdkj osQ vyx&vyx foHkkxksadk fiNys foÙkh; o"kZ osQ [kpZ dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA

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(iii) vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ osQ fy, osQUnz ljdkj dh vuqekfur vk; vkSj [kpZ osQ ckjs esa fooj.kA

(iv) fo|eku dj iz.kkyh esa ifjorZuksa ls lEcfUèkr izLrko vkSj u, djksa ls lEcfUèkr izLrkoA

(v) vkus okys foÙkh; o"kZ esa osQUnz ljdkj dh foÙkh; uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa LVsVeSaVA

ljdkj osQ oqQy O;; dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSµ

(a) Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk (Consolidated Fund) ij fd, tkus okyk O;; (Charged Expenditure)A

(b) lkèkkj.k vFkok xSj&olwyh O;; (Non-charged Expenditure) a

(a) Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk ls fy;k tkus okyk O;; (Expenditure charged on the Consolidated

Fund of India)% lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 113 osQ vuqlkj laln osQ lnL; Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk (Consoli-

dated Fund) ij olwy fd, tkus okys vyx&vyx O;;ksa ij cgl dj ldrs gSa ijUrq os bu ij oksV dkvfèkdkj ugha iz;ksx dj ldrsA olwys O;;ksa dks laln osQ }kjk ikl fd;k tkrk gS ftudks izR;sd fLFkfr esa ljdkjus [kpZ djuk gh gksrk gSA fuEufyf[kr [kpZ bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaµ

1- jk"Vªifr osQ osru rFkk vU; HkÙkksa ls lEcfUèkr O;;A

2- laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ vè;{kksa dk O;;A

3- loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ vU; HkÙkksa ls lEcfUèkr O;;A

4- dEiVªksyj ,aM vkMhVj tujy osQ vU; HkÙkksa osQ ckjs esa O;;A

5- la?kh; U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh iSa'ku ls lEcfUèkr O;;A

6- mi&jk"Vªifr osQ vU; HkÙkksa ls lEcfUèkr O;;A

(b) xSj&olwyh [kpZ (Non-charged Expenditure)% mQijof.kZr O;;ksa osQ vfrfjDr 'ks"k lHkh O;;ksa dksxSj&olwys [kpZ dgk tkrk gS vkSj mudks vuqnkuksa osQ Hkkxksa osQ Lo:i esa laln osQ lkeus izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA,sls O;; laln osQ }kjk Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj ;k ?kVk, tk ldrs gSaA laln vius :i esa bu O;;ksa dks c<+k ughaldrhA

1- ctV izLrqr djuk vkSj ctV ij Hkk"k.k (Introduction of the Budget Speech)% lafo/ku osQvuqPNsn 112 osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ctV dks laln esa is'k djokrk gSA lkekU;:i esa ctV iQjojh osQ vfUre lIrkg esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ikl djus ls igys laln dks yxHkx ,deghus osQ fy, ctV ij leqfpr :i esa fopkj djus dk le; fey tkrk gSA lkekU; :i esa ctV pkyw foÙkh;o"kZ lekIr gksus ls igys vFkkZr~ 31 ekpZ ls igys ikl djuk gksrk gSA yksd lHkk esa ctV foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjkfu/kZfjr frfFk vkSj le; ij izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ctV izLrqr djrs le; foÙk ea=kh ctV ij Hkk"k.k nsrk gSftlesa ctV osQ eq[; Hkkxksa vkSj fo'ks"krkvksa dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA ctV lnSo yksd lHkk esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS rFkk;g ,d foÙk fcy gh gksrk gSA

2- ctV Hkk"k.k (Budget Speech)% ctV dh dkfi;k¡ laln lnL;ksa esa ck¡Vh tkrh gSa rkfd og ctV izLrkoksals lEcfUèkr C;kSjksa dk vè;;u djus osQ leFkZ gks losaQA blh le; ctV izLrkoksa dks lkèkkj.k turk osQ ykHkosQ fy, Vh-oh- vkSj jsfM;ks ij izlkfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ctV ij Hkk"k.k ls ctV izLrkoksa ij cgl osQ fy, ekxZrS;kj gks tkrk gS vkSj laln osQ lnL; laln esa ctV ij cgl esa Hkkx ysus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA

3- ctV ij lkekU; cgl (General Discussion on the Budget)% ctV izLrqr djus osQ rhu ;k pkjfnuksa ckn ctV dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ij lkekU; cgl gksrh gS ftlosQ nkSjku foÙk ea=kh ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr;ksadks mfpr Bgjkrk gSA bl pj.k ij olwyh O;; ij Hkh cgl gksrh gSA fojksèkh ny ;k nyksa osQ lnL; bl pj.k

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dks ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ dh vkykspuk djus osQ fy, iz;ksx djrs gSaA ijUrq og cgl jktuhfrd gksrh gSvkSj bldk vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k ;k iqufoZpkj ls lEcUèk cgqr de gksrk gSA Jh eksfjl tksut osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶;g,d ,slk volj gksrk gS ftlesa izR;sd lnu viuh euksn'kk dks izdV djus osQ leFkZ gksrk gS vkSj ljdkj bllstku ldrh gS fd ,d fo'ks"k izLrko vxys pj.k ij fdl izdkj tk,xkA¸

4- LFkk;h lfefr;ksa osQ }kjk ctV ij fopkj (Consideration of Budget Proposals by the

Standing Committees)% vizSy] 1993 esa lfefr iz.kkyh esa vusdksa ifjorZu fd, x, FksA 17 LFkk;hlfefr;k¡ cukbZ xb±A 1994 ls ysdj ;g lfefr;k¡ ctV ikl djus osQ le; lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh vk jgh gSaActV is'k gksus osQ i'pkr~ bu lfefr;ksa osQ ikl pyk tkrk gSA ;s lfefr;k¡ ctV izLrkoksa osQ lEcUèk esa Nkuchudjrh gSa vkSj viuh fjiksVs±@lq>ko nsrh gSaA lfefr;ksa dh ;g fjiksVs± yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ctV ij cgl dk vk/kjcurh gSaA

5- xzkaVksa osQ ckjs eas ek¡xksa ij ernku (Voting on Demand for Grants)% vke fopkj&foe'kZ osQ i'pkr~ljdkjh foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa ij ppkZ gksrh gSaA bl pj.k ij vyx&vyx ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ }kjk vkus okys foÙkh;o"kZ osQ fy, O;; ls lEcfUèkr dh xb± ek¡xsa fopkj&foe'kZ dj fo"k; gksrh gSaA laln fdlh Hkh ek¡x dks Lohdkj]jí ;k ?kVk ldrh gS ijUrq o`f¼ ugha dj ldrhA izR;sd foHkkx dh xzkaVksa dh ek¡xksa ij gh vyx&vyx fopkjfd;k tkrk gS ijUrq lkekU; :i esa izeq[k foHkkxksa dh ek¡xksa ij gh vyx&vyx fopkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj le;dh deh osQ dkj.k izk;% 'ks"k foHkkxksa osQ }kjk is'k dh xbZ ek¡xksa ij laln lk>s :i esa fopkj djus osQ fy, foo'kgksrh gSA izR;sd ek¡x lacafèkr ea=kh osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ LohÑfr ysdj laln esa j[kh tkrh gSA Lihdj cgldh le;&lhek fuf'pr djrk gS vkSj izR;sd cgl lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ ek¡xksa ij oksV Mkys tkrs gSaA ;fn yksdlHkk osQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh ek¡x jí dj nh tkrh gS ;k ?kVk nh tkrh gS rks bldks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh ijkt; osQ :iesa fy;k tkrk gS vkSj mldks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA ;g dk;Zokgh laln esa ljdkj osQ cgqer osQ ijh{k.k dkvolj iznku djrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ljdkj dks cgqr lkoèkku gksdj pyuk iM+rk gS vkSj mldks izR;sdifj.kke osQ fy, rS;kj jguk iM+rk gSA

6- fofu;ksx fcy dks izLrqr vkSj ikl djuk (Introduction and Passing of the Appropriation

Bill)% yksd lHkk osQ }kjk xzkaVksa ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ek¡xksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ i'pkr~ yksd lHkk osQ }kjkikl dh xbZ ek¡xksa vkSj lafpr fufèk (Consolidated Fund of India) ls fd, tkus okys O;; dks ,df=krdjosQ fofu;ksx fcy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA ;g fcy yksd lHkk esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lnu esa ls ikl gksusls igys bldks mu lHkh pj.kksa esa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gS ftlesa ls vU; dksbZ fcy xqtjrk gSA yksd lHkk osQ }kjkikl djus osQ i'pkr~ bldks jkT; lHkk osQ ikl Hkstk tkrk gSA jkT; lHkk bldks ikl dj ldrh gS ;k bldks14 fnuksa osQ vanj fliQkfj'kksa lfgr ;k fliQkfj'kksa osQ fcuk yksd lHkk dks okil dj ldrh gS] yksd lHkk bufliQkfj'kksa dks ekuus osQ fy, ikcan ugha gksrhA bl izdkj jkT; lHkk fofu;ksx fcy osQ ikl gksus esavf/d&ls&vf/d 14 fnuksa osQ le; osQ fy, nsjh gh dj ldrh gSA blosQ i'pkr~ bldks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksaosQ }kjk ikl gqvk le> fy;k tkrk gS vkSj bldks jk"Vªifr osQ gLrk{kjksa osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA fofu;ksxfcy osQ ikl gksus dk vFkZ vyx&vyx ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ [kpZ ls lEcfUèkr ek¡xksa dh LohÑfr gksrk gSA

7- foÙkh; fcy dks ikl djuk (Passing of the Finance Bill)% ctV esa fn, x, lHkh dj izLrkoksa dksfoÙkh; fcy dk :i vkSj 'kh"kZd fn;k tkrk gS tks fofu;ksx fcy osQ ikl@is'k gksus osQ i'pkr~ yksd lHkk esa izLrqrfd;k tkrk gSA bl fcy dks mlh izfØ;k esa ls xqtjuk iM+rk gS tks ,d èku fcy dks ikl djus osQ fy, viukbZtkrh gSA fojksèkh i{k osQ lnL; djksa dks ?kVkus ls lEcfUèkr la'kksèku izLrqr dj ldrs gSa ftudks ljdkj osQ }kjkLohdkj ;k jí fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn foÙkh; fcy esa ,slk la'kksèku eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh lgefr osQ fcuk ikl dj

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fn;k tkrk gS rks bldks ljdkj osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl er osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ftldk fu"d"kZ ljdkjosQ R;kx&i=k osQ :i esa fudyrk gSA ijUrq ,d cgqer osQ leFkZu okyh ljdkj dks foÙkh; fcy ikl djokusesa ckèkk dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+rkA foÙkh; fcy dks yksd lHkk osQ }kjk ikl djus osQ i'pkr~ jkT; lHkk dksHkstk tkrk gSA jkT; lHkk bl fcy osQ ikl djus osQ lEcUèk esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 14 fnuksa dh nsjh dj ldrhgSA jkT; lHkk 14 fnuksa osQ vanj oqQN la'kksèku lfgr ;k la'kksèku osQ fcuk foÙkh; fcy dks yksd lHkk osQ iklokil Hkst ldrh gSA ijUrq ;g osQoy yksd lHkk ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og bu la'kksèkuksa dks Lohdkj djs ;ku djsA jkT; lHkk dks fcy Hksts tkus ls ysdj 14 fnu lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ bldks laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa osQ}kjk ikl gqvk le> fy;k tkrk gSA fiQj bldks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkstk tkrk gSA muosQ gLrk{kj gksusls ;g fcy dkuwu cu tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ ikl foÙkh; fcy dks iqu% fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj iqu% ikl djus osQfy, laln dks okil Hkstus dk vfèkdkj ugha gSA foÙkh; fcy osQ ikl gksus ls okLro esa ctV ikl gksus dhizfØ;k iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA

8- ys[kk oksV (Vote on Account)% gekjs ns'k esa foÙkh; o"kZ 31 ekpZ dks lekIr gksrk gS ijUrq ;fn igysvizSy rd ctV ikl djokuk dfBu gks rks ljdkj ctV osQ ikl gksus rd vUrfje vkèkkj ij vko';d O;;djus osQ fy, vkKk ys ldrh gSA bl dk;Zokgh dks ljdkj osQ }kjk laln ls ys[kk oksV (Vote on Account)

ysuk dgk tkrk gSA lkekU; :i esa ljdkj dh ,slh izkFkZuk lnSo gh laln osQ }kjk Lohdkj dj yh tkrh gSA

9- iwjd ctV (Supplementary Budget)% lkekU; :i esa foÙkh; o"kZ osQ vkjaHk esa ljdkj vuqekuksa ijvkèkkfjr leLr ctV rS;kj dj ysrh gS ijUrq oqQN eghus chrus osQ i'pkr~ ;fn foÙk ea=kh vuqHko djs fd O;;LohÑr fd, O;; ls vfèkd gS ;k lkèkuksa dh izkfIr fuèkkZfjr ls de gks jgh gS rks og flrEcj] vDVwcj ;ktuojh esa laln dh LohÑfr osQ fy, iwjd ctV izLrqr dj ldrk gSA bldks iwjd ctV ;k ljdkj osQ }kjkek¡xs x, iwjd vuqnku dgk tkrk gSA

10- vkdfLed (nq?kZVuk) fufèk (The Contingency Fund of India)% Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn267 (1) osQ vuqlkj laln ,d dkuwu ikl djosQ vkdfLed fufèk LFkkfir dj ldrh gS ftl esa ls vko';drkiM+us ij O;; fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g fufèk jk"Vªifr osQ fu;a=k.k vèkhu gksrh gSA tks jkf'k bl fufèk esa ls iz;ksxdh tkrh gS] mlosQ lEcUèk esa ckn esa laln osQ nksuksa lnuksa ls LohÑfr ysuh iM+rh gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa yksd lHkk esa izLrqr gksus osQ i'pkr~ ctV 75 fnuksa osQ vanj&vanj ikl djuk gksrk gSA

bl izdkj ctV ikl djuk ,d lqlaxfBr vkSj tfVy dk;Zokgh gSA ;g ,d le;c¼ dk;Zokgh gSA blosQ iklgksus esa dfBukb;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ikus dh O;oLFkk gS tks dfBukb;k¡ ikl fd, tkus esa nsjh djosQ [kM+h dh tk ldrhgSaA ctV dh izfØ;k ls irk yxrk gS fd bl {ks=k esa yksd lHkk dh jkT; lHkk dh rqyuk esa mPp Hkwfedk vkSjfLFkfr gSA foÙkh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k osQ lEcUèk esa ;g yksd lHkk gh gS tks izeq[k Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gaS tcfd jkT; lHkkdh osQoy nsjh djus dh Hkwfedk gh jgrh gSA fiQj Hkh tc yksd lHkk vkSj jkT; lHkk esa nyh; fLFkfr vyx gks(tc bu nksuksa lnuksa esa nks vyx&vyx nyksa ;k lewgksa dk cgqer gks) rks jkT; lHkk Hkh bl {ks=k esa oqQN lfØ;Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA ,slk 1977&79 vkSj 1989&95 osQ nkSjku gqvk FkkA ;fn jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk ;k fdlhvU; ladV osQ dkj.k ctV laln osQ }kjk is'k djus osQ ekxZ esa dksbZ leL;k vk jgh gks rks jk"Vªifr mfpr vkns'ktkjh djosQ laln dks ctV ikl djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA ,slk ekpZ 1998 esa fd;k x;k FkkA

ljdkj osQ }kjk ctV rS;kj djuk vkSj laln ls ikl djokuk ,d lpeqp gh cgqr tfVy vkSj yach dk;ZokghgS tks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dks foo'k djrh gS fd og bl dk;Zokgh dks pykus ls lEcfUèkr cgqr vfèkd lko/ku vkSj

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oqQ'ky jgkA laln dk ctV vfèkos'ku lkekU; :i esa ljdkj osQ fy, cgqr ncko okyk le; gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh=kqfV ;k mis{kk ljdkj osQ fxjus dk dkj.k cu ldrh gS vkSj blls jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks cM+k /Ddk yx ldrkgSA Hkkjr esa lk>h ljdkjksa osQ ;qx dh fLFkfr iSnk gksus ls ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k vkSj Hkh tfVy gks xbZ gSAijUrq Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa vkSj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa ctV ikl djus osQ lEcUèk esa vkus okyh laHkkfordfBukb;ksa ij fu;a=k.k ikus dh ;ksX;rk gSA vizSy] 1999 esa ch-ts-ih- xBcaèku ljdkj dh yksd lHkk esa ijkt;osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr us laln ls ctV ikl djokus osQ fy, ,d fo'ks"k iz;kl fd;k ftlosQ iQyLo:i1999&2000 dk ctV tksfd ch-ts-ih- xBcaèku ljdkj us rS;kj fd;k Fkk] oqQN ?kaVksa esa gh laln osQ }kjk ikldj fn;k x;kA okLro esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vèkhu fuèkkZfjr dkuwu&fuekZ.k rFkk ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k vPNhrjg ls ifjHkkf"kr rFkk lqlaxfBr izfØ;k,¡ gSaA


fjDr&LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the blanks)

12- ------------- osQ fdlh lnL; osQ }kjk is'k fd, x, fcy dks ljdkjh fcy dgrs gSA

13- -------------- osQ }kjk gLrk{kj djus osQ i'Pkkr~ gh laln ds }kjk ikl fd, x, fcy dkuwu curs gSA

14- fcy dh rhljh i<+r lnu eas fcy dks ikl djus dk -------------- pj.k gksrk gSA


• lfefr iz.kkyh Hkkjrh; la?kh; laln osQ oqQ'ky dk;Z&O;ogkj esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS vkSj;g oSèkkfud <kaps dk ,d vVwV Hkkx cu pqdh gSA

• lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 118 esa lkekU; rkSj ij dgk x;k gS fd laln osQ nksuksa lnu oSèkkfud dk;Z lqfoèkkls pykus osQ fy, viuh lfefr;ksa dk xBu dj ldrs gSaA

• 1953 ls igys futh lnL; fcyksa] tks lnu osQ lkèkkj.k lnL;ksa vFkkZr~ ,sls lnL; tks ea=kh ugha Fks] osQ}kjk izLrqr fd, tkrs gSa] osQ HkkX; dk iSQlyk ,d ykVjh osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA osQoy mu fcyksa dksfopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, fy;k tkrk Fkk tks ykVjh esa fot;h jgrs FksA

• jsyos ctV jsy ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkèkkj.k ctV foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd;k tkrkgSA nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa leqfpr :i esa uhfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; oSQfcusV djrh gSA

• lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 112 osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr foÙk ea=kh osQ }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ctV dks laln esa is'kdjokrk gSA lkekU; :i esa ctV iQjojh osQ vfUre lIrkg esa is'k fd;k tkrk gS rkfd ikl djus lsigys laln dks yxHkx ,d eghus osQ fy, ctV ij leqfpr :i esa fopkj djus dk le; fey tkrkgSA lkekU; :i esa ctV pkyw foÙkh; o"kZ lekIr gksus ls igys vFkkZr~ 31 ekpZ ls igys ikl djuk gksrkgSA

• yksd lHkk osQ }kjk xzkaVksa ls lEcfUèkr lHkh ek¡xksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ i'pkr~ yksd lHkk osQ }kjkikl dh xbZ ek¡xksa vkSj lafpr fufèk (Consolidated Fund of India) ls fd, tkus okys O;; dks,df=kr djosQ fofu;ksx fcy rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA

• ;fn foÙkh; fcy esa ,slk la'kksèku eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh lgefr osQ fcuk ikl dj fn;k tkrk gS rks bldksljdkj osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl er osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ftldk fu"d"kZ ljdkj osQ R;kx&i=k osQ:i esa fudyrk gSA

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• laln dk ctV vfèkos'ku lkekU; :i esa ljdkj osQ fy, cgqr ncko okyk le; gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh =kqfV;k mis{kk ljdkj osQ fxjus dk dkj.k cu ldrh gS vkSj blls jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks cM+k /Ddk yxldrk gSA


• vfèkos'ku (Session)] cSBd] lEesyu] cSBdksa dk l=kA

• lfefr (Committee)] lHkk] lekt] laLFkkA


1- la?kh; laln dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- llnh; lfefr;ksa dk laxBu oSQls gksrk gS\

3- yksd lHkk dh fofHkUu lfefr;ksa ds dk;Z fy[ksaA

4- izoj lfefr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

5- yksd lHkk lfefr D;k gS\

6- ctV ikl djus dh izfØ;k dk o.kZu dhft,A

mÙkj % Lo&ewY;kadu (Answer: Self Assesment)

1- oSèkkfud 2- foÙkh; 3- lkèkkj.k 4- (a) 5- (b)

6- (a) 7- lR; 8- lR; 9- lR; 10- lR;

11- lR; 12- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ 13- jk"Vªifr 14- vafre


iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ Mk- ,e-ih-jk;A


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bdkbZµ8: eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj izèkkuea=kh

(Council of Ministers and Prime Minister)


mís'; (Objectives)


8.1 eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k] xBu ,oa dk;Zdky (Council of Ministers Structure and

Tenure)

8.2 eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eaf=ke.My esa vUrj (Distinction between Council of Ministers

and Cabinet)

8.3 eaf=keaMy osQ 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Position of Cabinet)

8.4 Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh % ;ksX;rk,¡] fu;qfDr] dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;k¡ (Prime Minister of India:

Qualifications, Appointment, Functions and Powers)

8.5 izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr (Position of the Prime Minister)

8.6 izèkkuea=kh dh rkuk'kkgh (Dictatorship of the Prime Minister)

8.7 Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vkSj fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa esa rqyuk (Comparison of the

Powers of the Indian Prime Minister and British Prime Minister)

8.8 Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr dh vesfjdu jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr lsrqyukA (Comparison of the Powers and Position of Indian Prime Minister

with those of American President)



8-11 vH;kl&iz'u (Review Questions )


mís'; (Objectives)


• eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ laxBu] xBu] dk;Z] 'kfDr rFkk eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eaf=ke.My esa vUrj dks le>us gsrqA

• Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh dh ;ksX;rk] dk;Zdky] 'kfDr;ksa rFkk mldh fLFkfr dk o.kZu djus gsrqA


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bdkbZ—8: eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj iz/kuea=kh

• Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vkSj fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr vkSj 'kfDr;ksa osQ vUrj dks le>us esaA

• Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vkSj vesfjdu jk"Vªifr osQ fLFkfr vkSj 'kfDr;ksa ls rqyuk dj ldus esaA


Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk lalnh; iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS vkSj blosQ fy, dk;Zikfydk dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk

x;k gS% (1) ukeek=k ;k lEoSèkkfud dk;Zikfydk vkSj (2) okLrfod dk;ZikfydkA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr ukeek=k

dk;Zikfydk gS vkSj izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa eaf=k&ifj"kn~ okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA okLrfod dk;Zikfydk dh

vuqPNsn 74 esa O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS] tks bl izdkj gS] ¶jk"Vªifr dh lgk;rk djus vkSj ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, ,d

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ gksxh ftldk eqf[k;k izèkkuea=kh gksxk vkSj jk"Vªifr blosQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djsxk¸ jk"Vªifr

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk ijke'kZ ekuus osQ fy, ikcan gksrk gSA og eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fn, x;s ijke'kZ ij osQoy

iqufoZpkj osQ fy, dg ldrk gS ijUrq iqufoZpkj osQ i'pkr~ fn;k x;k ijke'kZ ekuus ls budkj ugha dj ldrkA

bl izdkj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ gh Hkkjr dh okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gSA

8-1 eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k] xBu ,oa dk;Zdky (Council of MinistersStructure and Tenure)

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 74(9) esa eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk gSA 44osa lafoèkku la'kksèku osQ ckn bl vuqPNsn dkLo:i bl izdkj gSµ

¶jk"Vªifr dks vius dk;ks± dk laiknu djus esa lgk;rk vkSj ea=k.kk nsus osQ fy, ,d eaf=k&ifj"kn~ gksxh ftldkizèkku] izèkkuea=kh gksxkA jk"Vªifr vius dk;ks± osQ fuoZgu esa mldh ea=k.kk osQ vuqlkj pysaxsA jk"Vªifr eaf=k&ifj"kn~gS mldh ea=k.kk osQ iqufoZpkj dh ek¡x dj ldrs gSaA ,sls iqufoZpkj osQ ckn Hkh ea=k.kk jk"Vªifr dks Hksth tkrhgSA mls og mlh osQ vuqlkj Lohdkj djsaxsA

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 75 esa la?kh; eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ laxBu ls lacafèkr 6 ekSfyd fu;e fuèkkZfjr fd, gSaA ;sfuEufyf[kr vuqlkj gSa%

1- izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dh tk,xh vkSj 'ks"k eaf=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr izèkkuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ijjk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dh tk,xhA

2- jk"Vªifr dh bPNk rd gh ea=kh vius in ij jgasaxsA

3- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ yksd lHkk osQ izfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksxhA

4- fdlh eU=kh osQ vius in xzg.k djus ls igys jk"Vªifr mlls r`rh; vuqlwph esa blosQ fy, fn, gq, izi=kksaosQ vuqlkj in dh rFkk xksiuh;rk dh 'kiFk djk,xkA

5- vxj ,slk ea=kh tks viuh fu;qfDr osQ le; laln osQ fdlh lnu dk lnL; ugha gksrk vkSj 6 eghus osQvUnj&vUnj laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dh lnL;rk izkIr ugha dj ldrk rks 6 eghus lekIr gksus ij ogea=kh ugha jg losQxkA

6- eaf=k;ksa osQ osru rFkk HkÙks ,sls gksaxs tSls le;≤ ij laln fofèk }kjk fuèkkZfjr djs rFkk tc rd laln

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bl izdkj fuèkkZfjr u djs rc rd ,sls gksaxs tSls fd f}rh; vuqlwph esa mfYyf[kr gSaA

mDr vuqPNsnksa dks gesa lafoèkku osQ vU; micaèkksa] lkafoèkkfud vfHkle;ksa vkSj mPpre U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ

izdk'k esa ysuk pkfg,A

(d) vuqPNsn 75 (1) osQ vuqlkj izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr ;|fi jk"Vªifr djrk gS fdUrq bl ekeys eas og

dnkfpr gh vius Lo&foosd dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr esa euekuh ugha dh tk

ldrh D;ksafd jk"Vªifr dks ,sls O;fDr dks izèkkuea=kh pquuk gS tks yksd lHkk osQ cgqer ny dk usrk gksA

vuqPNsn 75(3) osQ vuqlkj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ yksd lHkk osQ izfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gSA bldk vFkZ

Hkh ;gh gS fd dksbZ ,slk gh O;fDr izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftls yksd lHkk osQ cgqer dk

fo'okl izkIr gksA

([k) jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; dks Hkh izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS] c'krsZ fd mls yksd lHkk osQ cgqer

dk fo'okl izkIr gks vkSj og cgqer mls viuk usrk pqusA

(x) lkèkkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rks jk"Vªifr osQ fy, izk;% ;g lUnsg djus dh xqatkb'k ugha gksrh fd fdl O;fDr

dks izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tk,A ysfdu fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ,sls volj mifLFkr gks ldrs gSa tc

jk"Vªifr dks izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr esa vius foosdkfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus dh Lora=krk fey tk,A ;fn

yksd lHkk esa fdlh dks Hkh cgqer izkIr u gks rks jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh ny osQ usrk dks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ cukus

osQ fy, vkefU=kr dj ldrk gS] c'krsZ fd mls ;g larks"k gks fd og O;fDr eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k

dj losQxkA ij ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh jk"Vªifr fuekZ.k dj losQxkA ij ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa Hkh jk"Vªifr dks

Lo&foosd osQ iz;ksx dk volj laHkor% de gh izkIr gksxk D;ksafd izk;% dbZ ny feydj viuk usrk

igys gh pqu ysrs gSa vkSj bl rjg ls yksd lHkk osQ cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr gks tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr dks

Lo&foosd osQ iz;ksx dk nwljk volj rc feyrk gS] tc cgqer dk miHkksDrk izèkkuea=kh Lo;a R;kx&i=k

u ns[k ikrkA bl fLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr fdlh izHkko'kkyh O;fDr dks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vkefU=kr

dj ldrk gSA

(?k) eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ vU; lnL; izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ij jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA iz/kuea=kh dh

bPNk osQ fo:¼ jk"Vªifr fdlh eaf=k dks inP;qr ugha dj ldrkA

(Ä) ea=kh laln osQ lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj yksd lHkk osQ izfr lkewfgd :i ls mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA bldk LokHkkfod

fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd efU=kx.k tks oqQN Hkh jk"Vªifr osQ uke esa djrs gSa] mlosQ fy, os laln osQ lkeus

mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA os vius fdlh voSèk rFkk vlaoSèkkfud dk;Z osQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k dh vkM+ ugha

ys ldrsA

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkdkj vkSj jpuk% bl osQ vkdkj vkSj jpuk ls lacafèkr dksbZ vkSipkfjd fu;e ugha gSaA bl esa

fdl dks blls ysuk gS ;g izèkkuea=kh ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA lkekU; :i esa bl esa 50 ls 80 ea=kh gksrs gSaA mudks

fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA vc ;g ,d dkuwu gS fd eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa yksd lHkk dh lnL; la[;k osQ

15 izfr'kr ls vfèkd eaf=k fu;qDr ugha fd, tk ldrsA

(a) oSQfcusV ea=kh% budh la[;k 15 ls 20 osQ chp gksrh gSA buosQ lewg dks oSQfcusV dgk tkrk gS tks

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh uhfr&fuekZ.k vkSj fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k djus okyk ,d 'kfDr'kkyh Hkkx gksrk gSA mlesa lÙkkèkkjh nyA

nyksa osQ izeq[k usrk gksrs gSa] os izèkkuea=kh osQ utnhdh gksrs gSaA buosQ ikl egÙoiw.kZ foHkkx gksrs gSaA

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(b) jkT; ea=kh% og nwljh Js.kh osQ ea=kh gksrs gSa tks oSQfcusV osQ lnL; ugha gksrsA ,d jkT;ea=kh ;k rks fdlhNksVs foHkkx dk Lora=k :i eas pktZ laHkkyrk gS ;k mldks ,d oSQfcusV ea=kh ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA x`g foHkkx]fons'kh ekeys] j{kk fgr] Ñf"k] ekuo lalkèku tSls foHkkxksa esa 2 ;k 3 jkT; ea=kh gksrs gSa tcfd gokbZ ;k=kk] lwpukvkSj izlkj.k] Je] jsyos] yksd dY;k.k] tehuh ;krk;kr vkSj diM+k tSls foHkkxksa osQ eqf[k;k jkT; ea=kh gksrs gSaA,sls ea=kh osQoy ml le; gh oSQfcusV dh cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSa tc mudks blls lacafèkr izèkkuea=kh osQ }kjkfo'ks"k :i esa oSQfcusV dh fdlh cSBd esa Hkkx ysus dk fueU=k.k fn;k tkrk gSA

(c) mi&ea=kh% os lgk;d eU=kh gksrs gSa ftudks oSQfcusV efU=k;ksa ;k jkT; efU=k;ksa ls tksM+k tkrk gSA dksbZ Hkh

mi&ea=kh fdlh Hkh foHkkx dk Lora=k :i esa pktZ ugha laHkkyrkA mldk dk;Z ml eU=kh dh lgk;rk djuk gksrk

gS ftlosQ vèkhu og dk;Z djrk gSA mldks eq[; :i esa vius foHkkx ls lacafèkr iz'uksa osQ laln esa fn, tkus

okys mÙkj rS;kj djus vkSj laln esa esa ljdkjh fcy ikl djokus dh izfØ;k esa lgk;rk djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro

lkSaik tkrk gSA

(iii) lalnh; lfpo% ;s u rks ea=kh gksrs gSa vkSj u gh mudh dksbZ iz'kklfud dk;Z lkSaik tkrk gSA mudk ,d

ek=k dk;Z efU=k;ksa dh laln esa lgk;rk djuk gksrk gSA mudk dksbZ osru ugha gksrkA lalnh; lfpo dk in ,d

,slk in gS tks Hkfo"; osQ efU=k;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

(iv) mi&izèkkuea=kh dk in% bu 4 Jsf.k;ksa osQ vfrfjDr Hkkjrh; oSQfcusV iz.kkyh esa 1950 ls ysdj vc rd

dbZ ckj mi&izèkkuea=kh dk in fo|eku jgk gSA vkjaHk esa ljnkj cYyHk HkkbZ iVsy us iafMr tokgj yky usg:

dh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa eksjkj th nslkbZ dks mi&izèkkuea=kh cuk;k FkkA fiQj 1969 esa muosQ R;kx&i=k osQ i'pkr~ ;g

in fjDr jgkA 1977 esa Jh eksjkj th nslkbZ osQ eaf=k&e.My esa nks mi&izèkkuea=kh Fks % pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg vkSj ckcw

txthou jkeA blosQ i'pkr~ u gh pj.k ¯lg dh eaf=k&ifj"kn~~ tks osQoy 6 eghus lÙkk esa jgh vkSj u gh Jherh

bfUnjk xkaèkh dh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ (1980&84) esa mi izèkkuea=kh dk jgkA izèkkuea=kh Jh jktho xkaèkh (uoEcj 1984

ls uoEcj 1989) us Hkh mi&izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr ugha fd;k FkkA ijUrq izèkkuea=kh oh-ih- ¯lg 1989&90) vkSj

izèkkuea=kh pUnz'ks[kj le; Jh nsoh yky mi&izèkkuea=kh jgsA

D;k vki tkurs gSa twu 1991 esa izèkkuea=kh ih-oh- ujflEgk jko dh ljdkj us in laHkkyk vkSj blesami&izèkkuea=kh dk in ugha Fkk vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ tqykbZ 2002 esa gh izèkkuea=kh Jh vVyfcgkjh oktis;h us Jh yky Ñ".k vkMokuh dks mi&izèkkuea=kh cuk;kA ebZ 2004 esa;w-ih-,- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa MkW- eueksgu ¯lg us viuh ljdkj esa mi&izèkkuea=kh in dhO;oLFkk u djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA

lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj mi&izèkkuea=kh osQ in dh O;oLFkk ugha dh xbZ gSA blesa osQoy bruk gh dgk x;k gS

fdµ¶izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa ,d eaf=k&ifj"kn~ gksxh---¸ vkSj ;g viuh bPNk ij fuHkZj gksrk gS ;k ny jktuhfr

dk ncko gksrk gS fd eaf=k&ifj"kn~ eas miizèkkuea=kh dk in LFkkfir fd;k tk;s ;k ughaA

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk dk;Zdkyµlafoèkku osQ vuqlkj eU=kh jk"Vªifr osQ izlkn i;ZUr vius inksa ij jgsaxs] ijUrq ;g

micUèk vkSipkfjd gSA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk dk;Zdky ml le; rd tkjh jgsxk tc rd fd

mls yksd lHkk osQ cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gSA yksd lHkk Hkax gks tkus ij rFkk u;h yksd lHkk cuus ij u;s

eaf=ke.My dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

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8-2 eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eaf=k&e.My esa vUrj (Distinction between Council ofMinister and Cabinet)

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 74 esa osQoy eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk gS vkSj oSQfcusV dk dksbZ o.kZu ugha gSA oSQfcusV ,d

vfrfjDr laoSèkkfud laLFkk gSA ;g eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk ,d Hkkx gS ftlesa 15 ls 20 rd mPp Lrj osQ eaf=k gh

'kkfey gksrs gSaA bu eaf=k;ksa rd mPp Lrj osQ ea=kh gh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA bu eaf=k;ksa dks oSQfcusV ea=kh dgk tkrk

gSA rFkk ;s feydj lk>s :i esa uhfr&fuekZ.k dk dk;Z izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa djrs gSaaA oSQfcusV osQ }kjk fy,

x;s fu.kZ;ksa dks lnSo gh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ uke ls iqdkjk tkrk gS vkSj lHkh eaf=k;ksa dk ;g dÙkZO; gksrk

gS fd os mu fu.kZ;ksa dk leFkZu djsaA izR;sd vlgefr j[kus okys ea=kh dks viuk in NksM+uk iM+rk gS tSlk fd

vxLr 1991 esa Jh jkeewfrZ us fd;k FkkA eaf=k&ifj"kn~ okLro esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa 'kfDr dk okLrfod

osQUnz gksrh gSA eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eaf=k&e.My esa fuEufyf[kr vUrj gSµ

1- oSQfcusV eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk Hkkx gSA eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ,d cM+h laLFkk gS tcfd oSQfcusV NksVh] ijUrq ;g

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh Hkkx gksrh gSA

2- lHkh ea=kh feydj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ cukrs gSa] tcfd oSQfcusV esa 15 ls 20 rd mPp Lrj osQ egÙoiw.kZ ea=kh

gksrs gSa ftudks oSQfcusV ea=kh dk Lrj feyk gksrk gSA

3- izèkkuea=kh dh vè;{krk osQ vèkhu oSQfcusV dh cSBdksa] tks fujUrj (de&ls&de lIrkg esa ,d ckj)

gksrh gS] esa osQoy oSQfcusV ea=kh oSQfcusV ea=kh gh Hkkx ysrs gSaA nwljs ea=kh oSQfcusV dh cSBd esa rHkh Hkkx

ysrs gSa tc izèkkuea=kh osQ }kjk fo'ks"k :i esa mudks ,slk djus osQ fy, dgk tk,A iw.kZ eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh

cSBd cgqr gh de gksrh gSA

4- uhfr&fuekZ.k djuk oSQfcusV dk dk;Z gksrk gS] eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk ughaA

5- vuqPNsn 74 osQ vuqlkj lafoèkku esa eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk gS oSQfcusV dh ughaA oSQfcusV dk laxBu

vkSj dk;Z djus <ax lalnh; iz.kkyh dh ijEijkvksa ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA rduhdh :i esa oSQfcusV ,d

vfrfjDr lEoSèkkfud laLFkk gS] ysfdu Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh ,d lcls vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh

laLFkk gSA

8-3 eaf=k&e.My osQ 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Position of Cabinet)

(1) uhfr fuèkkZj.k dk dk;ZµoSQfcusV vFkok eaf=ke.My dk lcls mYys[kuh; dk;Z 'kklu dh vkUrfjd rFkkfons'k uhfr dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA lalnh; i¼fr osQ vuqlkj] oSQfcusV dks viuh uhfr;ksa dk laln }kjk vuqeksnudjkuk iM+rk gSA laln ;fn oSQfcusV dh uhfr;ksa dks vLohdkj dj ns rks eaf=k&e.My dks R;kxi=k nsuk gksrk gSAoSQfcusV dk yksd lHkk dk fo'okl izkIr gksus dk ;gh vfHkizk; gSA

(2) dk;Zikfyd lEcUèkh dk;Zµ;|fi lafoèkku osQ }kjk dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr esa fufgr dh x;h gS]ijUrq O;ogkj esa bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx eaf=k&e.My }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA eaf=k&e.My gh bu dk;ks± osQ fy,lkewfgd :i ls yksd lHkk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA izR;sd ea=kh Hkh fdlh ,d vFkok ,d ls vfèkd foHkkxksadk vè;{k gksrk gSA

(3) dkuwu&fuekZ.k lEcUèkh dk;Zµlaln esa egÙoiw.kZ foèks;d eaf=k;ksa }kjk gh is'k fd, tkrs gSaA bu foèks;dksadks vkSipkfjd okn&fookn osQ ckn izk;% Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gSA iznÙk O;oLFkk (Delegated Legistation)

osQ }kjk Hkh eaf=k&e.My fofèk&fuekZ.k esa laln dk usr`Ro djrk gSA laln dks rks bruk le; ugha fey ikrk fd

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og izR;sd dkuwu ij foLrkjiwoZd fopkj djsA vr% laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu dks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ gh O;kogkfjd :insrh gSA

(4) foÙkh; dk;Zµjk"Vª dh vk£Fkd uhfr dk fuèkkZj.k Hkh efU=k&e.My gh djrk gSA foÙkea=kh izR;sd foÙkh;o"kZ osQ vkjEHk esa ml o"kZ osQ vuqekfur vk;&O;; dk fooj.k (ctV) laln osQ le{k is'k djrk gSA ctV dksikl djkus dk mÙkjnkf;Ùo eaf=k&e.My osQ mQij gh gSA ;fn laln ctV dks vLohdkj dj nsrh gS rkseaf=k&e.My dks R;kxi=k nsuk iM+rk gSA ijUrq O;ogkj esa ctV dks laln }kjk Lohdkj dj fy;k tkrk gSA vU;foÙk foèks;d Hkh yksd lHkk esa eaf=k;ksa }kjk gh j[ks tkrs gSaA

(5) fofoèk dk;Zµeaf=k&e.My osQ oqQN vU; dk;Z bl izdkj gSaµ

(i) egÙoiw.kZ inksa ij fu;qfDr;ksa djuk] tSlsµjkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky] loksZPp o mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'k],VkWuhZ tujy] lsukifr vkfnA ;|fi lafoèkku }kjk bu fu;qfDr;ksa dk vfèkdkj jk"Vªifr dks gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa;s fu;qfDr;k¡ efU=k&e.My }kjk gh gksrh gSaA efU=k&e.My }kjk bu inksa ij ftu O;fDr;ksa dh fliQkfj'k dh tkrhgS] jk"Vªifr mUgsa Lohdkj dj ysrk gS rFkk bl vk'k; dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gSA

(ii) vijkfèk;ksa dks {kek iznku djukA

(iii) fofHkUu lsokvksa osQ fy, mPp ind nsukA

(iv) lafoèkku esa la'kksèku lEcUèkh izLrko j[kuk vkSj mUgsa LohÑfr nsukA

(v) ;q¼ vkSj 'kkfUr dh ?kks"k.kkA

(vi) jk"Vªifr dh vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksxA

VkLd eaf=k&e.My dh 'kfDr;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh vlhfer 'kfDr;k¡µHkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr la?kh; vFkok osQUnzh; ifj"kn~ljdkj dk lokZfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh vax gSA lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr ;|fi lS¼kafrd rkSj ij laln dk eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ijfu;a=k.k jgrk gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa laln eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ b'kkjksa ij gh dk;Zdjrh gSA yksd lHkk esa cgqer osQ cyij eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vius lHkh fu.kZ;ksa ij laln dh eqgj yxok ysrh gSA blfy, fo}kuksa us dgk gS fd ¶laln dhloksZPprk dk fl¼kUr osQoy fn[kkok gS rFkk bldh vkM+ esa eaf=k&e.My dh rkuk'kkgh LFkkfir gks x;h gSA¸eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ rkuk'kkgh osQ ihNs yksd lHkk esa lÙkk#<+ ny dks izcy cgqer gksuk gSA eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh blrkuk'kkgh dks osQoy tkx#d tuer gh jksd ldrk gSA dksbZ Hkh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ;g ugha pkgsxk fd ns'k dk tuermlosQ fo#¼ gks rFkk vkxkeh pqukoksa esa mls ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+sA gky gh esa U;k;ikfydk us Hkheaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh rkuk'kkgh ij vaoqQ'k osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk izkjEHk dj fn;k gSA



1- lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 74(9) esa ------------ dh O;k[;k gSA

2- iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr -------------- djrk gSA

3- vVy fcgkjh oktis;h osQ iz/kuea=khRo dky eas ---------- mi&iz/ku ea=kh FksA

4- laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu dks ------------- gh O;kogkfjd :i nsrh gSA

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8-4 Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh % ;ksX;rk,¡] fu;qfDr] dk;Z ,oa 'kfDr;k¡ (Prime Ministerof India : Qualifications, Appointment, Functions and Powers)

fczVsu dh Hkkafr Hkkjrh; iz'kklu esa Hkh izèkkuea=kh dk loksZPp LFkku gSA iz'kklu dk leLr mÙkjnkf;Ro mlh ij

gksrk gSA fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ lacaèk esa jSEts E;wj us dgk Fkk fd] ¶mldks bruh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gS

fd fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfud izèkku dks izkIr ugha gS] vesfjdk osQ jk"Vªifr dks Hkh ugah gSA tc rd

dkWeu&lHkk esa mlosQ ny dk cgqer gS] og ,sls dk;Z dj ldrk gS] ftUgsa dksbZ jk"Vªifr ugha dj ldrkA ;g

opu ns ldrk gS fd veqd fofèk ikfjr dh tk;sxh vkSj veqd èkujkf'k laln }kjk Lohdkj dj yh tk;sxhA¸

;gha ckr Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh ij Bhd mrjrh gSA laln dk cgqer izkIr gksus ij Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh izR;sd dk;Z

dj ldrk gSA og fons'k uhfr rFkk x`g uhfr lacaèkh fdlh Hkh izdkj osQ fu.kZ; ys ldrk gSA og viuh tjk&lh

xyrh ls ns'k dk ;q¼ esa >kasd ldrk gS rFkk mls iru osQ xrZ esa èkosQy ldrk gS vkSj tjk&lh lkoèkkuh esa

mls cpk Hkh ldrk gSA

izèkkueU=kh dh ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualifications of the Prime Minister)–izèkkuea=kh laln dk lnL; gksrk gS

vr,o ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd laln lnL;ksa osQ fy, fuèkkZfjr ;ksX;rk;sa fo|eku gksuh pkfg;asA blosQ vfrfjDr

mls yksd lHkk esa cgqr dk fo'okl Hkh izkIr gksuk pkfg,A

izèkkueU=kh dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of the Prime Minister)–lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr }kjk

izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr dh tk;sxh ij O;ogkj esa izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr osQ lacaèk esa jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr uke&ek=k

dh gh gSA og yksd lHkk osQ cgqer ny osQ usrk dks gh izèkkuea=kh in osQ fy;s vkefU=kr djus osQ fy, ckè;

gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g vko';d gS fd izèkkuea=kh rFkk mlosQ eaf=k&e.My dks yksd lHkk dk leFkZu

izkIr gks vkSj ;g cgqer ny osQ usrk dks gh izkIr gks ldrk gSA vr,o cgqer ny dk usrk gh izèkkuea=kh osQ

in ij vk:<+ gks ldrk gSA

rFkkfi oqQN bl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftlesa izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr osQ lUnHkZ esa jk"Vªifr LosPNkfèkdkj dk

iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA tSls yksd lHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr u gks rFkk la;qDr eaf=k&e.My dk

xBu vko';d gks] rc jk"Vªifr izèkkuea=kh osQ p;u esa Lofoosd dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ yksd lHkk

esa Li"V cgqer u j[krs gq, Hkh pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg dks izèkkuea=kh osQ in ij fu;qDr fd;k x;kA vkikrdky esa

jk"Vªifr yksd lHkk dk fo?kVu dj oqQN vofèk osQ fy;s fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks izèkkuea=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA

izèkkuea=kh ;kstuk vk;ksx dk vè;{k Hkh gksrk gSA

;g vko';d ugha gS fd izèkkuea=kh yksd lHkk dk gh lnL; gksA Lo- Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ izèkkuea=kh pqus osQckn ;g Li"V gks x;k Fkk fd jkT; lHkk dk lnL; Hkh izèkkuea=kh gks ldrk gSA

uksV~l lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jk"Vªifr }kjk iz/kuea=kh dh fu;qfDr dh tk,xh ij O;ogkj esa iz/kuea=kh

dh fu;qfDr ds laca/ eas jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr uke ek=k dh gh gSA

izèkkuea=kh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k] thou vkSj e`R;q dk osQUnz fcUnq (Prime Minister as the Central

Point of the Council of Minister)–ykWLdh us fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh osQ fy, dgk gS fd] ¶og efU=ke.MyosQ fuekZ.k] thou vkSj e`R;q dk osQUnz fcUnq gSA¸ (“He is the centre of its formation, centre to its

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life and centre to its death.”) ,slh gh ckr Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh osQ fy;s Hkh lgh gSA MkW- vEcsMdj uslafo/ku lHkk esa dgk Fkk fd] ¶lkewfgd mÙkjnk;fRo osQoy izèkkuea=kh osQ in }kjk gh izofrZr djk;k tk ldrkgSA¸ mUgksaus ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd] ¶tc rd izèkkuea=kh pkgsxk rHkh rd dksbZ O;fDr eaf=k&e.My esa jg ldrkgSA¸ bl izdkj Li"V gS fd izèkkuea=kh dh bPNk rFkk mldh ;ksX;rk ,oa vius lkfFk;ksa dks lkFk ysdj pyus dh{kerk ij gh eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk vfLrRo fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn izèkkuea=kh R;kx&i=k nsrk gS rks leLr eaf=k&ifj"kn~dks R;kx&i=k nsuk gksrk gSA

jsEtsE;wj osQ vuqlkj] “The cabinet is, in short, the steering wheel of the state, but the

Prime Minister controls it.”

izèkkuea=kh osQ dk;Z rFkk 'kfDr;k¡ (Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister)

Hkkjr dk izèkkuea=kh eaf=k&e.My :ih esgjkc dh vkèkkjf'kyk (Key-stone of the Cabinet Arch) gSaAbaXyS.M osQ izèkkuea=kh dh Hkkafr mldks bruh O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gaS fd mldks ns'k esa 'kklu izcUèk dk osQUnzdgk tk ldrk gSA

ns'k osQ 'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr ugha] ftldksa bruh 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gksA blosQ dk;Z rFkk 'kfDr;k¡ fuEufyf[krgSaµ

1- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k (Formation of Council of Minister)–eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fuekZ.k esa izèkkuea=kh

dks osQUnzh; fLFkfr izkIr gSA laoSèkkfud n`f"V ls Hkh jk"Vªifr vU; efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr izèkkuea=kh dh fliQkfj'k

ij djrk gSA viuh fu;qfDr osQ i'pkr~ izèkkuea=kh dk igyk dk;Z ;g gksrk gS fd og vius lkFkh efU=k;ksa dks

pqusA og efU=k;ksa osQ ukeksa dh lwph rS;kj djrk gS rFkk fu;qfDr djus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ ikl Hkstrk gSA

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fuekZ.k esa izèkkuea=kh dks i;kZIr Lora=krk izkIr gksrh gSA ogh gh bl ckr dk fu.kZ; djrk gS fd

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa fdrus lnL; gksaxs] muesa fofHkUu izdkj osQ efUU=k;ksa dh la[;k D;k gksxk rFkk dkSu&dkSu ls O;fDr

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa fy;s tk,¡xsA bl ckjs eas jk"Vªifr viuh #fp o v#fp osQ vuqlkj izèkkuea=kh dks fdlh O;fDr dks

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa 'kkfey djus ;k u djus osQ fy, ckè; ugha dj ldrkA mldk viuk ny Hkh bl ckjs esa mls

funsZ'k nsus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrk gSA izèkkuea=kh dk fu.kZ; vfUre fu.kZ; gksrk gSA

ijUrq O;ogkj esa efU=ke.My dk fuekZ.k djrs le; izèkkuea=kh dks dbZ ckrsa è;ku esa j[kuh iM+rh gSA mls vius

ny osQ lHkh izeq[k o izHkko'kkyh lnL;ksa dks eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa 'kkfey djuk iM+rk gSA mls ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk

gS fd eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa lHkh jkT;ksa] èkeks±] lEiznk;ksa vkfn dks mfpr izfrfufèkRo izkIr gksA dbZ ckj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa

;ksX; vkSj vuqHkoh iz'kkld Hkh 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA og uo;qod oxZ osQ lnL;ksa dks Hkh oqQN LFkku nsrk gSA

rkfd mUgsa izf'k{k.k nsdj Hkfo"; esa 'kklu dks laHkkyus osQ ;ksX; cuk;k tk losQA

2- foHkkxksa dk caVokjk (Distribution of Portfolios)–efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr osQ i'pkr~ iz/kuea=kh muesa

iz'kkldh; foHkkxksa dks ck¡Vrk gSA og gh ;g fu.kZ; djrk gS fd fdl eU=kh dks fdl foHkkx dk vè;{k cuk;s

tk,] dkSu&lk eU=kh oSQfcusV eU=kh gks] dkSu&lk jkT; eU=kh o dkSu&lk mieU=khA og ;g ns[krk gS fd dkSu&lk

eU=kh fdl foHkkx dks oqQ'kyrkiwoZd pyk ldrk gSA foHkkxksa dk c¡Vokjk djrs le; og vius ny osQ ofj"B

lnL;ksa dks lUrq"V djus dk ;Ru djrk gS] muosQ jktuSfrd egRo dks è;ku esa j[krk gS o fofHkUu jkT;ksa] izns'kksa

o lEiznk;ksa dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku nsrk gS] ijUrq ,d yksdfiz; o 'kfDr'kkyh izèkkuea=kh viuh bPNkuqlkj

eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh cukoV fuf'pr djrk gSA

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3- efU=k;ksa dks gVkus dh 'kfDr (Power to Remove Minister)–lS¼kfUrd :i esa eU=kh jk"Vªifr osQizlkn&i;ZUr in ij cus jgrs gSa ijUrq jk"Vªifr dks in ls vyx djus dk fu.kZ; izèkkuea=kh osQ dgus ij gh gksrkgSA vr% ¶O;ogkj esa eU=kh izèkkuea=kh osQ izlkn&i;ZUr vius in ij jgrs gSaA¸ (“Theoratially theministers hold office during the pleasure of the President but in practice, it is thepleasure of the Prime Minister during which they remain in office.”)

D;k vki tkurs gSa vxj izèkkuea=kh dh n`f"V esa dksbZ eU=kh oqQ'kyrk ls dk;Z ugha dj jgk vFkok og eU=khizèkkuea=kh osQ fdlh fu.kZ; ls lger ugha gS rks izèkkuea=kh ml O;fDr dks R;kx&i=k nsusosQ fy, dg ldrk gS tks fd ml eU=kh dks nsuk gh gksrk gSA

vU;Fkk izèkkuea=kh jk"Vªifr dks dgdj mls inP;qr djok ldrk gSA okLro esa bl ckr dh ukScr ugha vkrhA tcHkh fdlh eU=kh dks ;g irk pyrk gS fd izèkkuea=kh mls eaf=k&ifj"kn~ esa ugha j[kuk pkgrk rks og Lo;a R;kx&i=kns nsrk gSA

vizSy] 1992 esa osQUnzh; fons'k Jh ekèko¯lg lksyadh dks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k] D;ksafd mUgksaus ,d xqIr i=k fLolfons'kks ea=kh dks fn;k] tks cksiQkslZ rksi lkSns dh py jgha tk¡p&iM+rky ls lacafèkr Fkk rFkk ftldk yksd lHkkesa gaxkek gqvkA

vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd izèkkuea=kh gh efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS] muesa foHkkxksa dk c¡Vokjk djrk gS rFkkmUgsa in ls vyx dj ldrk gSA izèkkuea=kh dks ,slh 'kfDr;ksa dk Lokeh efU=k;ksa esa lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dhHkkouk j[kus osQ fy, cuk;k x;k gSA tSlk fd MkW- vEcsMdj us lafoèkku lHkk esa Li"V fd;k] ¶izèkkuea=kh oSQfcusV:ih esgjkc dh vkèkkjf'kyk gS vkSj ge tc rd bl in dk efU=k;ksa dks fu;qDr rFkk inP;qr djus dk vfèkdkjugha nsrs] rc rd lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro dh Hkkouk ugha vk ldrhA¸ (“The Prime Minister is the keystone of the arch of the Cabinet and unless and until we create that office and endowthat office with statutory authority to nominate and dismiss a minister there can beno collective responsibility.”)

4- yksd lHkk dk usr`Ro djrk gS (Leader of the Lok Sabha)–baXyS.M dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr dk iz/kuea=khyksd lHkk dk usr`Ro djrk gSA og lnu esa ljdkj dh uhfr ls lacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,¡ djrk gS vkSj iz'uksadk mÙkj nsrk gSA og yksd lHkk esa okn&fookn dks vkjaHk djrk gS rFkk eaf=k;ksa dk lnu esa vkykspuk ls lqj{kkdjrk gSA og vius ny osQ lnL;ksa dks lpsrd (Whips) }kjk vkns'k rFkk funsZ'k Hkstrk gS rFkk mu ij fuxjkuhvkSj fu;U=k.k j[krk gSA lnu osQ oSèkkfud dk;ks± ij mldk fo'ks"k izHkko gksrk gSA og Lihdj osQ lkFk feydjlnu dk dk;Z djrk gS rFkk lnu esa vuq'kklu cuk, j[kus osQ fy, Lihdj dh lgk;rk djrk gSA

5- jk"Vªifr rFkk efU=ke.My esa dM+h dk dke djrk gS (Link between the President and the

Cabinet)–izèkkuea=kh jk"Vªifr rFkk efU=ke.My osQ eè; dM+h dk dke djrk gSA og jk"Vªifr dks efU=ke.MyosQ }kjk fd, fu.kZ; dh lwpuk nsrk gS rFkk jk"Vªifr osQ fopkj efU=ke.My osQ le{k j[krk gSA jk"Vªifr mls fdlh,d eU=kh }kjk O;fDrxr :i esa fd, x;s fu.kZ;ksa ij efU=ke.My dk fu.kZ; ysus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA ogjk"Vªifr dk eq[; lykgdkj gksrk gSA ;fn jk"Vªifr izèkkuea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls lger u gks rks Hkh mls ijke'kZ ekuukiM+rk gSA

6- oSQfcusV dk usr`Ro (Leadership of the Cabinet)–izèkkuea=kh oSQfcusV dk usrk gksrk gSA og oSQfcusV dhcSBdksa dh izèkkurk djrk gSA jk"Vªifr oSQfcusV dh dk;Zokgh esa Hkkx ugha ysrkA izèkkuea=kh osQ usr`Ro esa oSQfcusV

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lHkh dk;Z djrh gSA ogh oSQfcusV dh cSBd cqykrk gS] mlesa fopkj fd, tkus okys fo"k;ksa dh lwph cukrk gS]oSQfcusV esa fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij cgl dks lapkfyr djrk gS rFkk vxj mfpr le>s rks mu ij ernku djokrk gSAvfèkdrj fdlh uhfr ij lgefr rHkh gksrh gS tc ml uhfr dks izèkkuea=kh dh lgefr izkIr gks tk,A laf{kIresa ge dg ldrs gSa fd oSQfcusV dh laiw.kZ dk;Zokgh izèkkuea=kh dh ns[k&js[k esa gksrh gSA

7- fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa ,d dM+h (As a Link between different Departments)–oSQfcusV dk izèkkugksus osQ ukrs og ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA vr% fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa mRiUu gksus okyh leL;kvksa] >xM+ksasrFkk erHksnksa dks bl rjg lqy>kuk ftlls iz'kkfld oqQ'kyrk cuh jghA oqQ'ky iz'kklu osQ fy;s ;s vko';d gSfd ljdkj osQ fofHkUu foHkkxksa esa vkilh lg;ksx rFkk lkèkuksa dk leUo; gksA ,sls mís'; osQ fy, izèkkuea=khfofHkUu foHkkxksa esa dM+h dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA og vUrj foHkkxh; erHksnksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, eè;LFk rFkkfu.kkZ;d osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

8- jk"Vªifr dk eq[; lykgdkj (Chief Advisor of the President)–izèkkuea=kh jk"Vªifr dk eq[;lykgdkj gSA jk"Vªifr izR;sd ekeys ij izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ysrk gS vkSj mlosQ }kjk nh xbZ lykg osQ vuqlkjgh dk;Z djrk gS] og mldh lykg dks ekuus osQ fy, ckè; gSA jk"Vªifr dks iz'kklu osQ ckjs esa fdlh Hkh izdkjdh lwpuk izkIr djuh gks] rks og fdlh vU; eU=kh ls lhèkk ckr u djosQ izèkkuea=kh ls gh ckr djrk gS rFkklwpukizkIr djrk gSA

9- jk"Vª dk usrk (Leader of the Nation)–izèkkuea=kh laln eas cgqer izkIr jktuSfrd ny dk usrk gh ugha]jk"Vª dk Hkh usrk gSA og viuh mPp inoh osQ dkj.k jk"Vª dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ vfèkdkjh cu tkrk gSA mls ogxkSjo izkIr gksrk gS tks fdlh vU; ea=kh dks izkIr ugha gksrkA og jk"Vª dk ,dek=k izfrfufèk gSA ladV osQ le;lkjk jk"Vª mlosQ usr`Ro dks Lohdkj djrk gSA ladVdkyhu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, fojksèkh ny Hkhmls viuk iw.kZ lg;ksx nsrs gSaA nwljs ns'k esa izèkkuea=kh dk lEeku ,d jk"Vª osQ usrk osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA

10- ny dk usrk (Leader of the Party)–izèkkuea=kh laln esa cgqer izkIr jktuSfrd ny dk usrk gh ughagksrk] og vius ny dk loksZPp usrk gksrk gSA mldk leLr ny mlosQ lgkjs gh pyrk gSA vke pquko okLroesa izèkkuea=kh dk gh pquko gksrk gSA ny dks Hkyh&Hkkafr laxfBr djus] ny dh uhfr;k¡ fuèkkZfjr djus o dk;ZØerS;kj djus] pquko lacaèkh izpkj djus esa izèkkuea=kh dk izeq[k gkFk gksrk gSA pquko osQ le; ftrus Hkk"k.k nsrk gSrFkk mudk yksxksa ij ftruk izHkko iM+rk gS] oSlk ny osQ fdlh vkSj usrk dk ugha gksrkA vke pquko esa mlosQny dh fot; okLro esa izèkkuea=kh dh gh fot; gksrh gSA

11- ljdkj dh ;ksX;rk osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h (Responsible for Able Government)–iz/kuea=kh dks lnk;g è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS fd mldh ljdkj rFkk ikVhZ dh ns'k esa lk[k cuh jgsA bl mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkus osQfy, og vius efU=ke.My esa ekSosQ&ekSosQ ij ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrk gSA uohu efU=k;ksa dks fu;qDr dj ldrkgS rFkk ;fn ,slk vuqHko djs fd fdlh fo'ks"k eU=kh dk efU=ke.My esa gksus ljdkj osQ fgr esa vFkok Hkko esaugha gSa rks og ,sls eU=kh dks in ls gVk ldrk gSA ykLdh osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶izèkkuea=kh tSls Hkh pkgs viuh e.Myhesa ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA¸ (“He can shuffle his pack whenever he so likes”) MkW- vEcsMdj uslafoèkku lHkk esa dgk Fkk] ¶izèkkuea=kh oSQfcusV :ih esgjkc dk chp okyk LrEHk gS] tc rd ge mls oSèkkfudvkèkkj ij efU=ke.My osQ lnL;ksa dks fu;qfDr djus rFkk in~P;qr djus dk vfèkdkj ugha nsrs] lkewfgdmÙkjnkf;Ro dk fl¼kUr ykxw ugha fd;k tk ldrkA¸

12- ljdkj dk eqf[k;k (Head of the Government)–Hkkjr esa lalnh; ljdkj gS ftlesa jk"Vª dk eqf[k;kjk"Vªifr gS rFkk ljdkj dk okLrfod eqf[k;k izèkkuea=kh gSA jk"Vªifr dh dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk] vkikrdkyhuvkfn leLr 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh djrk gS rFkk jk"Vªifr osQoy ijke'kZ vFkok mRlkg ns ldrk gS vkSj

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volj iM+us ij psrkouh Hkh ns ldrk gSA (“The President like the British Crown can advise,

encourage or warn.”) og x`g rFkk fons'kh uhfr dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA og leLr egku~ uhfr;ksa dhefU=ke.My dh vksj ls ?kks"k.kk Hkh djrk gSA ctV Hkh mldh ns[kjs[k esa rS;kj gksrk gSA laoSèkkfud :i esa mQ¡psinksa ij fu;qfDr;k¡ djus rFkk mikfèk;k¡ (Titles) nssus dk vfèkdkj jk"Vªifr dks gS] ijUrq iz;ksx esa jk"Vªifrizèkkuea=kh dh lEefr osQ fcuk u dksbZ fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk u gh dksbZ mikfèk nsrk gSA bu mPp vfèkdkjksa dkiz;ksx izèkkuea=kh }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSA

13- fons'kh uhfr esa ljdkj dk eq[; izoDrk (Chief Spokesman of the Government on Foreign

Policy)–izèkkuea=kh fons'kh ekeyksa esa fo'ks"k #fp j[krk gS rFkk mu ij fu;a=k.k j[krk gSA fons'kh uhfr osQ fuekZ.kesa mldk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gksrk gSA ogha fons'kh ekeyksa esa lacaèkh egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,a djrk gSA oSls fons'kh ekeyksadk foHkkx fons'k eU=kh osQ vèkhu gksrk gS] ijUrq fons'k eU=kh izèkkuea=kh dh lykg osQ fcuk dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ dk;Zugha djrkA fons'k eU=kh mldk vR;Ur fo'okl izkIr eU=kh gksrk gSA ftruk xgjk lacaèk izèkkuea=kh vkSj fons'k ea=khesa gksrk gS] mruk 'kk;n gh izèkkuea=kh vkSj fdlh vU; ea=kh esa gksA

14- yksd lHkk dks Hkax djokus dk vfèkdkj (Power to get the Lok Sabha dissolved)–jk"Vªifryksd lHkk dks izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ls gh Hkax djrk gSA ijUrq ;fn jk"Vªifr ;g le>s fd yksd lHkk dks Hkaxdjuk jk"Vª osQ fgr esa ugha gS rks og izèkkuea=kh dh lykg dks ekuus ls budkj dj ldrk gSA fnlEcj 1970esa jk"Vªifr oh-oh- fxjh us izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ij yksd lHkk Hkax dhA 18 twu] 1977 dks jk"Vªifr Jh iQ[k:íhuvyh vgen us izèkkuea=kh Jherh bfUnjk xk¡èkh dh lykg ij yksd lHkk Hkax dhA 22 vxLr] 1979 dks jk"Vªifrlathok jsM~Mh us izèkkuea=kh pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg dh lykg ij yksd lHkk dks Hkax fd;k] ftl ij turk ikVhZ osQ}kjk jk"Vªifr osQ bl dk;Z dh dM+h vkykspuk dh xbZA turk ikVhZ dk dguk Fkk fd jk"Vªifr osQ bl dk;Z dhdM+h vkykspuk dh xbZA turk ikVhZ dk dguk Fkk fd jk"Vªifr dks izèkkuea=kh pkS- pj.k ¯lg dh lykg ekuusls budkj djuk pkfg, Fkk vkSj turk ikVhZ osQ usrk txthou jke dks ljdkj cukus dk fueU=k.k nsuk pkfg,A

15- izèkkuea=kh jk"VªeaMy osQ ns'kksa ls vPNs lacaèk LFkkfir djrk gS (Prime Minister maintains Good

Relations with Common Wealth Countries)–Hkkjr jk"VªeaMy dk lnL; gS] ftl dkj.k jk"VªeaMyosQ ns'kksa osQ lkFk eS=kh iw.kZ lacaèk LFkkfir djuk izèkkuea=kh dk dk;Z gSA izèkkuea=kh jk"VªeaMy dh cSBdksa esa Hkkxysrk gSA HkwriwoZ izèkkuea=kh eksjkj th nslkbZ jk"VªeaMy dh cSBdksa esa Hkkx ysrs FksA bUgksaus jk"VªeaMy dh cSBd tksbaXyS.M esa 8 twu] 1977 dks gqbZ Fkh] esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA

16- izèkkuea=kh vkSj lqj{kk (Prime Minister and the Defence)–jk"Vª dh lqj{kk dk mÙkjnkf;Roizèkkuea=kh ij gh gksrk gSA bl dkj.k mldk j{kk foHkkx ij iwjk fu;U=k.k gksrk gSA jk"Vª dh lqj{kk osQ fy, tksHkh vko';d O;oLFkk,¡ gksrh gSa] mudk og iwjh rjg ls è;ku j[krk gSA jk"Vª dh lqj{kk vkSj fons'k uhfr esa ?kfu"Blacaèk gksrk gS vkSj og nksuksa gh foHkkxksa osQ dk;ks± osQ lacaèk esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSA ns'k dh gkj&thrmlh dh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1965 osQ ;q¼ esa ikfdLrku dh fot; dk Js; Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh dks feykAizèkkuea=kh jk"Vª dh lqj{kk osQ fy, oSQfcusV ls lykg ysdj ;g fu.kZ; djrk gS fd fdl jk"Vª ls lfUèk dh tk,]fdl jk"Vª ls fdl izdkj osQ vL=k fy, tk,¡ vkSj ladV osQ le; fdl jk"Vª dh lgk;rk yh tk,A

17- izèkkuea=kh dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij fu;a=k.k (Control of the Prime Minister over Economy)–

izèkkuea=kh dk ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij iwjk fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk dh foiQyrk dk mÙkjnkf;Ro izèkkuea=khij gh gksrk gSA tqykbZ 1969 ls twu 1970 rd foÙk foHkkx Jherh bfUnjk xk¡èkh us laHkkyk FkkA

18- ljdkj dk izeq[k izoDrk (Chief Spokesman of the Government)–laln rFkk turk osQ lkeusefU=ke.My dh uhfr vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk izèkkuea=kh }kjk dh tkrh gSA og lHkh iz'kkldh; foHkkxksa dh

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tkudkjh j[krk gS] vkSj tc dHkh dksbZ eU=kh ladV esa gks] rks mldh lgk;rk djosQ efU=ke.My :ih ukSdk dksmQcus ls cpkus dk dk;Z izèkkuea=kh gh djrk gSA

19- izèkkuea=kh rFkk tuer (Prime Minister and the Public Opinion)–izèkkuea=kh dk turk ls fo'ks"klacaèk gksrk gSA izèkkuea=kh dh Hkwfedk] dk;ks± rFkk uhfr dk izHkko turk ij iM+rk gS vkSj tuer osQ leFkZu dkizHkko izèkkuea=kh ij iM+rk gSA lapkj osQ lkèkuksa tSls jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu vkfn ij ljdkj dk gh fu;U=k.k gksrk gSAbu lkèkuksa osQ }kjk izèkkuea=kh tuer dks vius i{k esa dj ysrk gSA blls mldh 'kfDr n`<+ gksrh gSA usg: rFkkbfUnjk xk¡èkh us tuer vius i{k esa djosQ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA

20- jkT;ksa osQ dk;ks± dh leh{kk (Evaluation of the Work of States of the Prime Minister)–

izèkkuea=kh dks jkT; ljdkjksa osQ dke&dkt dh leh{kk djus dk vfèkdkj gSA izèkkuea=kh bfUnjk xk¡èkh us tqykbZ]1983 dks eè; izns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa dk;ks± dh leh{kk dhA

21- izèkkuea=kh dh vkikrdkyhu 'kfDr;k¡ (Emergency Powers of the Prime Minister)– Hkkjrh;lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr èkkjk 352] 356] 360 osQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh dh lykgosQ vuqlkj gh djrk gSA tSls vDrwcj 1962 esa phu osQ vkØe.k osQ le; 3 fnlEcj] 1971 dks ikfdLrku osQvkØe.k osQ le; rFkk 26 twu] 1975 dks vkUrfjd O;oLFkk osQ [kjkc gksus ij vuqPNsn 352 osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªifrus izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ls gh vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA blh izdkj vuqPNsn 356 osQ vUrxZr jkT;ksaesa jk"Vªifr 'kklu Hkh izèkkuea=kh dh lykg osQ vuqlkj yxk;k tkrk gSA 44 osa la'kksèku osQ vuqlkj jk"VªifrvuqPNsn 352 osQ vUrxZr vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk rHkh dj ldrk gS] ;fn efU=ke.My vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kkdjus dh fyf[kr lykg nsA vizSy] 1977 dks dk;Zokgd jk"Vªifr ch- Mh- tÙkh us izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ij ukSfoèkkulHkkvksa dks Hkax fd;kA

22- fu;qfDr;k¡ djus dk vfèkdkj (Power of making Appointments)–jk"Vªifr cM+s&cM+s vfèkdkfj;ksadh fu;qfDr;k¡ izèkkuea=kh dh lykg o LohÑfr ls djrk gSA nwljs ns'kksa esa Hksts tkus okys jktnwr] jkT;ksa osQ xouZj]vVkuhZ tujy (Attorney General), dEVªksyj vkSj vkWfMVj tujy (Comptroller & Auditor Gen-

eral), la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx o fuokZpu vk;ksx vkfn osQ vè;{kksa o lnL;ksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡ izèkkuea=kh dhfliQkfj'k ij gh dh tkrh gSaA jk"Vªifr }kjk jkT; lHkk esa lkfgR;] dyk] foKku o lkekftd lsok osQ {ks=kksa esaizfr"Bk izkIr tks 12 O;fDr uketn fd;s tkrs gSa] og izèkkuea=kh dh lykg ls gh uketn fd, tkrs gSaA



5- jk"Vªifr fdls iz/kuea=kh in osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gS\

(a) cgqer ny osQ usrk dks (b) lcls de lhV ikus okys ny dks

(c) u (a) vkSj u (b) (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

6- iz/kuea=kh fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldk vè;{k Hkh gksrk gS\

(a) yksdlHkk (b) jkT;lHkk

(c) ;ksTkuk vk;ksx (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

7- Hkkjr esa lalnh; ljdkj gS] ftlesa jk"Vª dk eqf[k;k jk"Vªifr gS] rFkk ljdkj dk okLrfod eqf[k;k gS\

(a) eq[;ea=kh (b) jkT;iky

(c) iz/kuea=kh (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

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8-5 izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr (Position of the Prime Minister)

izèkkuea=kh dk in vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ] xkSjo'kkyh o 'kfDr&lEiUu in gSA mls ns'k osQ iz'kklfud <k¡ps esa osQUnzh;fLFkfr izkIr gSA ;fn eaf=k&ifj"kn~ ns'k dh okLrfod 'kkld gS rks og eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk ekfyd gSA ;g eaf=k&ifj"kn~dk fuekZrk mlosQ thou o e`R;q dk osQUnz gSA og jk"Vªifr dk eq[; lykgdkj gSA og ns'k dk fons'kh ekeyksaesa izeq[k izoDrk gSA og jk"Vª dk yksdfiz; usrk gksrk gSA mls bruh O;kid o foLr`r 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA fd 'kk;ngh lalkj osQ fdlh laoSèkkfud 'kkld dks izkIr gksaA

mldh fLFkfr baXySaM osQ izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr laoSèkkfud gSA laoSèkkfud n`f"V ls og eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk iz/ku gSrFkk jk"Vªifr mldh lykg ls nwljs efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gSA

mldh rqyuk vesfjdk osQ jk"Vªifr ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA MkWú vEcsMdj osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶;fn gekjs lafo/kuesa fdlh] inkfèkdkjh dh rqyuk vesfjdk osQ jk"Vªifr ls dh tk ldrh gS rks og O;fDr izèkkuea=kh gS] la?k dkjk"Vªifr ughaA¸ tc rd Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dks yksd lHkk esa cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr jgs rc rd og ,sls dk;Zdj ldrk gS tks vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr Hkh ugha dj ldrkA og laln ls dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ikl djok ldrk gS]fdlh Hkh ns'k ls dksbZ lfUèk dj ldrk gS rFkk vius nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh èku&jkf'k [kpZdj ldrk gSA

iz'kklfud lqèkkj vk;ksx us izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr bl izdkj izdV dh gS] ¶lafoèkku izèkkuea=kh dks ljdkj osQiz'kklfud <k¡ps esa fo'ks"k fLFkfr iznku djrk gSA og osQoy eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dk vè;{k ugha lae{kksa esa izFkeµ(First

among Equals) gh ugha] vfirq jk"Vªifr dk eq[; lykgdkj gSA mldh mPp inoh mls ;g fo'ks"k ftEesnkjhlkSairh gS fd og ns[ksa fd ;g laLFkk (eaf=k&ifj"kn~) ,d Vhe dh rjg dk;Z djsaA¸

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)–vUr esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd izèkkuea=kh dh ,d in ,d 'kfDr'kkyh in gSA mlsljdkj dh osQUnzh; èkqjh dgk tkrk gSA mlh osQ mQij ljdkj dk thou vFkok e`R;q] oqQ'kyrk vFkok voqQ'kyrkrFkk fLFkjrk vFkok vfLFkjrk fuHkZj djrh gSA ,d vfèkdkjh osQ :i esa ftruh vfèkd 'kfDr;k¡ mls izkIr gSa] mruhfdlh vU; vfèkdkjh dks ughaA

ge MkWú vEcsMdj dh bl ckr ls lger gSa fd vxj gekjs lafoèkku osQ vèkhu fdlh O;fDr dh rqyukvejhdh ls dh tk ldrh gS rks og O;fDr izèkkuea=kh gS] jk"Vªifr ughaA

Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dks ¶leku O;fDr;ksa esa izFke¸ (First amongst equals) ugha dgk tk ldrkA fu'p;gh og vU; efU=k;ksa ls Js"B inkfèkdkjh gS rFkk vkt mls cgqr vfèkd 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSa ijUrq blls ;g vFkZdnkfir ugha fy;k tkuk pkfg, fd Hkkjr esa vkt izèkkueU=kh; ljdkj (Prime Ministerial for of

Government) dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh gSA izèkkuea=kh lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vfHkUu vax gSA blO;oLFkk osQ vèkhu og ,d 'kfDr'kkyh ,oa egÙoiw.kZ in dk Lokeh gSA Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk dks izèkkueU=kh; ljdkjdk uke rc gh fn;k tk ldrk gS] vxj lalnh; ljdkj vFkok oSQfcusV iz.kkyh dk uke cnydj izèkkueU=kh;iz.kkyh dj fn;k tk,A

Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr egku gSA ,d izfl¼ ys[kd osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶izèkkuea=kh dh vU; eaf=k;ksa esa oghfLFkfr gS tks flrkjksa esa pUnzek dh gksrh gSA¸ (“Shining moon among the lesser stars”.) rFkk iz/kuea=khdks “Captain of the ship of the state” dgk tk ldrk gSA izèkkuea=kh dksbZ fujoqqaQ'k lhtj (Caespr) ughacu ldrkA mlosQ 'kCn dksbZ vfUre fu.kZ; ugha gksrsA fdlh Hkh le; mUgsa pqukSrh nh tk ldrh gSA izèkkuea=khdks lnSo fojksèkh ikVhZ dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA ,d ckj tktZ cukZMZ 'kkW (George Bernard Shaw) usfczfV'k izèkkuea=kh osQ fojksèkh ny osQ fo"k; esa dgk Fkk] ¶fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh viuh fojksèkh ikVhZ osQ usrk dks viuh

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iRuh ls vfèkd vPNh rjg ls tkurk gSA¸ (“The British Prime Minister knows leader of the

opposition better than his own wife”) ;gh fLFkfr Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA

gekjs ns'k esa ebZ&twu] 1991 dks eè;kofèk pquko gq, ftlesa fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer ugha feykA rRdkyhujk"Vªifr Jh jkekLokeh osadV jeu us Jh ihú ohú ujflEgk jko dks lcls cM+h ikVhZ dk usrk gksus osQ dkj.k 21twu] 1991 dks izèkkuea=kh dks 'kiFk fnyok;h rFkk fo'okl er izkIr djus dk ,d ekl dk le; fn;k tks mUgksausfuf'pr le; esa izkIr dj fy;kA tkudkjh osQ fy;s ;gk¡ ,d ckr Hkh gS fd Jh ihú ohú ujflEgk jko ml le;fdlh Hkh lnu osQ lnL; ugha Fks] ysfdu N% eghus esa mUgksaus yksd lHkk dh lnL;rk izkIr dj yhA

8-6 izèkkuea=kh dh rkuk'kkgh (Dictatorship of the Prime Minister)

okLro esa Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh osQ gkFk esa vR;ar fo'kky 'kfDr;k¡ osQfUnzr gSaA mldh bruh vfèkd 'kfDr;ksa dks ns[krsgq, oqQN fopkjdksa us ;g er izdV fd;k gS fd izèkkuea=kh rkuk'kkg cu ldrk gSA Jh osQú Vhú 'kkg osQ 'kCnksaesa ¶lafoèkku izèkkuea=kh dks bruh vfèkd 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk fLFkfr iznku djrk gS fd gj le; bl ckr dk Hk; cukjgrk gS fd ;fn izèkkuea=kh pkgs rks og rkuk'kkg cu ldrk gSA¸ (The Constitution concentrates somuch powers and influence in the hands of the Prime Minister that their is everyreason to apprehend that be may become a dictator if he chooses to do so.”) blh izdkj Jhohú ,uú xkMfxy us Hkh dgk gS] ¶izèkkuea=kh dks bruh vfèkd 'kfDr;k¡ lkSaih xbZ gSa fd ;fn og LoHkko lsyksdrU=kkRed fopkjksa dk u gks rks mlosQ rkuk'kkg cuus dh laHkkouk gks ldrh gSA¸ (The Prime Ministeris invested with formidable power and influence and unless he be a genuine democrateby nature, he is very likely to become a dictator.”)

ijUrq okLro esa izèkkuea=kh osQ rkuk'kkg cuus dh laHkkouk cgqr de gSA

1- izèkkuea=kh LoHkko ls vo'; gh yksdrU=kh; fopkjksa okyk loZfiz; usrk gksrk gSA mlus cgqr yacs le; rd

yksdra=kh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh esa izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;k gksrk gS rFkk og yksdrU=kh; fl¼kUrksa esa n`<+ fo'okl j[krk gSA

LoxhZ; izèkkuea=kh iafMr tokgj yky usg: us Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=kh vius LoHkko o izf'k{k.k esa iDosQ

yksdra=kh; fopkjksa okys usrk Fks rFkk mudk yksdra=k osQ fl¼karksa esa vVwV fo'okl FkkA mUgksaus dHkh Hkh rkuk'kkg

cuus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh rFkk lnk yksdrU=kh; ijEijkvksa dk ikyu fd;kA Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/h dks NksM+dj vU;

lHkh iz/kueU=kh Hkh mu osQ ckn osQ LoHkko o izf'k{k.k esa iDosQ yksdrU=kh; fopkjksa okys usrk Fks rFkk mudk

yksdrU=k osQ fl¼kUrksa esa vVwV fo'okl FkkA mUgksaus dHkh Hkh rkuk'kkg cuus dh dksf'k'k ugha dh rFkk lnk

yksdrU=kh; ijEijkvksa dk ikyu fd;kA fdUrq Jherh bfUnjk xk¡/h us 1975 esa vkikr fLFkfr yxokdj iztkra=k

dks fuyafcr dj fn;k FkkA 1977 osQ ckn cusa lHkh iz/kueaf=k;ksa us ftu esa bfUnjk xk¡/h Hkh 'kkfey Fkh] oqQy

feykdj yksdra=kh; ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj gh dk;Z fd;kA gekjs orZeku izèkkuea=kh Jh Mk- eueksgu flag blh ekxZ

ij py jgs gSaA

2- izèkkuea=kh LosPNkpkfjrk ls dk;Z ugha djrkA mls vius ny dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØe osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk

gksrk gSA mls vius ny osQ izeq[k O;fDr;ksa osQ fopkjksa o bPNkvksa dks è;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA mldh fLFkfr vius

ny osQ usrk gksus dh gSfl;r ls gh gS rFkk og lnk vius lkfFk;ksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA

3- dksbZ Hkh izèkkuea=kh tuer osQ fo#¼ pyus dh dksf'k'k ugha djrkA mls turk dh uCt ij gkFk j[kuk iM+rk

gSA og dHkh dksbZ ,slk dk;Z ugha djrk ftlls turk ukjkt gks tk,A ;fn izèkkuea=kh yksder dh vogsyuk djrk

gqvk rkuk'kkg cuus dh dksf'k'k djs rks vo'; gh mldh vxys fuokZpu esa gkj gksxh vkSj mls vius in ls gkFk

èkksuk iM+sxkA Jherh bfUnjk xk¡èkh dh ekpZ] 1977 osQ vke pquko esa ijkt; bl ckr dk mnkgj.k gSA

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4- laln osQ vUnj vkSj ckgj mlosQ dk;ks± ij dM+h fuxjkuh j[kh tkrh gSA laln osQ vUnj osQoy izèkkuea=kh osQ

leFkZd ugha gksrs] fojksèkh nyksa osQ lnL; Hkh gksrs gSaaA og izèkkuea=kh osQ dk;ks± o uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djrs gq,

yksder dks vius i{k esa djus dh rkd esa jgrs gSaA laln osQ ckgj izèkkuea=kh osQ dk;ks± o uhfr;ksa dh Lora=k

lekpkj&i=kksa }kjk vkykspuk dh tkrh gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)–vUr esa ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSa fd lkèkkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izèkkuea=kh rkuk'kkg

ugha cu ldrk D;ksafd mls oqQN lhekvksa osQ vUnj jgdj gh dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA cgqr oqQN izèkkuea=kh osQ

O;fDrRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA MkWú ts uXl (Dr. Jennings) osQ vuqlkj ¶izèkkueU=kh dh fLFkfr ogh gksrh gS

tks bl in dks xzg.k djus okyk cukuk pkgs rFkk tks nwljs eU=kh mls cuus nsaA¸ ;fn og n`<+ O;fDrRo dk ekfyd

gS vkSj mlesa vius efU=k;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh 'kfDr gS rks efU=ke.My osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh 'kfDr

ugha j[krk rks og efU=k;ksa osQ gkFk dh dBiqryh cudj jg tkrk gSA ladVdky 'kklu&iz.kkyh bruh ypdnkj

gksrh gS fd ladVdky osQ le; izèkkuea=kh rkuk'kkg cu tkrk gSA lafoèkku esa jk"Vªifr dks tks ladVdkyhu

'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa] mudk okLrfod iz;ksx izèkkuea=kh gh djrk gS] ysfdu vxj ladVdky osQ le; izèkkuea=kh

rkuk'kkg gS rks og laln esa cgqer dh lgefr ls gh gSA


fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lR;@vlR; crkb,A

8- Hkkjrh; iz/kuea=kh dks ^leku O;fDr;ksa esa izFke* ugha dgk tk ldrkA

9- lk/kj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iz/kuea=kh rkuk'kkg cu ldrk gSA

10- tktZ ckuZMZ 'kkW us ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ^^fczfV'k iz/ku ea=kh viuh fojks/h ikVhZ osQ usrk dks viuh iRuh ls vfèkd

vPNh rjg ls tkurk gSA¸

8-7 Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vkSj fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa esa rqyuk (Comparisionof the Powers of the Indian Prime Minister and British PrimeMinister)

Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh rFkk fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh rqyuk djrs le; gesa loZizFke bl rF; dks è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,fd Hkkjr rFkk fczVsu dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa cgqr oqQN lekurk ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Hkkjr rFkk fczVsu nksuksaesa gh lalnh; yksdrU=k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Hkkjr us fczfV'k lalnh; O;oLFkk dks vkèkkj ekudj gh viuhjktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ Lo:i rFkk <k¡ps dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA

fczVsu dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa Hkh ukeek=k osQ jkT;kè;{k dk in fo|eku gSA fczVsu esa lezkV ukeek=k osQ jkT;kè;{kosQ :i esa fo|eku gS rks Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr bldk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA vUrj osQoy bruk gS fd fczVsu esa lezkVdk in iSr`d gS tcfd Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr dk pquko ,d fuokZpd e.My osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA rFkkfi nksuksagh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk in dks lalnh; O;oLFkk osQ lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A fczVsu rFkk HkkjrosQ izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ chp fuEufyf[kr lekurk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaµ

(i) nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh dks fupys lnu osQ cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA (In bothcountries, the Prime Minister does have the support of the Majority of the LowerHouse)–fczVsu rFkk Hkkjr nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh ogh O;fDr pquk tkrk gS ftls fupys lnu osQ cgqer dkleFkZu izkIr gksA fczVsu esa vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~] lezkV dkeUl lHkk esa cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks ljdkj

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cukus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gSA ;fn dkeUl lHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gS rks ,slh fLFkfresa lezkV vFkok lkezkKh ,sls O;fDr dkss ljdkj cukus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gS tks dkeUl lHkk osQ cgqla[;dlnL;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr djus esa leFkZ gksA Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh ijEijk gSA vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ jk"Vªifr cgqerny osQ usrk dks vFkok ,sls O;fDr dks tks yksd lHkk esa cgqla[;d lnL;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr dj ldrk gS] ljdkjcukus osQ fy, vkeaf=kr djrk gSA

(ii) nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh okLrfod dk;Zikfydk dk vè;{k gksrk gSA (In both countries, thePrime Minister is the Head of the Real Executive)–nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa lalnh; O;oLFkk gksus osQdkj.k] ukeek=k dh dk;Zikfydk rFkk okLrfod dk;Zikfydk vyx&vyx gSaA fczVsu esa lHkh iz'kklfud ,oaljdkjh dk;Z jktk (lezkV) osQ uke esa laiUu gksrs gSa] ijUrq O;ogkj esa ;s lHk dk;Z izèkkueU=kh }kjk lEiUu fd,tkrs gSaA Hkkjr esa Hkh la?k ljdkj osQ lHkh dk;Z jk"Vªifr osQ uke esa laiUu gksrs gSaA tcfd O;ogkj esa ;s lHkhdk;Z izèkkuea=kh osQ }kjk laiUu fd, tkrs gSaA

(iii) fczVsu rFkk Hkkjr nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh osQ R;kxi=k dk vFkZ lEiw.kZ ljdkj osQ R;kxi=k ls gksrkgS (In both Britain and India, both the resignation of the Prime Minister means theresignation of the whole government)–nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa lalnh; O;oLFkk gksus osQ dkj.k izèkkuea=kh osQR;kxi=k nsus dk vFkZ lEiw.kZ ljdkj dk R;kxi=k ekuk tkrk gSA izèkkuea=kh osQ R;kxi=k nsus ij ljdkj Hkax gks tkrhgSA izèkkuea=kh ljdkj dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ R;kxi=k nsus ij lEiw.kZ ljdkj Lor% Hkax gks tkrh gSA

(iv) nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh vius leLr dk;ks± osQ fy, fupys lnu osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS (Inboth countries, the Prime Minister is responsible to the Lower House for his acts)–lalnh; O;oLFkk gksus osQ dkj.k nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa izèkkuea=kh vius dk;ks± rFkk fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, fupys lnu osQ izfrmÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA fczVsu osQ rFkk Hkkjr esa ;|fi lS¼kfUrd :i esa izèkkuea=kh dh fu;qfDr ^jkT;kè;{k* (Headof the State) osQ }kjk dh tkrh gS] ijUrq lalnh; ijEijk osQ vuqlkj] jkT;kè;{k osQ izfr og mÙkjnk;h ughagSA

Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh rFkk fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh fLFkfr esa vUrj(Distinction between the Position of Indian Prime Minister and Brit-ish Prime Minister)

Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh rFkk fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr esa cgqr oqQN lekurk gksrs gq, Hkh oqQNegÙoiw.kZ vUrj Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA fczVsu esa laln loksZPp gSA fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dkeUl lHkk esa cgqer osQ leFkZuosQ cy ij fo'o dk lokZfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh yksdrkaf=kd 'kkld gSA fczVsu esa laln lkekU; dkuwu dh rjg lafo/kuesa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fczVsu esa ;fn izèkkuea=kh dks dkeUl lHkk (fupys lnu) osQcgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gS rks og lafoèkku esa oqQN Hkh la'kksèku dj ldrk gSA fczVsu esa U;k;ikfydk dks U;kf;diqufoZpkj* (Judicial Review) dh 'kfDr izkIr ugha gS vFkkZr~ laln }kjk ikfjr dkuwu U;k;ky;ksa dh lhek lsckgj gSaA nwljh vksj] Hkkjr esa laln loksZPp ugha gSA lafoèkku loksZPp gS rFkk laln ,d fuf'pr lhek rd ghlafoèkku esa la'kks/u dj ldrh gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa la'kksèku dh iz.kkyh Hkh dfBu gSA lkekU; dkuwu rFkk^laoSèkkfud dkuwu* esa vUrj gSA

uksV~l ljdkj osQ rhuksa vaxµlaln] dk;Zikfydk rFkk U;k;ikfydk lafoèkku }kjk fuf'pr lhekvksa osQ

vUrxZr gh dk;Z djrs gSaA

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loksZPp U;k;ky; dks dk;Zikfydk osQ fu.kZ;ksa rFkk laln }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksas osQ ^U;kf;d iqufoZpkj*

(Judicial Review) dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA blls ;g vfHkizk; fudyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh yksd lHkk esa

cgqer dk leFkZu gksus osQ ckotwn mruk 'kfDr'kkyh ugha gS ftruk fd fczfV'k izèkkuea=khsA



11- fczVsu esa lezkV uke ek=k dk D;k gksrk gS\

(a) jkT;kè;{k (b) iz/kuea=kh

(c) u (a) vkSj u (b) (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA

12- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ljdkj dks ,d vax Hkh gS\

(a) U;k;ikfydk (b) ch-,l-bZ-

(c) deZpkjh p;u cksMZ (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA

8-8 Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr dh vesfjdu jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkkfLFkfr ls rqyuk (Comparison of the Powers and Position ofIndian Prime Minister with those of American President)

Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr;ksa dh rqyuk vesfjdu jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr ls rqyuk nksuksa

ns'kksa dh i`Fko~Q jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa osQ lUnHkZ esa gh fd;k tkuk mfpr gksxkA Hkkjr osQ foijhr vesfjdk esa

vè;{kh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gSA vesfjdh jk"Vªifr jkT;kè;{k gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFk 'kklukè;{k Hkh gSA vesfjdh

jk"Vªifr ,d fuokZfpr dk;Zikfydk vè;{k gSA mls iz'kklu osQ {ks=k esa O;kid 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaA mlosQ in esa

LFkkf;Ro gksrk gSA ,d ckj fuokZfpr gksus osQ i'pkr~ og vius in ij iwjs dk;Zdky rd jgrk gSA osQoy

egkfHk;ksx osQ }kjk gh mlosQ in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh vksj Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh 'kklkukè;{k gS] jkT;kè;{k

ughaA ,d ckj vius in ij pqus tkus osQ ckn og mlh le; rd vius in ij cuk jg ldrk gS] tc rd mls

yksd lHkk osQ cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr gksA yksd lHkk osQ cgqer osQ leFkZu osQ cy ij og yksd lHkk osQ iwjs

dk;Zdky rd vius in ij cuk jg ldrk gSA

vesfjdk dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us ^fu;a=k.k ,oa larqyu osQ fl¼kUr* dks viuk;k gS

rkfd ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkh vax fujaoqQ'k rjhosQ ls dk;Z u dj losQA blosQ foijhr Hkkjr esa lalnh; O;oLFkk gksus

osQ dkj.k O;oLFkkfidk rFkk dk;Zikfydk esa leUo; ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh yksd lHkk osQ leFkZu osQ

cy ij viuh uhfr;ksa] fu.kZ;ksa rFkk foèks;dksa dks laln }kjk vkluh ls ikfjr djk ysrk gSA yksd lHkk osQ cgqer

dk leFkZu jgus ij og vesfjdu jk"Vªifr dh vis{kk 'kfDr'kkyh dk;Zikyd gSA


fjDr LFkku Hkjs (Fill in the blanks)

13- vesfjdk dk jk"Vªifr jkT;kè;{k gksus ds lkFk&lkFk --------------- Hkh gSA

14- vesfjdk dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us ----------- dks viuk;k gSA

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8-9 Lkkjka'k (Summary)

• lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 74 esa osQoy eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk gS vkSj oSQfcusV dk dksbZ o.kZu ugha gSAoSQfcusV ,d vfrfjDr laoSèkkfud laLFkk gSA

• viuh fu;qfDr osQ i'pkr~ izèkkuea=kh dk igyk dk;Z ;g gksrk gS fd og vius lkFkh eaf=k;ksa dks pqusA

• baXyS.M dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr dk iz/kuea=kh yksd lHkk dk usr`Ro djrk gSA og lnu esa ljdkj dh uhfr lslacafèkr egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk,¡ djrk gS vkSj iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsrk gSA

• Hkkjr esa lalnh; ljdkj gS ftlesa jk"Vª dk eqf[k;k jk"Vªifr gS rFkk ljdkj dk okLrfod eqf[k;kizèkkuea=kh gSA

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr èkkjk 352] 356] 360 osQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksxizèkkuea=kh dh lykg osQ vuqlkj gh djrk gSA

• Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr èkkjk 352] 356] 360 osQ }kjk Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksxizèkkuea=kh dh lykg osQ vuqlkj gh djrk gSA

• fd lkèkkj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa izèkkuea=kh rkuk'kkg ugha cu ldrk D;ksafd mls oqQN lhekvksa osQ vUnj jgdjgh dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA cgqr oqQN izèkkuea=kh osQ O;fDrRo ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

• fczVsu dh Hkkafr Hkkjr esa Hkh ukeek=k osQ jkT;kè;{k dk in fo|eku gSA fczVsu esa lezkV ukeek=k osQjkT;kè;{k osQ :i esa fo|eku gS rks Hkkjr esa jk"Vªifr bldk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA

• fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh dkeUl lHkk esa cgqer osQ leFkZu osQ cy ij fo'o dk lokZfèkd 'kfDr'kkyhyksdrkaf=kd 'kkld gSA fczVsu esa laln lkekU; dkuwu dh rjg lafo/ku esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA

• vesfjdh jk"Vªifr jkT;kè;{k gksus osQ lkFk gh lkFk 'kklukè;{k Hkh gSA vesfjdh jk"Vªifr ,d fuokZfprdk;Zikfydk vè;{k gSA


vkikrdkyhu (Emergency)% ladVdkyhu] vpkud ?kfVr gksus dh fLFkfrA

Rkkuk'kkgh (Dictatorship)% LosPNkpkfjrk] vf/uk;dRoA


1- la?kh; eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ laxBu dk o.kZu djrs gq, oSQfcusV (eaf=k&e.My) vkSj eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ chpvUrjksa dks Li"V dhft,A

2- eaf=k&e.My dh 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh dh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- Hkkjrh; izèkkuea=kh vkSj fczfV'k izèkkuea=kh osQ 'kfDr;ksa esa vUrj Li"V dhft,A


1- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ 2- jk"Vªifr 3- ykyo`Q".k vkMokuh

4- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ 5 (a) 6- (c)

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7- (c) 8- lR; 9- vlR;

10- lR; 11- (a) 12- (a)

13- 'kklukè;{k 14- fu;a=k.k ,oa larqyu osQ fl¼kar


iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- NkcjkA

2- Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkSj jktuhfrµ ih- jLrksxhA

3- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w- vkj- ?kbZA

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bdkbZ—9: U;k;ikfydk% loksZPp U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky;] U;kf;d iqu£ujh{k.k

bdkbZµ9: U;k;ikfydk% loksZPp U;k;ky;mPp U;k;ky;] U;kf;d iqu£ujh{k.k

(The Judiciary: Supreme Court,High Court, Judicial Review)


mís'; (Objectives)


9.1 loksZPp U;k;ky; % jpuk] 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Supreme Court: Formation, Powers

and Functions)

9.2 jkT; mPp U;k;ky; (State High Court)

9.3 U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k (Judicial Review)

9.4 Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k % fo'ks"krk,¡ (Judicial Review in India: Features)





mís'; (Objectives)

bl vè;k; osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs%

• loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ 'kfDr;ksa] jpukvksa ,oa dk;ks± dks le>us gsrqA

• mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr] dk;Z vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk o.kZu djus gsrqA

• Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh dh O;k[;k djrs gq, vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djus esaA

izLrkouk (Intoduction)

ifjp; (Introduction)–,d jkT; esa U;k;ikfydk dh vko';drk crkrs gq, izks- xkuZj us dgk gS fd]¶U;k;&foHkkx osQ vHkko esa ,d lH; jkT; dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA dksbZ Hkh lekt fcuk fo/kue.MyosQ jgrk gS] ;g ckr le> esa vk ldrh gSA ysfdu ,sls fdlh lH; jkT; dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh] ftlesaU;k;ikfydk ;k U;k;kfèkdj.k dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gksA¸ ,d la?kkRed jkT; esa Lora=k vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky;


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dh vko';drk vkSj vfèkd gksrh gSA la?k jkT; esa la?kh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp Li"V vkSj fyf[kr :i esa'kfDr foHkktu fd;k tkrk gS] fdUrq fiQj Hkh vusd fo"k;ksa ij la?kh; vkSj jkT; ljdkjksas osQ chp ;k jkT;ksaljdkjksa esa gh ijLij fookn mRiUu gks ldrk gS] ftudk fucVkjk ,d loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk gh fd;k tkldrk gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk lafoèkku osQ j{kd vkSj lafoèkku osQ vfèkdkfjd O;k[;rk osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k tkrk

gSA og laln }kjk fufeZr ,slh izR;sd fofèk dks voSèk ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS tks lafoèkku osQ fo#¼ gksA viuh

bl 'kfDr osQ }kjk ;g lafoèkku dks izHkqrk vkSj loksZPprk dh j{kk djrk gSA tc dHkh lafoèkku osQ fdlh vuqPNsn

osQ lacaèk esa dksbZ fookn mRiUu gks tkrk gS] rks mls bl lacaèk esa fu.kZ; nsus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS vkSj bl lacaèk

esa mldk fu.kZ; vfUre vkSj loZekU; gksrk gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; lafoèkku dh j{kk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk ukxfjdksa dh Lora=krk vkSj vfèkdkjksa dh Hkh j{kk djrk

gSA ;fn Hkkjr la?k dh O;oLFkkfidk] dk;Zdkfj.kh ;k vU; dksbZ lÙkk ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj Lora=krk esa fdlh

izdkj dk gLr{ksi djrh gS rks loksZPp U;k;ky; canh izR;{khdj.k] ijekns'k] izfr"ksèk] vfèkdkj i`PNk ;k mRizs{k.k

tc tSlh vko';drk gks] oSlk vkns'k tkjh dj ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA bl lacaèk esa Jh ,e-

lh- lhryokM+ us vius fopkjksa dks bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k gS fd ¶lafoèkku osQ vfUre O;k[;rk osQ :i esa] pkgs

og ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk {ks=k gks vFkok la?k o jkT; osQ chp mBus okys iz'u ,oa ns'k osQ leLr dkuwuksa vkSj

izFkkvksa ij vkèkkfjr fu;eksa dk {ks=k jk"Vª dh vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd mUufr osQ ;U=k Lo:i] loksZPp U;k;ky;

osQ izHkko ij cy nsuk dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gSA

Hkkjr esa bdgjh U;k;&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk (Single Judicial System in India)

;|fi Hkkjr ,d la?kh; jkT; gS] ijUrq fiQj Hkh lafoèkku esa bdgjh U;k;&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA la;qDr

jkT; vesfjdk dh Hkk¡fr gekjs ns'k esa la?kh; vkSj jkT; U;k;ky; vyx&vyx ugha gSaA lHkh U;k;ky; ,d gh

U;k;& Üka[kyk dh dfM+;k¡ gSaA lcls mQij Hkkjr dk loksZPp U;k;ky; (Supreme Court of Indias) gSA blosQ

vèkhu jkT;ksa esa mPp U;k;ky; (State High Courts) gSa rFkk mPp U;k;ky;ksas osQ vèkhu ftyk Lrj ij

vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; (Subordinate Courts) gSaA ;s lHkh U;k;ky; lafoèkku osQ vUrxZr LFkkfir fd, x, gSa

rFkk ;s laoS/kfud dkuwu] jkT;ksa osQ dkuwuksa vkSj lkekU; n.M fofèk (Criminal Procedure Law) o O;ogkj

fofèk (Civil Procedure Law) osQ vkèkkj ij eqdneksa osQ fu.kZ; djrs gSaA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa lqlaxfBr bdgjh

U;k;&O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

9-1 loksZPp U;k;ky; % jpuk] 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj dk;Z (Supreme Court :Formation, Powers and Functions)

;g U;k;ky; Hkkjrh; U;k;&O;oLFkk dh f'kjksef.k gSA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls mQ¡pk U;k;ky; gS rFkk blosQ fu.kZ;vfUre gksrs gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa lafoèkku ykxw gksus ls igys Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dks isQMjy dksVZ vkWiQ bf.M;k

(Federal Court of India) dgk tkrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e osQ vUrxZrdh xbZ FkhA

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bls izkjafHkd rFkk vihyh; nksuksa izdkj osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj izkIr Fks] ysfdu ;g Hkkjr dk vfUre U;k;ky; ugha FkkAblosQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ vihysa baXyS.M dh fizoh dkSafly (Privy Council of England) osQ ikl dh tkldrh FkhaA

loksZPp U;k;ky; dh jpuk (Comparison of Supreme Court)–Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh èkkjk 124 osQvUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA (“There shall be a Supreme Court of India.”)loksZPp U;k;ky; esa izkjaHk esa ,d eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj 7 vU; U;k;kèkh'k gksrs FksA 1957 esa laln esa ,d dkuwuikl gqvk] ftlosQ vuqlkj eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dks NksM+dj ckdh U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 7 ls 10 dj nh xbZA lu~1960 esa laln us vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 10 ls c<+kdj 13 dj nhA ijUrq fnlEcj] 1977 esa laln us ,ddkuwu ikl fd;k] ftlosQ vuqlkj loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh vfèkdre la[;k 13 ls c<+kdj 17dj nh xbZA vizSy] 1986 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 17 ls 25 dj nh xbZA vr% vktdyloksZPp U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj 25 vU; U;k;kèkh'k gSaA

dke dh vfèkdrk gksus ij jk"Vªifr rnFkZ U;k;kèkh'kksa (Adhoc Judges) dh Hkh fu;qfDr dj ldrk gSA rnFkZU;k;kèkh'kksa (Adhoc Judges) dks Hkh ;gh osru rFkk HkÙks feyrs gSaA vko';drk iM+us ij fdlh lsok&fuo`Ùk(Retired) U;k;kèkh'k dks dke djus osQ fy, Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Judges)–mPpre U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj vU;U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gS] ijUrq ,slk djrs le; jk"Vªifr osQoy LosPNk ls dke ugha ysrkAeq[; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr osQ le; jk"Vªifr dks mPpre U;k;ky; rFkk jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQU;k;kèkh'kksa dh lykg ysuk vko';d gSA mPpre U;k;ky; osQ vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr osQ le; eq[;U;k;kèkh'k dh lykg ysuh vko';d gksrh gSA rnFkZ U;k;kèkh'kksa (Adhoc Judges) dh fu;qfDr eq[; U;k;kèkh'kdh lykg ls dh tkrh gSA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr fu"i{krk osQ vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA fu"i{krk cuh jgs] mlosQ fy, U;k;kèkh'kksa dhofj"Brk lwph (Seniority List) cuh gqbZ gS] rkfd tc dHkh eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dk in [kkyh gks rks tks Hkh ofj"BU;k;kèkh'k gks] mldh fu;qfDr dh tk losQA ijUrq 15 vizSy] 1973 dks tc eq[; U;k;kèkh'k lhdjh fjVk;j gq,rks ofj"Brk osQ fl¼kUr dk mYya?ku gqvk vkSj U;k;kèkh'k ,- ,u- jk; dks eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;kAblosQ fojksèk esa U;k;kèkh'k 'khyV (Shelet), gsxMs rFkk xzksoj us R;kx i=k ns fn;kA ,e- ,p- csx osQ fjVk;j gksusij 22 iQjojh] 1978 dks ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k okbZ- oh- pUnzpwM+ (Y.V. Chandrachud) dks eq[; U;k;kèkh'kfu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl izdk iqu% U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA

28 tuojh] 1980 dks dkuwu vk;ksx (Law Commission) dh 80oha fjiksVZ yksdlHkk esa izLrqr dh xbZ FkhAbl fjiksVZ esa dkuwu vk;ksx us ;g fliQkfj'k dh Fkh fd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k osQ fy, ofj"BrkosQ fl¼kUr (Principal of Seniority) dks dBksjrk osQ lkFk ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

loksZPp U;k;kèkh'kksa dh ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualification of the Judges)

lafoèkku }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fuEu ;ksX;rk,¡ fuf'pr dh xbZ gSaµ

1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

2- og fdlh mPp U;k;ky; ;k U;k;ky;ksa esa de&ls&de 5 o"kZ rd U;k;kèkh'k jg pqdk gksA

vFkok

3- og fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa de&ls&de 10 o"kks± rd ,MoksosQV jg pqdk gksA vFkok

4- og jk"Vªifr dh n`f"V esa dksbZ izfl¼ fofèkosÙkk (Distinguished Jurist) gksA

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U;k;kèkh'kksa dh vofèk (Tenure of Judges)–mPpre U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd viusin ij vklhu jg ldrs gSaA 65 o"kZ dh vk;q osQ i'pkr~ mUgsa in ls vodk'k fn;k tkrk gSA laln U;k;k/h'kksadh vodk'k izkfIr dh vk;q c<+k Hkh ldrh gSA fjVk;j gksus osQ i'pkr~ mUgsa isU'ku (Pension) nh tkrh gSA bllsigys Hkh og Lo;a R;kx&i=k ns ldrs gSaA jk"Vªifr mUgsa viuh LosPNk ls ugha gVk ldrkA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dks gVk;k tkuk (Removal of Judges)–v;ksX;rk vkSj nqjkpkj (“Incapacity or ProvedMisbehaviour”) osQ vkèkkj mUgsa inP;qr fd;k tk ldrk gSA lqizhe dksVZ osQ tt dks rHkh gVk;k tk ldrkgS tc laln ,d izLrko dks nksuksa lnuksa }kjk leLr la[;k osQ cgqer rFkk mifLFkr vkSj ernku nssus okys lnL;ksaosQ 2@3 cgqer ls ikl dj] mlh vfèkos'ku esa ml U;k;kèkh'k ij fl¼ nqjkpkj vFkok vleFkZrk dk vkjksiyxkdj jk"Vªifr osQ ikl Hksts vkSj jk"Vªifr ml izLrko ij vius gLrk{kj dj nsA vuqPNsn 124 (4)º 1U;k;k/h'kksa dks gVkus dk bruk dfBu rjhdk blfy, viuk;k x;k gS rkfd U;k;kèkh'k fu"i{krk ls vkSj fuMjgksdj dk;Z dj losaQA

osru rFkk HkÙks (Salary and Allowances)–eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dk osru ,d yk[k #i;s ekfld gS vkSj vU;U;k;kèkh'kksa dks osru vLlh gtkj #i;s ekfld gSA blosQ vfrfjDr gj ,d U;k;kèkh'k dks jgus osQ fy;s fcukfdjk, dh ljdkjh dksBh nh tkrh gS vkSj ;k=kk HkÙkk Hkh fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd mldks fdlh ljdkjh dk;Z osQfy, ;k=kk djuh gksA U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ osru rFkk HkÙks Hkkjr dh lafpr fufèk esa ls fn, tkrs gS] ftudks laln erfy, fcuk ikl dj nsrh gSA osQoy foÙkh; ladV dh ?kks"k.kk djus ls jk"Vªifr dks ;g vfèkdkj gS fd ttksa osQosru dks de dj losQA ekpZ] 1976 esa laln us ,d dkuwu ikl fd;k Fkk] ftlosQ }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQU;k;kèkh'kksa dh isU'ku esa c<+ksÙkjh dh xbZA

lsokfuo`Ùk gksus ij odkyr izfrcUèk (Prohibition of Pratice after Retirement)–loksZPp U;k;ky;osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh lsok&fuo`Ùk gksus osQ i'pkr~ fdlh U;k;ky; esa odkyr djus dh eukgh dh xbZ gSA bldkvFkZ ;g ugha gS fd ljdkj mudks dksbZ fo'ks"k dk;Z Hkh ugha lkSai ldrhA mudks fdlh vk;ksx (Commission)dk lnL; ;k vè;{k fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vizSy] 1977 esa turk ljdkj us vkikrdky dh T;knfr;ksarFkk vR;kpkjksa dh tk¡p djus osQ fy, HkwriwoZ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k tslh- 'kkg (J. C. Shah) dks fu;qDr fd;kFkkA blosQ vykok U;k;kèkh'kksa dks ljdkj vU; inksa ij fu;qDr fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk Jh ,e- lh- Nkxyk dksvesfjdk esa Hkkjr dk jktnwr fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA

i`Fko~Q LFkkiuk O;oLFkk (Separate Establishment)–lafoèkku dh èkkjk 146 osQ vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky;dh LFkkiuk dh vyx O;oLFkk gSA mlosQ vfèkdkfj;ksa o deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr] muosQ lsok O;oLFkk ls lacfèkrfu;e rFkk 'krsZ loksZPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fuf'pr djrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQiz'kkldh; [kpZ ns'k dh lafpr fufèk ls [kpZ fd, tkrs gSaA bl dkj.k ls loksZPp U;k;ky; laln vFkok fdlhvU; laLFkk osQ fu;a=k.k ls eqDr gS vkSj bldh Lora=krk lqjf{kr gSA

in dh 'kiFk (Oath of Office)–izR;sd og O;fDr] tks Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;k/h'k vFkokvU; U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ in ij fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] viuk in xzg.k djus osQ le; jk"Vªifr ;k mlosQ }kjk fdlhvU; vfèkdkjh osQ lkeus ,d 'kiFk ysrk gS] tks bl izdkj gSµ

¶eSa&(uke)&tks Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k (vFkok U;k;kèkh'k) fu;qDr gqvk gw¡] bZ'oj dh'kiFk ysrk gw¡@lR;fu"Bk ls izfrKk djrk gw¡ fd eSa fofèk }kjk LFkkfir Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku osQ izfr J¼k vkSj fu"Bkj[kw¡xk rFkk gj izdkj ls vkSj J¼kiwoZd rFkk viuh iwjh ;ksX;rk] Kku vkSj foosd ls vius in osQ dÙkZO;ksa dksHk; ;k i{kikr] vuqjkx ;k }s"k osQ fcuk ikyu d:¡xk rFkk eSa lafoèkku vkSj fofèk;ksa dh e;kZnk cuk;s j[kw¡xkA¸

[“I...(Name)... having been appointed Chief Justice (or a Judge) of the Supreme Courtof India do swear in the name of God/Solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and

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allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established that I will duty and faith-fully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of myoffice without fear or favour, affection or ill-will and that I will uphold the constitutionand the laws.”]

loksZPp U;k;ky; dk LFkku (Seat of Supreme Court)–loksZPp U;k;ky; dk dk;Z&LFkku ubZ fnYyh esagSA ogk¡ bldk rjktw 'kDy dk cuk gqvk lqUnj Hkou gS] ijUrq eq[; U;k;kèkh'k jk"Vªifr dh vuqefr ls bldhcSBosaQ vU; LFkku ij Hkh dj ldrk gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; (Decision of the Supreme Court)–fdlh fo"k; ls lacafèkr jk"Vªifr dksdkuwuh ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, 5 U;k;kèkh'kksa dk cSap (eqdnes dh lquokbZ djus okyk U;k;ky;) gksuk vfuok;Z gSA'ks"k eqdneksa esa vihy lquus osQ fy, orZeku fu;eksa osQ vuqlkj de&ls&de rhu U;k;èkh'kksa dk gksuk vko';dgSA lHkh eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; eqdnek lquus okys U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ cgqer ls fd;k tkrk gSA tks U;k;k/h'k cgqer osQfu.kZ; ls lger ugha gksrs] os viuh vlgefr rFkk mlosQ dkj.k fu.kZ; osQ lkFk fy[kok ldrs gSaA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dh Lora=kk,¡ (Immunities of Judges)–U;k;kèkh'kksa dh Lora=krk dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy,U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ lHkh U;k; lacaèkh dk;ks± rFkk fu.kZ;ksa dh vkykspuk ls eqDr j[kk x;k gSA laln Hkh fdlh U;k;kèkh'kosQ vkpj.k ij okn&fookn ugha dj ldrhA og osQoy rHkh gks ldrk gS tc laln fdlh U;k;èkh'k dks gVkusosQ izLrko ij okn&fookn dj jgh gksA

,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd U;k;kèkh'k fcuk fdlh Hk; osQ viuk dÙkZO; fuHkk losaQA U;k;ky; osQ eku rFkkljdkj dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, rFkk bldks vkykspuk ls eqDr j[kus osQ fy,] U;k;ky; dks fdlh Hkh O;fDrosQ fo#¼ U;k;ky; osQ vieku dh izfØ;k }kjk mfpr dk;Zokgh djus dk vfèkdkj (Proceeding of

Contempt of Court) gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; dk vfèkdkj ,oa 'kfDr;k¡ (Jurisdiction and Powers of SupremeCourt)

loksZPp U;k;ky; Hkkjr dk lcls mQ¡pk vkSj vfUre U;k;ky; gSA bldk {ks=kkfèkdkj o 'kfDr;k¡ cM+h O;kid gSarFkk lalkj osQ fdlh Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; ls de ughaA Hkkjr osQ HkwriwoZ vVkuhZ tujy Jh ,e-lh- lhryokM(M.C.Setalvad) osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;k¡ vesfjdk osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; ls Hkhvf/d gSaA blosQ {ks=kkfèkdkj dks fuEufyf[kr Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSµ

1- izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj (Original Jurisdiction)–bl vfèkdkj {ks=k esa os eqdnes vkrs gSa tks fdlh vkSjU;k;ky; esa is'k ugha fd, tk ldrs rFkk ftudh lquokbZ igyh ckj gh loksZPp U;k;ky; esa gksrh gksA blvfèkdkj {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr eqdnes vkrs gSaµ

(i) ,sls >xM+s ftuesa ,d vksj Hkkjr ljdkj rFkk nwljh vksj ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd jkT; ljdkjsa gksaA

(ii) ,sls >xM+s ftuesa ,d vksj Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd jkT; rFkk nwljh vksj ,d ;k ,dls vfèkd jkT; gksaA

(iii) ,sls >xM+s tks nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa osQ chp gksaA

izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj ij ikcfUn;k¡ (Limitation on Original Jurisdiction)

(i) loksZPp U;k;y; osQ izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj ogha eqdnes vkrs gSa] ftudk lacaèk dkuwuh iz'u ;k rF; lsgks] jktuSfrd iz'u ;k rF; ls ughaA

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(ii) nwljs izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj esa ,sls eqdnes ugha vkrs ftudk lacaèk fdlh ,slh lfUèk] djkjs] le>kSrs]lun ;k vU; fyf[kr i=k ls gks] tks lafoèkku ykxw gksus ls igys ;k ckn esa ykxw fd, x, gksa rFkkftUgsa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj ls ckgj j[kk x;k gks] tSlsµns'kh fj;klrksa osQ 'kkldksa osQ lkFkx, fd, le>kSrs vkSj lfUèk;k¡A

(iii) rhljs laln dkuwu cukdj vUrjkZT;h; ufn;ksa (Inter-State Rivers) osQ ikuh osQ iz;ksx osQ ckjs esamRiUu gksus okys >xM+ksa osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj ls ckgj j[k ldrh gSA

2- vihyh; {ks=kkfèkdkj (Appellate Jurisdiction)–loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ bl {ks=kkfèkdkj esa ,sls eqdnesa vkrsgSaa] ftudk vkjaHk fupys U;k;ky;ksa esa gksrk gS] ijUrq muosQ fu.kZ; osQ fo:¼ vihy loksZPp U;k;ky; esa dh tkldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ bu {ks=kkfèkdkjksa dks fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSµ

(i) laoSèkkfud (Constitutional)–lafoèkku dh èkkjk 132 osQ varZxr ;fn mPp U;k;ky; ;g izekf.krdj ns fd eqdnes esa lafoèkku dh O;k[;k ls lacafèkr dkuwu dk dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ iz'u my>k gqvk gS] rks mleqdnes esa mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky;Lo;a Hkh ,slh vihy djus dh fo'ks"k vkKk ns ldrk gS ;fn og larq"V gks fd eqdnek bl izdkj dk gS (vuqPNsn136) vkSj jkT; dk mPp U;k;ky; ,slk izek.k&i=k nsus ls bUdkj dj nsA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i loksZPp U;k;ky;lafoèkku dk laj{kd rFkk vfUre O;k[;drkZ cu tkrk gSA

(ii) nhokuh (Civil)–ewy lafoèkku osQ varxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; esa fdlh mPp U;k;ky; osQ osQoy ,slsfu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ vihy dh tk ldrh Fkh ftlesa >xM+s dh jkf'k de&ls&de 20 gtkj #i;k ;k bl ewY; dh;k blls vfèkd ewY; dh lEifÙk gksA ijarq lafoèkku osQ 30 osa la'kksèku }kjk èkujkf'k dh bl lhek dks gVk fn;kx;k gS vkSj ;g fuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd mPp U;k;ky; ls loksZPp U;k;ky; esa ,sls lHkh nhokuh eqdneksa dhvihy dh tk losQxh ftlesa mPp U;k;ky; }kjk ;g izekf.kr dj fn;k tk;s fd bl fookn esa dkuwu dh O;k[;kls lacaf/r dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ iz'u fufgr gSA

(iii) iQkStnkjh (Criminal)–iQkStnkjh eqdneksa esa mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ fuEu fo"k;ksa esaloksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dh tk ldrh gSa%

(a) ;fn mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy izLrqr gkssus ij fdlh O;fDr dh fjgkbZ osQ iSQlys dks cny ns vkSj mlse`R;qn.M ns fn;k x;k gksA (vFkok)

(b) ;fn fdlh eqdnes dks mPp U;k;ky; us vius ikl ys fy;k gks vkSj mlus mlesa fdlh vijk/h dkse`R;q&n.M ns fn;k gksA

(c) vxj mPp U;k;ky; ;g izekf.kr dj ns fd fookn loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fopkj osQ ;ksX; gS] rc Hkhvihy dh tk ldrh gSA

lafoèkku dh èkkjk 136 osQ varZxr lSfud U;k;ky; dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh mPp U;k;ky; osQ iSQlys osQ fo#¼vihy dh fo'ks"k LohÑfr nsus ij loksZPp U;k;ky; ij dksbZ laoSèkkfud izfrcUèk ugha gS vkSj ;g ckr Lo;aloksZPp U;k;ky; ij fuHkZj gSA

3- ijke'kZ lacaèkh {ks=kkfèkdkj (Advisory Jurisdiction)–lafoèkku dh èkkjk 143 osQ vuqlkj mPpreU;k;ky; dks ijke'kZ lacaèkh {ks=kkfèkdkj Hkh izkIr gSA jk"Vªifr fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfud ;k dkuwuh iz'u ij mPpreU;k;y; dh lykg ys ldrk gSA lafoèkku dh O;k[;k] ns'kh fj;klrksa osQ lkFk lfUèk;ksa dh O;k[;k vkfn fo"k;ksaesa Hkh jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; ls mlosQ fopkj iwN ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr mPpre U;k;ky; }kjk fn;s x;s ijke'kZdks ekuus osQ fy, ckè; ugha gSA vU; ljdkj vax] O;fDr rFkk U;k;ky; Hkh ml ijke'kZ dks ekuus osQ fy, ckè;

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ugha gSA vU; ljdkjh vax] O;fDr rFkk U;k;ky; Hkh ml ijke'kZ ij pyus vkSj mlosQ vuqlkj vius fu.kZ; nsusosQ fy, ckè; ugha gSA vesfjdk esa mPpre U;k;ky; dks ijke'kZ nsus dk ,slk dksbZ vfèkdkj izkIr ugha gSA Hkkjrh;mPpre U;k;ky; osQ bl vfèkdkj dh dbZ ys[kdksa }kjk dM+h vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA vkykspdksa dk dguk gS fdblls cM+h fofp=k leL;k,¡ mRiUu gks ldrh gSa vkSj mPpre U;k;ky; osQ ijke'kZ lacaèkh {ks=kkf/dkj ls ykHk dhvk'kk gh dh gSA

jk"Vªifr us loksZPp U;k;ky; ls dbZ ckj lykg ek¡xh gS rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; us viuh jk; nh gSA tSlsµjk"Vªifr

oh-oh- fxjh us 1974 esa xqtjkr foèkkulHkk Hkax gksus osQ dkj.k loksZPp U;k;ky; ls lykg ek¡xh Fkh fd vxLr]

1974 esa gksus okys jk"Vªifr osQ pquko esa xqtjkr dh D;k fLFkfr gksxh\ loksZPp U;k;y; us 5 twu] 1974 dks

viuh lykg esa dgk fd èkkjk 62 osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªifr dk pquko igys okys jk"Vªifr osQ dk;Zdky dh lekfIr

ls igys gksuk vfuok;Z gS] pkgs ml le; fdlh Hkh izkUr dh foèkkulHkk Hkax gh D;ksa u gksA

4- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk laj{kd (Gaurdian of Fundamental Rights)–lafoèkku esa ukxfjdksa dks dbZ

izdkj osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkj fn, x, gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; bu ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa osQ lacaèk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dks izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj izkIr gSA ;fn fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk osQ ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku gks rks og O;fDr ;k laLFkk vius ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks euokus osQ fy, lhèks loksZPp

U;k;ky; ls vihy dj ldrs gSA loksZPp U;k;y; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dbZ izdkj ls izfrys[k

(Write of Habeas Corpus), ijekns'k (Write of Mandamus), izfr"ksèk (Write of Prohibition),

vf/dkj i`PNk (Write of Quo-Warranto) vkSj mRizs"k.k (Write of Certiorari) osQ izfrys[k 'kkfey gSaA

ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ lacaèk esa loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; Hkkjr osQ lHkh U;k;ky;ksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA

1967 esa xksydukFk eqdnes esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd laln dks lafoèkku esa fn, x, ukxfjdksa

osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku djus dk vfèkdkj ugha gS] ijUrq ckn esa lqizhe dksVZ us 24osa] 25osa vkSj 29osa

la'kksèkuksa osQ fo#¼ dh ubZ fjV ;kfpdkvksa (Writ Petitions) osQ lacaèk esa 24 vizSy] 1973 dks ;g ,sfrgkfld

fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln lafoèkku osQ ewy <k¡ps osQ varZxr ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku djus dk vfèkdkj j[krh

gSA lqizhe dksVZ us bl fu.kZ; us xksydukFk osQ fu.kZ; dks mYV fn;k gSA 42 ok¡ la'kksèku 1976 bl ckr dh O;oLFkk

djrk gS fd laln dh lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr ij fdlh Hkh izdkj dk izfrcUèk ugha gS rFkk vuqPNsn

368 osQ vUrxZr fd, x, fdlh Hkh laoSèkkfud la'kksèku dks fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; esa fdlh Hkh vkèkkj ij pqukSrh

ugha nh tk ldrhA

5- lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus dk vfèkdkj (Power to Interpret the Constitution)–loksZPp

U;k;ky; dks lafoèkku dh vfUre O;k[;k djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA lafoèkku dh èkkjk 141 osQ vuqlkj ¶loksZPp

U;k;ky; }kjk ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k dkuwu Hkkjr osQ {ks=k esa fLFkr lHkh U;k;ky;ksa dks ckè; gksxkA¸ Hkkjr esa la?kkRed

'kklu iz.kkyh LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa laoSèkkfud vkèkkj ij 'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk fd;k x;k gSA

,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk esa osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa rFkk jkT;ksa esa vkil esa dbZ fookn mB [kM+s gksus LokHkkfod gSA loksZPp

U;k;ky; dks ,sls fooknksa dks gy djus osQ fy, lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djuh iM+rh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk dh

xb lafoèkku dh O;k[;k loksZÙke vkSj vfUre ekuh tkrh gS rFkk lHkh i{kksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x,

fu.kZ; Lohdkj djus iM+rs gSaA

6- eqdneksa dks LFkkukUrfjr djus dh 'kfDr (Power Regarding Transference of Cases)–1976 osQ42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk lafoèkku esa ,d u;h èkkjk 139A tksM+ nh xbZ gSaA blosQ vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;gvfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; 'kh?kz U;k; fnyokus osQ y{; ls fdlh Hkh eqdnes dks ,d mPp

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U;k;ky; ls nwljs mPp U;k;ky; esa Hkst ldrk gSA blosQ vykok egk&U;k;oknh (Advocate General) dks;g vfèkdkj fn;k x;k gS fd vxj fdlh mPp U;k;ky; esa dksbZ ekeyk lkoZtfud fgr ls lEcfU/r gS rFkkmlesa dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ dkuwuh eqdnek fufgr gS rks og loksZPp U;k;ky; ls izkFkZuk djosQ ml ekeys dks mPpU;k;ky; ls e¡xok dj loksZPp U;k;ky; esa fuiVk ldrk gSA

7- jk"Vªifr rFkk mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko osQ lacafèkr >xM+s (Disputes concerning the Election of

President and Vice-President)–lafoèkku esa 39osa la'kksèku osQ ikl gksus ls igys jk"Vªifr rFkk mi&jk"Vªifr

osQ pquko ls lacafèkr fooknksa dk fu.kZ; djus dk vfèkdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl Fkk vkSj mldk fu.kZ;

vfUre gksrk FkkA lu~ 1975 esa bl la'kksèku }kjk loksZPp U;k;ky; ls ;g vfèkdkj Nhu fy;k x;k vkSj ;g

O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd jk"Vªifr rFkk mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko lacaèkh fooknksa dk fuiVkjk djus osQ fy, laln dkuwu

}kjk fdlh laLFkk vFkok lÙkk dh LFkkiuk djsxhA ijUrq vc 44osa la'kksèku }kjk jk"Vªifr vFkok mi&jk"Vªifr osQ

pquko ls lacafèkr lHkh lUnsgksa vkSj fooknksa dh tk¡p loksZPp U;k;ky; djsxk] rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ;

vfUre ekuk tk,xkA

8- loksZPp U;k;ky; dks U;k;ky;ksa dh dk;Zokgh rFkk dk;Zfofèk dks fu;fer djus osQ fy, fu;eksa dk

fuekZ.k djus dh 'kfDr (Power to Frame Rules to Regulate the Activities of the Courts)–

loksZPp U;k;ky; dks lafoèkku dh èkkjk 145 osQ vUrxZr U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh rFkk dk;Zfofèk dks fu;fer djus

osQ fy, le;≤ ij fu;eksa dks cukus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA lafoèkku osQ 42osa la'kksèku osQ vUrxZr ,d ubZ

mièkkjk 'kkfey dh xbZ gSA bl ubZ mièkkjk osQ vUrxZr loksZPp U;k;ky; dks èkkjk 131A rFkk 139A osQ vUrxZr

dh tkus okyh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks fu;fer djus osQ fy, fu;e cukus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA

9- vius fu.kZ; osQ iqufuZjh{k.k dk vfèkdkj (Power to Review its own Decision)–loksZPp U;k;ky;

dks vius fu.kZ;ksa ij iqufoZpkj djus osQ fy, mUgsa cnyus dk vfèkdkj gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] ^lTtuoqQekj cuke

jktLFkku jkT;* uked eqdnes esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k Fkk fd laln ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku

dj ldrh gSA lu~ 1967 esa xksydukFk osQ eqdnesa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa osQ la'kksèku ugha dj ldrhA 1973 esa osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh osQ eqdnesa esa fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA

10- vfHkys[k U;k;ky; (Court of Record)–Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; esa ekuk

tkrk gSA bldh lHkh dk;Zokfg;k¡ ,oa fu.kZ; izek.k osQ :i esa izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSa rFkk ns'k osQ leLr U;k;ky;ksa

osQ fy, ;g fu.kZ; U;kf;d n`"VkUr (Judicial Precedents) osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd, tkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; loksZPp

U;k;ky; fdlh dks Hkh U;k;ky; dk vieku (Contempt of Court) djus osQ nks"k esa ltk ns ldrk gSA

11- fofoèk dk;Z (Miscellaneous Functions)–loksZPp U;k;ky; dks fuEufyf[kr vU; dk;Z djus dh Hkh

'kfDr izkIr gSµ

(i) loksZPp U;k;ky; dks vius inkfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr;k¡ djus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gSA ;s fu;qfDr;k¡ og

Lo;a vkSj la?kh; yksd lsok v;ksx osQ ijke'kZ ij djrk gSA

(ii) loksZPp U;k;ky; ns'k osQ vU; U;k;ky;ksa ij 'kklu djrk gSA mls ;g ns[kuk gksrk gS fd izR;sd

U;k;ky; esa U;k; Bhd izdkj ls gks jgk gS ;k ughaA

(iii) la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ lnL;ksa rFkk lHkkifr dks gVkus dk vfèkdkj rks jk"Vªifr osQ ikl gS] ysfdu

jk"Vªifr ,slk rc gh dj losQxk tc loksZPp U;k;ky; mldh tk¡p&iM+rky djosQ mldks vijkèkh ?kksf"kr dj

nsA

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uksV~l jk"Vªifr vFkok mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko lacaèkh vxj dksbZ erHksn gks tk,xk rks mldk fu.kZ; loksZPp

U;k;ky; djrk gS rFkk bldk fu.kZ; vfUre fu.kZ; gh ekuk tk,xkA

loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj dk foLrkj (Enlargment of the Jurisdiction of the Supreme

Court)–lafoèkku dh èkkjk 138 rFkk 139 osQ vuqlkj laln dks dkuwu ikl djosQ fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa osQ lacaèkesa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj esa foLrkj djus dk vfèkdkj gSµ

(a) mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ iQkStnkjh eqdneksa ls lacafèkr vihyh; {ks=kkfèkdkjA (b) la?kh; lwph esa

fn;k x;k dksbZ Hkh fo"k;A (c) dksbZ Hkh ,slk ekeyk tks osQUnzh; ljdkj vkSj fdlh jkT; ljdkj us le>kSrs }kjk

loksZPp U;k;ky; dk fn;k gksA (d) loksZPp U;k;ky; dks lafoèkku }kjk fn, x, {ks=kkfèkdkj dk Bhd izdkj ls

iz;ksx djus osQfy, dksbZ vko';d 'kfDr] rFkk (e) ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djus osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vkSj

mís'; osQ fy, funsZ'k rFkk ys[k (Writs) tkjh djukA

loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ foLr`r {ks=kkfèkdkj osQ vè;;u ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;g ,d cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh rFkk

izHkko'kkyh U;k;ky; gSA

mPpre U;k;ky; dh fLFkfr (Position of the Supreme Court)–Hkkjr dk mPpre U;k;ky; ljdkj

dk ,d izHkko'kkyh rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh vax ekuk tkrk gSA mPpre U;k;ky; dks vU; ns'kksa dh Hkkafr O;kid

'kfDr'kkyh ekurs gSaA lafoèkku }kjk mPpre U;k;ky; dks vR;Ur izHkko'kkyh 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSaA mPpre

U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ; leLr ns'k esa lHkh U;k;ky;ksa rFkk ljdkjh vaxksa ij ykxw gksrs gSaA bls dbZ ekeyksa

ij vihy lquus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA mPpre U;k;ky; dks vihy dh fo'ks"k vkKk nsus dk Hkh vfèkdkj izkIr

gSA blosQ vfrfjDr mPpre U;k;ky; lafoèkku dh j{kk djrk gSA lafoèkku dh O;k[;k dk Hkh vfUre vfèkdkj

mPpre U;k;ky; dks gh izkIr gSA blosQ }kjk yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa (Fundamental Rights) dh Hkh

j{kk gksrh gSA U;kf;d iqufoZyksdu (Judicial Review) dh 'kfDr us mPpre U;k;ky; dh fLFkfr (Posi-

tion) dks vkSj Hkh egÙo'kkyh rFkk izHkko'kkyh cuk fn;k gSA

Jh vYyknh Ñ".kk Lokeh vÕ;j dk dguk gS] ¶Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dk fodkl dkiQh lhek rd mPpre

U;k;ky;ksa osQ dk;ks± rFkk bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd mPpre U;k;ky; lafoèkku dks fdl fn'kk esa ys tkrk gSA¸(“The future evolution of the Indian Constitution will thus depend to a large extent

upon the work of the Supreme Court and the direction given to it by that Court.”) ,d

vkSj vU; fofèkosÙkk Jh ,e- lh- lhryokM osQ dFkukuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr osQ mPpre U;k;ky; osQ vfèkdkj rFkk

{ks=kkfèkdkj dkWeuosYFk ns'kksa osQ lqizhe dksVZ osQ vfèkdkj ;k {ks=kkfèkdkj ls vfèkd gSaaA¸ (“The Jurisdictionand Powers of the Supreme Court of India are wider than those exercised by the high-

est court in the Common Wealth or by the Supreme Court of America.”) blh lUnHkZ esa

ik;yh (Pylee) us mfpr gh fy[kk gS fd ¶lqizhe dksVZ esa bruh foLr`r rFkk fofHkUu 'kfDr;ksa dk lfEeJ.k mls

osQoy U;k; {ks=k esa gh egku~ lÙkk ugha cukrk oju~ lafoèkku vkSj dkuwu dh j[kokyh djus okyk Hkh cuk nsrk

gSA¸ (“The combination of such wide and varied powers of the Supreme Court make itnot only Supreme authority in the Judicial field but also the guardian of the Constitu-tion and the law of the land.”)

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1- Hkkjr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh LFkkiuk --------- osQ varxZr dh xbZ FkhA

2- 1986 esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh la[;k 17 ls c<+kdj --------- dj xbZ FkhA

3- 1977 esa turk ljdkj us vkikrdky dh T;knfr;ksa rFkk vR;kpkjksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, --------- dks fu;qDrfd;k FkkA

4- loksZPp U;k;ky; --------- vfèkdkjksa dk laj{kd gksA

9-2 jkT; mPp U;k;ky; (State High Court)

Hkkjr esa bdgjh U;k; O;oLFkk gSA lcls mQapk U;k;ky; loksZPp U;k;ky; gS] mlosQ vèkhu jkT;ksa esa mPpU;k;ky; ik, tkrs gSaA lafoèkku dh èkkjk 214 osQ vUrxZr jkT; Lrj ij izR;sd jkT; osQ fy, ,d mPp U;k;ky;(High Court) dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA (“There shall be a High Court of each state.”)

blosQ lkFk gh vuqPNsn 231 esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd laln nks ;k nks ls vfèkd jkT;ksa vkSj osQUnz iz'kkflr{ks=kksa osQ fy, ,d mPp U;k;ky; dh Hkh O;oLFkk dj ldrh gSA vr% 1966 osQ iatkc iquxZBu dkuwu osQ }kjklaln us iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk jkT;ksa ,oa p.Mhx<+ osQ osQUnz&iz'kkflr {ks=k osQ fy, ,d mPp U;k;ky; LFkkfirfd;k] tksfd p.Mhx<+ esa gSA jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky; vf[ky Hkkjrh; U;k;&O;oLFkk dk vax gksrs gq, Hkh viusvki esa Lora=k bdkb;k¡ gSaA muosQ mQij vius jkT;ksa osQ foèkkue.My ;k dk;Zikfydk dk dksbZ fu;a=k.k ugha gSA

mPp U;k;ky; ,d jkT; dk lcls cM+k U;k;ky; gS vkSj ,d jkT; osQ ckdh lHkh U;k;ky; mlosQ v/hu gksrsgSaA

jpuk (Composition)–izR;sd mPp U;k;ky; esa ,d eq[; U;k;kèkh'k (Chief Justice) vkSj oqQN vU;U;k;kèkh'k gksrs gSaA budh la[;k lacafèkr jkT;ksa dh t:jr dks è;ku esa j[kdj jk"Vªifr }kjk r; dh tkrh gSA dkedh vfèkdrk gksus ij ,d mPp U;k;ky; esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd nks o"kks± osQ fy, vfrfjDr U;k;kèkh'k(Additional Judges) Hkh fu;qDr fd, tk ldrs gSaA bl le; iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky; esa ,deq[; U;k;kèkh'k vkSj 26 vU; U;k;kèkh'k gSA bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; esa bl le; 60 U;k;kèkh'k gSaA

;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualification)–mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa vkSj eq[; U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,¡r; dh xbZ gSaµ

(i) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksA

(ii) og Hkkjrh; la?k osQ fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa de&ls&de 10 o"kZ rd fdlh U;kf;d in ij jg pqdk gksAvFkok

ns'k osQ fdlh ,d mPp U;k;ky; ;k ,d ls vfèkd mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa 10 o"kks± rd odkyr dj pqdk gksA

fdlh O;fDr dh odkyr dk 10 o"kZ osQ le; dh 'krZ dks iwjk djus osQ fy, mlesa og le; Hkh 'kkfey fd;ktkrk gS ftl le; osQ fy, og mPp U;k;ky; esa odkyr 'kq: djus osQ ckn fdlh U;kf;d in ij fdlhU;k;kfèkdj.k (Tribunal) osQ lnL; osQ in ij fu;qDr jgk gks vFkok osQUnz ;k jkT; ljdkj osQ v/hu fdlh,sls in ij vklhu jgk gks ftlosQ fy, dkuwu osQ fof'k"V Kku dh vko';drk gksA

42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh fd ,sls O;fDr dks mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;ktk ldrk gS] tks jk"Vªifr dh n`f"V esa izfl¼ U;k;'kkL=kh gks vFkok tks fdlh fVªC;wuy ;k osQUnzh; ljdkj vFkok

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jkT; ljdkj osQ vèkhu dkuwu dh fo'ks"k tkudkjh j[kus okys in ij 10 o"kZ rd dk;Z dj pqdk gksA ysfdu44 os la'kksèku }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd jk"Vªifr ,sls O;fDr dks U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr ugha dj ldrk] tksmldh n`f"V esa izfl¼ U;k;'kkL=kh gks] tc rd fd og O;fDr mQijfyf[kr vU; ;ksX;rkvksa dks iwjk u djrk gksA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of the Judges)

mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k rFkk vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[;U;k;kèkh'k rFkk lacafèkr jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh lykg ls djrk gSA vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa (eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dks NksM+dj)dh fu;qfDr djrs le; jk"Vªifr dks ml mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh Hkh lykg ysuh iM+rh gSA

eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr izk;% ofj"Brk (Seniority) osQ vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA ysfdu 10 ebZ] 1974 dksiatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k Mh- osQ- egktu (D.K. Mahajan) osQ lsok&fuo`Ùkgksus ij tfLVl u:yk dks eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;k] ftl ij muls lhfu;j U;k;kèkh'k izsepUn iafMrus viuk R;kxi=k ns fn;kA 27 tuojh] 1983 dks osQUnzh; ljdkj us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd ns'k osQ lHkh mPpU;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k jkT; osQ ckgj ls fy, tk,¡xs rFkk ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fy;k x;k fd Hkfo"; esa lcjkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k nwljs jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa ls ogk¡ ij mudh ofj"Brk(Seniority) rFkk ;ksX;rk (Ability) osQ vkèkkj ij fy, tk,¡xsA 15 tqykbZ] 1986 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; usljdkj dks ;g vkns'k fn;k fd og eq[; U;k;kèkh'k osQ vU; jkT;ksa esa ls fu;qDr djus dh uhfr dks ykxw djsA

dk;Zdky (Term of Office)–mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k 62 o"kZ dh vk;q rd vius in ij dke djrkgSA ijUrq og blls iwoZ vius in ls R;kx&i=k nsdj vyx gks ldrk gSA viuh vofèk osQ lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~og fdlh LFkku ij ljdkj dh LohÑfr osQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z ugha dj ldrkA

inP;qfr (Removal)–;fn laln osQ nksuksa lnu vius&vius lnL;ksa dh oqQy la[;k osQ cgqer ls vkSj lnudh cSBd osQ mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ 2@3 cgqer ls fdlh mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k dks lnkpkj ;k v;ksX;rk(Misbehaviour or Incapacity) osQ vijkèk esa vijkèkh Bgjk, vkSj bl fo"k; esa jk"Vªifr dks lEcksfèkrdjs] rks jk"Vªifr ml U;k;kèkh'k dks in ls gVk nsrk gSA

osru (Salary)–mPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dks vLlh gtkj #i;s ekfld rFkk vU; U;k;k/h'kksa dkslÙkj gtkj #i;s ekfld osru feyrk gSA osru osQ vfrfjDr mUgsa dbZ izdkj osQ HkÙks feyrs gSaA foÙkh;ladVdkyhu dh fLFkfr dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa muosQ osru rFkk HkÙkksa esa deh ugha dh tkldrhA ekpZ] 1976 esa laln us dkuwu ikl djosQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, fjVk;j gksus osQ i'pkr~isa'ku dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZA

'kiFk (Oath)–èkkjk 219 osQ vUrxZr izR;sd U;k;kèkh'k dks viuk in xzg.k djrs le; jkT; osQ jkT;iky ;kmlosQ }kjk fu;qDr vU; inkfèkdkjh osQ le{k vius in dh 'kiFk ysuh iM+rh gS fd og lafoèkku esa vkLFkk j[ksxk]vius dÙkZO;ksa dk bZekunkjh ls ikyu djsxk o lafoèkku rFkk dkuwu dh j{kk djsxkA

U;k;kèkh'kksa dk LFkkukUrj.k (Transfer of Judges)–jk"Vªifr U;k;kèkh'kksa dk ,d jkT; ls nwljs jkT; esarcknyk dj ldrk gSA vkUrfjd vkikrdky osQ nkSjku lkr U;k;kèkh'kksa dks ,d mPp U;k;ky; us vius egÙoiw.kZfu.kZ; esa mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'kksa rFkk vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ vUrjkZT;h; rcknys dks oSèk djkj fn;kAosQUnzh; ljdkj us 27 tuojh] 1983 dks ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd ,sls eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dks] ftlosQlsok&fuo`Ùk gksus esa ,d o"kZ vFkok de le; jg x;k gks rks mls nwljs jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; esa LFkkukUrfjrugha fd;k tk,xkA

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lkekU; O;oLFkk,¡–mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k lsokfuo`Ùk gksus osQ i'pkr~ loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk vU; jkT;ksaosQ flok; fdlh nwljs U;k;ky; esa odkyr ugha dj ldrkA bldk vfHkizk; ;g gS fd lsok ls fuo`Ùk gksus okykU;k;kèkh'k ml U;k;ky; esa odkyr ugha dj ldrk] tgk¡ ls og lsokfuo`Ùk gqvk gksA

'kfDr;k¡ rFkk dk;Z (Powers and Functions)–mPp U;k;ky;ksas osQ vfèkdkj vkSj muosQ {ks=kkfèkdkj yxHkxoSlk gh gS tSls fd lafoèkku ykxw gksus ls igys FksA mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; dke eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; djuk gSAijUrq bls U;kf;d iqufoZpkj dh 'kfDr Hkh izkIr gSA blosQ vfrfjDr bls vius vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa dh ns[k&js[kdjus dk iz'kkldh; dk;Z Hkh djuk gksrk gSA vr% bldh 'kfDr;ksa rFkk dk;ks± dk vè;;u bl izdkj fd;k tkldrk gSµ

(i) izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj (Original Jurisdiction)–(i) dydÙkk] cacbZ vkSj enzkl mPp U;k;ky;ksa esaoqQN nhokuh o iQkStnkjh eqdnes izFke ckj esa gh lhèks is'k fd, tk ldrs gSaA muosQ fy, ;g vko';d ughafd os igys vèkhu U;k;ky;ksa esa is'k fd, tk;sa tSlk fd vU; jkT;ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA

(ii) ukSdkfèkdj.k (Admiralty), bPNk&i=k vFkkZr~ olh;r (Probate), fookg fofèk] dEiuh fofèk rFkkfookg&foPNsn vkfn osQ eqdnes Hkh lhèks mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ ikl tk ldrs gSaA mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ vieku osQfo"k; esa Hkh lHkh mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks izkjafHkd {ks=kkfèkdkj izkIr gSA

(iii) mPp U;k;ky; ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk Hkh j{kd gSA ;fn fdlh ukxfjd osQ ekSfydvfèkdkjksa ij vk?kkr gksrk gS] rks og ukxfjd lhèkk loksZPp U;k;ky; esa izkFkZuk&i=k ns ldrk gS vFkok mPpU;k;ky; esaA mPp U;k;ky; dbZ ys[kksa (Writs), tSls–canh izR;{khdj.k (Writ of Habeas Corpus),

ijekns'k (Writ of Mandamus), izfr"ksèk (Writ of Prohibition), mRizs{k.k (Writ of Certiorari),

i`PNk ys[k (Writ of Quo-Warranto) osQ }kjk ukxfjdksa osQ vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrk gSA bu ys[kksa (Writs)

dks tkjh djus dk vfèkdkj vU; lc dk;ks± osQ fy, Hkh gSA

42 osa la'kksèku }kjk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks oqQN 'kfDr;ksa ls oafpr fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu vc 44osa la'kks/u osQvUrxZr 42 osa la'kksèku ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr dks iqu% LFkkfir djus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

2- vihyh; {ks=kkfèkdkj (Appellate Jurisdiction)–lHkh mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks vius vèkhu U;k;ky;ksa osQiSQlyksa osQ fo:¼ vihy lquus dk vfèkdkj izkIr gS] ftUgsa nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(i) nhokuh (Civil) rFkk (ii) iQkStnkjh (Criminal)A

(i) nhokuh (Civil)–nhokuh ekeyksa esa mPp U;k;ky;ksa esa dksbZ Hkh vihy ;k igyh vihy gksxh vFkoknwljh vihyA igyh vihy dk vFkZ ;g gS fd ftyk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo:¼ lhèks mPp U;k;ky; esavihy dh tk ldrh gSA ,slk rHkh gks ldrk gS tc ml eqdnes esa dkuwu dk dksbZ xgjk iz'u my>k gqvk gksAnwljs] tc ,d vihy ftys dk U;k;ky; lqu pqdk gS rks mlosQ fu.kZ; osQ fo:¼ Hkh vihy mPp U;k;ky; esagks ldrh gS ijUrq mlesa dksbZ dkuwuh iz'u my>k gksuk pkfg,A mPp U;k;ky; esa igyh rFkk nwljh vihyh;{ks=kkf/dkj osQ varZxr ;fn mPp U;k;ky; osQ ,d U;k;kèkh'k us vihy lquh gS rks mlosQ fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ mPpU;k;ky; esa fiQj vihy gks ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa dbZ U;k;kèkh'k vihy lqurs gSaA

;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd 9 tuojh] 1980 dks iatkc U;k;ky; (la'kksèku) vè;kns'k (Punjab Courts

[(Amendment Ordinance, 1979)] ykxw gqvk FkkA bl vè;kns'k osQ vuqlkj ftl vfHk;ksx dk lacaèk20]000 #i;s ls 5 yk[k #i;s rd dh jde osQ lkFk gS] bl vfHk;ksx lacaèkh igyh vihy ftyk U;k;k/h'kosQ ikl vkSj ftyk U;k;kèkh'k osQ fu.kZ; fo#¼ vU; vihy jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; (High Court) osQ iklgksxhA

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(ii) iQkStnkjh (Criminal)–iQkStnkjh eqdneksa esa fuEufyf[kr ekeyksa esa fupys U;k;ky;ksa osQ fu.kZ; osQfo:¼ vihy mPp U;k;ky; esa gks ldrh gSµ

(a) ;fn ls'ku tt us fdlh vijkèkh dks e`R;q&n.M fn;k gks rks mldh iqf"V mPp U;k;ky; ls gksuhpkfg,A og vijkèkkh Lo;a Hkh mPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dj ldrk gSA

(b) ;fn fupys U;k;ky; us fdlh vijkèkh dks 4 o"kZ ;k blls vfèkd dh ltk nh gksA

(c) fdlh izslhMsUlh eftLVsªV osQ fu.kZ; osQ fo#¼ vihy mPp U;k;ky; esa gksxhA

(d) mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; (Supreme Court) esa vihy dh tk ldrhgSA ,slh vihy izR;sd eqdnes esa ugha gks ldrhA dkuwukuqlkj ftu vfHk;ksxksa esa vihy dh tk ldrhgS] muosQ fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd lacafèkr mPp U;k;ky; (High Court) vihy djus dh vkKk nsAmPp U;k;ky;ksa dh vkKk osQ fcuk mlosQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ U;k;ky; viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj Hkh fdlheqdnes laacaèkh vuqPNsn 136 osQ vUrxZr fo'ks"k vihy djus dh vkKk ns ldrk gSA

3. iz'kkldh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Administrative Powers)–jkT; dh U;k; O;oLFkk esa mPp U;k;ky; dk LFkkulcls mQ¡pk gksrk gSA og lHkh vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ dke dh ns[kHkky djrk gS vkSj muosQ dk;Z lapkyu osQfu;e o fofue; cukrk gSA bldh iz'kkldh; 'kfDr;k¡ fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

(i) og U;k;ky; vius jkT; dh lhek esa fLFkr lHkh U;k;ky;ksa rFkk U;k;kfèkdj.kksa (Tribunals) dkfujh{k.k dj ldrk gS] ijarq lSfud U;k;ky; blosQ ,d iz'kklfud {ks=k ls ckgj gSaA

(ii) bls vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ fy, dk;Zokgh osQ fu;e (Rules of Procedure) cukus dk Hkh vfèkdkjgSA

(iii) ;g fuEu U;k;ky;ksa osQ fy, viuh dk;Zokgh dk fjdkMZ j[kus] fglkc&fdrkc rFkk dkxt&i=kksa dkslqjf{kr j[kus dh fofèk osQ ckjs esa fu;e cuk ldrk gSA

(iv) bls ;g vfèkdkj izkIr gS fd fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; ls dksbZ dkxt&i=k vFkok fjdkMZ vkfn e¡xokdjmldk Lo;a fujh{k.k dj losQA

(v) ;g fdlh eqdnes dks ,d U;k;ky; ls nwljs U;k;ky; esa Hkh cny ldrk gSA

(vi) mPp U;k;ky; vfHkys[k U;k;ky; (Court of Record) gSA bldk Hkko ;g gS fd blosQ fu.kZ; vkSjdk;Z&i¼fr dks nwljh vnkyrksa esa mnkgj.k osQ :i esa is'k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(vii) bls jkT; osQ fdlh U;k;ky; ls fdlh eqdnes dks vius ikl e¡xokuss vFkok ;g vkns'k nsus dk Hkhvfèkdkj gS fd og ml eqdnes dk fu.kZ; 'kh?kz djsaA

(viii) bls ;g ns[kus dk vfèkdkj gS fd blosQ vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; viuh lhek dk mYya?ku rks ugha djrsrFkk vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu fuf'pr fofèk osQ vuqlkj djrs gSa fd ughaA

(ix) bls vius vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;ksa osQ deZpkfj;ksa osQ osru] HkÙks rFkk lsok dh 'krks± vkfn dks fuf'pr djusdk Hkh vfèkdkj gSA bu U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh inksUufr] voufr] isa'ku bR;kfn osQ ckjs esa fu;e cukus dh'kfDr Hkh bls izkIr gSA

(x) lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 229 osQ vUrxZr eq[; U;k;kèkh'k bl U;k;ky; osQ vius deZpkfj;ksa rFkkvfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr djrk gS rFkk mudh lsok dh 'krs± vkfn fuf'pr djrk gSA ,slk djrs le; og jkT;yksd lsok vk;ksx ls ijke'kZ djrk gSA ;g fu;e jkT;iky dh LohÑfr feyus ij gh ykxw gksrs gSaA ;fn mPpU;k;ky; osQUnzh; {ks=k esa fLFkr gS rks bu ckrksa osQ fy, LohÑfr jk"Vªifr ls ysuh gksrh gSA

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4. eqdneksa dks rCnhy djus dk vfèkdkj (Right to Transfer Cases)–;fn mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g irkpys fd fdlh vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; esa dksbZ ,slh eqdnek py jgk gS ftl dk lacaèk dkuwu dh O;k[;k(Interpretation of Law) ls gS rks og ,sls eqdnes dks vius ikl e¡xok ldrk gSA og ;k rks mlh eqdnesdk Lo;a fuekZ.k djrk gS ;k mlls lacafèkr dkuwuh iz'u dh O;k[;k djosQ mls vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; }kjk fu.kZ;djus osQ fy, okil Hkst nsrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; fdlh ,d vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; esa py jgs eqdnes dks nwljsv/huLFk U;k;ky; esa rCnhy djus dk vfèkdkj Hkh j[krk gSA

5- vfHkys[k U;k;ky; (Court of Record)–mPp U;k;ky; ,d vfHkys[k U;k;ky; gSA blosQ lHkh fu.kZ;vkSj vfUre vkns'k izdkf'kr fd, tkrs gSaA ;s Hkfo"; osQ fy, U;k;&n`"VkUr cu tkrs gSaA odhy yksx fupysU;k;ky; esa cgl osQ le; budk gokyk nsrs gSaA mPp U;k;ky; dks viuk vieku djus okys O;fDr;ksa dks n.Mnsus dk vfèkdkj gSA

6- ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk laj{kd (Guardian of Fundamental Rights)–mPp U;k;ky; ukxfjdksa osQekSfyd vfèkdkj dh j{kk djrk gSA ;fn dksbZ O;fDr ;k laLFkk lafoèkku esa fn, x, ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dk mYya?kudjs rks muosQ fo#¼ mPp U;k;ky; esa dk;Zokgh dh tk ldrh gSA mPp U;k;ky; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kkdjus osQ fy, dbZ izdkj osQ ys[k tkjh dj ldrk gSA ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr eqdnes lh/s loksZPp U;k;ky;esa Hkh ys tk, tk ldrs gSaA

7- lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus dk vfèkdkj (Right to Interpret the Constitution)–mPp U;k;y;oqQN ekeyksa esa lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus dk vfèkdkj Hkh j[krk gSA ;g laoSèkkfud eqdneksa dks lqurk gS rFkkmu ij viuk fu.kZ; nsrk gSA ijUrq blosQ fu.kZ; vfUre ugha gksrsA muosQ fo#¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dhtk ldrh gSA

;fn jkT; foèkkue.My dksbZ ,slk dkuwu ikl djs ;k jkT; dk;Zikfydk ,slk vkns'k tkjh djs tks lafo/ku dkmYya?ku djrk gks rks pqukSrh fn, tkus ij] mPp U;k;ky; mUgsa voSèk djkj ns ldrk gSA

42osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku }kjk bl ckr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fdk mPp U;k;ky; ,sls eqdneksa ij fopkj ughadjsxk ftlesa fdlh osQUnzh; dkuwu dh laoSèkkfud oSèkrk dk iz'u fufgr gksA ,sls eqdnes osQoy loksZPp U;k;ky;}kjk gh lqus vkSj fuiVk, tk,axsA

8- eqdneksa dks izekf.kr djus dk vfèkdkj (Right to Certify Cases)–mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x,fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; esa rHkh vihy dh tk ldrh gS tc mPp U;k;ky; ;g izekf.kr djs fdvihy djus osQ fy, lafoèkku esa fuf'pr dh xbZ 'krsZ iwjh gksrh gSa] ijUrq loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;g vf/dkj gSfd og mPp U;k;ky; osQ izekf.kr u djus ij Hkh vihy djus dh fo'ks"k vuqefr iznku dj ldrk gSA

{ks=kkfèkdkj (Extension of Jurisdiction)–lafoèkku dh èkkjk 230 osQ vuqlkj laln dkuwu }kjk fdlh jkT;osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj esa U;kf;d dk;ks± osQ fy, fdlh osQUnz&'kkflr {ks=k (Union Territory) dks'kkfey dj ldrk gS ;k mlosQ {ks=kkfèkdkj ls ckgj fudky ldrk gSA

mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k dh Lora=krk(Provisions for the Independence of High Court Judges)

mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ Lora=krk osQ fy, lafoèkku osQ }kjk oSls gh micUèkksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS tSlsmicUèkksa dh O;oLFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, gSaA la{ksi esa] ;s micUèk fuEufyf[kr gSa%

1- mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr djrk gS vkSj ;g fu;qfDr U;kf;d ;ksX;rk okysO;fDr;ksa osQ ijke'kZ osQ vkèkkj ij dh tkrh gSA

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2- mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k loksZPp U;k;kèkh'k loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mu mPp U;k;ky;ksa ftudk ogU;k;kèkh'k ugha jg pqdk gS] dks NksM+dj vU; fdlh U;k;ky; ;k inkfèkdkjh osQ le{k odkyr ugha djldrk gSA

3- mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dk osru lafoèkku }kjk fuf'pr dj fn;k x;k gS vkSj in xzg.k osQ cknmuosQ osru] HkÙks vkfn esa dksbZ deh ugha dh tk ldrhA osru] HkÙks] isa'ku rFkk NqV~Vh osQ lacaèk esa fu;efuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj laln dks izkIr gS] u fd jkT; osQ foèkkue.My dksA

4- mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dk dk;Zdky lqjf{kr gSA U;k;kèkh'k vodk'k xzg.k dh vk;q rd dk;Zdjrs gSa vkSj bl vofèk osQ iwoZ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks egkfHk;ksx dh fo'ks"k izfØ;k osQ vkèkkj ij gh gVk;ktk ldrk gSA

5- mPp U;k;ky; osQ vfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr bl U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k djrk gS rFkk mudh lsok'krsZ Hkh ogh fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA

6- U;k;kèkh'kksa dk osru rFkk mPp U;k;ky; dk iz'kklfud O;; la?k ;k jkT; ljdkj dh lafpr fufèk ijHkkfjr gS] blfy, mu ij laln ;k jkT; foèkkue.My esa ernku ugha gks ldrkA

bl izdkj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku }kjk mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh iw.kZ Lora=krk dh O;oLFkk dh x;h gS vkSj Hkkjrh; la?k osQfofHkUu mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ vc rd osQ dk;Z osQ vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd mPp U;k;ky; viusdÙkZO;ikyu esa iw.kZr;k Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k jgs gSaA

fLFkfr (Position)–mi;qZDr dk;ks± rFkk 'kfDr;ksa ls KkrO; gS fd og vius jkT; esa lcls cM+k U;k;ky; gksrkgSA jkT; osQ vU; lHkh U;k;ky; blosQ vèkhu gksrks gSaA Lo;a bl ij jkT; ljdkj dk dksbZ fu;U=k.k ugha gksrkAog bldh jpuk rFkk 'kfDr;ksa vkfn osQ fo"k; esa dksbZ dkuwu ugha cuk ldrhA blosQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks vius indh iwjh&iwjh lqj{kk izkIr gS vkSj ljdkj mUgsa fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ izyksHku ugha ns ldrhA blh dkj.k ;gU;k;ky; vius dÙkZO;ksa dks fu"Bk] bZekunkjh] Lora=krk ls fuHkkus esa liQy gq, gSaA 42osa la'kksèku }kjk mPpU;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa dks lhfer fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu lafoèkku osQ 43osa rFkk 44osa la'kksèku }kjk bldh fLFkfrfcYoqQy 42osa la'kks/u ls iwoZ dh fLFkfr LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; (Supreme Court) osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh Hkk¡fr jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa (High Court) osQU;k;kèkh'k vius in osQ lacaèk esa dk;Zikfydk rFkk foèkkuikfydk osQ izHkko ls i;kZIr lhek rd Lora=k gSA Jh,e- lh- Nkxyk (M.C. Chhagla) osQ vuqlkj] ¶gekjs lafoèkku us loksZPp U;k;ky; rFkk mPp U;k;ky; osQekè;e ls ,slh U;k;ikfydk LFkkfir dh gS ftls lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk rFkk tks fdlh Hkh :i esafoèkkuikfydk ,oa dk;Zikfydk osQ fu;U=k.kkèkhu ugha gSA¸ (“Our Constitution has set up a judiciary,both in High Courts and the Supreme Court, which is irremovable and which is noway controlled by the legistature and the Executive”)



5- jkT; osQ U;k;kèkh'k dks viuk in ls xzg.k djrs le; fdlosQ le{k 'kiFk ysuh iM+rh gS\

(a) mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k (b) jkT;iky

(c) jk"Vªifr (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

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6- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu nhokuh eqdnes osQ 'kkfey ugha gS\

(a) ifr&iRuh osQ chp rykd dk ekeyk (b) lEifÙk fookn

(c) ywVikV dk ekeyk (d) mijksDr lHkh

7- lafoèkku dh fdl èkkjk osQ vuqlkj laln dkuwu }kjk fdlh jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; osQ {ks=kkfèkdkj esaU;kf;d dk;ks± osQ fy, fdlh osQUnz'kkflr {ks=k dks 'kkfey dj ldrk gS vFkok {ks=kkfèkdkj osQ ckgj djldrk gS\

(a) èkkjk 230 (b) èkkjk 323

(c) èkkjk 320 (d) èkkjk 244

VkLd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr oSQls gksrh gS] le>kb,A

9-3 U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k (Judicial Review)

laHkkfor oSèkkfud vkSj dk;Zdkjh =kqfV;ksa vkSj vko';drk ls vfèkd 'kfDr iz;ksx fd, tkus dh laHkkouk osQfo#¼ vko';d mipkj osQ :i esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh O;oLFkk osQ egÙo dks iw.kZ :i ls ekU;rk nsrs gq,]lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us bldks Hkkjrh; U;kf;d iz.kkyh dh ,d fo'ks"krk osQ :i esa viuk;kA ijarq mUgksaus lafoèkkuosQ fdlh ,d vuqPNsn esa bl O;oLFkk dks fy[kus dh vis{kk] bldks vyx&vyx laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ }kjkfuèkkZfjr djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k gSA mUgksaus vejhdh lafoèkku osQ mnkgj.k dh iSjoh djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k ijUrqmlh le; Hkkjrh; lekt dh vko';drkvksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj bldks ifjofrZr Hkh fd;kA Hkkjr dklafoèkku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl lafoèkku dh O;k[;k vkSj lqj{kk dkloksZPp mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA ;g yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA ,sls mís';ksa dhiwfrZ osQ fy,] loksZPp U;k;ky; oSèkkfud vkSj dk;Zdkjh dk;ks± vkSj dkuwuksa dh laoSèkkfudrk dh tkap djus dh'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA U;k;ky; dh bl 'kfDr dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dgk tkrk gSA U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k esa tc fdlh Hkh dkuwu@vkns'k dks vFkok blosQ fdlh Hkkx dks vlaoSèkkfud ik;k tkrk gS] rksU;k;ky; }kjk mls jí dj fn;k tkrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dh bl 'kfDr dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dgktkrk gSA jkT; mPp U;k;ky; Hkh ,slh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa ijUrq muosQ fu.kZ;ksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dhvksj ls jí fd;k lk lq/kjk ;k jksdk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj] loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl Hkkjr dhfo/kuikfydkvksa vkSj dk;Zikfydkvksa osQ lHkh dkuwuksa@fu;eksa ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k djus dh vafre 'kfDr gSA

U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k % vFkZ vkSj ifjHkk"kk(Judicial Review : Meaning and Definition)

U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k U;k;ky; dh og 'kfDr gksrh gS ftlosQ vkèkkj ij lafoèkku dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS vkSjfoèkkuikfydk] dk;Zikfydk ;k iz'kklu osQ mu dk;ks± dks jí fd;k tkrk gS tks loksZPp dkuwu vFkkZr~ lafo/kuosQ fo#¼ ik, tkrs gSaA fMekWd vkSj fMekWd osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k U;k;y;ksa dh vksj ls mu eqdneksals fd;k tkus okyk ijh{k.k gS tks okLro esa oSèkkfud vfèkfu;eksa vkSj dk;Zdkfj.kh ;k iz'kklfud dk;ks± ls muosQlkeus gksrs gSa vkSj ;g fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, gS fd mudk fyf[kr lafoèkku osQ }kjk fu"ksèk fd;k x;k gS ;k bldks

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nh 'kfDr;ksa ls vfèkd gS fd ughaA¸ fyf[kr lafoèkku dh U;k;ky; dh vksj ls O;k[;k djus osQ i'pkr~ ;fn ;gik;k tkrk gS fd dksbZ dkuwu ;k dkuwu dk dksbZ Hkkx lafoèkku osQ fdlh vuqPNsn dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks mldkuwu ;k ml dkuwu osQ fdlh Hkkx dks U;k;ky; vlaoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr djosQ jí dj nsrk gSA

lkèkkj.k 'kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr gS ftlosQ }kjk ;g%

(i) foèkkuikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ dkuwuksa dk iqufuZjh{k.k djrk gS] osQoy mu eqdneksa esa tks blosQlkeus vkrs gSaA

(ii) dkuwuksa dh laoSèkkfud oSèkrk dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA

(iii) ml dkuwu ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx dks jí dj nsrk gS tks vlaoSèkkfud ;k lafoèkku osQ fo#¼ ik;k tkrk gSA

U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k Lopkfyr ugha gksrk gSA U;k;ky; vius&vki U;kf;d iquU;kZf;d ugha dj ldrkA bl 'kfDrdk iz;ksx U;k;ky; }kjk rc gh fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fdlh eqdnes osQ nkSjku ;k fdlh fo'ks"k eqdnes osQ }kjkfdlh dkuwu dks mlosQ lkeus pqukSrh nh tkrh gSA blls vkxs] ;fn U;k;ky; fdlh dkuwu ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkxdks jí djrk gS] rks fu.kZ;] fu.kZ; nsus dh frfFk ls ykxw gks tkrk gS rFkk fiNyh leLr dk;Zokgh tks bl dkuwuosQ vkèkkj ij dh tk pqdh gks jí ugha gksrhA tc U;k;ky; fdlh dkuwu dks xSj&laoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr djosQ jídjrk gS rks mldks ;g Li"V djuk iM+rk gS fd bl dkuwu us fdl laoSèkkfud vuqPNsn dk mYya?ku fd;k gSAU;k;ky; dks dkuwu dks jí djus osQ dkj.kksa dks Hkh Li"V djuk gksrk gSA bl 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djosQ] oS/kfudvkSj dk;Zdkfj.kh osQ vuko';d vkSj vko';drk ls vfèkd gLr{ksi osQ fo#¼ yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSjlafoèkku dh lqj{kk vkSj O;k[;k djus dk dÙkZO; U;k;ky; fuHkkrk gSaA

Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k (Judicial Review in India)

Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh mRifÙk dks le>krs gq,] tfLVl ih- ch- eq[kthZ us Li"V fd;k] ¶Hkkjr esa ;glafoèkku gh gS tks loksZPp gS vkSj laln osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa dks u osQoy lafoèkku dh lkroha lwphesa ntZ rhu lwfp;ksa esa of.kZr mu lacafèkr {ks=kksa dh lhekvksa osQ vanj gh dk;Z djuk gksrk gS] cfYd blosQlkFk&lkFk lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III osQ vèkhu fn, x, ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks nh xbZ laoSèkkfud lqj{kk dks fo'oluh;cukuk gksrk gSA U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh ,sls dkuwu dks jí dj nsrh gSa tksfd lafoèkku dk mYya?ku djus dk nks"khik;k tkrk gSA¸

Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk laoSèkkfud vkèkkj(Constitutional Basis of Judicial Review in India)

lafoèkku dk dksbZ Hkh ,d vuqPNsn U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh O;k[;k ugha djrkA bldh laoS/kfudfLFkfr vkSj fofèk vuqowQyrk mu O;oLFkkvksa ls mRiUu gksrh gS tks ;g ?kksf"kr djrh gS fd lafoèkku ns'k dkloksZPp dkuwu gS vkSj lafoèkku dh lqj{kk vkSj O;k[;k djus dh 'kfDr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl gSA lafo/kuosQ dbZ vuqPNsn U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k laoSèkkfud vkèkkj iznku djrs gSa%

(i) vuqPNsn 13 (Article 13)–;g vuqPNsn U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dks vk/kj iznkudjrk gSA blesa fy[kk x;k gS % ¶jkT; ,slk dksbZ dkuwu ugha cuk,xk tks Hkkx III osQ }kjk fn, vfèkdkjksa dks okilysrk ;k de djrk gks vkSj bl vuqPNsn osQ mYya?ku esa cuk;k dkuwu fojksèk osQ dkj.k jí gks tk,xkA¸ nwljs 'kCnksaesa ;g fuèkkZfjr djrk gS fd dkuwu] tkS ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ fo#¼ gSa] jí fd, tkrs gSaA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQikl mudh laoSèkkfudrk dk fu.kZ; djus dh 'kfDr gSA

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(ii) vuqPNsn 32 (Article 32)–;g vuqPNsn lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III esa fn, ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxwdjokus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; rd igqqap djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dhlqj{kk osQ fy, U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

(iii) vuqPNsn 131 vkSj 132 (Article 131 & 132)–;g nks vuqPNsn loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ izkjafHkd vkSjvihyh; vfèkdkj&{ks=kksa dk Øeokj o.kZu djrs gSaA blesa osQUnz&jkT; >xM+ksa ls fuiVus] jkT;ksa osQ eè; >xM+ksa dksfuiVus dh 'kfDr vkSj lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus dh loksZPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr 'kkfey gSA bu 'kfDr;ksa dkiz;ksx djrs le;] loksZPp U;k;ky; U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

(iv) vuqPNsn 226 (Article 226)–vuqPNsn 226 jkT; mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dkiz;ksx dk vkèkkj iznku djrk gS tks lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III dh vksj ls fn, yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kkosQ fy, iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

(v) vuqPNsn 246 (Article 246)–vuqPNsn 246 osQ vèkhu la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa oSèkkfud 'kfDr;ksa dkfoHkktu fd;k x;k gSA D;ksafd loksZPp U;k;ky; dks la?k&jkT; >xM+ksa osQ lHkh eqdíeksa dk fu.kZ djus dh 'kfDrnh xbZ gS tks muosQ chp 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu osQ lacaèk esa iSnk gksrks gSa] ;g vuqPNsn Hkh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.kdks vkèkkj iznku djrk gSA

(vi) vuqPNsn 124 (6) vkSj 219 (Article 124 (6) & 219)–bu vuqPNsnksa osQ vèkhu] loksZPpU;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks Øeokj dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir lafoèkku osQ izfr fu"Bk dh 'kiFkmBkuh iM+rh gSA

bu lHkh fo'ks"k yksxksa us U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dks vkèkkj iznku fd;k tkrk gSA MkWú ,lúlhú MS'k osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶U;k;ikfydk dk ;g ifo=k drZO; gS fd og lafoèkku dks foèkkuikfydk vkSjdk;Zikfydk osQ vkØe.kksa osQ fo#¼ loksZPp j[ks---¸A

;g lHkh vuqPNsn Hkkjr esa U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh dkuwuh vkSj laoSèkkfud vkèkkj iznku djrs gSaAbuosQ vfrfjDr lafoèkku dh dbZ vU; fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkh U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dks vkèkkj iznkudjrh gSaA

1- lhfer ljdkj dk fl¼kUr (The Principle of Limited Government)–lafoèkku Li"V :i esaljdkj dh 'kfDr;ksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA ljdkj osQoy ifjHkkf"kr 'kfDr;ksa dk gh iz;ksx dj ldrh gS vkSjvlhfer 'kfDr;ka ughaA ljdkj dk dksbZ vax vius fuèkkZfjr vfèkdkj&{ks=k ls ckgj ugha tk ldrkA ;g ns[kukU;k;ky;ksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd ljdkj vkSj bldk izR;sd vax lafoèkku osQ }kjk ifjHkkf"kr vfèkdkj {ks=kosQ vanj gh dk;Z djsa vkSj ;fn bl fl¼kUr dk mYya?ku gks rks U;k;ky; mYya?ku djus okys dk;Z dks jí djldrs gSaA

2- la?kokn (Federalism)–la?kh; iz.kkyh esa] U;k;ikfydk osQ ikl vfrfjDr mÙkjnkf;Ro vFkkZr~ lafoèkku dhloksZPprk dh lqj{kk djuk gksrk gS vkSj la?k o jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk vius&vius vfèkdkj {ks=kksa ls ckgj tkus ijizfrcUèk Hkh gksrk gSA blosQ fy, Hkh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dk U;k;ky; osQ }kjk iz;ksx vfuok;Z gks tkrkgSA

3- fyf[kr vfèkdkj (Written Rights)–tc dHkh lafoèkku yksxksa osQ fy, fyf[kr rFkk dkuwu }kjk ykxwdjus ;ksX; vfèkdkjksa dh O;oLFkk djrk gS rks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh uhao j[krk gSA U;k;ky;ksa dks bu vf/dkjksadks ykxw djus vkSj budh lqj{kk djus dh 'kfDr fey tkrh gSA Hkkjr esa lafoèkku esa fyf[kr vfèkdkjksa dk fcylaoSèkkfud mipkjksa osQ vfèkdkj lfgr 'kkfey gS tks lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk dk ,d Hkkx gSA blosQ fy,

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;g U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iznku djrk gSA

4- U;k;ikfydk dh vksj ls U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx (The Exercise of Judicial

Review Power by the Judiciary)–1950 esa lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~ ls vkt rd Hkkjr esaU;k;ikfydk fujUrj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrh vk jgh gSA blus bl 'kfDr dks foèkkuikfydkvkSj dk;Zikfyd osQ dbZ dkuwuksa@vkns'kksa dks jí djus osQfy, iz;ksx fd;k ftudks blus vlaoSèkkfud ik;kA loksZPpU;k;ky; osQ ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; tks bu eqdneksa esa fn, x,&xksikyu eqdíek] xksydukFk eqdnek] osQ'kokuankHkkjrh eqdnek] feuokZ fey”k eqdnek vkSj dbZ vU;ksa esa Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k osQ dkiQh izek.k feyrsgSa vkSj bldh ekU;rk ljdkj vkSj yksxksa dh vksj ls feyrh gSA

5- 42osa vkSj 43osa la'kksèku (42nd and 43rd Amendments)–42osa vkSj 43osa la'kksèku us U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh dh laoSèkkfud mfpr dks 'kfDr'kkyh fd;k gSA 42osa la'kksèku vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk loksZPpU;k;ky; vkSj jkT; mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr;ksa ij dksbZ izfrcUèk yxk, x, vkSj 43osala'kks/u vfèkfu;e osQ }kjk ;g izfrcUèk gVk fn;k x,A bl izfØ;k esa] U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh dksHkkjrh; laoS/kfud iz.kkyh osQ ewY;oku vkSj vfHkUu Hkkx osQ :i esa ekU;rk feyh gSA

bl izdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ ikl foèkkuikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ dkuwuksa@vkns'kksa@fu;eksadh laoSèkkfud mfprrk dk fujh{k.k djus dh 'kfDr gS vkSj bl 'kfDr dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dgktkrk gSA

9-4 Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k % fo'ks"krk,¡ (Judicial Review in India :Features)

Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh dh fuEufyf[kr eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa%

1- loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj jkT; mPp U;k;ky;ksa nksuksa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ijUrqfdlh dkuwu osQ laoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dk fu.kZ; djus dh vafre 'kfDr Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl gSA

2- lHkh la?kh; vkSj jkT; dkuwuksa] dk;Zikfyd vkns'kksa vkSj laoSèkkfud la'kksèkuksa osQ lacaèk esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.kfd;k tk ldrk gSA

3- lafoèkku dh 9oha lwph esa ntZ vfèkfu;eksa osQ lacaèk esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

D;k vki tkurs gSa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dkuwu osQ iz'uksa ij gh ykxw gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx jktuhfrd eqíksa osQ lacaèk

esa ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

5- U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k Lopkfyr ugha gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dkuwuksa ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k djus dh dk;ZokghLo;a vius vki ugha jdrkA ;g rc gh dk;Zokgh djrk gS tc dkuwuksa dks blosQ lkeus pqukSrh nh tkrh gS tcfdlh eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh osQ nkSjku fdlh dkuwu osQ laoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dk iz'u blosQ lkeus mBk;k tkrk gSA

6- loksZPp U;k;ky; pqukSrh fn, dkuwuksa@vkns'kksa osQ iqufuZjh{k.k osQ i'pkr~ ;g fu.kZ; dj ldrh gS%

(i) dkuwu laoSèkkfud :i esa mfpr gSA bl ekeys esa dkuwu igys dh rjg ykxw jgrk gS] vFkok

(ii) dkuwu laoSèkkfud :i esa vuqfpr gSA bl lacèk esa dkuwu fu.kZ; dh frfFk ls ykxw gksuk can gks tkrkgS] vFkok

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(iii) dkuwu osQ osQoy oqQN Hkkx ;k ,d Hkkx vuqfpr gSA bl fLFkfr esa ossQoy vuqfpr Hkkx ykxw ugha jgrkvkSj nwljs Hkkx ykxw jgrs gSaA ijUrq ;fn vuqfpr ik, Hkkx dkuwu osQ fy, brus egRoiw.kZ gksa fd nwljs Hkkx buosQfcuk u ykxw gks losaQ] rks leLr dkuwu dks gh vuqfpr Bgjk;k tkrk gS vkSj jí dj fn;k tkrk gSA

7- U;k;ky; dh vksj ls vlaoSèkkfud vkSj v;ksX; ?kks"k.kk djus osQ fnu ls igys dkuwu osQ vk/kj ij fd, x,dk;Z fo|eku jgrs gSaA

8- loksZPp U;k;ky; vius igys fu.kZ;ksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrk gS ;k mudks jí dj ldrk gSA

9- dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k cuke dkuwu dh mfpr izfØ;k (Procedure Established by Law vs.

Due Process of Law) : Hkkjr esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ftl fl¼kUr osQ vkèkkj ij 'kkflr fd;k tkrk gS oggS % ¶dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k¸ u fd ¶dkuwu dh mfpr izfØ;k¸ tks vesfjdk esa ykxw gSA ^dkuwu dhmfpr izfØ;k* osQ vèkhu U;k;ikfydk dkuwu dh laoSèkkfudrk dh ij[k djus osQ fy, nksgjh ijh{kk djrh gSAigyk] U;k;ky; ij[k djrk gS fd D;k dkuwu cukus osQ fy, laLFkk us izkIr 'kfDr;ksa dh lhekvksa osQ vanjdk;Zokgh dh gS vkSj fuèkkZfjr izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj dk;Z fd;k gS vFkok ughaA nwljk] U;k;ky; ij[k djrk gS fdD;k dkuwu izkÑfrd U;k; osQ mís';ksa dks iw.kZ djrk gS fd D;k ;g ,d mfpr dkuwu gS ;k ughaA ;fn dkuwubu nksuksa vkèkkjksa esa ls fdlh ,d ij Hkh iwjk ugha mrjrk rks bldks vlaoSèkkfud eku dj jí dj fn;k tkrk gSAblls foijhr ^dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* osQ fl¼kUr osQ vèkhu tSls Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa ntZ fd;k x;kgS U;k;ky; osQoy ;g r; djrk gS fd D;k dkuwu cukus okyh laLFkk us lafoèkku osQ }kjk nh xbZ 'kfDr;ksa osQvuqlkj dkuwu cuk;k gS vkSj fuèkkZfjr izfØ;k dk ikyu fd;k gS ;k ughaA bl fl¼kUr osQ v/hu U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k dk {ks=k ^dkuwu dh mfpr izfØ;k* fl¼kUr osQ vèkhu {ks=k ls lhfer gksrk gSA ^dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfirizfØ;k* vèkhu] U;k;ky; osQoy dkuwu dk iqufuZjh{k.k ;g fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, djrk gS fd D;k bldks lafo/kuosQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj cuk;k x;k gS ;k ugha] vkSj blosQ fy, bldk {ks=k lhfer gksrk gSA xksikyucuke enzkl jkT; eqdnes esa nks"kh dh vksj ls ;g roZQ fn;k x;k fd dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* vkSj dkuwudh mfpr izfØ;k* esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gksrkA ijUrq Hkkjr osQ vVkjuh tujy us ;g er fn;k fd dkuwu osQ }kjkLFkkfir izfØ;k dh xkjaVh ^;ksX; foèkkuikfydk* osQ }kjk cuk, dkuwu osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr izfØ;k dh lqj{kk ;k vU;oqQN ughaA U;k;ky; vVkjuh tujy dh vksj ls izdV fd, x, fopkj ls lger gks x;kA bl izdkj Hkkjr esaU;k;ky; ml le; gh dkuwu dks jí ?kksf"kr dj ldrk gS tc og ik, fd dkuwu cukus okyh foèkkuikfydkus mfpr izfØ;k dk iz;ksx dkuwu&fuekZ.k osQ le; ugha fd;k FkkA ijUrq okLrfod O;ogkj esa] Hkkjr osQ loksZPpU;k;ky; us dkuwu osQ vkSfpR; dk fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, cgqr ckj dkuwuksa us vkSfpR; dh tkap O;kid :i esadh gSA blus dHkh Hkh laoSèkkfud la'kksèkuksa ;k dkuwuksa osQ }kjk ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ij laln dh vksj ls yxk,izfrcUèkksa osQ vkSfpR; dk iqufuZjh{k.k djus esa f>>d ugha fn[kkbZA

^dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k* dk ikyu djrs gq, vkSj ^dkuwu dh mfpr izfØ;k* dks jí djrs gq, Hkkjrh;lafoèkku U;kf;d loksZPprk vkSj lalnh; izHkqlÙkk osQ nksuksa fl¼kUrksa dks jí djrk gS tSls ;g Øeokj vejhdkvkSj baXyS.M esa izpfyr gSaA ;g osQoy eè; ekxZ xzg.k djrk gSA foèkkuikfydk osQ ikl loksZPprk gS] ijUrqlafoèkku ls izkIr {ks=k osQ lacaèk esa gh vkSj bldk iz;ksx ;g dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k dh lhekvksa osQ vanjgh djrh gSA

uksV~l loksZPp U;k;ky; foèkkuikfydk dh vksj ls cuk, x, dkuwuksa ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dj ldrk gS

ijUrq laoSèkkfud dkuwuksa osQ ihNs fo|eku Hkkouk dk iqufuZjh{k.k ugha dj ldrkA

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10- fdlh dkuwu dks jí ?kksf"kr djrs gq,] loksZPp U;k;y; dks lafoèkku dh mu O;oLFkkvksa@èkkjkvksa ftudk dkuwumYya?ku djrk gS] osQ ckjs Li"V crykuk gksrk gSA bldks ml dkuwu dh voSèkrk vkSj vlaoS/kfudrk dks fl¼djuk gksrk gS ftldks jí fd;k gksrk gSA

U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk O;ogkj vkSj vlaoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr fd, foèkku dh lhek(Working of Judicial Review and the Extent of legislations declaredunconstitutional)

1950 esa lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~ vkt rd loksZPp U;k;ky; us dbZ ckj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDrdk iz;ksx fd;k gSA blus oqQN cgqr ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ; lquk, gSa ftlus Hkkjr osQ laoSèkkfud fodkl osQ O;ogkjdks fn'kk nhA Hkkjr esa lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh lqj{kk osQ fy, foèkkuikfydk dh vksj ls cuk, dkuwuksa osQfo#¼ ^izfrfØ;koknh rhljs lnu* osQ :i esa dk;Zokgh djus osQ fcuk] loksZPp U;k;ky; us yksxksa osQ ekSfydvf/dkjksa vkSj lafoèkku osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa ,d vR;ar iz'kaluh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

blus vius fu.kZ;ksa dks ifjofrZr djus esa Hkh fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZA ;fn blus ns[kk fd muesa dksbZ =kqfV gks xbZ;k muosQ lacaèk esa ;g vko';d gks x;k Fkk fd yksxksa dh lkekftd&vkfFkZd vko';drkvksa vkSj okrkoj.k esaifjorZu osQ dkj.k igys fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa esa la'kksèku djuk vko';d FkkA xksikyu eqdnek] jes'k Fkkij eqdnek]des'oj izlkn eqdnek] ladjh izlkn eqdnek] paikde nksjk;jktu eqdnek] xksyd ukFk eqdnek] osQ'kokuanHkkjrh; eqdnek] feuokZ fey”k eqdnek vkSj dbZ vU; eqdneksa esa] U;k;ky; us dBksjrk ls dbZ dkuwuksa ;k muosQdbZ Hkkxksa dks jí fd;k ftudk vlaoSèkkfud ik;k x;k FkkA blus cgqr dBksj vkSj Li"V c;ku fn;k gS fd lafoèkkuosQ vuqPNsn 368 osQ vèkhu izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj laln osQ ikl lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr gS ijUrq ;glafoèkku dh ekSfyd ljapuk dks ugha cny ldrhA U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] loksZPpU;k;ky; U;kf;d loksZPprk osQ fl¼kUr dh odkyr djus esa ugha iM+kA blus mnkj] LorU=k vkSj fu"i{kU;k;ikfydk osQ :i esa mnkjrkiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k gSA blus izxfr'khy dkuwuksa dks jksdus dk iz;kl ugha fd;kA blusHkkjr osQ yksxksa osQ fy, lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd U;k; dh izkfIr osQ fy, viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA blus lnSolekt osQ detksj oxks± vkSj vYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ i{k esa laoSèkkfud funsZ'k vkSj vYila[;dksa osQvfèkdkjksa dh iSjoh dh gSA

tc laln us lafoèkku dh ukSoha lwph esa vfèkd&ls&vfèkd dkuwu 'kkfey djosQ U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDrdks lhfer djus dk iz;kl fd;k rks loksZPp U;k;ky; us laln dh bl dk;Zokgh ij jksd yxkus osQ fy,xksydukFk eqdnes esa ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd ekSfyd vfèkdkj ifo=k Fks vkSj laln budks lhfer ;k lekIr djusosQ fy, lafoèkku esa la'kksèku ugha dj ldrh FkhA ijUrq] ckn esa osQ'kokuank Hkkjrh eqdnes esa blus xksydukFkeqdnes esa fn, vius fu.kZ; dks cny fn;k] 24osa vkSj 25osa la'kksèku dks Lohdkj djosQ oSèk djkj fn;k ijUrqvuqPNsn 31 esa fd, ifjorZuksa osQ ,d Hkkx dks jí dj fn;kA vius feuokZ fey”k eqdnes osQ fu.kZ; esa] loksZPpU;k;ky; us ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa (44osa la'kksèku vfèkfu;e) ls lEifÙk osQ vfèkdkj dks fudkyk tkuk mfpr crkukijUrq 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ntZ vuqPNsn 31&lh dh oqQN O;oLFkkvksa dks jí dj fn;kA ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dhfunsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa ij Js"Brk dks Lohdkj djrs gq,] loksZPp U;k;ky; us Hkkx IV esa fn, oqQN funsZ'kdksa dks ykxwdjus osQ fy, vuqPNsn 14] 19 vkSj 31 esa la'kksèku djus dh laln dh 'kfDr dks Lohdkj Hkh fd;kA blus blizdkj lkekftd U;k; osQ fgr esa dk;Z fd;kA

bl izdkj dbZ o"kks± ls] loksZPp U;k;ky; us U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh viuh 'kfDr dk izHkko'kkyh vkSj U;k;dkjhiz;ksx fd;k gSA blus bldk iz;ksx oSèkkfud vkSj dk;Zdkjh neu osQ fo#¼ yksxksa osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj Lora=krkvksadh lqj{kk osQ fy, vkSj lafoèkku dh O;k[;k vkSj lqj{kk osQ fy, fd;k gSA

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U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu(Critical Appraisal of Judicial Review)

oqQN vkykspdksa us U;k;kf;d&iqufuZjh{k.k osQ fo#¼ fuEufyf[kr vkifÙk;k¡ mBkbZ gSaA

1- vyksdrU=kh; (Undemocratic) : vkykspd U;kf;d iquU;kZf;d dh iz.kkyh dks vyksdrU=kh; iz.kkyhekurs gSa tks U;k;ky; dks jk"Vªh; tuer vkSj yksxksa dh izHkqlÙkkiw.kZ bPNk dk izfrfufèkRo djus okyhfo/kuikfydk dh vksj ls ikl fd, dkuwuksa osQ HkkX; dk fu.kZ; djus osQ ;ksX; cukrh gSA

2- Li"Vrk dh deh (Lack of Clarity)–Hkkjr dk lafoèkku U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh dh Li"V O;k[;kugha djrkA ;g 'kfDr vfèkdrj lafoèkku dh dbZ èkkjkvksa dh O;k[;k ij xfHkZr 'kfDr;ksa (Implied Powers)

osQ fl¼kUr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

3- iz'kklfud leL;kvksa dk Ïksr (Source of Administrative Problems)–;g iz.kkyh leL;kvksa dk,d Ïksr jgh gSA tc fdlh dkuwu ;k bldk fdlh Hkkx@Hkkxksa dks loksZPp U;k;ky; dh vksj ls vlaoS/kfud?kksf"kr djosQ jí fd;k tkrk gS rks fu.kZ; ml frfFk ls ykxw gks tkrk gS ftl fnu ;g fn;k tkrk gSA loksZPpU;k;ky;ksa dh vksj ls lqus tkrs eqdnes esa tc fdlh dkuwu dh vlaoSèkkfudrk dk iz'u mBrk gS rks gh U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA dkuwu osQ ykxw gksus osQ 5 ;k 10 ;k vfèkd o"kks± osQ i'pkr~ vc ,slk eqdnek loksZPpU;k;ky; osQ lkeus vk ldrk gSA bl izdkj tc U;k;ky; bldks jí djrk gS rks ;g iz'kklfud leL;k,¡ iSnkdjrk gSA dbZ ckj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ,d leL;k lekèkku djus ls vfèkd leL;k,¡ iSnk dj nsrk gSA

4- izfrfØ;koknh (Reactionary)–dbZ vkykspd U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh dks izfrfØ;koknh iz.kkyhle>rs gSaA ;g le>rs gSa fd fdlh dkuwu osQ laoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dk fu.kZ; djrs le;] loksZPp U;k;ky;lkekU; :i esa dkuwuh vkSj :f<+oknh n`f"Vdks.k viukrk gS vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy,foèkkuikfydk dh vksj ls fufeZr izxfr'khy dkuwu jí dj nsrk gSA U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k] bl izdkj foèkkuikfydkij ,d :f<+oknh jksd gSA

5- nsjh djus okyh iz.kkyh (Delaying System)–U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh ,d nsjh vkSj voqQ'kyrk dk,d Ïksr jgh gSA tc ,d dkuwu vfLrRo esa vk tkrk gS rks dbZ ckj yksx vkSj fo'ks"kdj dkuwu ykxw djus okyh,tsafl;k¡ èkhjs pyus dk fu.kZ; djrh gSa ;k fdlh dkuwu dks ykxw djus osQ lacaèk esa gkFk ij gkFk èkj dj cSBtkrh gSaA og rc rd izrh{kk djus dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSa tc rd loksZPp U;k;ky; vius fdlh eqdnes esa blosQlaoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dk fu.kZ; ugha dj ysrkA U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh izfØ;k vius&vki esa ,d èkheh vkSj nsjhdjus okyh izfØ;k gSA bl izdkj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k nsjh vkSj voqqQ'kyrk dk izk;% ,d Ïksr curh gSA

6- laln dks xSj&mÙkjnk;h cukrh gS (Makes the Parliament Irresponsible)–vkykspd vkxs roZQnsrs gSa fd U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh laln dks dbZ ckj xSj&mÙkjnk;h cukrh gS D;ksafd ;g fdlh dkuwudks ikl djrs le; ;g lksp ysrh gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; vius&vki bldh laoSèkkfudrk@vkSfpR; dk fu.kZ;dj ysxkA

7- U;kf;d fujaoqQ'krk (Fear of Judicial Tyranny)–loksZPp U;k;ky; dh ,d ihB] laoS/kfud eqdnektks blosQ lkeus vkrk gS] dks lqurh gS vkSj lkèkkj.k cgqer ls bldk fu.kZ; djrh gS] cgqr ckj bl <ax ls ,dgh U;k;èkh'k dk roZQ gh fdlh ml dkuwu osQ Hkkx; dk fu.kZ; nsrk gS tks izHkqlÙkkèkkjh yksxksa osQ fuokZfprizfrfufèk;ksa osQ cgqer osQ }kjk ikl fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

8- loksZPp U;k;ky; dh vksj ls vius gh fu.kZ;ksa dks ifjofrZr djuk (Reversal of its Own

Decisions by the Supreme Court)–;g ns[kk x;k gS fd dbZ voljksa ij loksZPp U;k;ky; vius fu.kZ;ksa

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dks Lo;a gh jí dj nsrk gS vFkok ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSA xksydukFk eqdnes esa fn, fu.kZ; us igys fu.kZ;ksa dkscny fn;k vkSj osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh eqdnes esa fu.kZ; us igys okyh fLFkfr iqu% LFkkfir dj nhA mlus ,d dkuwudks igys mfpr Bgjk;k] fiQj bls vuqfpr Bgjk;k vkSj fiQj bldks mfpr Bgjk;kA ,sls ifjorZu mldh ,d ghtSls eqdneksa osQ lacaèk esa vyx&vyx ihBksa osQ }kjk vkSj fu.kZ;ksa esa O;fDrxr lksp osQ rÙo dk izn'kZu djrs gSaA

9- U;k;ky; osQ lEeku ij ruky dk ,d Ïksr (A Source of Strain on the Prestige of the

Court)–loksZPp U;k;ky; dbZ ckj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, jktuhfrd ppkZ dk osQUnzcu tkrk gSA xksydukFk eqdnes osQ fu.kZ; osQ i'pkr~ ukFk ikbZ fcy ij gqbZ laln ppkZ us Li"V :i esa bl rF;dks mHkkjk FkkA U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k U;k;ky; osQ lEeku osQ lEeku dks de dj ldrk gS vkSj bldks jktuhfrdppkZ osQ v[kkM+s esa yk ldrk gSA

10- U;k;ikfydk vkSj laln osQ eè; xfrjksèkksa dh laHkkouk (Possibility of Deadlocks between the

Judiciary and the Parliament)–tc loksZPp U;k;ky; fdlh dkuwu dks vlaoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr djosQ jídjrk gS] rks izk;% laln lafoèkku osQ la'kksèku ls ;k vU; dkuwu cukus osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ }kjk bl ij fu;a=k.k djusdk iz;kl djrh gSA bl izfØ;k esa U;k;ikfydk vkSj laln osQ eè; xfrjksèk vkSj fookn iSnk gks tkrs gSaA ekSfydvfèkdkjksa (Hkkx III) vkSj jkT; uhfr osQ funsZ'kd fl¼kUrksa (Hkkx IV) osQ eè; lacaèkksa osQ eqís ij loksZPpU;k;ky; vkSj laln osQ n`f"Vdks.kksa vkSj O;ogkj esa vUrj us nksuksa osQ eè; xfrjksèk mRiUu dj fn;k FkkA ,slsxfrjksèk vkSj fookn Hkfo"; esa Hkh mRiUu gks ldrs gSaaA

bu lHkh vkèkkjksa ij vkykspdksa us Hkkjr esa py jgh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh gSA

U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk vkSfpR; (Justification of Judicial Review):

U;k;ikfydk dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr osQ leFkZd] vkSj mudh la[;k dkiQh vfèkd gS] vkykspdksa osQ rdks±dks mfpr ugha ekursA os roZQ izLrqr djrs gSa fd U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k Hkkjrh; mnkjoknh yksdrU=kh; vkSj la?kh;jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh ,d vko';d fo'ks"krk gS ftlus blosQ fodkl esa egÙoiw.kZ] cgqr lgk;d vkSj vko';dHkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

(i) ;g lafoèkku dh loksZPprk LFkkfir j[kus osQ fy, vfuok;Z gS vkSj fiNys yxHkx N% n'kdksa osQ nkSjkublus ;g Hkwfedk iz'kaluh; <ax ls fuHkkbZ gSA

(ii) foèkkuikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ }kjk 'kfDr osQ laHkkfor nq#i;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, U;k;ikfydkdh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr vko';d gSA Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl Hkwfedk dks izHkko'kkyh <axls fuHkk;k gSA

(iii) la?kh; larqyu LFkkfir djus osQ fy, la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; ,d eè;LFk ;k fu.kkZ;d osQ :i esaU;k;ikfydk osQ egÙo ls dksbZ Hkh budkj ugha dj ldrkA Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; us Hkkjrh; la?k osQ nksuksaHkkxksa osQ eè; ,d U;kf;d eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx osQ }kjk la?kh; larqyudks dk;e j[kus esa cgqr vfèkd lgk;rk dh gSA

(iv) U;k;ikfydk dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{kd dh 'kfDr iznku djuk blosQ fy, Hkh vko';d gS rkfd ljdkjosQ rhljs vkSj lcls detksj bl vax dks nwljs nks vaxksa dh rqyuk esa oqQN 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k tk losQA ;gU;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dks lqjf{kr j[kus osQ fy, Hkh vko';d gSA

(v) U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr loksZPp U;k;ky; dks vius rhu izeq[k laoSèkkfud drZO; fuHkkus esa cgqrlgk;rk jdrh gS % (1) lafoèkku dh loksZPprk dks LFkkfir j[kus osQ fy,] (2) lafoèkku dh O;k[;k djus osQ

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fy,] vkSj (3) yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk djus osQ fy,A U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ekSfyd vf/dkjksa dhoSèkkfud vkSj dk;Zdkjh mYya?kukvksa osQ fo#¼ loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ,d mipkj ;a=k osQ :i esa dk;Z djus osQ;ksX; cukrk gSA

(vi) loksZPp U;kky; dh vksj ls U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr osQ nq#i;ksx dh laHkkouk dks jksdus osQ fy,lafoèkku us bl 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx ij dbZ izfrcUèk yxk, gSaA bl ckr dks fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, loksZPpU;k;ky; dgha mPp foèkkuikfydk ;k mPp dk;Zikfydk cuus dk iz;kl u djs] lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ij fuEufyf[kr izfrcUèk yxk, gSa%

(d) lafoèkku osQ fdlh Hkh vuqPNsn esa U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr osQ Li"V o.kZu dk vHkkoA

([k) U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k oqQN {ks=kksa ij laHko ughaA laln lafoèkku dh 9oha lwph esa lkekftd&vkfFkZdlqèkkjksa dks lqjf{kr djus okys dkuwu 'kkfey dj ldrh gS vkSj bl izdkj bldks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ls eqDrj[k ldrh gSA

(x) dkuwu dh mfpr izfØ;k osQ fl¼kUr osQ LFkku ij dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir izfØ;k osQ fl¼kUr dksLohdkj djosQ Hkh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ij ,d izfrcUèk yxk;k x;k gSA

(?k) loksZPp U;k;ky; Lo;a Hkh fyf[kr lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsnksa osQ vèkhu gSaA laln lafoèkku esa la'kks/u djldrh gS vkSj cgqr&ls {ks=kksa esa Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,d yphyk lafoèkku gSA

(Ä) lafoèkku esa Li"V ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dks ntZ djuk vksj buosQ {ks=k osQ izfr oqQN vioknksa (Excep-

tions) dks lafoèkku esa fy[kuk Hkh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ij izfrcUèk yxkus dh vksj fd;k x;k iz;klgSA

(p) la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu] la?k&jkT; >xM+ksa dh laHkkouk dks de djus osQ fy, Li"VvkSj lw{e :i esa of.kZr fd;k x;k gS vkSj blls U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k osQ {ks=k dks Hkh lhfer j[kk x;k gSA

(N) laln U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k osQ }kjk iSnk dh xbZ ckèkkvksa dks vko';d la'kksèkuksa osQ }kjk nwj dj ldrhgSA

;s lHkh izfrcUèk U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k osQ laHko nq#i;ksx dks jksd ldrh gSaA

loksZPp U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dks lafoèkku esa 'kkfey djuk ,d iz'kalk ;ksX; fo'ks"krk gSA ;g,d mÙke O;oLFkk gS rFkk bldk iz;ksx U;k;ky; dh vksj ls vius laoSèkkfud mÙkjnkf;Ro dks fuHkkus osQ fy,fd;k x;k gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us bldk iz;ksx lkekftd&vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa dh izfØ;k esa fcuk gkfu igqapk, fd;kgSA tgka dgha blus vuqHko fd;k fd fu.kZ; esa dksbZ xyrh gqbZ Fkh ;k lkèkkj.k yksxksa osQ fgrksa ij gkfudkjd izHkkoiM+k Fkk rks blus vius fu.kZ;ksa dks cnyus esa dHkh fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZA blus viuh Lora=krk LFkkfir j[khgS vkSj viuh 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx vkSj dk;ks± dks n`<+rk ls vkSj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls fd;k gSA dbZ ckj] U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh us dbZ fookn Hkh mRiUu Hkh fd, gSa] ijUrq budk ljdkj osQ nwljs nks vaxksa vkSj loksZPpU;k;ky; nksuksa dh vkssj ls le>nkjh okys n`f"Vdks.k ls lekèkku dj fy;k x;k gSA

bl izdkj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh dks tkjh j[kus osQ i{k esa dkiQh vkSfpR; gS U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.klafoèkku osQ pkyw gksus osQ le; ls ysdj vkt rd O;ogkj esa gSA oqQN cqf¼thfo;ksa vkSj fo'ks"kKksa dh vksj lsdHkh&dHkh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr ls ySl ,d ubZ vkSj vyx laoSèkkfud ifj"kn~ cukus dh ekax dh xbZgS] ijUrq] loksZPp U;k;ky; dh vksj ls U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr osQ vkSfpR; vkSj le>nkjh Hkjs iz;ksx usbl ekax dks lnSo gh izk.kghu dj fn;k gSA lkekU; lgefr U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh iz.kkyh osQ cus jgus osQ i{kesa gSA ;g lpeqp Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku dh ^ekSfyd lajpuk* dk ,d vewY; Hkkx gSA

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8- vuqPNsn 13 U;k;ky; dh U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k 'kfDr dks vkèkkj iznku djrk gSA

9- vuqPNsn 124 (6) vkSj 219 osQ vèkhu loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dks Øeokjdkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir lafoèkku osQ izfr fu"Bk dh 'kiFk mBkuh iM+rh gSA

10- U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr osQ nq#i;ksx dh laHkkouk dks jksdus osQ fy, lafoèkku us bl 'kfDr osQiz;ksx ij dksbZ izfrcaèk ugha yxk;k gSA


• loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ }kjk lafoèkku osQ j{kd vkSj lafoèkku osQ vfèkdkfjd O;k[;rk osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k

tkrk gSA

• loksZPp U;k;ky; dks lafoèkku dh èkkjk 145 osQ vUrxZr U;k;ky; dh dk;Zokgh rFkk dk;Zfofèk dks

fu;fer djus osQ fy, le;≤ ij fu;eksa dks cukus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA

• lu~ 1967 esa xksydukFk osQ eqdnesa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa

osQ la'kksèku ugha dj ldrhA 1973 esa osQ'kokuan Hkkjrh osQ eqdnesa esa fu.kZ; fn;k fd laln ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA

• 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ Fkh fd ,sls O;fDr dks mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr

fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks jk"Vªifr dh n`f"V esa izfl¼ U;k;'kkL=kh gks vFkok tks fdlh fVªC;wuy ;k osQUnzh;

ljdkj vFkok jkT; ljdkj osQ vèkhu dkuwu dh fo'ks"k tkudkjh j[kus okys in ij 10 o"kZ rd dk;Z

dj pqdk gksA

• Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gS vkSj Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ikl lafoèkku dh O;k[;k

vkSj lqj{kk dk loksZPp mÙkjnkf;Ro gSA ;g yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ laj{kd osQ :i esa Hkh dk;Z

djrk gSA

• tc U;k;ky; fdlh dkuwu dks xSj laoSèkkfud ?kksf"kr djosQ jí djrk gS rks mldks ;g Li"V djuk iM+rk

gS fd bl dkuwu us fdl laoSèkkfud vuqPNsn dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA U;k;ky; dks dkuwu dks jí djus

osQ dkj.kksa dks Hkh Li"V djuk gksrk gSA

• U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k iz.kkyh ,d nsjh vkSj voqQ'kyrk dk ,d Ïksr jgh gSA tc ,d dkuwu vfLrRo esa

vk tkrk gS rks dbZ ckj yksx vkSj fo'ks"kdj dkuwu ykxw djus okyh ,tsafl;k¡ èkhjs pyus dk fu.kZ; djrh

gSa ;k fdlh dkuwu dks ykxw djus osQ lacaèk esa gkFk ij gkFk èkj dj cSB tkrh gSaA


• iqufuZjh{k.k (Review)% iqu% ns[kuk] nksckjk tk¡pukA

• ijekns'k (Mandamus)% mPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn;k x;k vkns'k] mPp U;k;ky; }kjk nh xbZ vkKkA

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1- Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; dh jpuk dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- mPp U;k;ky; dh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa fLFkfr dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

4- U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dhft,A


1- 1935 osQ vfèkfu;e 2- 25

3- U;k;kèkh'k ts-lh- 'kkg 4- ekSfyd

5- (b) 6- (c)

7- (a) 8- lR;

9- lR; 10- vlR;


iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkSj jktuhfrµ ih- jLrksxhA

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- NkcjkA

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bdkbZ—10: lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk ,oa yksd vnkyr

bdkbZµ10: lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk,oa yksd vnkyr

(Public Interest Litigationand Lok Adalats)


mís'; (Objectives)


10.1 lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk % voèkkj.kk vkSj izÑfr (Public Interest Litigation:

Concept and Nature)

10.2 lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Public Interest Litiga-

tion)

10.3 yksd vnkyr (Lok Adalats)

10.4 yksd vnkyrksa dk laxBu ,oa dk;Z djus dk <ax (Organisation and Method ofWorking of Lok Adalats)

10.5 Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk % fo'ks"krk,¡ (Independence of Judiciary in India:

Features





mís'; (Objectives)


• ih-vkbZ-,y- osQ ckjs esa tkuus esaA

• ih-vkbZ-,y- dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkus esaA

• yksd vnkyr dh ifjHkk"kk crkus esaA

• yksd vnkyrksa dk dk;Z crkus esaA

• Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkus esaA

Satyabrata Kar, Lovely Professional University

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lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dkuwu dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk gS tks Hkkjr esa vc dkiQh o"kks± ls O;ogkj esa ykxwdh tk jgh gSA yksxksa dks U;k; nsuk U;kf;d iz.kkyh dk ,d izeq[k ;gka rd fd izFke mís'; gS vkSj blosQ fy,U;kf;d iz.kkyh dks pqLr] oqQ'ky vkSj tgka rd laHko gks] de [kphZyh vkSj ljy cukuk vko';d gksrk gSAlkoZtfud fgr iz.kkyh ftldk yksdfiz; uke ih-vkbZ-,y- gS] dks izk;% ^u;k dkuwuh f{kfrt* (New Legal

Horizon) dgk tkrk gSA ;g bu pkj mís';ksa dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy, viukbZ xbZ gSA vkjaHk ls gh bl O;oLFkkus yksdfiz;rk izkIr djuh vkjaHk dj nh vkSj bl izfØ;k esa tfLVl ihú ,uú Hkxorh tSls U;k;kèkh'kksa us iz'kaluh;Hkwfedk vnk dhA blosQ iQyLo:i vkt ;g O;oLFkk Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk osQ ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax osQ :iesa fodflr gqbZ gSA

10-1 lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk % voèkkj.kk vkSj izÑfr (Public InterestLitigation : Concept and Nature)

lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dks ge ,d ,slh dkuwuh O;oLFkk dh rjg ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrh gSa ftlesa dkuwu

osQ U;k;ky; fdlh lkoZtfud ;k lkekU; fgr dh lqj{kk osQ fy, dk;Zokgh vFkkZr~ eqdnek vkjEHk dj ldrs

gSaA tc fdlh lkoZtfud fgr dks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k laLFkk cqjh rjg izHkkfor dj jgh gks ;k ,slk djus dk iz;kl

dj jgh gks rks lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu U;k;ky; dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrs gSaA vius ,d

fu.kZ; esa Hkkjr osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; us lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS % ¶,d

,sls lkoZtfud fgr ;k vke fgr dks ykxw djokus osQ fy, U;k;ky; osQ }kjk dkuwuh dk;Zokgh dk vkjEHk fd;k

tkuk ftlesa turk ;k turk osQ fdlh oxZ osQ fgrksa dk mYya?ku fd;k tk jgk gks ;k mldks gkfu igq¡pkbZ tk

jgh gksA ,sls lkoZtfud fgr vke turk osQ vfèkdkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij mfpr ekus tkrs gSa vkSj ;fn fdlh rjg ls

bu fgrksa osQ fo#¼ dksbZ dk;Z gks jgk gks ;k fd;k tkus okyk gks U;k;ky; dkuwuh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djosQ

lkoZtfud fgr dh lqj{kk osQ fy, mi;qDr funsZ'k ns ldrs gSa] nksf"k;ksa dks n.M nsdj vkSj ftuosQ fgrksa dk

mYya?ku gqvk gks mudh {kfriw£r (Compensation) nsdj lkoZtfud fgrksa dh lqj{kk dj ldrh gSA

lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk osQ vèkhu dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;k ukxfjdksa dk lewg ;k dksbZ Hkh laxBu fyf[kr

:i esa fdlh U;k;ky; ;k loksZPp U;k;ky; ;k mPp U;k;ky; osQ è;ku esa dksbZ ,slk fo"k; ;k eqík yk ldrk

gS tksfd lkoZtfud fgr osQ fo#¼ gks ;k lkoZtfud fgr dk mYya?ku dj jgk gksA fdlh Hkh ,slh ljdkjh uhfr

;k vkns'k dks U;k;ky; osQ è;ku esa yk;k tk ldrk gS tksfd ,slk le>k tk, fd lkoZtfud fgrksa dk mYya?ku

dj jgk gSA ;fn U;k;ky; bl fyf[kr fjiksVZ esa fy[ks x, fopkj ls lger gksrh gS rks ml fjiksVZ dks ,d fiVh'ku

ekudj ,d eqdnek vkjEHk dj ldrh gS vkSj ftl laLFkk ;k ljdkjh foHkkx osQ fo#¼ vkjksi yxk;k x;k gks

fd og lkoZtfud fgrksa dk mYya?ku dj jgk gS rks U;k;ky; ml foHkkx ;k laLFkk dks uksfVl tkjh djosQ ,d

eqdnek vkjEHk dj ldrk gSA

;gk¡ rd fd U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k Lo;a Hkh lekpkj&i=kksa esa izdkf'kr lekpkjksa osQ vkèkkj ij vius vki (Suo

Moto) ,d vnkyrh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrs gSa ;fn os le>rs gSa fd fdlh ljdkjh ;k xSj&ljdkjh uhfr

;k dk;Zokgh ls vke turk osQ fgrksa dks gkfu igq¡pk jgh gSA og lEcfUèkr O;fDr ;k laLFkk ;k foHkkx ;k ,tsalh

dks uksfVl tkjh djosQ lkoZtfud fgr dks igq¡pus okyh gkfu dks nwj djus osQ fy, mi;qDr vkns'k tkjh dj ldrs

gSa vkSj vnkyrh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrs gSaA

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mnkgj.k osQ :i esa tc ebZ 1995 esa gfj;k.kk fctyh cksMZ deZpkfj;ksa dh ;wfu;u us ,dne gM+rky dj nhD;ksafd muosQ fdlh deZpkjh dk xyr <ax ls LFkkukarj.k dj fn;k x;k Fkk rks iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk mPp U;k;ky;osQ ekuuh; U;k;kèkh'k Jh oh- osQ- >kath us vius vki dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djrs gq, paMhx<+ osQ x`g lfpo] gfj;k.kkfctyh cksMZ osQ mPp vf/dkfj;ksa] lEcfUèkr vfèkdkjh vkSj ;wfu;u yhMjksa dks vius U;k;ky; esa cqyk fy;kAekuuh; U;k;kèkh'k us ;g vkns'k fn;k fd fctyh lIykbZ ,dne O;ofLFkr dh tk, vkSj lEcfU/r deZpkjh osQfo#¼ 'kh?kz ls 'kh?kz Nkuchu djosQ mlosQ osQl dk fu.kZ; fd;k tk,A

mUgksaus ;g Hkh fu.kZ; fn;k fd ;fn ;wfu;u vkSj deZpkjh vius fu;ksDrkvksa ls U;k; izkIr u dj losQ rks mudksU;k;ky; osQ ikl vkdj U;k; ysuk pkfg,A bl izdkj Li"V :i esa ekuuh; U;k;kèkh'k us vke turk osQ fgrksadh j{kk dhA vizSy 1997 esa dkaxzsl osQ izèkku vkSj HkwriwoZ dks"kkè;{k Jh lhrkjke osQljh osQ fo#¼ ,dlkoZtfud fgr eqdnek vkjEHk fd;k x;k D;ksafd muosQ fo#¼ ;g nks"k yxk;k x;k Fkk fd mUgksaus mi;qDrvf/dkjh ls vkKk fy, fcuk fons'kh eqnzk esa ny osQ fy, nku ,df=kr fd;k FkkA

bl izdkj lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk esa fdlh vke fgr osQ mYya?ku osQ fo#¼ dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;kukxfjd laxBu ;k ukxfjdksa dk lewg U;k;ky; osQ lkeus ,d fiVh'ku izLrqr dj ldrk gS vkSj ;fn U;k;ky;bl ckr ls lger gks tk, fd fiVh'ku ls fy[kh xbZ f'kdk;r esa dksbZ lPpkbZ utj vkrh gS rks U;k;ky; ,deqdnek vkjEHk djosQ lkoZtfud fgr dh j{kk djus dk iz;kl dj ldrk gSA lcls cf<+;k ckr ;g gS fdlkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk esa dksbZ Hkh U;k;ky; vius vki (Suo moto) Hkh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrkgSA

10-2 lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of PublicInterest Litigation)

lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk ,oa yksd vnkyr

1- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dk mís'; gS lkoZtfud fgrksa dh j{kk vkSj buosQ lEcUèk esa dh tkusokyh ;k laHkkfor dk;Zokfg;k¡ tks fdlh lkoZtfud fgr dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor dj jgh gksa] osQ fo#¼ U;kf;ddk;Zokgh djuk vkSj blosQ }kjk lkoZtfud fgr dh j{kk djukA

2- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh dksbZ Hkh ukxfjd ;k ukxfjdksa dk lewg ;k laxBu dj ldrk gS

tksfd U;k;ky; osQ è;ku esa lkoZtfud fgr osQ fdlh Hkh mYya?ku dk ekeyk ykrk gSA ,d lkèkkj.k i=k osQ }kjk

U;k;ky; osQ lkeus dksbZ ,slk ekeyk j[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn U;k;ky; mfpr le>s rks bl i=k dks ,d

fiVh'ku eku dj vnkyrh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dj ldrk gSA

3- U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k vius vki Hkh lekpkj&i=kksa esa izdkf'kr fjiksVks± vFkok lkoZtfud lwpukvksa osQ

vkèkkj ij ;k fdlh vU; fjiksVZ osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh vnkyrh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djosQ lkoZtfud fgr dh j{kk osQ

fy, iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA

4- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djus osQ fy, dksbZ vkSipkfjd fiVh'ku dh vko';drk

ugha gksrhA ,d lkèkkj.k fiVh'ku osQ }kjk lkoZtfud fgr eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk dh tk ldrh gSA

5- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnes esa vFkok fu.kZ; nsus osQ i'pkr~ U;k;ky; fdlh odhy ;k odhyksa ;k oqQN vU;

vfèkdkfj;ksa dks ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSai ldrk gS fd og ns[ks fd U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk ;k ughaA

U;k;ky; fdlh fyf[kr f'kdk;r osQ fo#¼ Nkuchu djus osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnkf;Ro fdlh vfèkdkjh dks lkSai

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ldrk gS vkSj Nkuchu dh fjiksVZ feyus osQ i'pkr~ mi;qDr vnkyrh dk;Zokgh vkjEHk djosQ lkoZtfud fgr dh

j{kk dk iz;kl dj ldrk gSA

6- ;fn fdlh O;fDr ;k laLFkk dks fdlh ljdkjh uhfr ;k vfèkdkjh osQ vkpj.k ls gkfu igq¡ph gks rks ,sls O;fDrdks {kfriw£r (Compensation) nsus dk vkns'k Hkh U;k;ky; tkjh dj ldrk gSA U;k;ky; gh ;g fu.kZ; djldrk gS fd {kfr&iw£r fdruh vkSj fdl :i esa nh tk,xhA U;k;ky; osQ }kjk nh xbZ {kfr&iw£r u osQoy ljdkjdks djuh iM+ ldrh gS cfYd fdlh Hkh LFkkuh; vfèkdkjh ;k fiQj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkk dks Hkh djuh iM+ ldrhgSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek iz.kkyh ,d ljy U;kf;d iz.kkyh gS ftlosQ vèkhu lkèkkj.k ukxfjd

fcuk vf/d vkSipkfjd dkxth dk;Zokfg;ksa ls lkoZtfud fgrksa dks lqjf{kr djok ldrs gSaA

bu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa ls lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek iz.kkyh ,d u;k vkSj ØkfUrdkjh U;kf;d midj.k cu dj mHkjk

gS ftlus gekjh U;kf;d O;oLFkk dks yksxksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk djus osQ vfèkd ;ksX; cuk;k gSA 1970 osQ n'kd

ls ysdj vc rd bl iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu dbZ yksxksa us U;k; izkIr fd;k gS vkSj db;ksa us mfpr eqvkotk Hkh izkIr

fd;k gSA lkekU; :i esa U;k;kèkh'k dk;Zokgh ,d dkiQh yEch nsjh djus okyh dk;Zokgh gksrh gS ijUrq lkoZtfud

fgr eqdnek iz.kkyh ,d oqQ'ky vkSj 'kh?kz U;k; nsus okyh iz.kkyh osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vkbZ gS vkSj bldks

Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk dh ,d ubZ vkSj vPNh igy dgk tk ldrk gSA

O;oLFkk dk lEHkkfor nq#i;ksx vkSj jksdFkke (Possible misuse of the System and Pre-

ventive Measures) : ysfdu bl O;oLFkk dk xyr iz;ksx Hkh gks ldrh gSA oqQN O;fDr vius fo'ks"k fgr

vFkok futh fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, bl O;oLFkk dk vkJ; ysus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA os bldk iz;ksx

O;fDrxr ;k jktuhfrd mís';ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, djus dk iz;kl dj ldrs gSaA ijUrq ;g ckr le> ysuh pkfg,

fd lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk osQoy mlh fLFkfr esa ykxw gks ldrh gS tcfd lkoZtfud fgr dh lqj{kk

djus dk eqík gksA bldk iz;ksx fdlh futh ykHk osQ fy, ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

uksV~l ftu ekeyksa esa U;k;ky;ksa esa eqdnes dh dk;Zokgh py jgh gks muosQ lEcUèk esa Hkh bl iz.kkyh dks

vkjEHk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

bl O;oLFkk osQ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; us ;g fu.kZ; fn;k gS fd vxj dksbZ O;fDr

lkoZtfud fgr osQ uke ij bl O;oLFkk }kjk vius fdlh fo'ks"k vFkok futh fgr dh iw£r dk iz;kl djrk gS

rks mls nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk gSA oqQN ekeyksa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,slk fd;k Hkh gSA

dbZ vkykspd bl O;oLFkk dh vkykspuk bl vkèkkj ij djrs gSa fd blosQ lEcUèk esa dksbZ Li"V fn'kk&funsZ'k

ugha cuk, x,A U;k;ky; bl O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx djosQ viuh euekuh dj ldrs gSa vkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ

vfèkdkj&{ks=k dh mYya?ku dj ldrs gSaA vkykspd ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd bl O;oLFkk osQ }kjk tks fu.kZ; fd;k

tkrk gS mldks iw.kZ :i ls ykxw djokus osQ fy, vko';d dk;Zokgh dbZ ckj ugha djokbZ tkrhA mnkgj.k osQ

:i esa caèkqvk etnwjh osQ ekeys esa caèkqvk Jfedksa dks bl O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx djosQ Lora=k rks djok fy;k tkrk

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gS ijUrq mudh jksth jksVh osQ lkèku nsus osQ lEcUèk esa ckn esa dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh tkrh vkSj Lora=k gq, ca/qvk

Jfed nksckjk fiQj caèkqvk etnwjh osQ f'kdkj gks tkrs gSaA

ge bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk ,d ubZ igy gS ftldk èkhjs&/hjs fodklgks jgk gS vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs ;g O;oLFkk yksdfiz; gks jgh gSA U;k;ky; Hkh bl O;oLFkk osQ vèkhu lkoZtfud fgrksadh j{kk osQ fy, vkxs vk jgs gSaA dbZ ,d Lo;a&lsoh laxBu vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laxBu bl O;oLFkk dk iz;ksxoQjosQ vke turk osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk djus osQ fy, vkxs vk jgs gSaA Jh ,p- Mh- 'kkSjh tSls O;fDr;ksa osQ blO;oLFkk dk ykHk mBkdj dbZ ,d lkoZtfud fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh gSA ;g le>k tkrk gS fd èkhjs&èkhjs ;gO;oLFkk fodflr gks tk;sxh vkSj laHkkfor [krjksa ij fu;a=k.k ikus osQ fy, mi;qDr iz;kl djus esa liQy gksxhAokLro esa lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk us vke turk osQ fy, U;k; izkIr djus dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ ekxZ[kksyk gS ftldk iz;ksx djosQ turk ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ls u osQoy vius lk>s fgrksa dh lqj{kkdj ldrh gS cfYd ftu fgrksa dks gkfu igqaph gks mlosQ lEcUèk esa mi;qDr gkfu&iw£r Hkh izkIr dj ldrh gSAbl O;oLFkk us fo'oluh; :i esa U;k; nsus osQ lEcUèk esa Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk dks ,d ubZ n`<+rk rFkk ,dubZ 'kfDr iznku dh gS vkSj blls U;k;ky;ksa dks viuh lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkus osQ ;ksX; cuk;k gSA



1- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk --------- dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk gS] tks Hkkjr esa vc dkiQh o"kks± ls O;ogkjesa ykxw dh tk jgh gSA

2- dks izk;% ^u;k dkuwuh f{kfrt* dgk tkrk gSA

3- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek iz.kkyh osQ rgr lkèkkj.k ukxfjd fcuk vfèkd vkSipkfjd --------- ls lkoZtfudfgrksa dks lqjf{kr djok ldrs gSaA

10-3 yksd vnkyr (Lok Adalats)

fiNys oqQN o"kks± ls yksd vnkyrksa dh O;oLFkk,¡ Hkkjr osQ lHkh jkT;ksa esa yksdfiz; gks jgh gSaA yksd vnkyrsa iw.kZ:i ls u rks U;kf;d O;oLFkk dk Hkkx gSa vkSj u gh mudks cgqr mPp dkuwuh ekU;rk izkIr gS ijUrq ;g U;kf;dO;oLFkk dh lgk;d ,tsafl;ksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djosQ yksxksa dks 'kh?kz vkSj de [kpZ ij U;k; miyCèk djok jgsgSaA eqdnesckth esa yxs i{kksa osQ eè; lkSnsckth@eè;LFkrk djok dj vkSj muosQ chp ijLij le> iSnk djosQ yksdvnkyrsa muosQ >xM+s fuiVkjk djrh gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yksd vnkyrksa dk izeq[k mís'; gS vnkyrh >xM+ksa dksfojksèkh i{kksa esa lgefr iSnk djosQ fuiVk;k tk,A cgqr ckj dbZ eqdnes dkiQh yEcs le; ls U;k;ky;ksa esa yVdjgs gksrs gSaA yksd vnkyrksa osQ ekè;e ls budks de&ls&de le; esa fuiVk fy;k tkrk gSA fo'oluh; :i esayksd vnkyrksa us yksxksa osQ fy, U;k; izkIr djuk ljy cuk;k gSA dkiQh yEcs le; ls {kfr&iw£r dh vk'kk djjgs yksxksa osQ fy, ;g laHko cuk;k gS fd os viuh {kfr&iw£r osQ fy, eqvkotk izkIr dj losaQA yksd vnkyrO;oLFkk dh ,d vkSj fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd yksd vnkyrksa osQ }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ vihy ugha dh tkldrh D;ksafd bl iz.kkyh osQ vèkhu fdlh eqdnes dh nksuksa i{kksa us ijLij lgefr ls ,d fu.kZ; Lohdkj fd;kgksrk gSA

Hkkjr esa yksd vnkyr O;oLFkk yxHkx 30 o"kZ iqjkuh gS vkSj bl O;oLFkk dks vkjEHk djus esa Hkkjr osQ ,dHkwriwoZ phiQ tfLVl Jh ih- ,u- Hkxorh us cgqewY; Hkwfedk vnk dhA xjhc vkSj fiNM+h Js.kh osQ yksxksa dh eqÝr

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dkuwuh lgk;rk iznku djus osQ fy, xqtjkr mPp U;k;ky; us yksd vnkyr O;oLFkk vkjEHk dh vkSj /hjs&/hjsHkkjrh; la?k osQ lHkh jkT;ksa us bldks viuk fy;kA vkt rd yxHkx 12 yk[k eqdnes fofHkUu yksd vnkyrksaosQ }kjk fuiVk, tk mBk, gSaA

yksd vnkyrksa dk dkuwuh vkSj laoSèkkfud vkèkkj(The Legal and Constitutional basis of Lok Adalats)

lafoèkku osQ 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ,d u;k funsZ'kd fl¼kUr 39(,) viuk;k x;k ftlosQ }kjk jkT; dks ;gfunsZ'k fn;k x;k fd og dkuwu O;oLFkk dks bl izdkj pyk, fd yksxksa dks U;k; izkIr djus osQ ,d&leku voljizkIr gksa vkSj t:jreUnksa dks eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk miyCèk gksA bl funsZ'kd fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij la?kh; laln]1987 esa Legal Services Authority Act ikl fd;k ftlosQ vèkhu dbZ dkuwuh lsok laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiukdh xbZ ftUgksaus xjhcksa dks eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk ;k fiQj de&ls&de dher ij dkuwuh lgk;rk iznku djokuhFkhA bl dkuwu osQ vèkhu ,d dkuwuh lgk;rk iaQM Hkh LFkkfir fd;k x;k ftldks fd jk"Vªh;] izkarh; vkSj ftykLrjksa ij LFkkfir fd;k x;kA ,slh dkuwuh laLFkkvksa dks ;g Hkh mís'; lkSaik x;k fd og yksd vnkyrksa osQ }kjkeqdneksa dk fuiVkjk djus dks izfØ;k dks mRlkfgr djsaA ckn esa vyx&vyx jkT;ksa us dkuwu ikl djosQ ;kdk;Zikfydk osQ vkns'kksa osQ }kjk os O;oLFkk,¡ LFkkfir dha ftuosQ vkèkkj ij izR;sd izkar esa yksd vnkyrksa dkslaxfBr fd;k tkuk Fkk vkSj yksd vnkyrksa us eqdneksa dk fuiVkjk djuk FkkA

VkLd yksd vnkyr ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\

10-4 yksd vnkyrksa dk laxBu vkSj dk;Z djus dk <ax (Organisation andMethod of Working of Lok Adalats)

fdlh Hkh yksd vnkyr dk laxBu izkarh; ;k ftyk ;k rglhy Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq lkekU;r% ftyk

Lrj ij gh yksd vnkyrksa dk laxBu fd;k tkrk gSA bu yksd vnkyrksa esa ,d U;kf;d vf/dkjh vkSj mlosQ

ls nks ls ysdj ikap rd x.kekU; ukxfjd cSBrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh lkekftd dk;Z&drkZ] L=kh laxBuksa osQ lnL;]

lsok&fuo`Ùk vfèkdkjh] MkWDVj] odhy] izksisQlj] ¯izlhiy] i=kdkj ;k lkekftd usrk vkfn yksd vnkyr esa

euksuhr fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;g O;fDr iz;kl djrs gSa fd eqdnesckth esa my>s gq, i{k vkil esa lgefr ls yksd

vnkyr osQ lkeus vius eqdíes dks yk,a vkSj yksd vnkyr osQ }kjk U;k; izkIr djsaA dbZ ckj jkT; dh mPp

U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh vè;{krk esa Hkh yksd vnkyrsa yxkbZ tkrh gSa vkSj lHkh fu.kZ; eqdneksa esa layXu i{kksa

osQ eè; lgefr cukdj fd, tkrs gSaA

tgk¡ rd yksd vnkyrksa dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh dk iz'u gS bl lEcUèk esa oqQN fu;e viuk, x, gSa%

(d) yksd vnkyrksa esa osQoy ogh eqdnes vkrs gSa tks fdlh u fdlh U;kf;d U;k;ky; esa py jgs gksrs gSaA

([k) eqdnes esa 'kkfey i{k ,d izkFkZuk&i=k osQ }kjk yksd vnkyr osQ lkeus viuk eqdnek yk ldrh gSaA

(x) ftyk vkSj rglhy Lrj ij dk;Z djus osQ fy, laxfBr yksd vnkyrksa osQ ckjs esa ftyk lS'ku U;k;kèkh'kdks tkudkjh gksrh gSA

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(?k) yksd vnkyr ftl fnu cSBuh gksrh gS blosQ ckjs esa lwpuk lEcfUèkr ikVhZ dks ns nh tkrh gS vkSjfuèkkZfjr le; ij bl eqdnes esa 'kkfey i{k yksd vnkyrksa esa cSB dj ijLij lgefr ls U;k; izkIrdjrh gSaA

(Ä) tc yksd vnkyr ,d lgefr cukdj fdlh eqdnes osQ fu.kZ; dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrh gS rks bldh lwpukU;kf;d vfèkdkjh dks ns nh tkrh gSA

(p) yksd vnkyr osQ }kjk fd, x, fu.kZ; osQ vkèkkj ij fiQj U;kf;d vfèkdkjh dh vksj ls ,d U;kf;dfMdjh (Decree) tkjh dj nh tkrh gSA

(N) yksd vnkyr osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks D;ksafd eqdnes esa lafyIr lHkh i{kksa us Lohdkj fd;k gksrk gS blosQ fy,blosQ fo#¼ dksbZ vihy ugha dh tk ldrhA

(t) yksd vnkyr dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa u rks dBksjrk gksrh gS vkSj u gh dBksj vkSipkfjdrkA fu.kZ; ijLijlgefr vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk osQ vkèkkj ij ijLij le> cuk fy, tkrs gSaA

(>) lkekU;r% yksd vnkyrksa osQ lkeus fuEufyf[kr Lo:i osQ eqdíes vfèkdrj vkrs gSaµ

(i) eksVj nq?kZVukvksa esa eqvkots ls lEcfUèkr eqdnes

(ii) fookg vkSj rykd ls lEcfUèkr eqdnes

(iii) Jfedksa osQ eqvkots ls lEcfUèkr eqdnes

ijUrq ftu eqdneksa esa ljdkj ,d i{k gks] os eqdnes bu U;k;ky;ksa osQ lkeus ugha vk ldrsA

yksd vnkyrksa dh O;oLFkk us fo'oluh; :i esa ,d iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k gS blus U;k;ikfydk osQ Hkkj dks

?kVk;k rFkk U;k; izkfIr dh izfØ;k dks vklku vkSj de [kphZyk cuk;k gSA vnkyrh fu.kZ;ksa osQ fo#¼ vihysa

djus dh izfØ;k dks de fd;k gSA xjhcksa vkSj detksj oxks± osQ yksxksa dks U;k; izkIr djus esa lgk;rk nh gSA

lgefr vkSj lg;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh vksj ,d vPNk iz;kl fd;k gS] D;ksafd yksd vnkyrksa esa fu.kZ; eqdneksa

esa 'kkfey i{kksa dh lgefr vkSj lg;ksx ls fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj dksbZ Hkh i{k vius vkidks ijkftr i{k

vuqHko ugha djrkA yksd vnkyrksa us fo'oluh; :i esa U;kf;d O;oLFkk esa fo|eku nsjh dks de djus esa

lgk;rk dh gSA tks yksd vnkyr O;oLFkk fiNys yxHkx rhu n'kdksa ls fodflr gks jgh gS mldks ge ,d vPNk

vkSj vfuok;Z U;kf;d fodkl dg ldrs gSaA pkgs yksd vnkyrksa osQ lkeus cgqr cM+s eqdnes ugha vkrs vkSj

vfèkdrj eqvkots ;g {kfr&iw£r osQ eqdíes gh vkrs gSa rks Hkh bl O;oLFkk us Hkkjrh; U;kf;d O;oLFkk esa

oqqQ'kyrk vksj de [kphZykiu ykus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA

nwljh mnkj yksdra=kh; jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa dh rjg Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa Hkh ,d Lora=k vkSj izHkko'kkyh

U;k;ikfydk dk vfLrRo gS ftlesa loksZPp U;k;ky; 'kh"kZ ij] mPp U;k;ky; jkT; Lrj ij vkSj v/hu U;k;ky;

LFkkud Lrj ij fo|eku gSaA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku bl mís'; dks lqjf{kr djus osQ fy, vko';d 'krks± osQ :i esa

lHkh ,sls xq.kksa dks] tks O;kid :i esa ekU;rk izkIr gSa] viuk dj U;kf;d iz.kkyh dh Lora=krk dks fo'oluh;

cukrk gSA ;g iw.kZ :i ls U;k;ikfydk osQ egÙo dks lafoèkku dh lajf{kdk vkSj O;k[;kdkj osQ :i esa] yksxksa

dh LorU=krkvksa vkSj ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa osQ j{kd osQ :i esa vkSj la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lHkh >xM+ksa osQ lEcUèk

esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa LFkkfir djrk gSA ;g Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa

'kfDr'kkyh U;k;ikfydk dh fo|ekurk dks lqjf{kr djus vkSj mldks foèkkuikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk osQ gLr{ksi

ls nwj j[kus osQ fy, lHkh vko';d vkSj mfpr dne mBkus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA

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4- funsZ'kd fl¼kar osQ vkèkkj ij la?kh; laln us ^yhxy lfoZlst vFkkWfjVh ,DV* fdl o"kZ ikl fd;k Fkk\

(a) o"kZ 1986 (b) o"kZ 1976

(c) o"kZ 1987 (d) o"kZ 1988

5- yksd vnkyrksa esa dkSu&ls eqdnes vkrs gSa\

(a) tks U;kf;d U;k;ky; esa ugha py jgs gksrs gSaA

(b) tks U;kf;d U;k;ky; esa py jgs gksrs gSaA

(a) (a) vkSj (b) nksuksa

(a) u rks (a) vkSj u rks (b)

6- yksd vnkyrksa esa lkekU;r% buesa ls dkSu&lk eqdnek ugha vkrkµ

(a) eksVj nq?kZVukvksa esa eqvkots ls lacafèkr eqdnes

(b) gR;k lacaèkh eqdnes

(c) fookg lacaèkh eqdnes

(d) Jfedksa osQ eqvkots lacaèkh eqdnes

10-5 Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk % fo'ks"krk,¡ (Independence ofJudiciary in India : Features)

1- U;k;ikfydk dh foèkkuikfydk vkSj dk;Zikfydk ls i`FkDdj.k (Separation of Judiciary

from the Executive and Legislature)% Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk u rks dk;Zikfydk dh ,d 'kk[kkgS vkSj u gh foèkkuikfydk dh ,d nklh gSA lafoèkku osQ vèkhu bldh Lora=k igpku vkSj vfLrRo gSA loksZPpU;k;ky; U;k;ikfydk dk f'k[kj gS vkSj ;g ns'k esa U;kf;d iz'kklu pykrk gSA U;kf;d iz.kkyh Hkkjr osQ loksZPpU;k;ky; dh vksj ls cuk, vkSj ykxw fd, dkuwuksa] vkns'kksa] fu.kZ;ksa] fu;eksa vkSj funsZ'kuksa osQ vk/kj ij dk;Z djrhgSA lafoèkku vius Hkkx IV esa jkT; dks U;k;ikfydk dks dk;Zikfydk ls vyx djus dk funsZ'k nsrk gS vkSj bldhizkfIr mi;qDr dkuwuksa osQ }kjk izkIr Hkh fd;k tk pqdk gSA

2- jk"Vªifr }kjk U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Judges by the President) : fdlhU;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr dk <ax vkSj fofèk dkiQh lhek rd mldh Lora=krk dk fuèkkZj.k djrk gSA loksZPpU;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk dh tkrh gSA jk"Vªifr nwljs U;k;kèkh'kksasdh fu;qfDr djrs gq, loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dk ijke'kZ ysrk gSA eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr osQekeys esa] lkekU; :i esa bl mQaps in osQ fy, lcls ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k dks fu;qfDr djus osQ O;ogkj dk ikyufd;k tkrk gSA vèkhu U;k;ky;ksa osQ lacaèk esa U;k;kèkh'k is'kkoj U;k;kèkh'k gksrs gSaA mudh HkrhZ izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksaosQ }kjk dh tkrh gS vkSj mudh fu;qfDr ls igys mudks ;ksX; izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr esa ofj"Brk osQ fl¼kUr dk vfLRRo vkSj nwljs U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr osQlacaèk esa viukbZ xbZ Lora=k O;oLFkk rFkk lkFk gh lkFk ;g fl¼kUr dh jk"Vªifr Hkkjr osQ eq[; U;k;kèkh'k osQ

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ijke'kZ ij gh U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr] LFkkukUrj.k rFkk inksUufr osQ lacaèk esa fuHkZj djsxk] us Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydkdh Lora=krk dks vkSj n`<+ fd;k gSA

3- mPp ;ksX;rk,¡ (High Qualification)–lafoèkku U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, mPp vkSj fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk,¡ fuèkkZfjrdjrk gSA U;k;kèkh'k dh inoh osQ fy, ;ksX; O;fDr Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk pkfg,] mldks de&ls&de ik¡po"kZ osQ fy, fdlh mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'k osQ :i esa vuqHko vo'; gksuk pkfg,] ;k og mPp U;k;ky;dk de&ls&de nl o"kks± osQ fy, odhy jg pqdk gksuk pkfg, ;k fiQj og ,d foy{k.k dkuwu&'kkL=khs gksukpkfg,A bl izdkj osQoy ogh O;fDr loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd, tk ldrs gSa tkslafoèkku dh vksj ls fuèkkZfjr fo'ks"k ;ksX;rk,¡ vkSj vuqHko j[krs gksaA

4- yEck dk;Zdky (Long Tenure)–lafoèkku O;oLFkk djrk gS fd U;k;kèkh'k 65 o"kZ dh vk;q gksus rdvius in ij jg ldrs gSaA vk;q dh lhek U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ fy, yach vofèk dks fo'oluh; cukrh gSA fiQj Hkh],d lsok eqDr U;k;kèkh'k dks] ;fn mldh lsok,¡ vko';d gksa] rks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr ls eq[; U;k;k/h'k dhvksj ls mldks iqu% fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

5- lsok dh lqj{kk (Security of Service)–U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dh lqj{kk osQ fy, U;k;k/h'kksa osQ fy,lsok dh lqj{kk ,d vfuok;Z vko';drk gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa U;k;kèkh'k bl fo'ks"k vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaAfdlh U;k;kèkh'k dks mlosQ in ls egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k osQ }kjk gh gVk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g izfØ;k cgqrdBksj gSA jk"Vªifr dh vksj ls fdlh U;k;kèkh'k dks osQoy rc gh gVk;k tk ldrk gS tc laln osQ nksuksa lnuoqQy lnL;ksa osQ cgqer vkSj lnu osQ fo|eku lnL;ksa ls de&ls&de 2@3 lnL;ksa osQ cgqer ls egkfHk;ksx dkizLrko ikl dj nsaA bl izdkj jk"Vªifr osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dk vfèkdkj rks gS ijUrq mudks gVkus dkvfèkdkj ughaA

6- mQapk osru (High Salary)–loksZPp U;k;ky; dk izR;sd U;k;kèkh'k 30]000 #i, izfr ekg vkSj Hkkjr dk

eq[; U;k;kèkh'k 33]000 #i, osQ izfrekg osru ysrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr og eqÝr fuokl LFkku MkWDVjh lgk;rk

lqfoèkk vkSj dbZ vU; HkÙks ysus osQ vfèkdkjh gksrs gSaA muosQ osru vkSj HkÙkksa dks foÙkh; ladVdky osQ vfrfjDr

muosQ in dh vofèk osQ nkSjku de ugha tk ldrkA

7- lsok eqfDr osQ i'pkr~ odkyr dh eukgh (Prohibition of Practice after Retirement)–loksZPp

U;k;ky; osQ ,d lsok&fuo`Ùk U;k;kèkh'k dks Hkkjr esa fdlh U;k;ky; ;k vfèkdkjh osQ lkeus odkyr djus dh

eukgh gSA fiQj Hkh] ljdkj mldh lsokvksa dk ykHk fdlh <ax ls tSls Hkh vfuok;Z gks] ys ldrh gS] tSls izkjafHkd

:i esa fo'ks"k iz;kstuksa osQ fy, LFkkfir vk;ksxksa ;k tkap&iM+rky vk;ksxksa osQ fy, mudh fu;qfDr dh tk ldrh

gSA

8- U;k;ky; dh ekugkfu osQ fy, n.M nsus dh 'kfDr (Power to punish for the Contempt of

Court)–loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj nwljs U;k;ky;ksa dks U;k;ky; dh ekugkfu djus ls lacafèkr lHkh eqdneksa esa n.M

nsus dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA U;k;ky; dh ekugkfu vfèkfu;e] 1971 osQ vèkhu] loksZPp U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh O;fDr

;k laLFkk dks n.M ns ldrk gS tks U;k;ky; dh ekugkfu dk nks"kh ik;k tkrk gSA ;g N% eghus dh vofèk rd

lkèkkj.k oSQn ;k tqekZuk 2000 #i, rd] ;k nksuksa ns ldrk gSA

9- fo'kky vfèkdkj {ks=k vkSj U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr (Wide Jurisdiction and the Power

of Judicial Review)–Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfyd fo'kky vfèkdkj {ks=k j[krh gSA ;g lafoèkku dh lajf{kdk vkSj

O;k[;kdkj] yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh j{kd vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; eè;LFk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA blosQ

ikl dk;Zikfydk vkSj foèkkuikfydk osQ izR;sd dkuwu@vkns'k dh laoSèkkfud vkSfpR; dh ij[k djus dh 'kfDr

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gSA ;g ljdkj osQ nwljs vaxksa osQ fdlh Hkh <ax osQ vèkhu ugha gSA blosQ fu.kZ; lHkh ij ykxw gksrs gSaA ,slh

'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr U;k;ikfydk dks viuh Lora=krk cuk, j[kus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA

bl izdkj Hkkjr dk lafoèkku mu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gS tks U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk osQ mís';dh izkfIr osQ fy, vfuok;Z gSA okLro esa] U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh ,d egÙoiw.kZvkSj izkjafHkd fo'ks"krk gSA

U;kf;d O;ogkj (Judicial Behaviour)

mu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa ls tks U;k;ikfydk dks Lora=k U;k;ikfydk cukus osQ fy, vko';d gSa] Hkkjrh; U;kf;diz.kkyh us ,d Lora=k] izHkko'kkyh vkSj oqQ'ky iz.kkyh osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk viuhfLFkfr vkSj mPp mÙkjnkf;Ro osQ izfr lnSo lpsr jgh gSA blus vius dk;ks± osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;kgSA blus lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dh vksj ls izdV fd, x, fo'okl dks mfpr Bgjk;k gSA blus vius lafo/ku dhlqj{kk vkSj O;k[;k] yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk vkSj la?k&jkT; >xM+ksa dks fuiVkus osQ fy, vko';dHkwfedk mi;qDr <ax ls fuHkkbZ gSA blus ^mnkjoknh* U;k;ikfydk osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;k gS tks lkekftd ifjorZudh izfØ;k esa vuqfpr ckèkk Mkyus osQ fcuk dkuwu dks cuk, j[kus osQ izfr opuc¼ jgh gSA bluslkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; dh vko';drkvksa vkSj lkoZtfud fgr esa vius fu.kZ;ksa dks ifjofrZr vFkok jí djusesa dHkh fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZ] tc Hkh blus muesa dksbZ xyrh vuqHko dh ;k lqèkkj djus ;k cnyus dhvko';drk vuqHko dhA fiNys o"kks± esa blus dbZ laoSèkkfud] nhokuh vkSj iQkStnkjh eqdneksa dk fu.kZ; oLrqfu"B<ax ls fd;k gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,sls mQaps in tSls jk"Vªifr vkSj izèkkuea=kh osQ lacaèkk esa Lora=krkiw.kZ viusfu.kZ; fn, gSaA Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ fo#¼ pquko eqdnes esa bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; dk fu.kZ; ftlus Hkkjresa U;kf;d Lora=krk vkSj vfèkdkj izdk'k Mkyk] ;g ;knxkjh fu.kZ; FkkA f'k[kj osQ U;k;ky; osQ :i esa HkkjrosQ loksZPp U;k;ky; us Hkkjrh; U;kf;d iz.kkyh dh 'kku vkSj Lora=krk dks lnSo dk;e j[kk gSA fcuk U;kf;dloksZPprk osQ fl¼kUr dks viukdj loksZPp U;k;ky; us lnSo gh lafoèkku dh O;k[;k vkSj lqj{kk djus esaegÙoiw.kZ vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA ,slk blus lafo/ku osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr vius vfèkdkj&{ks=k osQ vanjjg dj gh fd;k gSA blus ,d fopkjèkkjkRed :i esa opuc¼ U;k;ky; dh rjg dk;Z rks ugha fd;k ijUrq blosQlkFk blus Hkkjrh; lekt osQ lkekftd&vkfFkZd iqufuZekZ.k djus dh izfØ;k esa dHkh Hkh vojksèk mRiUu ughafd;kA dkuwuksa dh O;k[;k djrs le; blus ,d ldkjkRed] jpukRed vkSj oLrqfu"B n`f"Vdks.k viuk;k gSA

ledkyhu le; esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh okLrfod cuh gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSjmPp U;k;ky;ksa us vkxs ls Hkh vfèkd xfr'khy vkSj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkuh vkjaHk dj nh gSA ;g vc lkoZtfudfgr vkSj vfèkdkjksa dh lqj{kk dh vksj vfèkd&ls&vfèkd lfØ; cu jgh gSaA lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek iz.kkyhosQ vèkhu yksxksa dks U;k; iznku djus vkSj lkFk gh lkoZtfud vfèkdkjksa vkSj fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, U;k;kèkh'kvius vki dk;Zokgh dj jgs gSaA yksd vnkyrksa us Hkh U;kf;d xfr'khyrk dh izfØ;k dks 'kfDr nh gSA rst xfrosQ U;k;ky;ksa dh O;oLFkk us U;kf;d nsjh dh =kqfV dks oqQN de djus dk dk;Z fd;k gSA

Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk ij izfrcUèk yxkus vkSj bldh Hkwfedk dks lhfer djus osQ oqQN iz;kl(Some Attmepts at Limiting the Role Judiciary in India)

loksZPp U;k;ky;] mPp U;k;ky; rFkk vU; ftyk Lrj osQ U;k;ky; lafoèkku }kjk jfpr vkSj ckn esa oS/kfuddkuwuksa osQ }kjk cukbZ xbZ U;kf;d iz.kkyh osQ vfHkUu Hkkxksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs jgrs gSa vkSj vkt Hkh dj jgsgSaA Hkkjrh; U;k;kikfydk oLrqfu"B <ax ls viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh jgh gSA ijUrq] U;k;ikfydk osQ ekxZ esa vojksèk

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vVdkus osQ oqQN iz;kl Hkh gksrs jgs gSa] pkgs ;s iz;kl iw.kZ :i ls liQy ugha gq,A dbZ ckj ljdkj us dkuwucukdj U;k;ikfydk osQ oqQN fu.kZ;ksa dks vius i{k esa ifjofrZr djus osQ iz;kl fd, gSaA fuEufyf[kr rF;U;k;ikfydk dh dk;Zokgh esa ckèkk Mkyus osQ iz;klksa ij izdk'k Mkyrs gSa%

1- loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk dh xbZ O;k[;kvksa esa mnkj izo`fÙk gksus osQ ckotwn] blosQ dbZ egÙoiw.kZ laoS/kfud eqíksaij fu.kZ;ksa dks dbZ ckj ljdkj }kjk dkuwu cukdj fujLr fd;k x;k] tSls Vhú ,lú jktxksiky vk;axj uslaoSèkkfud la'kksèku osQ mnkgj.k ls Li"V fd;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa izFke la'kksèku jes'k Fkkij cuke enzkljkT; vkSj enzkl jkT; cuke paikde nksjkbZ jktu eqdneksa esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; osQ }kjk is'k ^ck/k* dksnwj djus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA pkSFks] l=kgosa] iPphlosa vkSj NCchlosa la'kksèku dbZ nwljs eqdneksa esa fu.kZ;ksa osQizHkko dks jí djus osQ fy, x, FksA 26osa la'kksèku ekèko jko ¯lfèk;k cuke Hkkjr ljdkj (fizoh ilZ”k eqdnek)osQ fu.kZ; ij gkoh gksus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA bykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; ls iSnk gqbZ leL;kvksa ftlls1971 dh pqukoksa esa jk;cjsyh {ks=k ls yksdlHkk osQ bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ pquko dks jí dj fn;k Fkk] ls fuiVus osQfy, 39oka la'kksèku fd;k x;k FkkA

2- U;k;ikfydk ij gkoh gksus osQ fy, 1976 esa 42oka la'kksèku fd;k x;k FkkA blesa lalnh; loksZPprk dk fl¼kUrviuk;k x;k FkkA laoSèkkfud la'kksèku U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k osQ {ks=k ls ckgj j[ks x, Fks] mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks la?kh;dkuwuksa ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k djus dh eukgh dh xbZ Fkh] 2@3 cgqer ls fu.kZ;ksa dh O;oLFkk djosQ U;kf;diqufuZjh{k.k dks dfBu cuk fn;k x;k Fkk] ^fdlh vU; mís'; osQ fy,* O;fDr dh xokgh ij mPp U;k;ky; osQ}kjk vkns'k tkjh djus dh 'kfDr okil ysdj] nwljs vU; lacaèkksa esa] loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa lfgrnhokuh U;k;ky;ksa osQ lewps vfèkdkj {ks=k okil ys fy, x, Fks vkSj iz'kklfud fVªC;wuyksa dks lkSai fn, x, Fksftudks laln dh vksj ls dkuwu osQ }kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkuk Fkk] vkSj vuqPNsn 227 osQ v/hu mPp U;k;ky;dk iz'kklfud fVªC;wuyksa ij fuxjkuh djus dk vfèkdkj {ks=k okil ys fy;k x;k FkkA bl izdkj] U;k;ikfydkdks nwljs ntsZ dh fLFkfr esa ihNs ys tkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k FkkA ijUrq lkSHkkX;o'k] lafoèkku osQ 43osa la'kksèkuosQ }kjk ,sls iz;kl dks jí dj fn;k x;kA

3- 1951 esa lafoèkku osQ izFke la'kksèku osQ }kjk lafoèkku esa 31&ch vuqPNsn vkSj 9oha vuqlwph 'kkfey dh xbZAbl vuqlwph esa ,sls dkuwu lwphc¼ fd, x, ftu ij U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k ugha gks ldrk FkkA 1951 osQ i'pkr~bl vuqlwph esa 'kkfey dkuwuksa dh la[;k fujUrj c<+rh jgh gSA vc blesa 200 esa Hkh vfèkd dkuwu lwphc¼dj fn, x, gSaA bl izdkj U;k;ikfydk dk iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr dks lhfer fd;k x;k gSA

4- dk;Zikfydk dh vksj ls U;kf;d Lora=krk dks de djus osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;/h'kksa dh ofj"Brkdk mYya?ku djosQ twfu;j U;k;kèkh'kksa dks izeq[k U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr djuk Hkh ,d nqHkkZX;iw.kZ iz;kl jgk FkkA 1973esa tfLVl ,ú ,uú js dks rhu lcls ofj"B U;k;kèkh'kksaµftuosQ uke tfLVl 'ksYr] tfLVl gsxM+s vkSj tfLVlxzksoj Fks] dh ofj"Brk dk mYya?ku djosQ Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;kA blosQ i'pkr~ tc tfLVl,pú ,eú csx dks Hkkjr dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;k Fkk rks tfLVl ,pú vkjú [kUuk dh ofj"Brkdk mYya?ku fd;k x;kA bu lHkh ekeyksa esa ofj"Brk mYya?ku fd, U;k;kèkh'kksa us jks"k osQ :i esa R;kx&i=k osQfn, FksA ijUrq 1977 osQ i'pkr~ ofj"Brk osQ fl¼kUr dk dksbZ mYya?ku ugha fd;k x;kA ,sls yxrk gS fd ofj"Brkfl¼kUr dks lHkh U;kf;d fu;qfDr;k¡ vkSj inksUufr;ksa esa iw.kZ :i ls Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gSA okLro esa vcljdkj us fu;qfDr vkSj U;k;kèkh'kksa dh inksUufr ls lacafèkr lHkh ekeyksa esa ofj"Brk osQ fl¼kUr dks viukus osQfy, opuc¼ gksus dk ?kks"k.kk dh gSA

5- vlg;ksxh U;k;kèkh'kksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh ,d mPp U;k;ky; ls nwljs mPpU;k;ky; esa LFkkukraj.k dks O;ogkj esa yk;k tkrk jgk gSA bl O;ogkj dh U;k;ikfydk dh vksj ls fojksèkrk Hkh

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dh xbZ gS vkSj tuer Hkh blosQ iw.kZ i{k esa izrhr ugha gksrkA ijUrq dk;Zikfydk us lnSo bldk iz;ksx fd;k gS];|fi lS¼kfUrd :i esa bldk de ls de iz;ksx fd, tkus dh ckr ljdkj us Lohdkj dh gqbZ gSA

6- laln esa loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ;ksa dh vkykspuk tSls ukFk ikbZ fcy 1969 ij ppkZ Hkh U;k;ikfydk osQlEeku dks de djus dk ,d iz;kl FkkA

7- loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj laln osQ fopkjksa esa vUrj] tks lafoèkku osQ Hkkx III vkSj Hkkx IV osQ laca/ksa osQ eqísij Fks] dk iz;ksx laln osQ dbZ lnL;ksa dh vksj ls U;k;ikfydk dks ^fiNM+h* ;k ^izfrfØ;koknh* laLFkk osQ :iesa dgus osQ fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ijUrq tuer osQ lkekU; :i esa dHkh Hkh bl nks"k dks mfpr ugha ekukA loksZPpU;k;ky; us Hkh lekt dh bPNkvksa vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd vko';drk osQ fgr esa vius dbZ fu.kZ;ksa osQ ,dldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k viuk dj tuer vkSj laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj O;ogkj fd;k gSA

dbZ ckj dk;Zikfydk us mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;kèkh'kksa osQ gLrkarj.k dh uhfr dk nq#i;ksx fd;k gS vkSj dbZ ,slsifjorZu jktuhfrd ifjorZu Hkh jgs gSaA dbZ ckj lsok&fuo`Ùk U;k;kèkh'kksa dks xouZj Hkh fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA ,slsiz;klksa osQ }kjk U;kf;d Lora=krk dks lhfer djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ijUrq vc lkSHkkX; ls dk;Zikfydkus bl fl¼kUr dks viuk fy;k gS fd fcuk loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ ijke'kZ ls dksbZ ,slk dk;Z] uhfr vkSj gLrkarj.kugha fd;k tk,xk ftlls U;kf;d Lora=krk lhfer gksrh gksA ;g ,d vPNk y{k.k gS vkSj ;g U;k;ikfydk dhLora=krk vkSj Lora=k O;ogkj dks cuk, j[kus esa dkiQh lgk;d fl¼ gqvk gSA

bu iz;klksa osQ ckotwn] tks dk;Zikfydk vkSj foèkkuikfydk dh vksj ls fd, x, gSa] Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk uslnSo Lora=k U;k;ikfydk osQ :i esa O;ogkj fd;k gSA ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj lafoèkku dh j{kk osQfy, vkSj lHkh dks U;k; nsus osQ fy, Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk us opuc¼rk ls vius laoSèkkfud mÙkjnkf;Roksa dksfuHkk;k gSA blosQ lafoèkku dh ekSfyd lajpuk dks ifjofrZr u djus osQ i{k esa fd, fu.kZ; us bldks vkSj yksdfiz;cuk fn;k gSA blus fiNys oqQN le; esa lkoZtfud fgr eqdíes dh iz.kkyh dk cM+k dk;Z gkFk esa fy;k gSA blusyksxksa dh vklku igqap esa ykus osQ fy, lkekftd&vkfFkZd U;k; nsus osQ fy, u, <ax iz;ksx fd, gSaA tfLVl ihú,uú Hkxorh osQ 'kCnksa esa] ¶loksZPp U;k;ky; us dbZ uohu opuc¼rkvksa dk fodkl fd;k gSA blus HkkxhnkfjrkU;k; O;oLFkk dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA blus izfØ;k osQ U;k;eqDr Lrj cuk, gSaA blus U;k; dks ukxfjdksa dh igqapesa vkxs ls vfèkd igqapk;k gSA¸ t:jreanksa vkSj xjhcksa osQ fy, eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk] lkoZtfud fgr eqdnekiz.kkyh vkSj yksd vnkyrksa dh iz.kkyh gekjs le; osQ iz'kaluh; fodkl gSA Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk us u osQoyviuh Lora=krk fo|eku j[kh gS cfYd lafoèkku dh ifo=krk dks Hkh dk;e j[kk gS rFkk yksxksa osQ ekSfydvfèkdkjksa] Lora=krkvksa vkSj U;k; osQ y{;ksa dks Hkh iw.kZ fd;k gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; us dHkh Hkh osQUnz ljdkj vkSjbuosQ deZpkfj;ksa] jkT; ljdkj vkSj jkT; osQ deZpkfj;ksa dks psrkouh nsus ls fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZA mPpU;k;ky;ksa us Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ mnkgj.k osQ lnSo ikyu fd;k gSA mUgksaus Hkh osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dhvksj ls fd, mu pqukoksa] HkrhZ] fu;qfDr;ksa] vfèkdkj&{ks=kksa vkSj inksUufr;ksa dks ,d vksj j[k fn;k ftUgksaus ns'k osQdkuwuksa vkSj lafoèkku dh èkkjkvksa ;k izkÑfrd U;k; osQ fl¼kUr dks rksM+k FkkA okLro esa Hkkjr mls U;k;ikfydkus iz'kaluh; <ax ls viuh okafNr Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA vktdy ,d ubZ 'kfDr'kkyh U;kf;d lfØ;rk dks loksZPpU;k;ky; osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa dh vksj ls Hkh O;ogkj esa yk;k tk jgk gSA


fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lR;@vlR; crkb,µ

7- Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk u rks dk;Zikfydk dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] vkSj u gh foèkkuikfydk dh ,d nklh gSAlafoèkku osQ vèkhu bldh Lora=k igpku vkSj vfLrRo gSA

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8- fdlh U;k;kèkh'k dks mlosQ in ls egkfHk;ksx dh izfØ;k osQ }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gSA

9- U;k;ikfydk ij gkoh gksus osQ fy, 1976 esa 42ok¡ la'kksèku fd;k x;k FkkA blesa lalnh; loksZPprk dkfl¼kar viuk;k x;k FkkA

10- ih-vkbZ-,y- dk iwjk uke Public Interest Litigation gSA

10-6 lkjak'k (Summary)

• lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dks ge ,d ,slh dkuwuh O;oLFkk dh rjg ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaftlesa dkuwu osQ U;k;ky; fdlh lkoZtfud ;k lkekU; fgr dh lqj{kk osQ fy, dk;Zokgh vFkkZr~ eqdnekvkjEHk dj ldrs gSaA

• lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk ,d ubZ igy gS ftldk èkhjs&/hjs fodkl gks jgk gS vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs ;gO;oLFkk yksdfiz; gks jgh gSA

• lafoèkku osQ 42osa la'kksèku osQ }kjk ,d u;k funsZ'kd fl¼kUr 39(,) viuk;k x;k ftlosQ }kjk jkT;dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k fd og dkuwu O;oLFkk dks bl izdkj pyk, fd yksxksa dks U;k; izkIr djus osQ,d&leku volj izkIr gksaA

• yksd vnkyrksa dh O;oLFkk us fo'oluh; :i esa ,d iz'kaluh; dk;Z fd;k gS blus U;k;ikfydk osQ Hkkjdks ?kVk;k rFkk U;k; izkfIr dh izfØ;k dks vklku vkSj de [kphZyk cuk;k gSA

• ukxfjdksa osQ ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa vkSj lafoèkku dh j{kk osQ fy, vkSj lHkh dks U;k; nsus osQ fy, Hkkjrh;U;k;kikfydk us opuc¼rk ls vius laoSèkkfud mÙkjnkf;Roksa dks fuHkk;k gSA

• loksZPp U;k;ky; us dHkh Hkh osQUnz ljdkj vkSj buosQ deZpkfj;ksa] jkT; ljdkj vkSj jkT; osQ deZpkfj;ksadks psrkouh nsus ls fgpfdpkgV ugha fn[kkbZA


• {kfriwfrZ (Compensation)% fdlh uqdlku osQ cnys oqQN vPNk nsuk

• fMØh (Decree): oknh dks laifÙk vkfn ij vfèkdkj fnykus okyk vkns'k] dkuwu dk ntkZ j[kus okyk'kkld ;k vfèkdkjh dk 'kklu


1- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk D;k gS\

2- lkoZtfud fgr eqdnek O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

3- yksd vnkyr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

4- U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dks Li"V dhft,A


1- dkuwu 2- ih-vkbZ-,y-

3- dkxth 4- (c)

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5- (a) 6- (b)

7- lR; 8- lR;

9- lR; 10- lR;

10-9 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj- ?kbZA

2- Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkSj jktuhfrµ ih- jLrksxhA

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bdkbZ—11: jkT; ljdkj% jkT;&fo/kue.My] jkT;iky] eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eq[;ea=kh

bdkbZµ11: jkT; ljdkj% jkT;&foèkkue.My] jkT;iky]eaf=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eq[;ea=kh

(State Government: State Legislature,Governor, Council of Ministers

and Chief Minister)


mís'; (Objectives)


11.1 jkT;&foèkkue.My osQ dk;Z rFkk 'kfDr;k¡ (Functions and Powers of the State

Legislature)

11.2 jkT; dk jkT;iky (Governor of a State)

11.3 jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk (Role of Governor)

11.4 jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ (State Council of Ministers)

11.5 jkT; dk eq[;ea=kh (State Chief Minister)




11.9 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Reading)

mís'; (Objectives)

bl vè;k; osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ ;ksX; gksaxs%

• jkT;&foèkkue.My dh jpuk] dk;Z rFkk 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu djus esaA

• jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr] dk;Zdky] 'kfDr rFkk fLFkfr dks le>us gsrqA

• jkT; eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ laxBu dk;Z vkSj fLFkfr dks le>us gsrqA

• jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr] mldh 'kfDr;k¡] dk;ks± rFkk fLFkfr dk o.kZu djus gsrqA


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lafoèkku us ns'k osQ lHkh 25 jkT;ksa osQ fy, ,d foèkkueaMy dh LFkkiuk dh gSA vuqPNsn 168 osQ vuqlkj] ¶gj

jkT; dk ,d foèkkue.My gksxk] ftlesa fcgkj] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] tEew&d'ehj vkSj mÙkj izns'k osQ jkT;ksa esa nks

lnu gSa rFkk vU; jkT;ksa esa ,d lnu gSA¸ lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 169 osQ }kjk fo/ku&ifj"knksa (Legislative

Council) osQ xBu (Creation) vkSj lekfIr (Abolition) osQ fy, tks fo'ks"k izfØ;k r; dh xbZ gS] mlosQ

vuqlkj fdlh jkT; dh foèkkulHkk vius oqQy lnL;ksa osQ cgqer vkSj mifLFkr rFkk ernku djus okys lnL;ksa

osQ nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls vius jkT; osQ fy, laln dh eatwjh ysdj foèkku &ifj"kn~ (Legislative Council)

cuok ldrh gS ;k mls Hkax djk ldrh gSA blosQ fy, lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA

foèkkulHkk (Legislative Assembly)

jpuk (Composition)–fofHkUu jkT;ksa esa foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k mu jkT;ksa dh tula[;k osQ vuqikr

ij vkèkkfjr gSA fdlh Hkh foèkkulHkk dh lnL;&la[;k vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 500 vkSj de&ls&de 60 j[kh xbZ

gSA ysfdu 1976 esa 42osa la'kksèku dkuwu }kjk 1971 dh tux.kuk osQ vkèkkj ij gj foèkkulHkk dh tks lnL;

la[;k r; dh xbZ gS] mlesa lu~ 2000 rd dksbZ ifjorZu ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl le; gfj;k.kk foèkkulHkk

dh lnL; la[;k 90 gSA

foèkkulHkk osQ lHkh lnL;ksa dk pquko vkerkSj ij ckfyx erkfèkdkj dh O;oLFkk esa izknsf'kd fuokZpu {ks=kksa osQ

vkèkkj ij la;qDr fuokZpu iz.kkyh }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA igys ernku dk vfèkdkj 21 o"kZ ;k mlls vf/d vk;q

osQ yksxksa dks izkIr FkkA vc mls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ dj fn;k x;k gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa

osQ fy, foèkkulHkkvksa esa LFkku lqjf{kr fd, x, gSaA ftu jkT;ksa esa ,saXyks&bafM;u leqnk; osQ yksx mYys[kuh;

la[;k esa gksa vkSj mudk dksbZ izfrfufèk pquko esa pqudj u vk ldk gks rks jkT;iky ml leqnk; osQ ,d lnL;

dks euksuhr (Nominate) dj ldrk gSA

foèkkulHkk dk lnL; pquk tkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh t:jh gSaµ

(i) og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks]

(ii) mldh vk;q 25 o"kZ ls de u gks]

(iii) og fdlh ljdkjh ykHk osQ in ij u gks]

(iv) le;≤ ij laln }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ ;ksX;rkvksa dks iwjk djrk gks]

(v) og ikxy] dks<+h ;k fnokfy;k u gks]

(vi) vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k tutkfr osQ fy, lqjf{kr LFkku ls pqus tkus osQ fy, ml tkfr dk lnL; gksuk

t:jh gSA

yksdlHkk dh rjg gh jkT;ksa dh foèkkulHkkvksa dk pquko Hkh ik¡p o"kZ osQ fy, gksrk gSA 42osa la'kksèku dkuwu us

budh vofèk c<+kdj 6 o"kZ dj nh FkhA ysfdu 44osa laoSèkkfud la'kksèku us ;g vofèk fiQj 5 o"kZ gh dj nh

gSA bl vofèk ls igys Hkh foèkkulHkk Hkax dh tk ldrh gSA

jkT;iky dks foèkkulHkk dk vfèkos'ku fdlh Hkh le; cqykus dk vfèkdkj gSA ysfdu nks vfèkos'kuksa osQ chp N%ekl ls vfèkd dk le; ugha chruk pkfg,A

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foèkkulHkk dk ,d vè;{k (speaker) vkSj ,d mikè;{k (Deputy Speaker) gksrk gS] ftudk dk;Z lnuesa 'kkfUr cuk, j[kuk rFkk lnu osQ dke dks lqpk: :i ls pykuk gSA ;s nksuksa vfèkdkjh foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa}kjk vius esa ls pqus tkrs gSaA lnL;ksa osQ osru] HkÙks rFkk dbZ fo'ks"kkfèkdkj iznku fd, x, gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa Hkkjr osQ 25 jkT;ksa esa ls osQoy 5 jkT;ksa esa foèkku&ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

foèkku&ifj"kn~ dh jpuk (Composition of Legislative Council)–lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj fdlh Hkh jkT;

esa foèkku&ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;ka dh la[;k foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ 1@3 ls vfèkd rFkk 40 ls de ugha gks ldrhA

ijUrq tEew o d'ehj jkT; (ftls lafoèkku }kjk fo'ks"k fLFkfr izkIr gS) esa foèkku&ifj"kn~ osQ oqQy 36 lnL; gSaA

foèkku&ifj"kn~ osQ lnL;ksa dk pquko fuEufyf[kr rjhosQ ls fd;k tkrk gSµ

1@3 lnL; jkT; dh foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA

1@3 lnL; jkT; esa LFkkfir LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa (uxjikfydk] iapk;r] iapk;r lfefr vkfn) osQ lnL;ksa }kjk pqus

tkrs gSaA

1@12 lnL; jkT; esa jgus okys de&ls&de rhu o"kZ iqjkus Lukrdksa (Graduates) osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA

1@12 lnL; jkT; dh ekè;fed rFkk mlls mPp Lrj dh f'k{kk&laLFkkvksa osQ de&ls&de rhu o"kZ iqjkus

vè;kidksa osQ }kjk pqus tkrs gSaA

'ks"k 1@6 lnL; jkT; osQ jkT;iky }kjk ,sls O;fDr euksuhr fd;s tkrs gSa] ftUgksaus lkfgR;] dyk] foKku rFkk

lekt&lsok vkfn osQ {ks=kksa esa izflf¼ izkIr dj yh gksA

foèkku&ifj"kn~ dk lnL; cuus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ;ksX;rk;sa fuf'pr dh xbZ gaSµ

1- og Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gks]

2- og 30 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh dj pqdk gks]

3- og fdlh ljdkjh ykHk osQ in ij u gks]

4- mlesa og lc ;ksX;rk,¡ gksuh pkfg, tks laln~ osQ dkuwu }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ gSa]

5- mlesa dksbZ ,slh v;ksX;rk ugha gksuh pkfg,] tks dkuwu }kjk fuf'pr dh xbZ gksA

foèkku&ifj"kn~ ,d LFkk;h lnu gS rFkk blosQ lnL; 6 o"kZ osQ fy, fuokZfpr fd, tkrs gSaA fo/ku&ifj"kn~ dk

Hkh ,d lHkkifr (Chairman) rFkk ,d milHkkifr (Deputy Chairman) gksrk gS] ftldk pquko blosQ

lnL; vius esa ls djrs gSaA lHkkifr lnu dh vè;{krk djrk gS rFkk vuq'kklu dks cuk, j[krk gSA lnu osQ

lnL;ksa osQ osru] HkÙks rFkk oqQN fo'ks"kkfèkdkj Hkh iznku fd, x, gSaA

11-1 jkT;&foèkkue.My osQ dk;Z rFkk 'kfDr;k¡ (Functions and Powers ofthe State Legislature)

jkT; foèkkue.My dks fuEufyf[kr 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gSaµ

1- oSèkkfud 'kfDr;k¡ (Legislative Powers)–jkT; foèkkue.My dks jkT;lwph esa ntZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwufuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj gSA blosQ lkFk gh bls lka>h lwph esa ntZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj gSA lka>h

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lwph esa fn, x, fo"k; la?k&laln rFkk jkT; foèkkue.My osQ la;qDr {ks=kkfèkdkj esa tkrs gSaA ;k leorhZ lwph esafo"k;ksa ls lacafèkr fdlh dkuwu osQ ckjs esa jkT; rFkk la?k esa erHksn gks] rks la?k dk dkuwu ekU; le>k tkrk gSA

lkèkkj.k foèks;d nksuksa esa ls fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSa] ijUrq foÙkh; foèks;d igys fo/kulHkkesa gh izLrqr fd, tk ldrs gSa] foèkku&ifj"kn~ esa ughaA lkèkkj.k foèks;d nksuksa lnuksa }kjk LohÑr gksus osQ ckngh vfèkfu;e curk gSA foèkku&ifj"kn~ foèks;d dks foèkkulHkk ls izkIr djus dh frfFk ls osQoy 3 eghus rdosQ fy, vius ikl jksd ldrh gSA bl vofèk osQ chr tkus ij] ml foèks;d dks mlosQ ewy Lo:i esa jkT;ikyosQ ikl mldh LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA foèkku&ifj"kn~ }kjk vLohÑr ;k la'kksfèkr fo/s;d dksfoèkkulHkk mlosQ ewy :i esa fiQj ls ikl djosQ foèkku&ifj"kn~ osQ ikl Hkst ldrh gS] ftls foèkku&ifj"kn~ ,deghus rd jksd ldrh gS] ij bl vofèk osQ lekIr gksus ij ;fn foèkku&ifj"kn~ mls ikl ugha dj nsrh rks ,slsfcy dks foèkkue.My osQ nksuksa lnuksa }kjk LohÑr le>k tkrk gS vkSj mls jkT;iky osQ LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkstfn;k tkrk gSA bls irk pyrk gS fd foèkkulHkk gh jkT; dk foèkkue.My gSA

foèkkue.My ls fcy ikl gksdj jkT;iky osQ ikl Hkst tkrk gSA jkT;iky dks fu"ksèkkfèkdkj (Veto Power) HkhizkIr gSA og fcy ij ,d ckj viuh LohÑfr nsus ls budkj dj ldrk gSA ysfdu vxj fo/kue.My ml fcydks nksckjk ikl djosQ Hkst ns rks jkT;iky dks viuh LohÑfr vo'; nsuh iM+rh gSA jkT;iky fdlh fcy dksjk"Vªifr dh vfUre LohÑfr osQ fy, Hkst ldrk gSA oqQN fcy rks vo'; gh jkT;iky dks jk"Vªifr osQ ikl HkstusiM+rs gSaA

2- foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ (Financial Powers)–izkUrh; fcy ij jkT; foèkkue.My dk gh vf/dkj gksrk gS]ysfdu okLro esa foèkkulHkk gh bl vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djrh gSA èku fcy osQoy igys foèkkulHkk esa gh izLrqrfd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk bls foèkku&ifj"kn~ esa igys izLrqr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA foèkkulHkk dks izkUr osQ foÙkij iw.kZ vfèkdkj gksrk gSA mldh vuqefr osQ fcuk u rks dksbZ dj yxk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj u ,d iSlk Hkh O;;fd;k tk ldrk gSA èku foèks;d LohÑfr gks tkus osQ ckn foèkku ifj"kn~ osQ ikl Hkst fn;k tkrk gS] ijfo/ku&ifj"kn~ dh LohÑfr vko';d ugha gksrhA

uksV~l foèkku&ifj"kn~ èku foèks;d osQ ikl gksus esa 14 fnu dk foyEc dj ldrh gSA

blls vfèkd le; osQ fy, og bls jksd ugha ldrh vkSj u gh jí dj ldrh gSA foèkku&ifj"kn~ esa is'k gksus

osQ 14 fnu ckn jkT;iky osQ gLrk{kj gksus ij dksbZ Hkh èku foèks;d fofèk cu tkrk gS] pkgs foèkku&ifj"kn~ us

mls bl vofèk esa ikl dj fn;k gks vFkok u fd;k gksA

3- dk;Zikfydk ij fu;U=k.k (Control Over the Executive)–izkUrkas esa lalnh; O;oLFkk osQ vuqowQy

dk;Zikfydk dks foèkkuikfydk osQ izfr mÙkjnk;h cuk;k x;k gSA okLro esa dk;Zikfydk dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro

foèkkulHkk osQ izfr gh gksrk gSA eU=kh vius in ij rHkh rd jg ldrs gSa] tc rd mUgsa foèkkulHkk esa cgqer

dk fo'okl izkIr jgrk gSA T;ksa gh mu ij ls cgqer dk fo'okl gV tkrk gS] muosQ fo#¼ vfo'okl dk izLrko

ikl dj fn;k tkrk gS rks og R;kx&i=k ns nsrs gSaA foèkkulHkk oqQN vU; izdkj ls Hkh uhfr osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh

izkIr djus osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh iz'u iwN ldrk gS] mÙkj dks Li"V djus osQ fy, iwjd iz'u Hkh iwN tk ldrs gSaA

^dke jksdks* izLrko is'k djosQ Hkh ljdkj ls Li"Vhdj.k ek¡xk tk ldrk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd

foèkkulHkk dks dk;Zikfydk ij iwjk&iwjk fu;U=k.k izkIr gSA

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4- vU; dk;Z (Other Functions)–(i) jkT; foèkkue.My dk fupyk lnu (foèkkulHkk) jk"Vªifr osQ pqukoesa Hkkx ysrk gSA

(ii) jkT; osQ laln osQ mQij lnu (jkT;lHkk) esa pqus tkus okys lnL; Hkh foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa }kjk fuokZfprfd, tkrs gSaA

(iii) ;|fi lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus dh 'kfDr vkSj mlesa igys djus dk vfèkdkj laln dks gh izkIr gS] fiQjHkh vuqPNsn 368 osQ vuqlkj lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 54] 55] 73] 162 vkSj 241 rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPpU;k;ky;ksa ls lacafèkr vuqPNsnksa ,oa osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa dk fuèkkZj.k djus okyh laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa esalaln rHkh la'kksèku dj ikrh gS tc ,sls la'kksèku foèks;d dks laln osQ ikl gksus osQ ckn vk/s jkT;ksa dhfoèkkulHkkvksa us eatwj dj fy;k gksA foèkku&ifj"kn~ dks bl ekeys esa Hkh dksbZ 'kfDr izkIr ugha gSA

(iv) foèkkulHkk ;fn foèkku&ifj"kn~ dks cukus dk izLrko ;k lekIr djus dk izLrko ikl djs rks bl izLrko osQvkèkkj ij laln dkuwu cukdj foèkku&ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk ;k lekfIr djrh gSA

fLFkfr (Position)–foèkkue.My dh 'kfDr;k¡ rFkk dk;ks± osQ bl o.kZu osQ vkèkkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fdvius jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa bldk cM+k egÙoiw.kZ gkFk gSA jkT; foèkkue.My dh 'kfDr;ksa dk okLrfod :i esaiz;ksx foèkkulHkk gh djrh gSA foèkku&ifj"kn~ bldh tYnckth ij jksd yxk ldrh gS ij blosQ ekxZ esa ck/kcudj [kM+h ugha gks ldrhA blosQ }kjk ikl fd, fdlh lkèkkj.k foèks;d dks 3 ekl rd vkSj foÙkh; fo/s;ddks osQoy 14 fnu rd foèkku&ifj"kn~ jksd ldrh gSA foÙkh; foèks;d igys foèkkulHkk esa gh izLrqr fd;s tkldrs gSa] fo/ku&ifj"kn~ esa ughaA dk;Zikfydk Hkh osQoy blosQ izfr mÙkjnk;h gS] foèkku&ifj"kn~ osQ izfr ughaA lR;rks ;g gS fd foèkku&ifj"kn~ dk vfLrRo gh foèkkulHkk dh viuh bPNk ij fuHkZj jgrk gSA og tc pkgs mlscuk ldrh gS vkSj tc pkgs mls rksM+ ldrh gSA bldks bruk egÙo fn, tkus osQ dkj.k ;g gS fd bldk pqukojkT; dh turk }kjk lkoZtfud ernku osQ vkèkkj ij izR;{k :i esa gksrk gS vkSj ;g mldk izfrfufèk lnu gSA

izkarh; laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk esa jkT; foèkkue.My dks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gS ijUrq bldh 'kfDr osQUnzh; lalndh vis{kk dkiQh de gksrh gSA bls osQoy jkT;lwph osQ 66 fo"k;ksa rFkk lka>h lwph osQ 47 fo"k;ksa ij ghdkuwu&fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj gksrk gS] ijUrq bl ij Hkh dbZ ,d izfrcUèk gSaA

(i) jkT;lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls ,d izLrko ikl dj fdlh Hkh jkT;lwph osQ fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egRo dk fo"k;?kksf"kr dj ldrh gS rFkk bl :i esa ml fo"k; ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj osQUnzh; laln dks izkIr gks tkrkgSA

(ii) lk¡>h lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh vfUre vfèkdkj laln dks gh izkIr gksrk gSA

(iii) jkT;iky bl }kjk ikl fdlh Hkh fcy dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy;s lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA

(iv) oqQN fcy jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ LohÑfr ls gh blesa is'k fd, tk ldrs gSaA

(v) bl }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa ij U;kf;d iqujkoyksdu dk vfèkdkj U;k;ikfydk dks izkIr gS rFkkU;k;ikfydk fdlh dkuwu osQ vfèkdkj cgqr c<+ tkrs gSa rFkk jkT; foèkkue.My osQ vfèkdkj de gks tkrs gSaA

(vi) jk"Vªifr dHkh Hkh laoSèkkfud vkikrdky (Art. 356) dh ?kks"k.k dj bls Hkax dj ldrk gSA

vr% bu lc izfrcUèkksa osQ dkj.k jkT; foèkkue.My dh fLFkfr osQUnzh; laln dh vis{kk oqQN detksj gSA ijUrqbldk ;g rkRi;Z ugha fd bldh fLFkfr egÙoghu gSA jkT; iz'kklu esa bldks egÙoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr gSA

VkLd jkT; foèkkueaMy dh 'kfDr;ksa dh foospuk dhft,A

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1- foèkku ifj"kn~ èku&foèks;d osQ ikl gksus esa --------- dk foyEc dj ldrh gSA

2- --------- foèks;d fdlh Hkh lnu esa izLrqr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

3- foèkku lHkk dk lnL; cukus osQ fy, U;wure vk;q lhek --------- gSA

11-2 jkT; dk jkT;iky (Governor of a State)

jkT;iky jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA bldks jkT; esa ogh fLFkfr gksrh gS tks osQUnz esa jk"Vªifr dks

izkIr gSA ijUrq mldh fLFkfr ,d <ax ls] FkksM+h&lh vfèkd Js"B gksrh gSA Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr la?k dh dk;Zikfydk

dk ukeek=k dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS vkSj mls viuh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djus dh 'kfDr ugha izkIr gksrh D;ksafd mls

fujUrj la?kh; efU=kifj"kn~ dh lykg vuqlkj dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA blosQ foijhr jkT; dk jkT;iky laoSèkkfud

ladVdky dh fLFkfr esa rFkk oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa viuh bPNkuqlkj fu.kZ; djus dk vfèkdkjh gksrk gSA lafoèkku

us jkT;iky dks oqQN LoSfPNd vfèkdkj Hkh iznku fd, gSa%

1- fu;qfDr (Appointment) : vuqPNsn 153 osQ vèkhu Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd]

¶izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksxkA¸ ijUrq lkFk gh ;g O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gS fd ,d O;fDr nks ;k blls

vfèkd jkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gSA

tc lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa jkT;iky osQ in dh O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa fopkj fd;k tk jgk Fkk rks jkT;iky dh

fu;qfDr osQ fy, dbZ izLrko izLrqr fd, x,A ijUrq vUrr% bl ckr ij lgefr gks xbZ fd D;ksafd jkT;iky us

jkT; osQ laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa gh dk;Z djuk Fkk] blfy, jkT;iky dh jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk fu;qfDr dh

O;oLFkk djuk lcls mi;qDr ckr gksxhA ;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k x;k fd ;fn jkT;iky vkSj eq[;eU=kh nksuksa

fuokZfpr izfrfufèk gksaxs rks nksuksa osQ chp Vdjkok dh laHkkouk cu ldrh Fkh] D;ksafd ,d fuokZfpr jkT;iky

ukeek=k osQ 'kkld osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk ilan ugha djsxkA bl ckr osQ fy, lgefr gqbZ fd lalnh; izcUèk esa

,d fuokZfpr jkT;iky ,d xksy fNnz esa pkSjl oLrq osQ leku gksxkA ;g Hkh izLrko fd;k x;k Fkk fd jkT; osQ

foèkkudkj pkj lnL;ksa] tksfd jkT; osQ fuoklh gksa] osQ ,d iSuy dk p;u djsa vkSj ns'k dk jk"Vªifr bu pkjksa

esa ls fdlh ,d dks jkT;iky fu;qDr djsA ijUrq ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd jkT; osQ foèkk;dksa osQ }kjk pkj

mEehnokjksa dk iSuy cukrs le; O;ogkj esa jktuhfr dk [ksy [ksyk tk ldrk FkkA blls jkT;iky dks la?k vkSj

jkT; osQ chp ,d lEioZQ lw=k cukus dh vko';drk ijks{k gks tk,xhA

blfy, ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd jkT;iky Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tk,xkA blosQ vuqlkj

lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 155 esa fy[kk x;k fd ¶jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk vius gLrk{kjksa vkSj

eksgj ls tkjh vkns'k osQ }kjk dh tk,xhA¸

2- nks egÙoiw.kZ ijEijk,¡ ftuosQ vkèkkj ij jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dh tkrh gS (Two Important

Conventions which govern the appointment of a Governor) : igyh ijEijk ;g gS fd jkT;iky

ml jkT; dk fuoklh ugha gksuk pkfg, ftl jkT; esa mldh jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qfDr dh tkrh gSA

bl ijEijk dk vkèkkj ;g fopkj gS fd ;fn jkT;iky ml jkT; dk fuoklh gksxk rks og Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k <axls dk;Z ugha dj losQxkA mldh jkT; esa viuh jktuhfrd izfrc¼rk,¡ gksaxh vkSj bl ckr dh izR;sd laHkkouk

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fo|eku gksxh fd og jkT; osQ vkarfjd ekeyksa vkSj jktuhfr esa gLr{ksi djsxkA izk;% jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk bl ijEijkdk lEeku fd;k tkrk gS] ijUrq bl ijEijk ls lacafèkr oqQN viokn Hkh jgs gSa tSls mnkgj.k osQ fy, MkWú ,púlhú eq[kthZ dks muosQ iSr`d jkT; if'peh caxky dk jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA blh izdkj oqQN le; osQfy, ljnkj mTty ¯lg dks iatkc dk jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA iatkc osQ HkwriwoZ jkT;iky ySfÝVuSaVtujy (fjVk;MZ) chú osQú ,uú fNCcj Hkh iatkch Fks] ijUrq budks ijEijk dk viokn dg dj misf{kr fd;ktk ldrk gSA

jkT;iky fu;qDr fd, tkus osQ lacaèk esa nwljh ijEijk ;g gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k jkT; dk jkT;iky fu;qDr djusosQ fy, fdlh O;fDr osQ p;u dks vafre :i nsus ls igys osQUnz ljdkj dks misf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.kosQ :i esa 1967 esa gfj;k.kk osQ eq[;eU=kh jko chjsUnz ¯lg osQ jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ls lacafèkr fopkjksa dks osQUnzljdkj us Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA fcgkj osQ eq[;eU=kh egkek;k izlkn flUgk osQ Jh ,uú ,uú dkuxks dh fcgkjosQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qfDr dk fojksèk fd;k FkkA ijUrq osQUnz us eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kFkkA if'peh caxky vkSj rfeyukMw dh ljdkjksa us lnSo gh jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ls lacafèkr viuh Hkwfedk(fliQkfj'k djus dh) ij cy fn;k gSA

ijUrq vc ;g LFkk;h :i esa fu.kZ; dj fy;k x;k gS fd jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr djrs le; osQUnz lnSo lacaf/rjkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk ijke'kZ ysxk vkSj tgka rd gks losQxk] ,sls ijke'kZ dks Lohdkj Hkh djsxkA

bu nks vPNh ijEijkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ns'k esa ,d cqjh ijEijk Hkh fo|eku jgh gS vkSj og gS fd pquko esa ijkftrgq, jktuhfrd usrkvksa dh vyx&vyx jkT;ksa osQ jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qfDr djukA ,d vkSj cqjh ijEijk ;giM+ jgh gS fd osQUnz ljdkj cnyus osQ i'pkr~ jkT;ikyksa dk Fkksd esa gLrkarj.k ;k mudks gVk;k tkukAvko';drk bl ckr dh gS bu ckrksa ls mQij mBk tk, vkSj ;ksX;rk osQ vkèkkj ij gh jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dhtk,A

3- jkT;iky osQ in osQ fy, ;ksX;rk,¡ (Qualification for the Office of the Governor) : lafoèkku dkvuqPNsn 157 ;g 'krZ j[krk gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr osQ fy, ;ksX; ugha gks ldrk tksfdHkkjr dk ukxfjd u gks vkSj ftldh vk;q 35 o"kZ ls de gksA

vuqPNsn 158 oqQN vU; ;ksX;rkvksa dk o.kZu j[krk gS % (1) jkT;iky laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu dk ;k fdlhjkT; dh foèkkulHkk dk lnL; ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn laln osQ fdlh Hkh lnu osQ lnL; ;k fdlh Hkh jkT;dh foèkkuikfydk osQ lnL; dks jkT;iky fu;qDr fd;k tkrk gS rks mlh fnu ls ;g le>k tk,xk fd mldhlnu dh lnL;rk lekIr gks xbZ gS ftl fnu ls og jkT;iky osQ :i esa in laHkky ysxkA (2) jkT;iky dksbZykHknk;d in xzg.k ugha dj ldrkA (3) og fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; osQ }kjk ?kksf"kr fnokfy;k ugha gksuk pkfg,A

vfèkdrj lkoZtfud thou esa vPNs O;fDrRo vkSj eku&lEeku okys O;fDr ;k lfØ; jktuhfr NksM+ pqosQ fdlhofj"B jktuhfrd usrk ;k lsokfuo`Ùk flfoy ;k lSfud viQljksa dks gh jkT;iky osQ :i esa fu;qDr fd;k tkrkgSA

4- osru vkSj HkÙks (Emolument and Allowances)–bl le; jkT;iky #i, ekfld osru osQ :i esaizkIr djrk gS] fcuk fdjk, dk eqÝr ljdkjh fuokl vkSj lapkj rFkk ;krk;kr dh lqfo/k feyrh gS] mlosQ Lrj]dÙkZO;ksa vkSj in dh Js"Brk dks ns[krs vyx&vyx izdkj osQ dbZ vU; HkÙks feyrs gSaA jkT;iky osQ in osQ lacaèkesa fd;k tkus okyk O;;] lacafèkr jkT; osQ èku esa ls fd;k tkrk gSA

tgka dHkh ,d gh O;fDr dks nks ;k blls vfèkd jkT;ksa dk jkT;iky cuk;k tkrk gS ogka mldks feyus okys osruvkSj HkÙks jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'k osQ vqulkj mlh vuqikr esa lacafèkr jkT;ksa esa ck¡V fn, tkrs gSaA

jkT;iky dk osru vkSj HkÙks muosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku de ugha fd, tk ldrsA

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5- dk;Zdky (Term)–jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr ikap o"kZ osQ fy, dh tkrh gS ijUrq og rc rd vius in ijjg ldrk gS tc rd fd jk"Vªifr pkgsA jk"Vªifr mldks fdlh le; in ls gVk ldrk gS ;k mldk gLrkarj.kdj ldrk gSA ;gka rd fd 5 o"kZ dh vofèk iwjh gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh jkT; dk jkT;iky rc rd vius in ijcuk jg ldrk gS tc rd fd mlosQ LFkku ij u;k fu;qDr gqvk O;fDr viuk in ugha laHkky ysrkA 1999 esaiatkc esa ,slk gh ns[kus dks feykA Hkwrdky esa gfj;k.kk vkSj if'peh caxky osQ jkT;iky dk in vLFkk;h :iesa fjDr gks tkrk gS ;k mldh e`R;q osQ dkj.k fjDr gks tkrk gS rks jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;k/h'kdk;Zokgd jkT;iky osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;iky fdlh Hkh le; vius in ls R;kx&i=k ns ldrk gSA twu]1991 esa iatkc osQ jkT;iky tujy (lsokfuo`Ùk) vksú ihú eYgks=kk us iatkc esa pquko LFkfxr fd, tkus osQ fojksèkesa vius in ls R;kx&i=k ns fn;k FkkA ekpZ] 1995 esa rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk us ,d izLrko ikl djosQ ekax dhFkh fd jkT;iky Jh pUuk jSMh dks okil cqyk;k tk, ijUrq osQUnz us jkT; foèkkulHkk rFkk ljdkj dh ,slh ekaxizLrqr djus dk vfèkdkj dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k FkkA

6- jkT;iky osQ }kjk 'kiFk ysuk ;k izfrKk ysuh (Oath or Affirmation by the Governor)–izR;sdjkT;iky vkSj jkT;iky osQ drZO; fuHkk jgs izR;sd O;fDr dks viuk in laHkkyus ls igys jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky;osQ phiQ tfLVl dh mifLFkfr esa vius in dh 'kiFk mBkuh vFkok izfrKk ysuh iM+rh gSA

7- jkT;iky dh dkuwuh NwVsa (Legar Immunities of the Governor)–jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks jkT; dkeqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs vius dk;Z fuiVkus osQ lacaèk esa gq, oqqQN fo'ks"k dkuwuh NwVsa izkIr gSaA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn361 osQ vèkhu jk"Vªifr ;k izèkkuea=kh ;k fdlh jkT; dk jkT;iky muosQ in osQ vfèkdkjksa vkSj dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyudjus osQ izfr ;k vius mu vfèkdkjksa vkSj dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djrs le; fd, x, fdlh dk;Z osQ izfr fdlhHkh U;k;ky; osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h ugha gksrkA blh izdkj mlosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku jkT;iky osQ fo#¼ dksbZ HkhiQkStnkjh ;k flfoy dk;Zokgh ugha dh tk ldrhA jkT;iky osQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku mldh fxjÝrkjh ;k oSQn djusosQ fy, fdlh Hkh U;k;ky; osQ }kjk dksbZ Hkh vkns'k tkjh ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

jkT;iky % 'kfDr;ka vkSj dk;Z (Governor : Powers and Functions)

jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs jkT;iky dks cgqr&lh 'kfDr;ka vkSj lEeku feyrk gS ftldh rqyuk Hkkjr osQjk"Vªifr dks izkIr 'kfDr;ksa vkSj lEeku ls dh tk ldrh gSA tSlk fd Mhú Mhú clq fy[krs gSa] ¶jkT; osQ jkT;ikydh 'kfDr;ka ns'k osQ jk"Vªifr dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ leku gh gSaA vUrj osQoy ;g gS fd jkT;iky osQ ikl dksbZowQVuhfrd (fMIykseSfVd) lSfud ;k ladVdkyhu 'kfDr;ka ugha gksrhA¸ ijUrq tcfd Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ ikldksbZ LoSfPNd 'kfDr;ka ugha gksrha] jkT;iky osQ ikl oqQN LoSfPNd 'kfDr;ka gksrh gSa] tks jkT; esa mldh fLFkfrdks lqn`<+ cukrh gSaA

jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;ksa dk fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vèkhu o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1- dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;k¡ (Executive Powers)–jkT;iky jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA lafoèkku jkT; dhdk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;ka jkT;iky dks lkSairk gS ftudk iz;ksx mlus izR;{k :i esa ;k vius vèkhu deZpkfj;ksa osQ }kjkdjuk gksrk gSA og eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr djrk gS vkSj eq[;eU=kh dh fliQkfj'k ij vU; efU=k;ksa dks fu;qDrdjrk gSA eU=kh rc rd in ij jg ldrs gSa tc rd jkT;iky pkgsA ;fn jkT;iky vuqHko djs fd ljdkj dkscgqer dk fo'okl izkIr ugha ;k og mfpr <ax ls dk;Z ugha dj jgh rks og jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh dks in ls gVkldrk gS tSlk fd tqykbZ] 1984 esa tEew vkSj d'ehj osQ jkT;iky Jh txeksgu us fd;k Fkk tc mUgksaus MkWúiQk:d vCnqYyk dks eq[;eU=kh osQ in ls gVk fn;k FkkA jkT; esa lHkh egÙoiw.k fu;qfDr;ka (,MoksosQV tujy]jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx dk ps;jeSu vkSj lnL;] fo'ofo|ky; osQ mioqQyifr) jkT;iky osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSaA

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ijUrq ,slk djrs le;] jkT; esa jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw gksus dh fLFkfr dks NksM+dj] jkT;iky jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh vkSjefU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA eq[;eU=kh dks jkT; osQ iz'kklu vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fy,x, fu.kZ;ksa ls jkT;iky dks lwfpr djrs jguk iM+rk gSA jkT;iky jkT; osQ iz'kklu ls lacafèkr eq[;eU=kh lstkudkjh ekax ldrk gSA og eq[;eU=kh ls ;g ekax dj ldrk gS fd efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa fu.kZ; ysus ls iwoZ fdlheU=kh us dksbZ fu.kZ; fy;k gks rks ml ij efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fopkj fd;k tk,A jk"Vªifr mPp U;k;ky; osQU;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr le; jkT;iky ls ijke'kZ Hkh ysrk gSA jkT;iky jkT; osQ lHkh fo'o&fo|ky;ksa osQ pkalyjosQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

jkT; dk iz'kklu jkT;iky osQ uke ij pyk;k tkrk gSA og mu lHkh fo"k;ksa tksfd jkT; dh foèkku ikfydk osQvfèkdkj {ks=k esa vkrs gSa] dk iz'kklu pyrk gSA og efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj dks mfpr <ax ls pykus osQfy, fu;e cukrk gSA og jkT; ljdkj dks ;g dg ldrk gS fd og vius fdlh fu.kZ; ij iqu% fopkj djsaAvle vkSj flfDde osQ jkT;ikyksa dks vuqlwfpr dchyksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k 'kfDr;ka izkIrgSaA

lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky vius lHkh dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'k osQ vuqlkjdjrk gSA jkT;iky osQ lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, eU=kh mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA ijUrq ?kksf"kr ladVdky fLFkfr esa jkT;ikydk;Zdkfj.kh dk okLrfod dk;Zikyd eqf[k;k cu tkrk gSA

2- oSèkkfud 'kfDr;ka (Legislative Powers)–jkT;iky jkT; foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; ugha gksrk ijUrq blosQckotwn og bldk ,d vax ekuk tkrk gSA jkT; foèkkuikfydk osQ }kjk ikl fd, fcy rc gh dkuwu curs gSatc bu ij jkT;iky gLrk{kj dj nsrk gSA og jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ vfèkos'ku cqyk ldrk gS vkSj budks LFkkfxrdj ldrk gSA og jkT; foèkkuikfydk dks Hkax dj ldrk gSA lkekU; :i esa mlosQ }kjk bu 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksxjkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA jkT; foèkkulHkk dk vfèkos'ku jkT;iky osQ Hkk"k.k lsvkjaHk gksrk gSA og vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ foèkkuikfydk osQ izFke vfèkos'ku esa Hkk"k.k nsrk gS vkSj foèkkuikfydkdk izR;sd o"kZ dk izFke vfèkos'ku jkT;iky osQ izFke vfèkos'ku esa Hkk"k.k nsrk gS vkSj fo/kuikfydk dk izR;sdo"kZ dk izFke vfèkos'ku jkT;iky osQ Hkk"k.k ls vkjaHk gksrk gSA ;fn og vuqHko djs fd vkaXy&Hkkjrh; HkkbZpkjsdks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa mfpr izfrfufèkRo ugha feyk rks og bl HkkbZ&pkjs dk lnL; jkT; foèkkulHkk esa euksuhrdj ldrk gSA og fdlh Hkh fcy ij viuh lgefr jksd ldrk gS ;k fdlh Hkh ,d fcy (foÙkh; fcy dksNksM+dj) dks jkT; foèkkulHkk dks iqu% fopkj osQ fy, okil dj ldrk gSA ijUrq ;fn og fcy nwljh ckj iklgks tkrk gS rks jkT;iky bl ij viuh lgefr izdV dj vius vFkkZr~ gLrk{kj djus ls bUdkj ugha dj ldrkAog jkT; foèkkuikfydk osQ }kjk ikl oqQN fcyksa dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr izkIr djus osQ fy, lqjf{kr j[k ldrkgSA buesa vfuok;Z lEifÙk xzg.k djus ls ;k mPp U;k;ky; osQ vfèkdkjksa dks Bsl igqapkus ls lacafèkr fcy 'kkfeygksrs gSaA tc jkT; fo/kuikfydk dk vfèkos'ku u py jgk gks rks jkT;iky vè;kns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA jkT;ikyosQ }kjk tkjh ,sls vè;kns'k dh 'kfDr oSlh gh gksrh gS tksfd foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk ikl dkuwu dh gksrh gSA tcjkT; foèkkuikfydk dk vfèkos'ku ftl fnu ls vkjaHk gksrk gS mlls 6 lIrkg i'pkr~ ;g vè;kns'k ykxw ughajgrkA ;g rks Hkh lekIr gks tkrk gS ;fn jkT; foèkkuikfydk bl vè;kns'k dks vLohdkj djus dk izLrko ikldj nsrh gSA

3- foÙkh; 'kfDr;ka (Financial Powers)–jkT; foèkkuikfydk esa ,d foÙkh; fcy jkT;iky dh iw.kZLohÑfr ysdj gh izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA og okf"kZd ctV jkT; foèkku ikfydk esa izLrqr djus osQ fy, dgrkgSA jkT; dk vkdfLed ?kVuk iQaM (Contigency Fund) mlosQ vfèkdkj esa gksrk gS vkSj og blesa ls fdlhHkh O;; osQ vkns'k ns ldrk gS vkSj ckn esa bldh LohÑfr jkT; foèkkulHkk ls izkIr dh tkrh gSa okLro esa bulHkh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jkT;iky jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj djrk gSA

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4- U;kf;d 'kfDr;ka (Judicial Powers)–jkT;iky dh oqQN U;kf;d 'kfDr;ka Hkh gSaA og ftyk U;k;kèkh'kksavkSj vU; U;k;k vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ p;u] mudh fu;qfDr;ksa vkSj inksUufr;ksa dks izHkkfor dj ldrk gSA vuqPNsnksa161 osQ vèkhu jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk osQ vfèkdkj&{ks=k esa iM+rs fdlh Hkh fo"k; ls lacafèkr fdlh Hkh dkuwu osQmYya?ku osQ dkj.k nks"kh Bgjk, vkSj cUnh cuk, fdlh Hkh O;fDr osQ n.M dks {kek dj ldrk gS] mlosQ n.Mdks de dj ldrk gS ;k vke ekiQh ns ldrk gS] ;k mldh oSQn osQ n.M dks LFkfxr] {kek ;k de dj ldrkgSA jk"Vªifr lacafèkr jkT; dh mPp U;k;ky; osQ phiQ tfLVl vkSj vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr le; ml jkT;osQ jkT;iky ls Hkh ijke'kZ djrk gSA

5- iqQVdy 'kfDr;ka (Miscellaneous Powers)–mi;qZDr of.kZr 'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT;iky oqQN vU;dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA og jkT; yksd lsok vk;ksx (,lú ihú ,lú lhú) ls okf"kZd fjiksVZ izkIr djrk gS vkSj blij fVIif.k;ksa osQ fy, bldks efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ikl izLrqr djrk gSA fiQj og ;g fjiksVZ vkSj bl ij efU=k&ifj"kn~dh fVIif.k;ka foèkkulHkk osQ Lihdj osQ lqiqnZ djrk gS rkfd og bldks foèkkulHkk esa j[k losaQA ;fn og ;gvuqHko djrk gS fd jkT; iz'kklu lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj ugha pyk;k tk jgk rks og vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhujk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw gksus dh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky jkT; iz'kklu osQ okLrfod eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSAjk"Vªifr dh vksj ls og dkuwu vkSj uhfr;ka ykxw djosQ jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrk gSA jk"Vªifr osQ jkT; dkokLrfod vFkZ jkT;iky dk 'kklu gksrk gSA og jkT; ljdkj ;k jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dk Hkh vfèkdkjj[krk gSA vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu vius vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; jkT;iky vius Lo&foosd ls Hkh dk;Zdj ldrk gSA

jkT;iky dh fLFkfr (Position of the Governor)

jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ vè;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd mldh O;kid 'kfDr;ka izkIr gSa vkSj og laoS/kfud

'kkld ugha gksrkA ijUrq ,d ,sls jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksrs gq,] tksfd bl lalnh; iz.kkyh okyk jkT; gS] jkT;iky

lkekU; fLFkfr;ksa esa uke&ek=k osQ laoSèkkfud dk;Zdkjh osQ :i esa gh dk;Z djrk gSA lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 74(1)

dh rjg] vuqPNsn 163 dgrk gS] ¶jkT;iky osQ dk;ks± esa mldks lgk;rk vkSj ijke'kZ nsus osQ fy, eq[;eU=kh osQ

usr`Ro esa ,d efU=k&ifj"kn~ gksxhA ijUrq mu dk;ks± dks NksM+ dj ftuosQ lacaèk esa lafoèkku us mldks vius

Lo&foosd osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djus dh 'kfDr lkSaih gqbZ gSA¸

lafoèkku iw.kZ :i ls mldh Lo&foosd dh 'kfDr;ksa dh lhek fuèkkZfjr ugha djrkA og osQoy oqQN {ks=kksa esa gh

viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Z dj ldrk gSA og lkekU; esa efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'kksa osQ vuqlkj jkT; osQ

laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS (efU=k&ifj"kn~) gh mlosQ lHkh dk;ks± osQ fy, jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ

le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA lafoèkku fuekZrk jkT;iky dks jkT; dk uke&ek=k dk eqf[k;k j[kuk pkgrs FksA MkWú

vEcsMdj us Li"V dgk Fkk] ¶jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;ka bruh lhfer] bruh uke&ek=k vkSj bldh fLFkfr bruh

ltkoVh gS fd jkT;iky dk pquko djkokuk yksxksa osQ iSls dh cckZnh gh gksxhA¸ osQú ,eú eqU'kh osQ Hkh ,sls

gh fopkj FksA enzkl osQ jkT;iky Jh izdk'k us viuh fLFkfr c;ku djrs gq, ,d ckj dgk Fkk] ¶eq>s iw.kZ fo'okl

gS fd eSaus oqQN ugha djuk] cfYd laoSèkkfud jkT;iky osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk gS] osQoy dkxtksa ij gLrk{kj djus

gSaA---¸ ,pú ohú dkeFk dgrs gSa] ¶jkT;iky vfèkdkfjd :i esa ,d vksj eq[;eU=kh osQ gkFk esa vkSj nwljh vksj

jk"Vªifr] ;fn dgk tk, rks okLrfod :i esa izèkkuea=kh] osQ gkFkksa esa ,d dBiqryh osQ leku gksrk gSA¸ oqQN

fo'ks"k voljksa dks NksM+ dj] jkT;iky yxHkx lnSo gh vius efU=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ vkSj funsZ'k osQ vuqlkj pyrk

gS] tksfd lkewfgd :i esa jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA lquhy oqQekj cksl vkSj if'peh caxky

osQ eq[; lfpo osQ ekeys esa] dydÙkk mPp U;k;ky; us dgk Fkk] ¶lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj jkT;iky osQoy jkT;

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dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj gh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA¸ bl izdkj jkT; dk jkT;iky ekSfyd :i esa

jkT; dk ukeek=k dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA

(d) og {ks=k ftlesa jkT;iky viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Z dj ldrk gS (The areas in which the

Governor acts under his discretion) : ijUrq jkT;iky dks jkT; dk ukeek=k eqf[k;k cukus osQ ckotwnlafoèkku mldks oqQN Lo&foosd 'kfDr;ka nsrk gS] ftudk iz;ksx og jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'k osQ fcukdj ldrk gSA vle dk jkT;iky jkT; esa vuqlwfpr (vkfnoklh) {ks=kksa dh fLFkfr osQ ckjs esa fjiksVs± jk"Vªifr dksHkstrk gSA flDde osQ jkT;iky dk vfrfjDr mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og lekt osQ vyx&vyx oxks± osQlkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh vksj è;ku ns] jkT; osQ veu vkSj dkuwu cuk, j[kuk Hkh mldk mÙkjnkf;Ro cuk;kx;k gSA

fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa esa jkT;iky vius Lo&foosd ls dk;Z dj ldrk gS%

(1) f=k'kaoqQ jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ vfLrRo esa vkus dh ifjfLFkfr esa eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr (Selection

of C.M. in case the State Legislative Assembly is a Hung House)–tc jkT; fo/kulHkk esa

fdlh Hkh ,d ny ;k lewg dks cgqer izkIr u gks rks jkT;iky eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr djus esa lfØ; vkSj fu.kkZ;d

Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa ,slk enzkl vkSj Vªkoudksj dksphu esa 1952 esa] osQjy vkSj mM+hlk esa 1957

esa] if'peh caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa 1970 esa iatkc vkSj gfj.kk;k esa 1967 osQ pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ ?kfVr gqvkA 1952

esa enzkl osQ jkT;iky Jhizdk'k us Jh lhú jktxksikypkjh dks bl rF; osQ ckotwn eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k

pkgs fd mldks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr ugha FkkA 1982 esa gfj;k.kk osQ jkT;iky us Jh nsoh yky dks

dgk fd og muosQ lkeus foèkk;d izLrqr djosQ viuk cgqer fl¼ djsa] ijUrq 22 ebZ] 1982 dks mUgksaus Jh

Hktu yky dks jkT; dk eq[;eU=kh cuk fn;kA vkaèkz izns'k esa jkT;iky us 1987 esa Jh ,uú Vhú jkek jko dh

ljdkj Hkax djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA 1996 esa ;wú ihú osQ jkT;iky jes'k HkaMkjh us jkT; foèkkulHkk

esa lcls cM+k fo/k;d ny osQ usrk dks ljdkj cukus dk fueU=k.k bl rF; osQ ckotwn ugha fn;k Fkk fd jk"Vªifr

us ebZ] 1996 esa osQUnz esa lcls cM+s lalnh; ny osQ :i esa mHkjh Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ usrk Jh vVy fcgkjh

oktis;h dks osQUnz esa ljdkj cukus dk fueU=k.k fn;k FkkA blls irk yxrk gS fd f=k'kaoqQ jkT; foèkkulHkk vfLrRo

esa vkus dh ifjfLFkfr esa jkT;iky viuh bPNkuqlkj eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gSA

(2) efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks Hkax djuk (Dismissal of Ministry)–tc lÙkk esa fo|eku ny cgqer xaok cSBs ;k

ny esa fonzksg gksus ;k iwQV iM+us osQ dkj.k blosQ cgqer xaok cSBus dh laHkkouk gks rks jkT;iky jkT; ljdkj dks

Hkax djus osQ fy, vius vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ,slk gfj;k.kk esa ?kfVr gqvk tc jko ohjsUnz ¯lg dh

ljdkj Hkax dj nh xbZ tcfd 78 lnL;h; lnu esa mldks 40 lnL;ksa dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA jko ohjsUnz ¯lg us

bl dk;Zokgh dks mPp U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh nh] mPp U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd jkT;iky dks viuh 'kfDr dk

iz;ksx djus dk vfèkdkj gS vkSj mldk fu.kZ; mfpr FkkA vDVwcj] 1970 esa ;wú ihú esa pj.k ¯lg dh ljdkj

dks Hkax djus dk dkj.k Hkh jkT;iky osQ }kjk vius Lo&foosd osQ vfèkdkj dk iz;kssx djuk FkkA

(3) jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djuk (Dissolution of State Legislative Assembly)–jkT;iky jkT;

foèkkulHkk Hkax djus osQ fy, vkns'k nssus ;k jk"Vªifr osQ ikl bldh fliQkfj'k djus le; viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj

dk;Z dj ldrk gSA tc uoEcj] 1967 esa y{e.k ¯lg fxy us ny&cnyh dh Fkh vkSj turk ikVhZ LFkkfir dj

yh Fkh rks iatkc osQ jkT;iky us eq[;eU=kh xqjuke ¯lg dh fliQkfj'k ij jkT; jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax ugha dh FkhA

iatkc esa nwljh ckj tc izdk'k ¯lg ckny efU=k&ifj"kn~ us R;kx&i=k fn;k] rks igys eq[;eU=kh xqjuke ¯lg us

ljdkj cukus dk viuk nkok izLrqr fd;kA jkT;iky Jh ikoVs us vius Lofoosd ls dk;Z djrs gq, jkT;

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fo/kulHkk Hkax dj nhA blh izdkj ;fn jkT;iky ;g vuqHko djs fd oSdfYid ljdkj LFkkfir dh tk ldrh

gS rks jkT;iky eq[;eU=kh dh foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k Lohdkj djus ls bUdkj Hkh dj ldrk gSA

(4) jk"Vªifr dks jkT; esa ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k djuh (Advising the President

for Promulgation of Emergency)–jkT;iky viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrs gq, jk"Vªifr dks vuqPNsn356 osQ vèkhu jkT; esa ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA og gh ;g fu.kZ; djrk gSfd D;k jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh esa vliQy gqbZ gS ;k ughaA ,slk djrs le; og osQUnzh; ljdkj dh bPNkuqlkjO;ogkj dj ldrk gS ;k Lora=k ekxZ pqudj viuk fu.kZ; ns ldrk gSA

([k) jkT;iky ,d lqugjh 'kwU; ugha (Governor is not a Golden Zero)–bl izdkj jkT;iky osQoyukeek=k dk gh eqf[k;k ugha gksrkA og vius in osQ vèkhu oqQN vfèkdkj viuh bPNk ls iz;ksx dj ldrk gSvkSj jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ }kjk dh xbZ fliQkfj'kksa ls Lora=k jg ldrk gSA lafoèkku fuekZ.k lHkk esa cgqr&ls lnL;ksaus jkT;iky dks Lo&foosd 'kfDr;ka nsus dks mfpr Bgjk;k Fkk D;ksafd blls mldks osQUnz dk ,d vPNk ,tsaVcukus osQ lkFk&lkFk mldks jkT; dk eqf[k;k cukus osQ fy, Hkh Js"B le>k x;kA egkchj R;kxh tSls lnL;ksa usLo&foosd 'kfDr;ksa dh tksjnkj odkyr dh FkhA MkWú chú vkjú vacsMdj us Hkh Li"V :i esa dgk Fkk fdjkT;iky dks Lo&foosd vfèkdkj iznku djosQ fdlh Hkh rjg ,d mÙkjnk;h ljdkj osQ fojksèk esa ;k mldksudkjus dh Hkkouk okyk dk;Z ugha fd;k x;kA ;g fopkj ekSykuk eksgkuh] jksguh oqQekj pkSèkjh vkSj nwljs mulnL;ksa osQ fopkjksa ij gkoh gks x;k Fkk tksfd jkT;iky dks Lo&foosd 'kfDr;ka nsus dk fojksèk djrs Fks D;ksafdos vuqHko djrs Fks fd blls jkT;iky lÙkkoknh gks ldrk Fkk vkSj vius vfèkdkjksa dk nq#i;ksx dj ldrk FkkAcgqer dk fopkj ;g Fkk fd jkT;iky dks gVkus dk vklku <ax (jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ,d lkèkkj.k dk;Zokgh) mlosQ}kjk bu vfèkdkjksa dk nq#i;ksx djus osQ fo#¼ ,d larqf"Vtud xkjaVh FkhA bl izdkj jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks oqQNLo&foosd 'kfDr;ka nh xb±A

(x) jkT; iz'kklu esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk (Governor’s Role in State Administration)–bl izdkjlafoèkku jkT;iky dks jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okyk drkZ cukrk gSA ;gka rd fdlkekU; fLFkfr;ksa esa tc og jkT; osQ uke&ek=k eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] rc Hkh og viuh oqQNLo&foosd 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA vizSy 1995 esa rfeyukMw osQ jkT;iky us MkWú lqczã.;e Lokehdks izkar dk eq[;eU=kh oqQekjh t; yfyrk osQ fo#¼ Hkz"Vkpkj osQ ekeys esa eqdnek pykus dh vkKk ns nhA ;gdk;Zokgh cgqr gh vfèkd okn&fookn okyh Fkh vkSj blls jkT;iky dk in ,d fookfnr in cu x;k FkkArfeyukMw fo/kulHkk us izLrko ikl djosQ ekax dh fd jkT;iky dks okil cqyk;k tk,A mlus ekax dh fd osQUnzfoèkkulHkk dh ;g ekax Lohdkj dj ysA osQUnz osQ fy, bl lacaèk esa Li"V LVSaM ysuk vlaHko gks x;k vkSj blosQdkj.k laoSèkkfud ladV iSnk gks x;kA bl izdkj jkT;iky dk in ,d fookn dk dkj.k Hkh cu ldrk gSAvuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhu ladVdky fLFkfr esa og cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djusesa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA og jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ nkSjku ljdkj dk okLrfod dk;Zikfydk(ljdkj) eqf[k;k cudj egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ nkSjku ljdkj dk okLrfoddk;Zikfyd (ljdkj) eqf[k;k cudj egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA 1970 osQ gjxks on cuke j?kqoqQy osQl esaeq[; U;k;kèkh'k okbZú ihú pUnzpwM+] vkSj U;k;kèkh'k ihú ,uú Hkxorh] ,uú ,yú vUrkokfy;k] ,lú eqrZtkiQ”ky vyh vkSj vkjú ,lú ikBd ij vfèkÑr loksZPp U;k;ky; dh laoSèkkfud ihB us ;g iw.kZ :i ls Li"Vdj fn;k fd ¶jkT;iky us jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa okLrfod Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gksrh gS vkSj ;gka rd fd og Hkkjrljdkj osQ funsZ'kksa ij fuHkZj ugha] u gh og vius dk;ks± vkSj dÙkZO;ksa dks fuHkkus osQ <axksa osQ izfr ljdkj osQ le{kmÙkjnk;h gksrk gS vkSj mldk in ,d Lora=k laoSèkkfud in gSA¸

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(?k) jkT;iky osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkj osQ chp ,d lEioZQs lw=k osQ :i esa (Governor as a link

between the Union and the State)–jkT;iky osQUnz vkSj jkT; osQ chp lEioZQ lw=k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrkgS] lkèkkj.k le; esa jkT; osQ uke&ek=k vkSj laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa vkSj tc jkT; vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhujk"Vªifr 'kklu osQ vèkhu vkrk gS rks jkT; osQ okLrfod eqf[k;k osQ :i esaA bu rhu Hkwfedkvksa osQ dkj.k ghdbZ ckj jkT;iky ,d fooknxzLr O;fDr cu tkrk gSA og ,d gh le; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa vkSj jkT;osQ iz'kklu osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djus dk iz;Ru djrk gS vkSj blosQ lkFk gh vius oqQN Lo&foosdvfèkdkjksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djrk gSA vyx&vyx jkT;ksa osQ vyx&vyx jkT;iky vyx&vyx le; ij fooknksadk osQUnz curs jgs gSaA jkT;iky dh okLrfod Hkwfedk fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, LFkkfir dh xbZ lfefr;ksa dh vusdksafjiksVks± esa mldh cgqeq[kh Hkwfedk dks oqQN fn'kk&funsZ'k nsus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd dne lq>k, gSaA ijUrq blosQckotwn jkT;iky osQ in oSlk gS tSlk igys Fkk vkSj blfy, vkt Hkh ;g oqQN fooknxzLr in gh cuk gqvk gSA

11-3 jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk (Role of Governor)

Hkkjr esa izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksrk gS tks jkT; dh dk;Zikyd (ljdkj) dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS ijUrq lkFkgh jkT; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV ;k izfrfufèk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs mlosQ ikl O;kiddk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ka gksrh gSa tksfd fu%lUnsg mlosQ }kjk efU=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj iz;ksxdh tkrh gSaA lkekU; fLFkfr;ksa esa og jkT; osQ laoSèkkfud vkSj uke&ek=k dk;Zikfyd eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrkgS] tSlk fd jkT; esa ykxw lalnh; Lo:i dh ljdkj osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj osQ fy, vko';d gksrk gSA

ijUrq] jkT;iky oqQN okLrfod vfèkdkj Hkh j[krk gS ftudk iz;ksx og viuh bPNk ;k Lo&foosd osQ vuqlkj

dj ldrk gSA ;fn fdlh Hkh ,d ny ;k xBcUèku lewg dks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr u gks rks eq[;eU=kh

dh fu;qfDr esa jkT;iky egÙoiw.kZs Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA og oqQN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;kas eas jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~

dks Hkax dj ldrk gS vkSj jkT; foèkkulHkk dk Hkax dj ldrk gSA og jkT; ljdkj osQ dk;Z osQ ckjs esa jk"Vªoifr

dh fjiksVs± Hkstrk gSA ,slh fjiksVs± Hkstrs le; og viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA laoS/kfud e'khujh dh

vliQyrk dh ifjfLFkfr esa og jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks Hkaxdj ldrk gS vkSj oSdfYid ljdkj LFkkfir dj

ldrk gS tSlk fd iatkc osQ jkT;iky us 1967 esa xqjuke ¯lg dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ Hkax djosQ y{e.k ¯lg fxy

dh ljdkj LFkkfir dj nh FkhA og jk"Vªifr dh lgefr ls ;k lgefr osQ fcuk gh jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax ;k

LFkfxr dj ldrk gSA tc jkT; esa ladVdky fLFkfr (vuqPNsn 356) ykxw gks rks jkT;iky ljdkj osQ okLrfod

eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrk gSA og jkT; esa jk"Vªifr osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa dk;Z

djrk gSA mldh fu;qfDr vkSj ineqfDr jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA og jk"Vªifr dh bPNk rd vius in ij

jg ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 200 osQ vèkhu og jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk ikl fdlh izkarh; fcy dks jk"Vªifr osQ

gLrk{kjksa osQ fy, jksd ldrk gSA mldk ;g drZO; gS fd og ;g ns[ks fd la?kh; dkuwu jkT; esa iw.kZ :i ls

ykxw fd, tk jgs gSa fd ughaA og jkT; ljdkj osQ }kjk dh tk jgh fdlh vogsyuk dks jk"Vªifr osQ è;ku esa

yk ldrk gSA vuqPNsn 355 mldks ;g fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, dgrk gS fd jkT; ljdkj lafoèkku dh

O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj pykbZ tk,A

jkT;iky dh nksgjh Hkwfedk (Dual Role of the Governor)–jkT; osQ jkT;iky dks jkT; osQ laoS/kfud

eqf[k;k gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk osQUnz dk izfrfufèk gksus dh nksgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA 1968 esa osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa

dk ewY;kadu ysus osQ fy, LFkkfir fd, x, iz'kkldh; lqèkkj vk;ksx (,ú vkjú lhú) us dgk] ¶jkT;iky

vfèkdrj jkT; osQ ,d vax osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh mldks osQUnz ls Hkh laioZQ j[kuk iM+rk

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gSA ;g lEioZQ vkSj mldk osQUnz osQ izfr mÙkjnkf;Ro lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj eq[; :i esa bu O;oLFkkvksa osQ dkj.k

gS fd mldh fu;qfDr vkSj in&eqfDr jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dh tkrh gS--- blhfy, ;g Li"V gS fd lafoèkku fuekZ.k

djus okys ;g ugha pkgrs Fks fd jkT;iky jkT; Lrj ij ljdkj dk osQoy ,d vax gh cuk jgsA og pkgrs Fks

fd og osQUnz osQ lkFk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lEioZQ lw=k HKh cusA bl izdkj dh Hkwfedk Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh ,d

egÙoiw.kZ vkSj vuks[kh fo'ks"krk gS tks jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk dks fu'p; gh dfBu cuk nsrh gSA mldks nksuksa

Hkwfedk,¡ lkFk&lkFk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSa vkSj budks fuHkkus esa fdlh ,d esa FkksM+h&lh vliQyrk mldh dfBukbZ

eas Mky ldrh gSA iz'kkldh; lqèkkj vk;ksx (,ú vkjú lhú) us jkT;iky dh ,slh nksgjh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh

djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ¶bl in ij vklkuh O;fDr lkèkkj.k cqf¼ okyk ugha pkfg, vkSj mldk pfj=k lkeF;Z

vkSj vuqHko ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd og osQUnz osQ izfr vkSj jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk (ljdkj) osQ izfr viuk nksgjk

mÙkjnkf;Ro fuHkkus osQ leFkZ gks ftldk fd og laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gS--- mlosQ pfj=k osQ bl igyw ij nwljs igyw

dh dher ij cy nsuk xyr gksxk vkSj bldh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh nksuksa igyqvksa dh laHkkoukvksa vkSj lhekvksa dh

mfpr O;k[;k djus ij fuHkZj djrh gSA¸ ,d jkT;iky dks osQUnz vkSj jkT; nksuksas dks larq"V djuk iM+rk gSA osQUnz

ljdkj mlls ;g vk'kk djrh gS fd og mlosQ fgrksa] dbZ ckj jktuhfrd fgrksa dk ikyu djsa vkSj jkT; ljdkj

;g pkgrh gS fd og lnSo gh eq[;eU=kh vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh bPNkvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djsA tc osQUnz esa fdlh

vU; ny dk 'kklu gks vkSj jkT; esa dksbZ vU; ny 'kklu pyk jgk gks rks jkT;iky dh fLFkfr dfBukbZ okyh

vkSj tfVy cu tkrh gSA jkT;iky osQ in dk 1950 ls ysdj dk;Z&O;ogkj dh laf{kIr leh{kk bl fcUnq dks Li"V

:i esa izdV dj nsrk gS%

jkT;iky osQ in dk 1950 ls ysdj vc rd dk dk;Z&O;ogkj (Working of the Office of

Governor since 1950) : lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ izFke 15 o"kks± esa] tcfd dkaxzsl osQUnz vkSj yxHkx lHkhjkT;ksa esa lÙkk esa Fkh] jkT;ikyksa dh fLFkfr] Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z&O;ogkj ls lacafèkr dHkh dksbZ fo'ks"k fookn ughaiSnk gqvk FkkA lu~ 1964 rd iafMr usg: dh izèkkuea=kh osQ :i esa fo|ekurk] dkaxzsl dh ,dkfèkdkj okyh fLFkfrvkSj Hkwfedk] Lora=krk osQ laxzke osQ egÙoiw.kZ usrkvksa dh jkT;ikyksa osQ :i esa fuq;fDr vkSj Hkkjr osQ la?kh; <kapsesa jktuhfrd ,dkRedrk (osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa ,d gh ny dh ljdkj) osQ vfLrRo osQ dkj.k jkT;iky dhHkwfedk ls lacaf/r fookn iSnk gksus dh de gh laHkkouk FkhA ;g pkSFks vke pqukoksa (1967)] tcfd oqQN jkT;ksaeas xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjsa vfLrRo esa vkb±] vkSj dkaxzsl dks osQUnz esa èkDdk yxk] osQ i'pkr~ gh jkT;iky dh HkwfedklkoZtfud ppkZ dk fo"k; vkSj fookn dk fo"k; cuk vkSj jkT;iky dk in vfèkd&ls&vfèkd ncko vkSj cks>okyk curk x;k] ftlosQ ckjs lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us dHkh lkspk Hkh ugha FkkA 1967 osQ pqukoksa us] tSlk fd ,pú,eú lhjkok; dgrs gSa] us rhu izdkj dh fLFkfr;ka iSnk dha%

(1) dkaxzsl ikVhZ cgqer izkIr dj xbZ vkSj bldks vkaèkz izns'k] egkjk"Vª vkSj eSlwj (vc dukZVd) esa ljdkj cukusdk fuea=k.k fn;k x;kA

(2) tcfd enzkl (psUubZ) (ftldks vc rfeyukMw dgk tkrk gS) esa Mhú ,eú osQú vkSj osQjy esa okeiaFkhnyksa dk xBcUèku lÙkk esa vk;kA

(3) oqQN vU; jkT;ksa esa dksbZ Hkh ,d ny cgqer dh fLFkfr esa ugha Fkk vkSj ;g leL;k cM+h la[;k esa Lora=klnL;ksa dh vfLrRo vkSj ifj.kke osQ :i esa nycnfy;ksa vkSj nycnyh dh jktuhfr osQ dkj.k vkSj tfVy gksxbZA

,slh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk ij Hkkjh ncko iM+ x;k vkSj ;g ckr blls fl¼ gks xbZ tc ,d tSlh fLFkfresa vyx&vyx jkT;ikyksa us vyx&vyx fu.kZ; fd,A dkaxszl 'kkflr jkT;ksa osQ jkT;ikyksa dk O;ogkj mu jkT;ksa

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osQ jkT;ikyksa osQ O;ogkj ls vyx Fkk ftuesa nwljs jktuhfrd nyksa dh lk>h ljdkjsa lÙkk esa FkhaA pkSFks vke pqukoksaosQ i'pkr~ viuh nksgjh Hkwfedk (osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa vkSj jkT; iz'kklu osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i esa) osQ dkj.kjkT;iky dk in ,d fookniw.kZ in cu x;kA dbZ izkUrksa osQ jkT;ikyksa us vius&vius jkT; esa jkT; ljdkj osQxBu osQ lacaèk esa vyx&vyx rjg osQ dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus vuqPNsn 365 osQ vèkhu Hkh vyx&vyx izdkj osQfu.kZ; fy,A dgha rks jkT; ljdkj osQ lkFk&lkFks jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa dks Hkax dj fn;k x;k vkSj dghajkT;&fo/kulHkk dks LFkfxr gh fd;k x;kA ;g le>k x;k fd jkT;ikyksa us ml le; dh la?kh; ljdkj (Jherhbafnjk xk¡èkh dh dkaxzsl ljdkj) osQ b'kkjksa ij gh vyx&vyx fu.kZ; fy, FksA blh dkj.k 1967 ls 1971 osQnkSjku jkT;iky dk in dkiQh fookniw.kZ in cu x;kA

izFke ,sls jkT;iky Fks jktLFkku osQ Jh laiw.kkZuanA 1967 osQ pqukoksas esa dkaxzsl viuk cgqer osQ Lrj xaok cSBh

ijUrq jkT; foèkkulHkk esa lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkjhA Jh ,eú ,yú ¯lg osQ usr`Ro esa fojksèkh nyksa dk

xBcUèku cuk vkSj mUgksaus cgqer izkIr dj fy;kA bldk jk"Vªifr ,lú jkèkkÑ".ku osQ vkxs izn'kZu Hkh fd;k x;kA

ijUrq jkT;iky laiw.kkZuan us vuks[kk fu.kZ; fy;k fd og Lora=k foèkk;dksa dks ekU;rk ugha nsrsA D;ksafd dkaxzsl osQ

usrk eksgu yky lq[kkfM;k us ljdkj cukus esa vleFkZrk izdV dh Fkh] jkT;iky us jkT; esa jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw

djus dh fliQkfj'k dj nh] tksfd ekpZ 1967 esa ykxw gks x;k] ijUrq ;g osQoy ,d eghuk gh ykxw jgkA bl

,d eghus osQ nkSjku Jh lq[kkfM;k ^nycnfy;ksa* osQ }kjk viuh vYila[;k dks cgqer esa cnyus dh fLFkfr esa

igqap x,A blosQ i'pkr~ jkT;iky us jkT; esa ls jk"Vªifr jkT; lekIr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh vkSj blls lq[kkfM;k

osQ usr`Ro esa jkT; esa dkaxzsl ljdkj LFkkfir djus osQ fy, ekxZ iz'kLr gks x;kA jkT;iky dk ,slk O;ogkj lpeqp

gh vuSfrd vkSj i{kikrh Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k dkaxzsl fojksèkh vkSj jkT;iky fojksèkh izn'kZu Hkh gq, FksA

osQUnz dk i{k iw.kZ djus okyk nwljk jkT;iky if'peh caxky dk Jh èkeZohj cukA 1968 esa mlus vt; eq[kthZ

osQ usr`Ro okyh la;qDr okeiaFkh ljdkj dks Hkax dj fn;k] ;|fi ;g cgqer esa FkhA bl dk;Zokgh dk mís';

¶jkT;ksa esa lkE;okfn;ksa dh izHkqrk okyh ljdkj dks gVkuk Fkk ftldks fd osQUnz ilan ugha djrk FkkA¸

tuojh 1971 esa mM+hlk osQ jkT;iky ,lú ,lú valkjh us osQUnz dk i{k iw.kZ djus ls fgpfdpkgV u dhA tc

¯lg nso efU=kifj"kn~ us R;kx&i=k ns fn;k vkSj jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dh] mlus R;kx&i=k

Lohdkj dj fy;k ijUrq eq[;eU=kh dks fuxjkuh eq[;eU=kh cus jgus osQ fy, u dgkA iz'kklu nks fnu rd 'kwU;rk

esa jgkA jkT; foèkkulHkk dks LFkfxr fLFkfr esa j[kk x;kA Jh valkjh us oSdfYid ljdkj dh laHkkoukvksa dk irk

yxk;k ijUrq vliQy jgs vkSj mUgksauss 20 tuojh 1971 dks jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dj nhA

17 iQjojh 1970 dks Hkkjrh; ØkfUr ny osQ usrk pkSèkjh pj.k lg us ;wú ihú esa dkaxzsl dh Hkkxhnkfjrk ls ljdkj

LFkkfir dhA ijUrq 26 flrEcj dks eq[;eU=kh pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg us jkT;iky osQ ikl dkaxzsl ikVhZ ls lacafèkr 26

efU=k;ksa dks in ls gVkus dh fliQkfj'k dhA blosQ foijhr jkT;iky us pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg dks R;kx&i=k nsus osQ

fy, dg fn;kA tc mUgksaus R;kx&i=k nsus ls budkj dj fn;k rks jkT;iky us ljdkj Hkax dj nh] ;|fi ,d

rF; gS fd eq[;eU=kh pkSèkjh pj.k ¯lg us jkT; foèkkulHkk esa viuk cgqer fl¼ djus dh is'kd'k dh Fkh

ftldk vfèkos'ku 6 vDrwcj] 1970 dks gksus okyk FkkA jkT; esa jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw dj fn;k x;k vkSj og Hkh

osQoy 16 fnu osQ fy, ftlosQ i'pkr~ dkaxzsl osQ usrk Jh deykifr f=kikBh dks jkT; dk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj

fn;k x;kA bl lacaèk esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk dh Hkkjh vkykspuk gqbZA

1967 esa iatkc osQ eq[;eU=kh tfLVl xqjuke ¯lg us jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA jkT;iky us

;g fliQkfj'k Lohdkj u dhA ijUrq ckn esa tc eq[;eU=kh y{e.k ¯lg fxy] tksfd ,d vYila[;d ljdkj dk

usr`Ro djrs Fks] us jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dh] rks jkT;iky us ;g fliQkfj'k eku yhA

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bl izdkj 1967&71 osQ nkSjku jkT;iky dk O;ogkj cgqr vkykspuk dk fo"k; cuk jgkA ,d jkT; osQ jkT;ikydh okLrfod Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa ppkZ vkSj fookn c<+rk gh x;kA 1972 osQ vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ vf/drjjkT;ksa esa vkSj osQUnz esa dkaxszl dh ljdkjsa iqu% vfLrRo esa vkus osQ dkj.k ns'k dk jktuhfrd okrkoj.k cny x;kftlus jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk esa ifjorZu fd;kA blosQ ckotwn cgqr ls jkT;ikyksa osQ }kjk cgqr&ls fooknxzLr fu.kZ;ysus osQ dkj.k jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esa cgl fujUrj tkjh jghA

D;k vki tkurs gSa ekpZ] 1973 esa] mM+hlk osQ jkT;iky Jh chú Mhú trh osQ }kjk Jh chtw iVuk;d dks ljdkj

cukus dk volj nsus dh vis{kk jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax dj nsus osQ dkj.k mudh cgqr vfèkd

vkykspuk gqbZA

fnlEcj] 1981 esa osQjy osQ jkT;iky us dkaxzsl osQ usrk osQú d#.kkdju dks jkT; dk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr djfn;k vkSj jkT; esa lk>s yksdrU=kh; ekspsZ dh vYi&la[;d ljdkj laxfBr dj nhA bl fu.kZ; osQ fo:¼ tksjnkjjks"k izdV fd;k x;kA tc Lihdj osQ fu.kkZ;d oksV Mkyus osQ vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx djus ls Hkh ljdkj cp uldh rks jkT;iky us fojksèkh i{k dks ljdkj cukus dk volj u fn;kA bldh lHkh fojksèkh nyksa us dM+h vkykspukdhA 1982 esa vle osQ jkT;iky us Jh xksxksbZ dks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k ftldks cgqer dk fo'okl izkIrugha FkkA mlus fojksèkh i{k dk nkok Lohdkj u fd;k fd mudks 64 foèkk;dksas dk leFkZu izkIr Fkk tcfd JhxksxksbZ dks 48 foèkk;dksas dk gh leFkZu izkIr FkkA xksxksbZ efU=ke.My lÙkk esa fVd u ldk vkSj bldks fojksèkh i{kdk lkeuk djus osQ fcuk gh R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+kA oke yksdrU=kh; ekspsZ us xSj&laoSèkkfud <ax ls ,d ny dk,tsaV cudj dk;Z djus osQ fy, jkT;iky dh dBksj ¯unk dhA

1982 esa] gfj;k.kk osQ jkT;iky thú Mhú rikls us i{kikrh <ax ls dk;Z djrs gq, igys rks yksd ny osQ usrkJh nsoh yky] ftudks Hkktik dk leFkZu izkIr Fkk] dks 24 ebZ] 1982 dks viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, viusleFkZd foèkk;d vius lkeus izLrqr djus osQ fy, dgkA ijUrq fiQj 23 ebZ] 1982 dks mUgksaus jkT; foèkkulHkkesa lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkjh dkaxzsl osQ usrk Jh Hktu yky osQ nkos dks Lohdkj djrs gq, mldks ljdkjcukus dk fueU=k.k ns fn;kA pkgs fd Jh Hktu yky dks viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, 30 fnu dk le;fn;k x;k ijUrq Jh nsoh yky dks fuèkkZfjr le; esa viuk cgqer fl¼ djus dk volj u nsus osQ dkj.k jkT;ikydk O;ogkj fookniw.kZ cu x;kA

1983 esa dukZVd vkSj flfDde osQ jkT;ikyksa osQ O;ogkj ls mudh i{kikrh vkSj fookniw.kZ Hkwfedk dh >ydfeyhA vxLr 1984 esa vkaèkz izns'k osQ jkT;iky Jh jke yky us eq[;ea=kh Jh ,uú Vhú jkek jko dks lnu esaviuk cgqer fl¼ djus dk volj nsus osQ fcuk gh in ls gVk fn;k mUgksaus Jh HkkLdj jko dks eq[;eU=kh cukfn;kA jkT;iky osQ bl O;ogkj osQ dkj.k bruk 'kksj&'kjkck gqvk fd jk"Vªifr dks jkT;iky dk gLrkarj.k djosQmlosQ LFkku ij MkWú 'kadj n;ky 'kekZ dks jkT;iky fu;qDr djuk iM+kA ftUgksaus Jh ,uú Vhú jkek jko dhljdkj iqu% LFkkfir dj nhA vizSy] 1989 esa dukZVd osQ jkT;iky us Jh ,lú vkjú cksebZ dh ljdkj dks cgqerfl¼ djus dk mfpr volj nsus osQ fcuk gh Hkax dj fn;k ijUrq lkFk gh jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax dj nhA

blls Hkh vfèkd 1971&2011 osQ nkSjku oqQN jkT;iky rks Fkksd esa jkT; ljdkjsa Hkax djus osQ dkj.k osQUnz osQeksgjs cudj gh jg x,A osQUnz ljdkj us viuh bPNkuqlkj jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr dh] mudks gVk;k] cnyk vkSjmudk gLrkarj.k fd;kA jkT;iky dk in fdlh u fdlh okn&fookn dk dkj.k cuk jgkA 1967 ls ysdj fujUrjpys vkrs okn&fookn dkj.k] ;g ekax idM+ xbZ fd jkT;iky dk in lekIr fd;k tk, ;k jkT;iky dks mfprfn'kk&funsZ'k (,d lafgrk) fn, tkus ;k jkT;iky dks gVkus osQ <ax dks cnyk tk, (rkfd mldks osQUnz ls LorU=kcuk;k tk losQ) ;k vU; lqèkkj fd, tk,¡A okLro esa xouZj dk in vHkh Hkh ,d fookn dk osQUnz cuk gqvk

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gSA 1998&99 osQ nkSjku fcgkj osQ xouZj Jh lqUnj ¯lg Hk.Mkjh dk O;ogkj fookniw.kZ cuk jgkA mlls igys1996&97 osQ nkSjku ;w- ih- osQ xouZj Jh jes'k Hk.Mkjh dk in ,d cM+s fookn dk dkj.k cuk jgkA 1999 esaif'peh caxky osQ u, xouZj dh fu;qfDr osQ le; Hkh ,d fookn [kM+k gks x;kA ebZ 2004 esa fcgkj osQ xouZjcwVk ¯lg us ,u-Mh-,- osQ uhrh'k oqQekj dh ljdkj cukus dk volj fn, fcuk fcgkj foèkkulHkk dks jkrksa&jkrHkax dj fn;kA fu'p; gh mudk O;ogkj oLrqfu"B u FkkA dukZVd osQ jkT; iky gal jkt Hkkj}kt ij Hkh nyxrHkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj dke djus osQ vkjksi yxsA xqtjkr dh orZeku jkT; iky deyk cSuh oky osQ }kjk yksd;qDr dh fu;qfDr Hkh fookn dk dkj.k cuhA ;s lHkh rÙo Li"V djrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa xouZjdk in ,d fookniw.kZ in jgk gSA bl fookn osQ ihNs eq[; dkj.k ;g jgk gS fd jkT;iky dks ,d nksgjh HkwfedkfuHkkuh iM+rh gSµjkT; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsUV osQ :i esa vkSj izkar osQ dk;Zikfyd eqf[k;k osQ :i esaA bldk ,d vU;izeq[k dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd osQUnzh; ljdkj vius leFkZd jktuhfrd usrkvksa dh uhfr ij pyrh jgh gSA osQUnzesa ljdkj ifjorZu osQ i'pkr~ jkT;ikyksa dks gVkus@ifjorZu djus dh izfØ;k ;g Li"V fn[kykrh gS fd jkT;ikyosQ in dks ,d jktuhfrd Lo:i izkIr gks pqdk gS rFkk jkT;iky vius mPp in ij vklhu gksus osQ ckotwnjktuhfr esa 'kkfey jgrs gSa rFkk osQUnz ljdkj jkT;ikyksa esa jktuhfrd Hkwfedk dh vk'kk Hkh djrh gSA cgqr ckjjkT;iky bu nksuksa Hkwfedkvksa dks fuHkkrs le; ,d lUrqyu cukus esa vleFkZ jgrk gS vkSj blh dkj.k mldk infookniw.kZ in cu x;k gSA vkt Hkh xouZj osQ in osQ lEcUèk esa dbZ ,d lqèkkjksa dh ekax dh tk jgh gS D;ksafd;g vko';d le>k tkrk gS fd xouZj osQ in dks fookn jfgr cuk;k tk,A jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr osQ lEcUèkesa vc ,d fu.kZ; ;g fy;k x;k gS fd fdlh jkT; dk jkT;iky fu;qDr djrs le; la?k ljdkj lEcfUèkr jkT;dks ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ ij lnSo è;ku nsxhA

jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs jktkeUukj lfefr dh fjiksVZ(Role of Governer : Report of Rajamannar Committee)

jktkeUukj lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa ;g lq>ko fn;k fd jk"Vªifr dks pkfg, fd og jkT;iky dks funsZ'k tkjh

djs ftuosQ }kjk jkT;iky dks og fn'kk&funsZ'k ;k fl¼kUr fn, tk,¡ ftuosQ vuqlkj jkT;iky vius Lo&foosd

osQ vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; vius lHkh dk;Z vPNh rjg vkSj fujis{krk ls fuHkk,A blls vkxs] fjiksVZ esa

dgk x;k fd fn'kk&funsZ'kksa esa bu ckrksa dk fo'ks"k :i esa o.kZu gksuk pkfg, fdµ

(d) jkT;iky dks ml usrk dks gh eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr djuk pkfg, tks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa iw.kZ cgqer okys

ny dk usrk gksA

([k) tc jkT;iky dks bl ckr dk fo'okl gks fd jkT; foèkkulHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny dks iw.kZ cgqer izkIr

ugha] bldks vius&vki foèkkulHkk dk vfèkos'ku cqykuk pkfg, tksfd eq[;ea=kh dk pquko vkSj bl izdkj pqus

x, O;fDr dks eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(x) eq[;ea=kh osQ }kjk fdlh Hkh eU=kh dks in ls gVkus dh fliQkfj'k jkT;iky osQ }kjk Lohdkj dh tkuh

pkfg,A

(?k) tc jkT;iky dks fdlh Hkh le; iSlk yxs fd eq[;ea=kh foèkkulHkk osQ lnL;ksa osQ cgqer dk fo'okl

xaok pqdk gS rks jkT;iky dks rqjar vius :i esa foèkkulHkk dk vfèkos'ku cqykuk pkfg, vkSj eq[;ea=kh dks funsZ'k

nsuk pkfg, fd og foèkkulHkk esa fo'okl dk er izkIr djsA

(Ä) ;fn eq[;ea=kh fo'okl dk izLrko ikl djokus esa vliQy gks tkrk gS rks jkT;iky dks pkfg, fd og

eq[;ea=kh vkSj mlosQ usr`Ro okyh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks Hkax dj nsA ijUrq os fliQkfj'ksa Lohdkj ugha dh xb±A

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oqQN lq>ko (Some Suggestions)

jkT;iky osQ in ls lEcfUèkr laoSèkkfud O;oLFkkvksa esa la'kksèku osQ fy, dbZ vU; lq>ko fn, tk ldrs gSa tSlsµ

(i) jktuhfr ls laU;kl ys pqosQ usrkvksa] lfØ; jktusrkvksa] HkwriwoZ efU=k;ksa] HkwriwoZ eq[;efU=k;ksa] lsokfuo`Ùk

gq, fooknksa ls f?kjs jgs ljdkjh viQljksa vkSj tks O;fDr lalnh; iz.kkyh osQ fu;eksa vkSj dkuwuksa osQ ckjs vutku

gksa] dks jkT;iky osQ in ij fu;qDr dHkh ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr lekt lsodksa]

dkuwu&'kkfL=k;ksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa] jktuhfr lw>&cw> okys O;fDr;ksa] odhyksa] lsok eqDr lSU; vfèkdkfj;ksa vkfn esa dh

tkuh pkfg,A

(ii) la?k osQ fu;U=k.k ls jkT;ikyksa dks eqDr djus osQ fy, jkT;iky osQ in dh vofèk jk"Vªifr dh bPNk

ij fuHkZj jgus osQ LFkku ij ;k rks mlosQ in dh vofèk fuf'pr le; osQ fy, dj nsuh pkfg, ;k mldks gVkus

osQ fy, egkfHk;ksx iz.kkyh ykus dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A

(iii) jkT;iky dks vius Lo&foosd vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx jkT; iz'kklu dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk osQ fgr esa vkSj

yksdrU=kh; ijEijkvksa osQ vuqlkj oLrqfu"B :i esa djuk pkfg,A

(iv) ,d jkT;iky dks ^osQUnzh; js[kk* osQ vuqlkj pyus ls bUdkj dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj lnSo lafo/ku dh

O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

(v) la?k ljdkj dks jkT;ikyksa dks viekutud <ax ls in ls gVkus dh dk;Zokgh ls ladksp djuk pkfg,A

bldks jkT;ikyksa dks jktuhfrd mís';ksa osQ fy, iz;ksx djus ls nwj jguk pkfg,A jkT; ljdkj osQ iz'kklu esa

jkT;ikyksa osQ in dks iz;ksx djosQ osQUnz osQ gLr{ksi dk lnSo gh foijhr izHkko gksrk gSA bu gLr{ksiksa us {ks=kh;

nyksa osQ mHkjus rFkk {ks=kokn dks mHkjus esa lgk;rk dh gSA

(vi) jkT; ljdkjksa osQ fo#¼ vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx dfBu cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A blls jkT;ksa esa osQUnz osQ

gLr{ksi osQ volj de gks tk,axs ijUrq lkFk gh jkT;iky osQ Lo&foosd vfèkdkjksa osQ iz;ksx osQ volj Hkh de

fd, tkus pkfg,A

(vii) lkekU; :i esa jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk (ljdkj) dk laoSèkkfud vkSj uke&ek=k dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ

dkj.k jkT;iky dks jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

(viii) la?k jkT; lacaèkksa osQ {ks=k esa jkT;iky dks jkT; dk eqf[k;k gksus osQ ukrs vfèkd&ls&vfèkd laHko lhek

rd jkT; osQ fgr lqjf{kr djus pkfg, vkSj jkT; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa dk;Z djus ls ladksp djuk pkfg,A

(ix) osQUnz esa ljdkj cnyus osQ lkFk gh jkT;ikyksa osQ cnyus osQ O;ogkj osQ dkj.k bl in ij ,d fo'ks"k

izdkj dk i{kikrh lk izHkko iM+k gS vkSj blls jkT;ikyksa osQ osQUnz esa jktuhfrd <kaps osQ ,d Hkkx dk Lo:i

feykA blls jkT;iky osQ in dk Lrj de gqvk gS vkSj bldk jktuhfrdj.k gks x;k gSA bl dkj.k ,slh ,d

uhfr vFkok O;ogkj dks ,dne jksd nsuk pkfg,A jk"Vªifr dks bl lacaèk esa vius in dh xfjek osQ vkèkkj ij

dk;Z djuk pkfg, vkSj la?kh; efU=kifj"kn~ dks ,slk u djus dk ijke'kZ vkSj funsZ'k nsuk pkfg,A

(x) lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 200 vkSj 201 tks jkT;iky dks jkT; osQ oqQN izdkj osQ fcyksa dks jk"Vªifr dh

lgefr osQ fy, lqjf{kr djus dk vfèkdkj nsrs gSa] osQUnz jkT; Vdjko vkSj jkT;iky osQ in dks fooknxzLr cukus

dk Ïksr jgs gSaA blfy, budks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A

(xi) lsok&fuo`Ùk jkT;ikyksa osQ lfØ; jktuhfr esa iqu% 'kkfey gksus osQ O;ogkj ij laoSèkkfud izfrcUèk

yxkuk pkfg,A fdlh Hkh lsok&fuo`Ùk jkT;iky dks dksbZ jktuhfrd in ugha fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

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;g lq>ko vkSj de&ls&de buesa ls oqQN lq>ko jkT;iky osQ in dks mu fooknksa vkSj Vdjkoksa ls eqDr djusdk lkeF;Z j[krs gSa tksfd fiNys yxHkx N% n'kdksa ls bl in ls tqM+s pys vk jgs gSaA vko';drk bl ckr dhgS fd budh vko';drk vkSj ykHk dk fo'ys"k.k fy;k tk,A bl nkSjku izR;sd jkT;iky dks Lo;a buesa ls oqQNlq>koksa vkSj mu fl¼kUrksa osQ :i esa O;ogkj vkjaHk dj nsuk pkfg, ftuosQ vkèkkj ij mudks osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksaosQ chp lEioZQ lw=k (jkT; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa ugha) osQ :i esa vkSj jkT; osQ laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k osQ:i esa vius fu.kZ; Lo;a ysus pkfg, rFkk lafoèkku }kjk LFkkfir lalnh; Lo:i dh ljdkj osQ fu;eksa vkSjijEijkvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

jkT;iky osQ in osQ lacaèk esa lHkh jkT;ksa osQ jkT;ikyksa dks feydj ,d O;ogkj&lafgrk viukuh pkfg, vkSj blosQvuqlkj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A jkT;iky dk in ,d xkSjo'kkyh vkSj lEekutud in gS vkSj izR;sd jkT; osQjkT;iky dks vius&vki lafoèkku osQ }kjk fuèkkZfjr O;ogkj osQ vuqlkj fu"i{k vkSj oLrqfu"B :i esa dk;Z djusosQ fy, vkxs vkuk pkfg,A mudks jktuhfr ls mQij mBdj vius fu.kZ; ysus pkfg,A ,slk djosQ og Hkkjrh;lalnh; yksdra=k vkSj la?kkRed O;oLFkk dks vkSj liQy cukus esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA vc vkSipkfjd:i esa ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k gS fd osQUnz ljdkj fdlh jkT; osQ jkT;ikyk dh fu;qfDr djrs le; lacafèkr jkT;osQ eq[;&eU=kh vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj fu.kZ; ysus osQ izR;sd laHko iz;kl djsxh vkSj osQUnz osQfy, ,slk ijke'kZ ysuk vfuok;Z gksxkA bl fu.kZ; ls jkT;iky osQ in osQ lacaèk esa jkT; ljdkj dk fo'okl c<+sxkvkSj xouZj osQ in osQ lEeku esa o`f¼ gksxhA lcls cM+h vko';drk ;g gS fd jkT;ikyksa dks Lo;a vkxs vkdjvius in osQ mPp lEeku dks cuk, j[kuk pkfg, vkSj dksbZ Hkh fu.kZ; fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd i{k ls izHkkfor gksdjugha djuk pkfg,A izR;sd fu.kZ; lacafèkr jkT; osQ fgr vkSj Hkkjrh; la?k osQ leqfpr fgr dks lkeus j[k djoLrqfu"B <ax ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,A



4- ^izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksxk*] ;g O;oLFkk lafoèkku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ }kjk dh xbZ gS\



5- eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr dkSu djrk gS\

(a) jkT; iky (b) mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;kèkh'k

(c) u rks (a) u (b) (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha

6- jkT;iky dks ml usrk dks gh eq[;ea=kh fu;qDr djuk pkfg,µ

(a) ftlosQ ikl lcosQ T;knk lhVs gksa (b) ftlus cgqer izkIr fd;k gks

(c) ftlosQ ikl lcls de lhVs gksa (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ughaA

11-4 jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ (State Council of Ministers)

Hkkjr dk lafoèkku jkT; Lrj ij Hkh lalnh; Lo:i dh ljdkj laxfBr djus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA og ;gO;oLFkk djrk gS fd jkT; dk jkT;iky jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk laoSèkkfud vkSj ukeek=k dk eqf[k;k gksxk vkSjokLrfod dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx eq[;eU=kh osQ usr`Ro esa jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ djsxhA vuqPNsn 163 osQ

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vuqlkj] Hkkjr dk lafoèkku izR;sd jkT; osQ fy, ,d efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ;g dgrk gS] ¶jkT;ikydh Lo&foosd 'kfDr;ksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx osQ lacaèk esa jkT;iky osQ ijke'kZ vkSj lgk;rkdjus osQ fy, eq[;eU=kh osQ usr`Ro esa ,d efU=k&ifj"kn~ gksxhA¸ lkekU;r% jkT;iky vius lHkh dk;Z jkT;efU=k&ifj"kn~ okLro esa eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls djrk gSA

laxBu (Organisation)

1- jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh jpuk (Formation of a State Council of Ministers)–jkT; Lrj ijefU=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k la?kh; efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ leku gh fd;k tkrk gSA lkèkkj.k pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ tks ny jkT;foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr dj ysrk gS] og viuk usrk pqurk gSA bl ij jkT;iky mldks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr djrkgS tks vius efU=k;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djrk gS vkSj ,slh lwph jkT;iky dks ns nsrk gSA fiQj jkT;iky mudksvkSipkfjd :i esa eU=kh fu;qDrs dj nsrk gSA lkekU; :i esa efU=kifj"kn~ osQ lHkh eU=kh jkT; foèkkuikfydk osQlnL; gh gksrs gSa rFkk cgqer izkIr ny vFkok xBcUèku osQ nks lnL; gksrs gSaA ijUrq vius efU=k;ksa dh Vhe rS;kjdjrs le; eq[;eU=kh ml O;fDr dks Hkh eU=kh cukus dkfu.kZ; dj ldrk gS tks jkT; foèkkulHkk dk lnL; ughaHkh gksrkA ijUrq ,sls O;fDr dks vius eU=kh osQ :i esa fu;qfDr ls 6 eghuksa osQ Hkhrj jkT; foèkkulHkk dk lnL;cuuk iM+rk gSA ;fn og ,slk djus esa vliQy jgrk gS rks mldks vius eU=kh osQ in ls R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rkgSA oqQN le; osQ i'pkr~ mldks iqu% eU=kh fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ijUrq ,slk cgqr de fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafdbldks ,d vyksdrU=kh; vkSj ?kfV;k ckr le>k tkrk gSA ;gka rd fd ,d ckgjh O;fDr] vFkkZr~ og O;fDrtks jkT; foèkkulHkk dk lnL; ugha] dks eq[;eU=kh Hkh fu;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gS c'krsZ fd og jkT; fo/kulHkkesa cgqer izkIr djus okys ny ;k lewg dks usrk pquk x;k gksA ,slk Kkuh xqjeq[k ¯lg eqlkfiQj tksfd ml le;laln osQ lnL; Fks] osQ eqís esa ?kfVr gqvk tc mudks uoEcj] 1966 esa iatkc dk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr fd;k x;kFkkA blh izdkj 'ks[k vCnqYyk dks ,d ckj jkT; foèkkulHkk dk lnL; u gksus osQ ckotwn tEew vkSj d'ehj dkfu;qDr fd;k x;k FkkA Jh ,uú Mhú frokjh] blh izdkj 1987 esa ;wú ihú osQ eq[;eU=kh cus FksA ijUrq ,slseq[;eU=kh dks 6 ekg osQ vanj&vanj jkT; foèkkulHkk ;k jkT; foèkku ifj"kn~ dh lnL;rk izkIr djuh iM+rh gSAvxj og ,slk ugha dj ikrk rks mls eq[;eU=kh in ls ,dne R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA

lkekU; :i esa eq[;eU=kh jkT; foèkkulHkk esa ls cuk;k tkrk gS pkgs fd ,slh dksbZ laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk ugha gSAeq[;eU=kh vkSj mldh efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ laxBu osQ le; rc oqQN dfBukbZ is'k ugha vkrh gS tc jkT; foèkkulHkkosQ pqukoksa esa fdlh Hkh ,d ny ;k xBcUèku dks Li"V cgqer izkIr gks tkrk gSA ijUrq jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksaesa fdlh Hkh ,d ny dks cgqer izkIr u gksus dh ifjfLFkfr esa jkT;iky viuh LoSfPNd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djldrk gS vkSj ml ny osQ fdlh Hkh usrk dks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gS ftlosQ ckjs esa le>k tkrk gks fdog fo/kulHkk esa cgqer izkIr djus osQ leFkZ gksxkA lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky ,sls <ax ls fu;qDr fd, x,eq[;eU=kh dks ,d fuèkkZfjr le; vanj tSlk fd ,d eghus ;k 15 fnu esa] viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy,dgrk gSA twu] 1995 esa lqJh ek;korh osQ usr`Ro esa chú ,lú ihú ljdkj us eqyk;e ¯lg ;kno dh clik&likxBcUèku dh ljdkj osQ LFkku ij lÙkk izkIr dj yhA lqJh ek;kokrh dh ljdkj osQ vfLrRo esa vkus dk dkj.kHkktik osQ }kjk ckgj jg dj bldk leFkZu djus dk fu.kZ; ysuk FkkA ckn esa lqJh ek;korh us ;wú ihú foèkkulHkkosQ vf/os'ku esa viuk cgqer fl¼ dj fn;k vkSj bl izdkj viuh ljdkj dks oSèkrk iznku dj yhA lkekU;:i esa ,slk gh gksrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa nks ;k blls vfèkd lewg xBcUèku dj ysrs gSa] ftldk lkekU; :i esalk>k ekspkZ dgk tkrk gS] vkSj viuk usrk pqu ysrs gSa vkSj bldh lwpuk jkT;iky dks ns nh tkrh gS fd bl lewgdk ;k rks cgqer dk leFkZu foèkkulHkk esa izkIr gks x;k gS ;k fiQj foèkkulHkk osQ oqQN jktuhfrd nyksa] lewgksa;k lnL;ksa us bl lk>s lewg dks leFkZu nsus dk fu.kZ; dj fy;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa bl lewg osQ usrk dks jkT;iky

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osQ }kjk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ebZ 2002 esa ;wú ihú esa chú ,lú ihúµchú tsú ihú xBcaèkudh usrk lqJh ek;korh dks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr fd;k x;k vkSj mldks ;wú ihú fo/kulHkk esa cgqer fl¼ djusosQ fy, dgk x;kA lqJh ek;korh osQ usr`Ro okyh lk>h ljdkj us ;g 'krZ iwjh dj nh vkSj mldh ljdkjfofèkor~ :i esa lÙkk/kjh ljdkj cuhA vktdy lkekU; :i esa ckj&ckj vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa blh <ax lseq[;&efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr gks jgh gSA ebZ 2004 dks dukZVd esa dkaxzsl rFkk turk ny (,l) osQ chp xBcUèkugksus osQ i'pkr~ gh jkT; ljdkj dks laxfBr fd;k tk ldkA fu;e rks ;g gS fd ftl ny dks cgqer izkIr gksmlosQ usrk dks eq[; eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gSA ijUrq tc fdlh ny dks cgqer izkIr u gks rks fdlh ,slsny ;k lewg osQ usrk dks eq[;&eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k tkrk gS tksfd foèkkulHkk esa cgqer fl¼ djus osQ ;ksX;le>k tkrk gSA jkT;iky ,sls eq[;eU=kh bl 'krZ dks iwjk djus osQ i'pkr~ gh vius in ij cuk jgrk gS vkSj jkT;esa vius }kjk xfBr ljdkj dks pyk ldrk gSA ;fn dksbZ Hkh ny ljdkj u cuk losQ rks xouZj vuqPNsn 356osQ vèkhu ladV dky dh ?kks"k.kk djosQ jkT; esa jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw djok nsrk gSA iQjojh 2005 esa fcgkj esa,slk gh gqvkA

jkT; esa efU=kifj"kn~ dk xBu eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr ls vkjaHk gksrk gS vkSj ljdkj cukuk eq[;&eU=kh dk ghmÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA eq[;eU=kh viuh lksp vkSj le> osQ lkFk efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk xBu djrk gSA ;fn og ,dlk>s ekspsZ dh ljdkj dk eq[;eU=kh gks rks mldks lk>s ekspsZ osQ vyx&vyx ?kVdksa osQ usrkvksa osQ efU=k&ifj"kn~esa 'kkfey djuk iM+rk gS ijUrq ;fn eq[;&eU=kh osQ ikl foèkkulHkk esa Li"V cgqer gks rks og vius jktuhfrdny osQ usrkvksa esa ls gh eU=kh fu;qDr djrk gSA og fdlh ,sls O;fDr dks Hkh eU=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gS tksfdjkT; foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; ugha gksrk ijUrq ,sls eU=kh dks 6 eghus osQ Hkhrj jkT; foèkkuikfydk dh lnL;rkizkIr djuh vko';d gksrh gS ugha rks mldks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA eq[;eU=kh gh efU=k;ksa esa foHkkxksa dk caVokjkdjrk gS vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks Lo:i iznku djrk gSA

2- efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa efU=k;ksa dh Jsf.k;ka (Categories of Ministers in the Council of Ministers)–

efU=kifj"kn~ esa efU=k;ksa dh fuEufyf[kr Jsf.k;ka gksrh gSa%

(d) oSQfcusV eU=kh (Cabinet Ministers)–oSQfcusV eU=kh os eU=kh gksrs gSa ftudks oSQfcusV dk ntkZ fn;ktkrk gSA muosQ ikl foÙk] x`g] f'k{kk vkfn tSls egÙoiw.kZ foHkkxksa dk Lora=k pktZ gksrk gSA og jkT; dh uhfr;kafuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA mudks eq[;eU=kh osQ cgqr fudV lg;ksxh le>k tkrk gSA lkekU; :iesa lÙkkèkkjh ny osQ egÙoiw.kZ usrkvksa dks gh oSQfcusV eU=kh cuk;k tkrk gSA

([k) jkT; eU=kh (State Ministers)–budks efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa nwljk ntkZ feyrk gS] ;g oSQfcusV cSBdksa esa'kkfey ugha gksrs vkSj lkekU; :i esa uhfr&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa Hkkx ugha ysrsA os oSQfcusV efU=k;ksa dh lgk;rkdjrs gSa vkSj mudks oSQfcusV efU=k;ksa osQ lacafèkr foHkkxksa ls tksM+k tkrk gSA oqQN eqíksa esa mudks oqQN foHkkxksa osQLora=k pktZ Hkh fn, tk ldrs gSaA

(x) mi&eU=kh (Deputy Ministers)–;g efU=k;ksa dh rhljh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ;g efU=k&ifj"kn~ lh<+h dklcls fuEure MaMk gksrs gSaA mudks fdlh Hkh foHkkx dk Lora=k pktZ ugha fn;k tkrkA og efU=k;ksa osQ lgk;dgksrs gSaA budks ;k rks oSQfcusV eU=kh ;k jkT; eU=kh ;k nksuksa ls gh muosQ foHkkxksas osQ dk;ks± esa lgk;rk nsus osQ fy,tksM+k tkrk gSA lkekU; :i esa jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa mi&eU=kh ugha fu;qDr fd, tkrsA

(?k) lalnh; lfpo (Parliamentary Secretaries)–cgqr ckj eq[;eU=kh vius ny vFkok xBcUèku osQusrkvksa dks lalnh; lfpo fu;qDr dj nsrk gSA lalnh; lfpo efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh jkT; foèkkuikfydk easa lgk;rkdjrs gSaA ijUrq vktdy budh Hkwfedk vkSj egÙo vkxs ls vfèkd gks x;kA ny cnyh dkuwu osQ v/hu vc;g fuèkkZfjr fd;k x;k gS fd jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa efU=k;ksa dh vfèkd&ls&vfèkd la[;k] foèkkulHkk dh

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lnL;rk osQ 15» ls vfèkd ugha gks ldrhA blesa jkT; efU=kifj"knksa dk vkdkj NksVk gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esavius ny osQ lnL;ksa@usrkvksa osQ ncko (eU=kh cuk, tkus dh bPNk osQ ncko) dks de djus osQ fy, eq[;eU=khus dbZ ,d lfpoksa dks fu;qDr djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k gSA

3- dk;Zdky (Tenure)–lS¼kfUrd :i esa eU=kh jkT;iky dh bPNk rd vius in ij cus jgrs gSaA okLrfod

O;ogkj esa bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd os rc rd ea=kh cus jgrs gSa tc rd eq[;eU=kh pkgrk gSA eq[;eU=kh fdlh

Hkh eU=kh dks R;kx&i=k nssus osQ fy, dg ldrk gS vkSj eq[;eU=kh dh ;g bPNk lnSo gh lacafèkr eU=kh osQ }kjk

iw.kZ dh tkrh gSA ;fn og fojksèk djrk gS rks eq[;eU=kh jkT;iky dks mldks in ls gVkus dh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk

gSA jkT;iky lnSo gh eq[;eU=kh dh fliQkfj'k Lohdkj dj ysrk gSA eq[;eU=kh jkT;iky dks vius Lo;a dk

R;kx&i=k nssdj efU=k&ifj"kn~ Hkax djus osQ dk osQ dkj.k cu ldrk gSA ,d eU=kh rc rd eU=kh jg ldrk gS

tc rd fd eq[;eU=kh mldks j[kuk pkgrk gS ;k fiQj tc rd mldks eq[;eU=kh dk fo'okl izkIr jgrk gSA

eq[;eU=kh fdlh Hkh le; fdlh Hkh eU=kh dks eU=kh ifj"kn~ esa ls fudky ldrk gSA og efU=k;ksa ls R;kx&i=k dh

ekax dj ldrk gS] tksfd efU=k;ksa dks nsus gh iM+rs gSaA eq[;eU=kh osQ foHkkx cny ldrk gS] oqQN efU=k;ksa dks

fudky ldrk gS rFkk u, eU=kh 'kkfey dj ldrk gSA

eU=kh O;fDrxr :i esa jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ le{k mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA ;fn foèkkulHkk fdlh eU=kh] ftlosQ }kjk mlfoHkkx osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj esa dksbZ vis{kk dh tkrh gS ftldk fd og eqf[k;k gS] osQ fo#¼ fuUnk izLrko ;kvfo'okl izLrko ;k dVkSrh izLrko ikl dj nsrh gS rks eU=kh dks vius in ls R;kx i=k nsuk gh iM+rk gSA ,deU=kh rc rd gh eU=kh cuk jg ldrk gS tc rd fd jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer osQ ml ij fo'okl jgsA

jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ le{k lkewfgd :i esa mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSA ;fn foèkkulHkk efU=k&ifj"kn~

osQ fo#¼ ;k blosQ eqf[k;k eq[;eU=kh osQ fo#¼ vfo'okl dk izLrko ikl dj nsrh gS ;k ljdkj osQ fdlh fcy

dks jí dj nsrh gS ;k ljdkj osQ ctn ij dks jí dj nsrh gS ;k ljdkj dh fdlh uhfr dks jí dj nsrh gS

;k ljdkj dh fufèk;ksa esa dVkSrh dj nsrh gS] rks laiw.kZ efU=k&ifj"kn~ R;kx&i=k ns nsrh gSA efU=k&ifj"kn~ rc rd

in ij cuh jgrh gS] tc rd fd mldks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer dk fo'okl vkSj leFkZu izkIr jgrk gSA dksbZ

Hkh eU=kh fdlh Hkh le; Lo;a R;kx&i=k ns ldrk gSA

4- osru vkSj HkÙks (Salary and Allowances)–efU=k;ksa osQ osru vkSj HkÙks jkT; foèkkuikfydk osQ }kjk

fuèkkZfjr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj blfy, ;g vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA ijUrq budk osru jkT; dh

lafpr fufèk ls fn;k tkrk gSa vkSj blfy, ;g jkT; foèkkulHkk ls ikl ugha djokus iM+rsA

jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj dk;Z(Powers and Functions of the State Council of Ministers)

jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; Lrj ij okLrfod dk;Zikfydk (ljdkj) gksrh gSA ;g O;kid vkSj okLrfod

dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrh gSA jkT;iky jkT; dk uke&ek=k dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA jkT; dk iz'kklu

efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk mlosQ uke ij pyk;k tkrk gSA mlosQ lHkh dk;Zokgh vfèkdkj] osQoy mlosQ fcuk tksfd

lafo/ku us jkT;iky dks mlosQ Lo&foosd osQ :i esa vfèkdkj fo'ks"k :i esa fn, gSa] jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ

}kjk iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA jkT;iky lkekU; :i esa efU=k&ifj"kn~] fo'ks"k :i esa jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ vkSj

fliQkfj'k osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gSA

jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fof'k"V vkSj izeq[k 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vuqlkj o.kZu fd;ktk ldrk gS%

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(1) jkT; uhfr;ksas dk fuekZ.k djuk (Formulation of State Policies)–efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Rogksrk gS fd og jkT; dh uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djs vkSj fuèkkZj.k djsA lHkh uhfr;ksa vkSj uhfr eqíksa ij blosQ }kjkfopkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fu.kZ; fd, tkrs gSaA tcfd lS¼kfUrd :i esa uhfr&fuekZ.k djuk leqph efU=k&ifj"kn~dk dk;Z gS] ijUrq O;ogkj esa osQoy oSQfcusV gh bl dk;Z dks lkewfgd :i esa laiw.kZ djrh gSA blls Hkh vfèkdizR;sd uhfr ij eq[;eU=kh osQ fopkjksa] lksp vkSj èkkj.kkvksa dh Nki gksrh gSA

(2) iz'kklu pykuk (Running of Administration)–efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk nwljk vkSj lcls egÙoiw.kZ dk;ZjkT; dk iz'kklu pykuk gSA eU=kh ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj foèkkuikfydk osQ }kjk LohÑr uhfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj jkT;dk iz'kklu pykus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA mudk ;g dÙkZO; gksrk gS fd og ;g ns[ks vkSj fo'oluh; cuk,fd jkT; dk iz'kklu ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj py jgk gSA efU=k;ksa osQ ikl ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd foHkkxgksrs gSa ftu ij mudk fu;U=k.k gksrk gS vkSj izR;sd eU=kh vius foHkkx@foHkkxksa dk iz'kklu mfpr <ax ls pykusosQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA

(3) rkyesy dk;Z (Co-ordination Functions)–oSQfcusV vyx&vyx ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ dk;ks± esarkyesy fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, Hkh mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSaA foHkkxksa esa rkyesy osQ fcuk] ljdkj LokHkkfod <axls ugha pykbZ tk ldrhA oSQfcusV dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa iSnk gksus okysVdjkoksa vkSj fojksèkksa dks nwj djsA lHkh eU=kh oSQfcusV osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks Lohdkj djus osQ fy, ikcan gksrs gSaA

(4) fu;qfDr;ka djus dk vfèkdkj (Appointment-making Powers)–oSQfcusV jkT; esa lHkh egÙoiw.kZfu;qfDr;ka djrh gSA ,MoksosQV tujy] jkT; dh fo'o&fo|ky;ksa osQ mioqQyifr;ksa ;k izksú mioqQyifr;ksa] jkT;yksd lsok vk;ksx (,lú ihú ,lú lhú) osQ ps;jeSu vkSj lnL;] vyx&vyx fu;eksa vkSj cksMks± osQ ps;jeSuvkfn lHkh dh fu;qfDr jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'k ij jkT;iky osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA

(5) dkuwu&fuekZ.k esa Hkwfedk (Role in Law-Making)–dkuwu fuekZ.k djuk jkT; dh fo/kuikfydk dkdk;Z gksrk gS] ijUrq jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ Hkh bl O;ogkj esa egÙoiw.kZ vkSj izeq[k Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA ;gefU=k&ifj"kn~ gh gksrh gS tks foèkkuikfydk osQ dk;ZØe dk fuèkkZj.k djrh gSA vfèkdrj fcy] yxHkx 95»efU=k;ksa osQ }kjk jkT; foèkkuikfydk esa izLrqr fd, vkSj ikl djok, tkrs gSa D;ksafd mldks cgqla[;k lnL;ksa dkleFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA ,d futh lnL; fcy osQ ikl gksus osQ volj cgqr de gksrs gSa] ;fn mldh efU=k&ifj"kn~dk leFkZu izkIr u gksA tc jkT; foèkkuikfydk dk vfèkos'ku u py jgk gks rks efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT;iky lsvè;kns'k tkjh djok dj dkuwu&fuekZ.k dh viuh vko';drkvksa dks iw.kZ dj ldrk gSA ,sls vè;kns'kksa esa dkuwuh'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj budks foèkkuikfydk dk vfèkos'ku vkjaHk gksus ij dkuwu esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA bl izdkjO;kogkfjd mís';ksa osQ fy, efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; dh dkuwu fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA D;ksafdefU=k&ifj"kn~ dks foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr gksrk gS blfy, efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh bPNk osQ fcuk foèkkuikfydk esadksbZ Hkh dkuwu ikl ugha gks ldrkA efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ lnL; vFkkZr~ eU=kh Hkh jkT; foèkkuikfydk osQ lnL; gksrsgSa vkSj dkuwu&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa lfØ; vkSj egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSaA jkT;iky efU=k&ifj"kn~ dhfliQkfj'k ij gh fdlh fcy ij gLrk{kj djrk gS vkSj mldks dkuwu dk Lo:i nsrk gSA lkekU; :i esa jkT;ikyefU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ ij gh jkT; foèkkuikfydk dh cSBd cqykrk gS] cSBd dks LFkfxr djrk gS ;k jkT;fo/kuikfydk dks Hkax djrk gSA

(6) foÙkh; dk;Z (Financial Functions)–efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; osQ foÙk ij fu;U=k.k j[krh gSA okLro esaoSQfcusV gh jkT; dh foÙkh; uhfr fuèkkZfjr djrh gSA oSQfcusV jkT; osQ fodkl dh lHkh uhfr;ksa vkSj ;kstuk,¡cukrh vkSj ykxw djrh gSA ;g jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk ikl uhfr;ksa vkSj ctV osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk foÙkh; izcUèkpykrh gSA foÙk eU=kh] tksfd ctV rS;kj djus vkSj is'k djus osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gS] oSQfcusV dk lnL; gksrk

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gSA jkT; osQ foÙkh; eqíksa dk fuiVkjk oSQfcusV osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA foèkkuikfyd esa foÙk fcyosQoy eU=kh gh is'k dj ldrs gSaA efU=k&ifj"kn~ gh jkT; osQ ctV osQ vuqlkj foÙkh; iz'kklu pykrh gSAlS¼kfUrd :i esa jkT; osQ foÙk ij jkT; foèkkulHkk dk fu;a=k.k gksrk gS] O;ogkj esa efU=k&ifj"kn~ gh jkT; osQfoÙk ij fu;U=k.k djrh gSA

efU=k&ifj"kn~ vkSj jkT;iky % lacaèk(The Council of Ministers and the Governor : Relation)

osQUnz vkSj jkT; Lrjksa ij lalnh; iz.kkyh viukus osQ dkj.k ,d jkT; osQ jkT;iky vkSj jkT; efU=kifj"kn~ osQ chplacaèk oSls gh gksrs gSa tSls Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr vkSj la?kh; efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ chp gksrs gSaA jkT;iky Hkh jkT; dkuke&ek=k dk dk;Zikfyd eqf[k;k gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ ikl Hkh uke&ek=k osQ dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkj gksrs gSaA nwljh vksjjkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; dh okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gksrh gSa jkT;iky vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; dh dk;ZikfydkosQ nks Hkkxhnkj gksrs gSa tgka lHkh dk;Z jkT;iky osQ uke ij efU=kifj"kn~ }kjk fd, tkrs gSaA lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn163 ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT;iky dks mlosQ dk;Z fuiVkus osQ fy, lgk;rk vkSjijke'kZ nsxh] flok ml fLFkfr esa tcfd jkT;iky us viuh Lo&foosd dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk gksrkgSA 'kfDr;ka jkT;iky dks nh xbZ gSa] ijUrq budk iz;ksx og efU=k;ksa osQ ijke'kZ ls djrk gSA eq[;eU=kh vkSj vU;eU=kh jkT;iky osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA og rc rd in ij jgrs gSa tc rd jkT;iky pkgrk gSA jkT;ikydks ,d eU=kh o laiw.kZ efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks gh Hkax djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA lS¼kfUrd :i esa eU=kh jkT;ikyosQ vèkhu dk;Z djrs gSaA ljdkj osQ }kjk dh tkus okyh izR;sd dk;Zdkjh dk;Zokgh jkT;iky osQ uke ij dh tkrhgSA

rks Hkh] jkT; iz'kklu osQ okLrfod O;ogkj esa blosQ foijhr ckr lR; gSµjkT;iky gh gS tks ijke'kZ nsrk gS vkSjefU=k&ifj"kn~ fu.kZ; djrk gSA eq[;eU=kh vkSj efU=k;ksa osQ p;u esa jkT;iky dk dksbZ fo'ks"k gkFk ugha gksrkA ;fn,d gh ny dks foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr gks] rks jkT;iky dks ml ny osQ usrk dks cqykuk vkSj mldks eq[;eU=khfu;qDr djuk gh iM+rk gS fiQj lHkh 'ks"k eU=kh eq[;eU=kh osQ }kjk p;u fd, tkrs gSa vkSj jkT;iky osQ }kjk fu;qDrfd, tkrs gSaA ijUrq fdlh Hkh ,d ny osQ }kjk cgqer izkIr u djus dh ifjfLFkfr esa jkT;iky viuh oqQN bPNkdk iz;ksx dj efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk xBu dj ldrk gS ;k ;fn ,d ljdkj foèkkulHkk esa fo'okl er izkIr djusesa vliQy jgrs gSa rks jkT;iky vius Lo&foosd vf/dkj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ;k rks fdlh Hkh vU; usrk dksljdkj cukus dk U;kSrk ns ldrk gS ;k jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax dj ldrk gSA

lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky lHkh eqíksa ij efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh fliQkfj'k osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djrk gS] flok mu'kfDr;ksa osQ ftuosQ lEcUèk esa lafoèkku us mldks Lo&foosd 'kfDr;k¡ nh gSaA jkT; esa jkT;iky dh fLFkfr osQUnzesa jk"Vªifr tSlh ugha gS] D;ksafd lafoèkku us mldks oqQN Lo&foosd dh 'kfDr;k¡ nh gSa (tSlk fd jkT; ljdkjdks Hkax djuk] jkT; foèkku lHkk dks Hkax djuk vkSj èkkjk 356 osQ vèkhu feys vfèkdkj) blh dkj.k gh Mh-Mh- clq us jkT;iky rFkk jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ ls lEcUèkksa] vkSj budh jk"Vªifr vkSj la?kh; efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ chplEcUèkksa ls rqyuk djrs gq, fu"d"kZ esa dgk gS fd] ¶lkekU;r% jkT;iky vkSj mlosQ efU=k;ksa osQ chp lEcUèk oSlsgh gksrs gSa tSls jk"Vªifr vkSj mlosQ efU=k;ksa osQ chp gksrs gSa] egÙoiw.kZ vUrj ;g gS fd tcfd lafoèkku us jk"Vªifrdks dksbZ Lo&foosd vf/dkj ugha fn,] jkT;iky dks ;g vfèkdkj nsrk gS fd og vius Lo&foosd vfèkdkjksadk iz;ksx djrs gq, oqQN dk;Z dj ldrk gSA¸

blls vkxs] lafoèkku dbZ ,sls <ax iznku djrk gS] ftuls jkT;iky jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkk ldrk gSA izFke ckr rks ;g gS fd ;g eq[;ea=kh dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fu.kZ;ksa

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osQ ckjs esa jkT;iky dks tkudkjh nsA nwljk] jkT;iky dks ;g vfèkdkj gksrk gS fd og jkT; iz'kklu ls lEcfU/rfdlh Hkh eqís osQ ckjs esa eq[;ea=kh ls tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gS vkSj eq[;ea=kh dk ;g drZO; gksrk gS fd ogleLr tkudkjh jkT;iky dks nsA rhljk] jkT;iky dks ;g Hkh vfèkdkj gS fd og ,d eU=kh osQ }kjk fy, x,fu.kZ; dks fopkj osQ fy, lEiw.kZ efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ le{k izLrqr djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA okLro esa jkT;ikyefU=k;kas dks ijke'kZ] psrkouh vkSj mRlkg ns ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µefU=k&ifj"kn~ okLrfod dk;Zikfydk gksus osQ dkj.k jkT; esa izHkko'kkyh vkSj'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr j[krh gSA ;g jkT; esa lcls lqn`<+ vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh laLFkk gSA okLrfod :i esa efU=k&ifj"kn~jkT;iky dks fn, x, lHkh vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrh gSA ijUrq vuqPNsn 356 osQv/hu ladVdky fLFkfr osQ le; jkT;iky jkT; esa Lora=k :i esa vkSj jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ vfLrRo osQ fcuk]jkT; dk iz'kklu pykrk gSA



7- lkekU;r% jkT; iky vius lHkh dk;Z jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ okLor esa eq[;ea=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls djrk gSA

8- jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ jkT; Lrj ij okLrfod dk;Zikfydk (ljdkj) ugha gksrhA

9- eq[;ea=kh vkSj eaf=k;ksa osQ p;u esa jkT; iky dk fo'ks"k gkFk gksrk gSA

11-5 jkT; dk eq[;ea=kh (State Chief Minister)

osQUnz esa izèkkueU=kh osQ in dh Hkk¡fr] jkT; esa eq[;ea=kh dk in Hkh vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA eq[;ea=kh jkT; ljdkj

dks pykus okyk lcls 'kfDr'kkyh usrk gksrk gSA og jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS tksfd okLrfod

dk;Zikfydk gSA bl izdkj eq[;ea=kh dks jkT; ljdkj dk okLrfod dk;Zikfyd eqf[k;k dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj

bl :i esa og O;kid vkSj okLrfod 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA vius jkT; osQ usrk] cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk]

jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ eqf[k;k] jkT;iky osQ eq[; ijke'kZnkrk vkSj jkT; osQ yksxksa osQ izfrfufèk gksus osQ ukrs

eq[;ea=kh jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa izeq[k vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSaA og leku O;fDr;ksa esa izFke ugha gSA

vuqPNsn 163 mldks Li"V :i esa jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ eqf[k;k dk ntkZ nsrk gSA mldk jkT; dh jktuhfrd

O;oLFkk esa Hkwfedk vkSj ntkZ dkiQh lhek rd oSlk gh gS tSlk fd osQUnz esa izèkkuea=kh dk gksrk gSA

(d) eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr dk <ax (Method of Appointment of Chief Minister): laoSèkkfud

:i esa vkSj dkuwuh :i esa eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr jkT; osQ jkT;iky osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA lafo/ku dk vuqPNsn

164 (1) ?kks"k.kk djrk gS fd ¶eq[;eU=kh jkT;iky osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tk,xkA¸ ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha

fd jkT;iky eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr djus osQ fy, Lora=k gksrk gS okLro esa jkT;iky osQ ikl vkerkSj ij dksbZ

fodYi ugha gksrk D;ksafd pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ tks ny jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr djrk gS og viuk usrk

fuokZfpr djrk gS vkSj bldh lwpuk jkT;iky dks nsrk gSA bl ij jkT;iky vkSipkfjd :i esa mldks ljdkj

cukus dk U;kSrk nsrk gS] mldks eq[;eU=kh euksuhr djrk gS vkSj mldks viuh ljdkj (efU=k&ifj"kn~) laxfBr

djus osQ fy, dgrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa 2005 esa gfj;k.kk foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dks cgqer izkIr

gqvk vkSj mlosQ usrk Jh HkwisUnz ¯lg gqM~Mk dks gfj;k.kk osQ xouZj us eq[;&eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;k vkSj mlus

viuh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk xBu fd;kA jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa osQ vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ izR;sd jkT; dk xouZj ,slk

gh O;ogkj viukrk gSA jkT;iky osQ }kjk ,d jkT; dk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr djus osQ lacaèk esa ;g O;ogkj ,d

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gqbZ ijEijk cu xbZ gS vkSj jkT;iky foèkkuikfydk esa cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks gh eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr djrk

gSA

ijUrq tc] fdlh Hkh ny dks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa Li"V cgqer ugha feyrk rks lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky lcls cM+sny osQ usrk dks ljdkj cukus dk U;kSrk nsrk gSA vfèkdrj eqíksa esa ;fn ,d ny dks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqerizkIr ugha gksrk] rks nks ;k rhu ny feydj lk>k ekspkZ ;k lk>k lewg ;k xBcUèku cuk ysrs gSaA blosQ i'pkr~;g xBcUèku lewg usrk pqurk gS vkSj jkT;iky dks mlosQ uke dh lwpuk ns nsrk gSA bl ij jkT;iky bldksljdkj cukus dk U;kSrk nsrks gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa jkT;iky eq[;eU=kh dk pquko esa oqQN Lo&foosd vfèkdkj j[krkgSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, tc uoEcj] 1967 esa y{e.k ¯lg fxy osQ usr`Ro esa 16 vdkyh foèkk;d ny cnyh djx, rks in eqDr gks jgs eq[;eU=kh xqjuke ¯lg us jkT;iky dks efU=kifj"kn~ Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dh ijUrqjkT;ikys us ;g fliQkfj'k Lohdkj u dh vkSj vYi&la[;k lewg osQ usrk y{e.k ¯lg fxy dks ljdkj cukus dkfueU=k.k fn;kA blh izdkj tc twu 1971 esa oqQN vdkyh foèkk;d ckny ljdkj ls ny cnyh dj x, rks mlle; osQ eq[;eU=kh izdk'k ¯lg ckny us jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k dhA ijUrq nwljh vksj xqjuke¯lg us nkok fd;k fd mldks ny&cnyh djosQ vk, foèkk;dksa vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA mlus nkokfd;k fd mldks foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr Fkk vkSj jkT;iky dk izkFkZuk dh fd mldks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr fd;ktk,A ijUrq jkT;iky us mlosQ nkos dks Lohdkj u fd;kA 1967 osQ lkèkkj.k pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ cgqr&ls jkT;ksa osQjkT;ikyksa us jkT; ljdkjsa LFkkfir djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkb±A bl mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, vyx&vyxjkT;ikyksa us vyx&vyx <ax viuk,A jkT;iky osQ }kjk vuks[kk <ax viukus dk ,d mnkgj.k ;wú ihú osQjkT;iky jes'k HkaMkjh dk fn;k tk ldrk gS ftlus ;wú ihú jkT; foèkkulHkk esa lcls cM+s ny osQ :i esa mHkjhHkktik dks cgqer fl¼ djus dk volj u nsdj i{kikrh <ax ls ljdkj cukus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA

,sls] oqQN ,sls voljksa dks NksM+ dj tSlk fd f=k'kaoqQ foèkkulHkk vfLrRo esa vk, tc ny cnyh@ikfVZ;ksa esafoHkktuksa osQ dkj.k jkT; esa jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk okyh fLFkfr gks] jkT;iky eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr esa okLrfodHkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA lkekU; :i esa mldks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr djus okyh ikVhZ@lewg osQ usrkdks eq[;eU=kh fuq;Dr djuk iM+rk gSA ;gka rd fd tc cgqer okys ny ml O;fDr dks viuk usrk pqu ysrs gSatks fdlh Hkh lnu dk lnL; ugha gksrk rks jkT;iky dks ml usrk dks gh eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr djuk iM+rk gSA 1980esa ,ú vkjú varqys vkSj txUukFk igkfM+;k dks Øeokj xqtjkr vkSj jktLFkku dk eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr fd;k x;ktcfd nksuksa jkT; foèkkuikfydkvksa osQ lnL; ugha FksA jkT;iky vfLFkj fLFkfr ;k ladV le; eq[;eU=kh dkpquko djrs le; vius LoSfPNd vfèkdkj dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

([k) dk;Zdky (Tenure)–lS¼kfUrd :i esa ,d eq[;eU=kh rc rd vius in ij jgrk gS] tc rd jkT;iky

mldks ml in ij j[kuk pkgrk gSA ijUrq] okLrfod O;ogkj esa e[;eU=kh rc rd vius in ij cuk jgrk gS

tc rd fd og jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer okys ny@lewg dk usrk cuk jgrk gSa ;fn mlls cgqer dk leFkZu

lekIr gks tk, rks jkT;iky mldks in ls gVk ldrk gSA jkT; foèkkulHkk mlosQ fo:¼ vfo'okl dk izLrko

ikl fd;k le>k tkrk gS vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ dks rqjar R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] eq[;eU=kh osQ

R;kx&i=k dks ;k foèkkulHkk osQ }kjk eq[;eU=kh dks vfo'okl izLrko osQ }kjk gVk, tkus dks lEiw.kZ efU=k&ifj"kn~

dks gVk;k tkuk ekuk tkrk gSA vkSj iw.kZ efU=k&ifj"kn~ ,d Vhe dh rjg O;ogkj djrs gq, viuk R;kx&i=k ns

nsrh gSa ,d ckj fu;qDr gksus osQ i'pkr~ eq[;eU=kh vfèkd&ls&vfèkd 5 o"kZ rd (jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ dk;Zdky

rd) eq[;eU=kh cuk jg ldrk gS] c'krsZ fd mldks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa fujUrj cgqer dk leFkZu izkIr jgsA ;fn

u, pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ eq[;eU=kh dk jktuhfrd ny iqu% cgqer izkIr dj ysrk gS rks Hkh eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr

iqu% dh tkrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd eq[;eU=kh osQ in dk dk;Zdky ikap o"kZ gksrk gS ijUrq og ckj&ckj

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eq[;eU=kh cu ldrk gS ;fn mlosQ ny dks foèkkulHkk esa ckj&ckj cgqer feys vkSj mldk ny mldks ckj&ckj

vius usrk fuokZfpr dj ysA Jh T;ksfr clq yxHkx 25 ls vfèkd o"kks± rd if'peh caxky osQ eq[;eU=kh cus jgs

D;ksafd if'peh caxky dh jkT;&foèkkulHkk esa lhú ihú ,eú xBcaèku osQ eq[;eU=kh cus jgs D;ksafd if'peh

caxky dh jkT;&foèkkulHkk esa lhú ihú ,eú xBcaèku dks ckj&ckj cgqer izkIr gksrk jgk vkSj ckj ckj bl

xBcaèku us Jh T;ksfr clq dks viuk usrk fuokZfpr fd;k FkkA

eq[;eU=kh dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj dk;Z (Powers and Functions of a Chief Minister)

jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh dks dkuwuh :i esa de vkSj O;kogkfjd :i esa cgqr O;kid 'kfDr;ksa feyh gqbZ gSaA og jkT;

dh ljdkj dk okLrfod dk;Zikfydk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA mldh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ

vèkhu o.kZu fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1- efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk fuekZ.k (Formation of the Council of Ministers)–eq[;eU=kh dks viuh bPNk dh

efU=k&ifj"kn~ fufeZr djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA lafoèkku mldks dkuwuh :i esa viuh bPNk osQ eU=kh p;u djus

dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA lafoèkku dk vuqPNsn 164 (1) ;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd] ¶nwljs eU=kh eq[;eU=kh dh

fliQkfj'k ij jkT;iky osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA¸ eq[;eU=kh] fo'ks"k :i esa rc tc mlosQ ny dks jkT;

foèkkulHkk esa cgqer izkIr gks] viuh bPNk osQ eU=kh pquus osQ fy, iw.kZ :i ls Lora=k gksrk gSA og fdlh Hkh

lnL; ;k xSj&lnL; dks eU=kh fu;qDr dj ldrk gS vkSj mldks dksbZ Hkh foHkkx ns ldrk gSA vc ny&cnyh

dkuwu osQ }kjk ;g fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd mldh efU=kifj"kn~ esa foèkkulHkk dh oqQy lnL; la[;k osQ 15»

ls vfèkd eU=kh ugha gks ldrsA blosQ lkFk&lkFk cgqr&lh O;kogkfjd lhek,¡ Hkh fo|eku gSaA eU=kh dk pquko

djrs le; mldks dbZ izdkj osQ igyqvksa dk è;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSa mldks jkT; osQ vyx&vyx oxks± dks Hkh

izfrfufèkRo nsuk iM+rk gSA blh izdkj ,d ;k nks eU=kh vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa esa ls Hkh ysus iM+rs gSaA bls c<+dj ckr

;g fd eq[;eU=kh viuh ny ;k Hkkxhnkj nyksa osQ izeq[k usrkvksa osQ nkoksa dh vogsyuk ugha dj ldrkA oqQN

eqíksa esa mldks ml O;fDr dks Hkh eU=kh cuku iM+rk gS tksfd jkT; dh foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; ugha gksrkA ,sls

eU=kh dks 6 eghuksa osQ Hkhrj jkT; dh foèkkuikfydk dk lnL; cukuk iM+rk gSA lk>h ljdkj vFkok xBcUèku

ljdkj dh ifjfLFkfr esa eq[;eU=kh dks xBcUèku esa 'kkfey vyx&vyx osQ nyksa osQ usrkvksa dks eU=kh cukuk iM+rk

gSA vfèkdrj Hkkxhnkj nyksa osQ eU=kh lacafèkr nyksa osQ }kjk gh pqus tkrs gSa vkSj eq[;eU=kh mudks viuh ljdkj

esa ys ysrk gSA jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh ljdkj cukus esa dksbZ fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA ;g eq[;eU=kh dh bPNk

ij gh fuHkZj gksrh gSA

2- efU=k;ksa dks foHkkxksa dk caVokjk djuk (Distribution of Portfolios among the Ministers)–

efU=k;ksa dh fu;qfDr osQ i'pkr~ eq[;eU=kh osQ lkeus tks egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z gksrk gS] og gS vius lkFkh efU=k;ksa esa

foHkkxksa dk caVokjk djukA og ;g fu.kZ; djrk gS fd dkSu oSQfcusV eU=kh gksxk] dkSu jkT; eU=kh vkSj dkSu&lk

mi&eU=kh gksxkA ;g foHkkxksa dk caVokjk djrk gSA ,slk djrs le; mldks vius efU=k;ksa dh ofj"Brk vkSj

jktuhfrd ntsZ dks è;ku esa j[kuk iM+rk gSA foÙk foHkkx tSls egÙoiw.kZ foHkkx ckaVrs le; iw.kZ lq;ksX; O;fDr;ksa

dk pquko djuk iM+rk gSA oqQN foHkkx og vius ikl j[krk gSA ;fn eq[;eU=kh pkgs rks og efU=k;ksa osQ foHkkxksa

esa dHkh Hkh isQj&cny dj ldrk gSA

eq[;eU=kh dks tc Hkh og pkgs] vius efU=kifj"kn~ osQ iquxZBu dk Hkh vfèkdkj gksrk gSA og jkT; dk iz'kklu

O;ofLFkr <ax ls pykus osQ fy, vius efU=k;ksa dh Vhe dks cny ldrk gSA og fdlh Hkh eU=kh dks R;kx&i=k

nsus osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA okLro esa bl lacaèk esa eq[;eU=kh dks viuk er osQoy izdV gh djuk gksrk gS vkSj

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lacaf/r eU=kh viuk R;kx&i=k is'k dj nsrk gSA ;fn eU=kh mldh ugha ekurk vkSj viuh bPNk izdV djrk gSA

rks eq[;eU=kh viuk R;kx&i=k nsdj leLr efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa isQj&cny dj ldrk gS vkSj fiQj ubZ efU=k&ifj"kn~

cuk ldrk gSA eq[;eU=kh efU=kifj"kn~ dk okLrfod fuekZrk] ifjorZu drkZ vkSj mldks Hkax djus okyk gksrk gSA

og fdlh eU=kh dks jkT;iky osQ }kjk in ls vyx gh djok ldrk gSA eU=kh eq[;eU=kh dh bPNk osQ vuqlkj

gh dk;Z djrs gSaA

3- efU=k&ifj"kn~ dk vè;{k (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)–eaf=k&ifj"kn~ dh cSBdksa dh

vè;{krk jkT;iky ugha] cfYd eq[;eU=kh djrk gSA eq[;eU=kh efU=kifj"kn~ dh izR;sd cSBd dk ,tsaMk rS;kj djrk

gS vkSj bldh lwpuk efU=k;ksa dks ns nsrk gSA og oSQfcusV dh cSBdksa dh vè;{krk djrk gSA mldks fdlh Hkh le;

oSQfcusV dh cSBd vkefU=kr djus dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA cSBd dk vè;{k gksus osQ ukrs og cSBd esa gksus okys

fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj fy, tkus okys fu.kZ;ksa esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA jkT; oSQfcusV osQ izR;sd fu.kZ; ij

mlosQ fopkjksa] lksp vkSj èkkj.kkvksa dh Nki gksrh gSA og R;kx&i=k nsus dh èkedh nsdj fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; dks ohVks

dj ldrk gSA okLro esa eU=kh dHkh Hkh mldks ukjkt ugha djuk pkgrsA

4- jkT;iky vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ chp eq[; lEioZQ lw=k (The Chief Link between the Governor

and the Council of Ministers)–eq[;eU=kh jkT;iky vkSj efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ chp eq[; lEioZQ lw=k gksrk gSA

;g mldk drZO; gksrk gS fd og jkT; osQ iz'kklu vkSj dkuwu cukus osQ izLrkoksa osQ lacaèk esa efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ

lHkh fu.kZ;ksa dh lwpuk jkT;iky dks nsA mldks iz'kklu vkSj dkuwuh izLrkoksa ls lacafèkr ,slh leLr tkudkjh nsuh

iM+rh gS ftldh jkT;iky osQ }kjk ekax dh tk,A mldks fdlh Hkh ml eqís dks efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa fopkj osQ fy,

j[kuk iM+rk gS ftlls lacafèkr fdlh eU=kh us O;fDrxr :i esa fu.kZ; fy;k gks vkSj jkT;iky pkgrk gks fd bldks

leLr efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ lkeus j[kk tk,A jkT;iky 'ks"k efU=k;ksa dh vis{kk eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ vkSj fliQkfj'k

dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA okLro esa 'ks"k eU=kh eq[;eU=kh osQ ijke'kZ ls gh jkT;iky dks feyrs gSaA

5- eq[; rky&esy drkZ osQ :i esa Hkwfedk (Role as the Chief Co-ordinator)–eq[;eU=kh dk ;g

mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd og ljdkj osQ vyx&vyx foHkkxksa esa dk;Z esa rkyesy j[ksA mldks ;g fo'oluh; cukuk

iM+rk gS fd lHkh eU=kh ,d Vhe osQ :i esa dk;Z djsa vkSj ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk djsaA ;g mldk dÙkZO; gksrk

gS fd og ;g ns[ks fd ljdkj dk dksbZ Hkh ,d foHkkx nwljs foHkkx osQ dk;Z dks gkfu u igqapk,A mldks ;g

Hkh fo'oluh; cukuk iM+rk gS fd ljdkj osQ lHkh foHkkx ,d Vhe osQ :i esa dk;Z djsa vkSj jkT; osQ fgr esa

,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk dks vk,aA og nks ;k blls vfèkd foHkkxksa esa fdlh Hkh Vdjkok ;k >xM+s dk lekèkku

djrk gSA mlosQ fu.kZ; mlosQ efU=k;ksa osQ fu.kZ;ksa osQ LFkku ys ysrs gSaA ;fn fdlh eU=kh vkSj eq[;eU=kh esa vlgefr

cuh jgrh gS rks lacafèkr eU=kh dks R;kx i=k nsuk iM+rk gSA

6- jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ usrk osQ :i esa Hkwfedk (Role as a Leader of the State Legislative

Assembly)–eq[;eU=kh u osQoy vius ny dk cfYd jkT; foèkkulHkk dk Hkh usrk gksrk gSA cgqer izkIr ny

dk usrk gksus osQ ukrs mldks ;g Lrj feyrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa og lnu dks mfpr fn'kk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA

og ljdkj osQ izeq[k izoDrk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS vkSj ljdkj dh vksj ls egÙoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa vkSj uhfr;ksa

dh ?kks"k.kk djrk gSA ;g mldk drZO; gS fd ;fn mlosQ lkFkh oSQfcusV eU=kh dks fojksèkh i{k osQ lnL; iz'uksa

ls ?ksj ysrs gSa rks og mldh lgk;rk djsA og ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa osQ i{k esa [kM+us okyk vkSj mudk cpko vkSj

j{kk djus okyk eq[; usrk gksrk gSA og jkT; foèkkulHkk ls vius vkSj vius efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ fopkj Lohdkj

djokus osQ fy, Hkh viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

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7- fu;qfDr;ka djus dh 'kfDr (Appointment making Powers)

uksV~l lHkh izeq[k fu;qfDr;ka vkSj inksUufr;ka eq[;eU=kh dh fliQkfj'k ij jkT;iky osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA

efU=k;ksa dks vius fliQkfj'ksa Lohdkj djokus osQ fy, eq[;eU=kh ij fuHkZj djuk iM+rk gSA bl izdkj eq[;eU=khlqfoèkk,¡ iznku djus rFkk ykHk igqapkus dh O;kid 'kfDr j[krk gSA

8- jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djokus dh 'kfDr (Power of getting the State Legislature dissolved)–

eq[;eU=kh ;fn ;g vuqHko djs fd jkT; ljdkj dks lafoèkku dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj ugha pyk;k tk ldrk;k mlosQ }kjk cgqer xaok cSBus dh laHkkouk gS rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa og jkT;iky dks jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax djusdh fliQkfj'k dj ldrk gSA lkekU; :i esa ,slh fliQkfj'k eq[;eU=kh osQ }kjk jktuhfrd fLFkfr osQ vk/kj ijdh tkrh gSA ;fn eq[;eU=kh dks cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr gks rks jkT;iky ,sls ijke'kZ dks ekuus osQ fy, ikcangksrk gSA

9- osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa esa Hkwfedk (Role in Centre-State Relations)–jkT; iz'kklu dk okLrfod eqf[k;kgksus osQ ukrs eq[;eU=kh dk ;g izeq[k mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gS fd og osQUnz ls vPNs lacaèk cuk, j[ksA mldks osQUnzh;xzkaV vkSj lgk;rk] tksfd jkT; esa fodkl osQ dk;ks± osQ fy, cgqr egÙoiw.kZ le>h tkrh gS] izkIr djus osQ fy,vius in dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA osQUnz ljdkj] fo'ks"k :i esa izèkkuea=kh gks mlosQ vPNs lacaèk jkT; osQ fy,cgqr lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrs gSaA tc og mlh ny ls lacafèkr gks tksfd osQUnz esa lÙkk esa gks] rks og jkT; osQfgrksa dh lqj{kk ,oa izkfIr osQ fy, viuk izHkko iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ;fn og ml ny ls lacaèk ugha j[krk tksfdosQUnz esa lÙkk esa gS] rks mldks ,d vPNs izoDrk] dbZ ckj dBksj izoDrk osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS tSlkfd if'peh caxky osQ HkwriwoZ eq[;eU=kh Jh T;ksfr clq djrs jgs FksA

eq[;eU=kh dh fLFkfr (Position of the Chief Minister)

,d jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh dks jkT; iz'kklu esa cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr gksrh gSA og jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ cukrkgS tksfd lnSo gh mlosQ usr`Ro esa dk;Z djrh gSA og blosQ tUe vkSj e`R;q dk osQUnzh; fcUnq gSA efU=k&ifj"kn~cukus dk dk;Z eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr ;k uke”knxh ls vkjaHk gksrk gSA jkT;iky efU=k&ifj"kn~ cukus le; mldhfliQkfj'k Lohdkj djrk gSA og jkT;iky dk eq[; ijke'kZnkrk gksrk gSA jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer okys ny dkusrk gksrk gS vkSj vius ny dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ usrk gksrk gS vkSj leLr jkT; dk izfrfufèkRo djrk gSA og ykHkigqapkus osQ O;kid vfèkdkj j[krk gSA lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky mlosQ ijke'kZ vkSj fliQkfj'k ij dk;Z djrk gSAeq[;eU=kh jkT; dh uhfr;ksa dk eq[; fuekZ.kdÙkkZ gksrk gS vkSj ogh budks ykxw djrk gSA jkT; dk iz'kklu mlosQusr`Ro esa dk;Z djrk gSA mldh jkT; esa fLFkfr oSlh gh gksrh gS] tSls osQUnz esa izèkkuea=kh dhA mldk in ,d'kfDr'kkyh in ;k dg ysa rks jkT; esa lcls 'kfDr'kkyh in gksrk gSA ijUrq mlosQ in dh okLrfod 'kfDr dbZrF;ksa ij fuHkZj djrh gS%

(i) ikVhZ fLFkfr (Party Set-up)–mldks ,d ml ny dk leFkZu] tksfd jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer okyk nygS] izkIr gksus dh ifjfLFkfr esa eq[;eU=kh vius vfèkdkjksa dk iz;ksx fu.kkZ;d vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh <ax ls dj ldrkgSA ,slh fLFkfrk esa jkT;iky yxHkx izR;sd {ks=k esa mldh fliQkfj'k ekuus dk ikcan gksrk gSA ijUrq ;gka Hkhvfèkdrj mldh O;fDrxr ;ksX;rkvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA og mruk detksj Hkh gks ldrk gS] ftruk fd iatkcdk HkwriwoZ eq[;eU=kh njckjk ¯lg FkkA ijUrq ;fn ^lk>s ekspsZ* ;k ,d ^lk>h ljdkj vFkok xBcUèku* dk usrk

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gS vkSj vius xBcUèku ;k ekspsZ dh Hkkxhnkjh ij fuHkZj djrk gS] rks mldh dkiQh detksjh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rkgSA mldks viuk vfèkdrj le; vius ekspsZ@xBcUèku dks ,dtqV j[kus esa yxkuk iM+ ldrk gSA mlosQefU=k&ifj"kn~ esa jktuhfrd ,dLojrk dh deh mlosQ detksj gksus dk Ïksr cu ldrh gSA jkT; foèkkulHkk esaiw.kZ vkSj vPNs cgqer dh deh mldh {kerkvksa Ïksrksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa ij cgqr cqjk izHkko Mkyrh gSA ijUrq ;fnmlesa vPNs xq.k vkSj ;ksX;rk,¡ gksa rks og viuk n`<+ izHkko fn[kk ldrk gSA

(ii) osQUnz esa lÙkkèkkjh ny dk Lo:i (Nature of the Party in Power at the Centre)–Hkkjr,dkRedrk dh Hkkouk okyk ,d la?k gS vkSj blfy, jkT;ksa dks dbZ rjg ls osQUnz ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA osQUnzls ln~Hkkouk okys vkSj lg;ksx okys lacaèk ,d jkT; ljdkj osQ fy, 'kfDr dk Ïksr curs gSaA ;fn osQUnz esa Hkhmlh ny dh ljdkj gks ftlls jkT; dk eq[;eU=kh lacaèk j[krk gS] rks eq[;eU=kh dks osQUnzh; lgk;rk izkIr djusesa ljyrk jgrh gSA og osQUnz ls vius i{k esa fu.kZ; djokus esa viuh nyh; fLFkfr vkSj izHkko dks iz;ksx djldrk gS c'krsZ dh og detksj O;fDrRo okyk u gks vkSj vius ny esa vfèkd vPNs izHkko okyk usrk gksA ;fnosQUnz esa fdlh vU; ny dh ljdkj gks vkSj jkT; esa fdlh vU; ny dh rks ml jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh dks jkT;osQ jkT;iky osQ }kjk osQUnz osQ izR;{k vFkok vizR;{k ncko osQ vèkhu dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esaeq[;eU=kh dk O;fDrRo vkSj pfj=k jkT; iz'kklu esa mldh Hkwfedk dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSaA

(i) jkT; osQ jkT;iky dk O;fDrRo vkSj Hkwfedk (The Personality and Role of the Governor ofthe State)–jkT;iky jkT; dk uke&ek=k dk laoSèkkfud eqf[k;k gksrk gS ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh lafo/ku us bldksoqQN okLrfod rFkk Lo&foosdh 'kfDr;ka Hkh nh gSaA og ;g ckr fuèkkZfjr djus okyk osQoy ^,d U;k;kèkh'k*gksrk gS fd D;k jkT; esa laoSèkkfud e'khujh mfpr <ax ls dk;Z dj jhg gS fd ugha vFkok vliQy gS fd ugha;k VwVus gh okyh gS ;k ughA tc jkT; foèkkulHkk esa fdlh Hkh ,d ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr u gks rks mlle; jkT;iky jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA og ml eq[;eU=kh dks in ls gVk ldrkgS tks mlosQ fopkj esa jkT; foèkkulHkk esa cgqer dk fo'okl xaok pqdk gksA og eq[;eU=kh dks lnu esa viukcgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, dg ldrk gS ;k ,slk vkns'k vU; <ax ls ns ldrk gSA og vuqPNsn 356 osQ vèkhujk"Vªifr dks jkT; esa ladVdky fLFkfr ykxw djus dh fliQkfj'k Lora=k :i esa dj ldrk gSA ;gka rd fd jk"Vªifrdh lgefr dh izrh{kk osQ fcuk gh og jkT; foèkkulHkk Hkax dj ldrk gS vkSj jkT; ljdkj dks ineqDr djldrk gSA fdlh Hkh ckr dks u ekuus okyk vkSj lÙkk dh Hkw[k jkT;iky eq[;eU=kh osQ fy, eqlhcr dk dkj.kcu ldrk gSA xSj&lgk;d jkT;iky osQ vfLrRo osQ dkj.k eq[;eU=kh osQ vfèkdkjksa ij pksV igqap ldrh gSA ijUrq,slh fLFkfr esa Hkh eq[;eU=kh dh O;fDrxr ;ksX;rk,¡ mldk vius ny@lewg dks jkT; foèkkulHkk esa ,dtqV j[kusdh lkeF;Z] mldh vius efU=k&ifj"kn~ esa ,drk vkSj ,dtqVrk dh Hkkouk LFkkfir j[kus dk lkeF;Z vkSj mldksizkIr cgqer dk leFkZu] mlosQ cgqewY; xq.k cu ldrs gSaA 1984 esa vkaèkz izns'k osQ eq[;eU=kh ,uú Vhú jkek jkojkT;iky jke yky dh rqyuk esa vfèkd n`<+ O;fDr fl¼ gq, FksA eq[;eU=kh jkT; osQ jkT;iky osQ lacaèk esa viuhfLFkfr 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ fy, vius yksdfiz; vkèkkj dk izHkko'kkyh <ax ls iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA

fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd jkT; iz'kklu esa eq[;eU=kh dk in ,d 'kfDr'kkyh in gS] ijUrq bl indk O;ogkj eq[;eU=kh dk in èkkjd O;fDr osQ xq.kksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa ij cgqr lhek rd fuHkZj djrk gSa tc rdeq[;eU=kh dks vius ny osQ cgqer dk fo'okl izkIr jgrk gS vkSj tc rd mlosQ ny dks jkT; foèkkulHkk esaLi"V cgqer izkIr jgrk gS rks mldk in ,d 'kfDr'kkyh in osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ijUrq tc foèkkulHkkesa mlosQ ny dks cgqer izkIr u gks vkSj og lk>s ekspsZ dh ljdkj dk eq[;eU=kh gks rks mldh fLFkfr oqQNdetksj jgrh gS] ijUrq ;gka Hkh cgqr oqQN eq[;eU=kh osQ xq.kksa vkSj ;ksX;rk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA okLro esa jkT;dk jktuhfrd okrkoj.k] jkT; osQ xouZj dk O;fDrRo] mlosQ vius ny esa ,drk] vius ny dh fLFkfr vkfnrÙo eq[;eU=kh osQ in osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA ,d 'kfDr'kkyh O;fDr gh 'kfDr'kkyh eq[;&eU=kh fl¼gksrk gS vkSj mlosQ xq.kksa ij jkT; iz'kklu dh n`<+rk] ;ksX;rk vkSj oqQ'kyrk fuHkZj djrh gSA

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10- vuqPNsn 163 Li"V :i ls --------- dks jkT; dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ osQ eqf[k;k dk ntkZ nsrk gSA

11- eq[;ea=kh dks tc Hkh pkgs vius --------- osQ iquxZBu dk Hkh vfèkdkj gksrk gSA

12- eq[;ea=kh efU=k&ifj"kn~ dh cSBd dk --------- rS;kj djrk gS] vkSj bldh lwpuk eaf=k;ksa dks nsrk gSA


• lafoèkku us ns'k osQ lHkh 25 jkT;ksa osQ fy, ,d foèkkueaMy dh LFkkiuk dh gSA vuqPNsn 168 osQ

vuqlkj] ¶gj jkT; dk ,d foèkkue.My gksxk] ftlesa fcgkj] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] tEew&d'ehj vkSj mÙkj

izns'k osQ jkT;ksa esa nks lnu gSa rFkk vU; jkT;ksa esa ,d lnu gSA¸

• jkT; foèkkue.My dks jkT;lwph esa ntZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vfèkdkj gSA blosQ lkFk gh bls

lka>h lwph esa ntZ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj gSA

• foèkkue.My ls fcy ikl gksdj jkT;iky osQ ikl Hkst tkrk gSA jkT;iky dks fu"ksèkkfèkdkj (Veto

Power) Hkh izkIr gSA

• jkT;iky jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk eqf[k;k gksrk gSA bldks jkT; esa ogh fLFkfr gksrh gS tks osQUnz esa

jk"Vªifr dks izkIr gSA

• jkT;iky fu;qDr fd, tkus osQ lacaèk esa nwljh ijEijk ;g gS fd fdlh fo'ks"k jkT; dk jkT;iky fu;qDr

djus osQ fy, fdlh O;fDr osQ p;u dks vafre :i nsus ls igys osQUnz ljdkj dks misf{kr dj fn;k

tkrk gSA

• Hkkjr esa izR;sd jkT; dk ,d jkT;iky gksrk gS tks jkT; dh dk;Zikyd (ljdkj) dk eqf[k;k gksrk gS

ijUrq lkFk gh jkT; esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV ;k izfrfufèk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA

• Hkkjr dk lafoèkku jkT; Lrj ij Hkh lalnh; Lo:i dh ljdkj laxfBr djus dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA og

;g O;oLFkk djrk gS fd jkT; dk jkT;iky jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk dk laoSèkkfud vkSj ukeek=k dk

eqf[k;k gksxk vkSj okLrfod dk;Zikfyd 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx eq[;eU=kh osQ usr`Ro esa jkT; efU=k&ifj"kn~

djsxhA

• lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky ,sls <ax ls fu;qDr fd, x, eq[;eU=kh dks ,d fuèkkZfjr le; vanj tSlk fd

,d eghus ;k 15 fnu esa] viuk cgqer fl¼ djus osQ fy, dgrk gSA

• eU=kh ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa vkSj foèkkuikfydk osQ }kjk LohÑr uhfr;ksa osQ vuqlkj jkT; dk iz'kklu pykus

osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSaA

• eq[;eU=kh dks viuh bPNk dh efU=k&ifj"kn~ fufeZr djus dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA lafoèkku mldks dkuwuh :i

esa viuh bPNk osQ eU=kh p;u djus dk vfèkdkj nsrk gSA

• ,d jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh dks jkT; iz'kklu esa cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr gksrh gSA og jkT; dh efU=k ifj"kn~cukrk gS tksfd lnSo gh mlosQ usr`Ro esa dk;Z djrh gSA og blosQ tUe vkSj e`R;q dk osQUnzh; fcUnq gSA

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• jkT;iky (Governor)% jkT; dk izèkku 'kkld xouZj

• eq[;ea=kh (Chief Minister)% jkT; dk lcls cM+k ea=kh (tSls fnYyh dk eq[;ea=kh)


1- jkT; osQ foèkkue.My osQ 'kfDr;ksa ,oa dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A

2- Hkkjr esa jkT; dh jktuhfr esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu dhft,A

3- jkT;iky osQ 'kfDr;ksa ,o dk;ks± dk o.kZu dhft,A

4- eaf=k&ifj"kn~ osQ 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

5- jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh dh fu;qfDr oSQls dh tkrh gS\ mlosQ dk;ks± ,oa 'kfDr;ksa dk o.kZu dhft,\


1- 14 2- lkèkkj.k

3- 25 o"kZ 4- (b)

5- (a) 6- (b)

7- lR; 8- vlR;

9- vlR; 10- eq[;ea=kh

11- iquxZBu 12- ,tsaMk

11-9 lUnHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; 'kklu vkSj jktuhfrµ ih- jLrksxhA


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bdkbZ—12: Hkkjrh; la?kokn

bdkbZµ12: Hkkjrh; la?kokn(Indian Federalism)


mís'; (Objectives)


12-1 Hkkjrh; la?kokn dk Lo:i (Nature of Indian Federalism)

12-2 la?kkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Federal Features)

12-3 ,dkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Unitary Features)

12-4 Hkkjrh; osQUnz dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ dkj.k (Reasons to Make Centre MorePowerful)

12-5 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku es a lgdkjh la?kokn (Co-operative Federalism in IndianConstitution)





mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjr la?kokn osQ vFkZ dks tkuus esaA

• Hkkjrh; la?kokn dk Lo:i tkuus esaA

• lgdkjh la?kokn osQ vFkZ] vkSj rÙo dks le>us gsrqA


fo'o osQ izR;sd jkT; dk lafo/ku la?kkRed lafo/ku (Federal Constitution) vFkok ,dkRed lafo/ku

(Unitary Constitution) gksrk gSA la?kkRed lafo/ku og lafo/ku gksrk gS ftlosQ }kjk nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk

dh tkrh gS rFkk ftlesa osQUnz rFkk bdkb;ksa esa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu gksrk gSA ,dkRed lafo/ku og gksrk gS

ftlosQ ,dgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gS rFkk ftlesa 'kklu dh leLr 'kfDr;k¡ osQUnz osQ ikl gksrh

gSaA


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12-1 Hkkjrh; la?kokn dk Lo:i (Nature of Indian Federalism)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqie fo'ks"krk gS fd blesa la?kkRed rFkk ,dkRed nksuksa izdkj osQ lafo/kuksa osQ xq.k rFkk

y{k.k fo|eku gSaA ns[kk tk, rks blesa la?kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ lHkh eq[; y{k.k fo|eku gSa] ijUrq bl ckr

ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd lafo/ku osQ izR;sd iUus ij ,dkRed Hkkouk vafdr gSA bl dkj.k Hkkjrh;

lafo/ku dh izo`Qfr lEcU/h iz'u ,d vR;Ur jkspd ppkZ dk fo"k; cu x;k gSA oqQN O;fDr dks la?kkRed jkT;

dgrs gSa rks oqQN bls ,dkRed Hkkouk okyk la?kkRed lafo/ku dgrs gSaA muosQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk

<k¡pk rks la?kkRed gS ijUrq Hkkouk iw.kZrk% ,dkRed gSA¸ (“Indian Constitution provides for a federalstructure with unitary spirit.”)

lafo/ku dh /kjk (1) esa Hkkjr dks jkT; dk la?k (Union of States) dgk x;k gSA blesa ^la?kh; jkT;*

(Federation) osQ 'kCn dk dgha Hkh iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;kA blosQ nks dkj.k le>s tkrs gSaA igys rks gekjs ;gk¡

^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* dk fuekZ.k LorU=k jkT;ksa osQ vkilh le>kSrs dk iQy ugha gS tSlkfd la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk

(U.S.A) dk la?kh; jkT; gSA gekjs ns'k esa ^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* dk fuekZ.k oSQusMk (Canada) osQ la?kh; jkT; dh

Hkk¡fr gqvk gSA ;gk¡ ,dkRed jkT; dks Hkax djosQ mlosQ LFkku ij jkT;ksa dk u;s fljs ls iquxZBu fd;k x;k rFkk

osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ {ks=kkf/dkj laoS/kfud vk/kj ij 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu djosQ fuf'pr fd;k x;kA nwljs gekjs

lafo/ku esa iwoZ lksfo;r la?k dh Hkk¡fr jkT;ksa dks la?k ls vyx gkus dk vf/dkj izkIr ugha gSA bl <ax ls cuk,

x, ^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* esa osQUnz dk 'kfDr'kkyh gksuk LokHkkfod ckr FkhA

vkjEHk esa tc lafo/ku ykxw gqvk rks Hkkjr osQ ^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* esa pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa c¡Vs gq, 29 jkT; FksµHkkx ^d*

esa 10 jkT;] Hkkx ^[k* esa 8] Hkkx ^x* esa 10 vkSj Hkkx ^?k* esa ,dA ijUrq 1956 esa Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa gq,

lkrosa la'kks/u osQ vUrxZr jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fd;k x;k vkSj pkj Jsf.k;ksa okys jkT;ksa dk vUrj lekIr djosQ

mlosQ LFkku ij nks rjg dh bdkb;ksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ] ,d ^jkT;* (States) vkSj nwljs osQUnzh; {ks=k (Union

Terriories)A bl le; esa 25 jkT; vkSj 7 osQUnzh; {ks=k gSaA

okLro esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh izo`Qfr lEcU/h bl fopkj&Hksn dk eq[; lzksr lafo/ku gh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku

esa Hkkjr dks u rks la?kkRed rFkk u gh ,dkRed lafo/ku dgk x;k gSA vfirq bls ^jkT;ksa dk la?k* (Union of

States) dgk x;k gSA lafo/ku esa ,sls 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx djus osQ mís';ksa dks Li"V djrs gq, MkW- vEcsMdj us

dgk] ¶Hkkjr dks jkT;ksa osQ la?k dk uke nsuk ykHknk;d gSA ,sls ukedj.k ls nks rF; Li"V gksrs gSaA izFke] Hkkjr

esa la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk fdlh le>kSrs dk ifj.kke ugha rFkk nwljs] Hkkjr esa la?kh; bdkbZ;ksa dks la?k

NksM+us dk vf/dkj ughaA vr% gekjk la?k ,d LFkkbZ rFkk vVwV la?k gSA¸ vr% lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr ,d

^jkT;ksa dk la?k* gSA bldh la?kkRed rFkk ,dkRed fo'ks"krkvksa dk vè;;u djosQ gh ge bldh okLrfod izo`Qfr

osQ fdlh Li"V ifj.kke ij igq¡p ldrs gSaA



1- Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqie fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa la?kkRed rFkk --------- nksuksa izdkj osQ lafo/kuksa osQxq.k rFkk y{k.k fo|eku gSaA

2- lafo/ku tc ykxw gqvk Fkk] rc Hkkjr osQ ^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* esa pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa c¡Vs gq, --------- jkT; FksA

3- la?kh; ljdkj dk lafo/ku --------- gksrk gSA

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12-2 la?kkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Federal Features)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa yxHkx og lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa tksfd ,d la?kkRed lafo/ku] tSls fd vesfjdk osQlafo/ku] esa ikbZ tkrh gSA bu fo'ks"krkvksa dks tkuus osQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge la?kkRed jkT; dh Li"VifjHkk"kk ,oa y{k.kksa dks tku ysaA lk/kj.k 'kCnksa esa] la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk ls vfHkizk; og O;oLFkk gS ftlesala?kh; ljdkj rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa esa ,d fyf[kr lafo/ku }kjk 'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk fd;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esala?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ

1- nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk (Dual Polity): Hkkjrh; lafo/ku nksgjh 'kklu&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ,d

vksj osQUnzh; ljdkj dk;Z djrh gS rFkk nwljh vksj jkT;ksa esa jkT; ljdkjsa dk;Z djrh gSaA nksuksa dk {ks=kkf/dkj

vyx&vyx gSA osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ eq[; vax jk"Vªifr] iz/kueU=kh] efU=k&ifj"kn~ o laln gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa osQ

eq[; vax xouZj] eq[;ea=kh] efU=kifj"kn~ vkSj jkT; fo/kue.My gSaA nksuksa ljdkjksa osQ oS/kfud] iz'kklfud vkSj

foÙkh; lEcU/ lafo/ku }kjk fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSaA osQUnzh; laln jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu dj ldrh gS]

muosQ uke cny ldrh gS] ,d ;k nks jkT;ksa dk oqQN {ks=k dkV dj jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj ldrh gS ijUrq og

jkT;ksa dks lekIr djosQ ns'k esa ,dkRed 'kklu LFkkfir ugha dj ldrhA

2- 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu (Division of Powers): la?kh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa osQUnzh; vFkok la?kh; ljdkj

rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa esa lÙkk dk foHkktu gksrk gSA blh lÙkk foHkktu osQ dkj.k gh la?k jkT; dk ,d fyf[kr

lafo/ku gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ksa dks rhu lwfp;ksa (Lists) esa ck¡Vk x;k

gSA os gSaµ(i) la?kh; lwph (Union List) blesa 97 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj osQUnzh;

vFkok la?kh; ljdkj dks gS] (ii) jkT; lwph (State List) blesa 66 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk

vf/drj jkT; ljdkjksa dks gSa] rFkk (iii) lk¡>h lwph (Concurrent List) bl lwph esa 47 fo"k; gSaA bu fo"k;ksa

ij osQUnzh; rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa nksuksa dks dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj gSA ckdh fo"k; (Residuary Subjects)

tks bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa esa ugha gSa] mu ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj osQUnz dks gSA osQUnz rFkk izkUr vius&vius

vf/dkj&{ks=k esa iw.kZ :i ls LorU=k gSaA

3- LorU=k U;k;ikfydk (Independent Judiciary): D;ksafd la?kkRed lafo/ku esa osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa esa

'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu gksrk gS rFkk muesa >xM+s mRiUu gksus dh lEHkkouk lnk cuh jgrh gSA vr% la?kh; O;oLFkk

esa ,d ^LorU=k U;k;ikfydk* dk gksuk vR;Ur vko';d gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk ,d iw.kZ :i ls LorU=k

U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS ftls osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa osQ vkilh >xM+ksa dk U;k; djus dk vf/dkj fn;k

x;k gSA lafo/ku dh O;k[;k djus dk vf/dkj U;k;ikfydk dks gSA U;k;ikfydk fdlh Hkh osQUnzh; vFkok

izkUrh; dkuwu dks vlaoS/kfud ?kksf"kr dj jí dj ldrh gSA U;k;ikfydk osQUnzh; ljdkj vFkok izkUrh; ljdkjsa

osQ gLr{ksi ls eqDr gSaA

4- f}&lnukRed fo/kuikfydk (Bicameral Legislature): Hkkjrh; laln osQ] ,d la?kh; laln osQ leku

nks lnu gSaµyksdlHkk (Lok Sabha) rFkk jkT;lHkk (Rajya Sabha) yksdlHkk fuEu lnu gS rFkk Hkkjrh;

turk }kjk izR;{k :i ls fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ bl lnu osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA jkT;lHkk mifj lnu gS rFkk izkUrh;

fo/kuikfydkvksa }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfuf/ bl lnu osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA

5- fyf[kr lafo/ku (Written Constitution): baXyS.M esa ,dkRed ljdkj gS vkSj ogk¡ dk lafo/ku

vfyf[kr gS] ijUrq vesfjdk] vkLVªsfy;k] oSQusMk] fLoV~tjyS.M bR;kfn jkT;ksa esa la?kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk viukbZ

xbZ gS rFkk bu lHkh ns'kksa osQ lafo/ku fyf[kr gSaA Hkkjr Hkh ,d la?kh; jkT; gS rFkk bldk lafo/ku foLr`r :i

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esa fyf[kr gSaA blesa 395 vuqPNsn vkSj 10 vuqlwfp;k¡ gSaA osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ ijLij lEcU/ksa dk o.kZu lafo/ku

esa foLrkjiwoZd <ax ls fd;k x;k gSA la?kkRed 'kklu esa osQUnz vkSj bdkb;ksa osQ ijLij >xM+ksa dh lEHkkouk jgrh

gS] fyf[kr lafo/ku esa bu >xM+ksa dh lEHkkouk de gks tkrh gS vkSj ;fn >xM+ksa mRiUu Hkh gksa rks mldk fuiVkjk

ns'k osQ loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fyf[kr lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa la?kh; ljdkj dk lfo/ku fyf[kr gksrk gSA ,dkRed ljdkj dk lafo/ku fyf[kr Hkh gks ldrk

gS vkSj vfyf[kr HkhA

6- dBksj lafo/ku (Rigid Constitution): la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh esa jkT; dk lafo/ku dBksj gksrk gSA

lafo/ku blfy, dBksj cuk;k tkrk gS rkfd osQUnz ;k bdkb;k¡ mlesa viuh bPNkuqlkj euekus <ax ls ifjorZu

u dj losQA dBksj lafo/ku esa laoS/kfud dkuwu dks lk/kj.k dkuwu dh vis{kk loksZPprk izkIr gksrh gS rFkk

lk/kj.k dkuwu osQ cnyus dh fof/;k¡ vyx&vyx gksrh gSaA gekjk lafo/ku ,d dBksj lafo/ku gS] ;|fi ;g

mruk dBksj ugha ftruk fd vesfjdk dk lafo/ku gSA lafo/ku esa la'kks/u djus dh izfozQ;k dk o.kZu lafo/ku

osQ vuqPNsn 368 esa fd;k x;k gSaA lafo/ku dh vf/dka'k /kjk,¡ ,slh gSa ftUgsa cnyus osQ fy, la'kks/u dk izLrko

laln osQ izR;sd lnu }kjk vius oqQy lnL;ksa osQ iw.kZ cgqer ls rFkk mifLFkr vkSj er ns jgs lnL;ksa osQ 2@3

cgqer ls ikl gksuk pkfg,A lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 368 esa oqQN ,sls egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu gSa ftUgsa cnyus

osQ fy, laln osQ izR;sd lnu osQ oqQy lnL;ksa osQ iw.kZ cgqer vkSj mifLFkr o er ns jgs lnL;ksa osQ 2@3 cgqer

osQ vfrfjDr de&ls&de vk/s jkT; fo/kue.Myksa dh Loho`Qfr izkIr djuh vko';d gSA bu fo"k;ksa esa jk"Vªifr

osQ pquko dh fof/ la?kh; ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh oS/kfud dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;&lEcU/h 'kfDr;ksa dh

lhek] jkT;ksa dk laln esa izfrfuf/Ro] vuqPNsn 368 esa nh xbZ la'kks/u izfozQ;k osQ fo"k; bR;kfn 'kkfey gSaA

7- lafo/ku dh loksZPprk (Supremacy of Constitution): la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ns'k dk lafo/ku

loksZPp dkuwu gksrk gSA vesfjdk osQ lafo/ku dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ns'k dk loksZPp dkuwu gSA dksbZ O;fDr]

laLFkk] ljdkjh vf/dkjh ;k ljdkj lafo/kuj ;k lafo/ku osQ vUrxZr cuk, x;s dkuwuksa osQ fo#¼ ugha py

ldrsA laln vkSj jkT; fo/kue.My dksbZ ,slk dkuwu ugha cuk ldrs tks lafo/ku dk fdlh izdkj mYya?ku djrk

gksA ;fn os ,slk dkuwu ikl djrs gSa rks ns'k dk loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky; mUgsa voS/ ?kksf"kr

dj ldrs gSaA blh izdkj la?kh; dk;Zikfydk ;k jkT; dk;Zikfydk dksbZ ,slk vè;kns'k vkSj vkns'k tkjh ugha dj

ldrh tks lafo/ku osQ fo#¼ gksA U;k;ikfydk ,sls vè;kns'kksa vkSj vkns'kksa dks xSj&laoS/kfud ?kksf"kr dj ldrh

gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k (Judicial Review) dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

Hkkjr esa lHkh mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks viuk in xzg.k djus ls igys ;g 'kiFk ysuh iM+rh gS fd os lafo/ku dk

lEeku djsaxs] mlosQ vuqlkj vius dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djsaxs rFkk lafo/ku dks cuk, j[ksaxs vkSj mldh j{kk djsaxsA

bl lc ckrksa ls lafo/ku dh loksZPprk fl¼ gksrh gSA

8- osQUnz rFkk bdkb;ksa esa lg;ksx rFkk rkyesy (Co-operation and Co-ordination betweenthe

Centre and the States)µfdlh Hkh la?k osQ osQUnz rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa osQ fu.kZ; osQ fy, lg;ksx rFkk rkyesy

dk 'kklu&rU=k dk gksuk vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku es Hkh vUrjkZT; lg;ksx (Inter-state Co-opera-

tion) osQ fy, O;oLFkk gSA le;≤ ij osQUnz }kjk eq[;efU=k;ksa rFkk jkT;ikyksa osQ lEesyu cqyk;s tkrs gSaA

mi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa vesfjdk] oSQusMk] fLoV~tjySaM dh rjgla?kh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk gSA

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VkLd la?kkRed 'kklu O;oLFkk ij vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A

bu lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dksa ns[krs gq, ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; 'kklu 'kklu O;oLFkk fu'p; gh la?kkRed'kklu O;oLFkk gS] ¶Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkk (Dual Polity) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA¸

vkykspdksa dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk lafo/ku ckgjh :i ls rks la?kkRed 'kklu dh O;oLFkk djrk gS ysfdublesa ml ckr dh deh gS ftls la?kh; 'kklu dh ^vkRek* dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj og gS ^jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk*(Autonomy of States) osQUnz dh vis{kk jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr cgqr detksj gS vkSj os vf/dka'k ekeyksa esa osQUnzh;ljdkj ij vkfJr gSaA


cgq&fodYih; iz'u (Muliple Choice Questions)

4- la?kh; lwph esa fdrus fo"k; 'kkfey gSa\

(a) 98 (b) 99 (c) 97 (d) 102

5- baXyS.M esa ljdkj gSµ

(a) ,dkRed (b) la?kkRed

(c) u (a) u (b) (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ugha

6- loksZPp U;k;ky;ksa vkSj mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks izkIr gSµ

(a) U;kf;d iqufuZjh{k.k dh 'kfDr (b) egkfHk;ksx dh 'kfDr

(c) jkT;iky dks in ls gVkus dh 'kfDr (d) mijksDr esa dksbZ ugha

12-3 ,dkRed fo'ks"krk,¡ (Unitary Features)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa la?kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ xq.kksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ,dkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ xq.k fo|eku gSaAlafo/ku esa la'kks/u fd, fcuk 'kklu dks la?kkRed ljdkj ls ,dkRed ljdkj esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA MkW-tSfuXl osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr ,d osQUnzh; izo`fÙk okyk la?k gSA¸ (“India is a federation with strong

centralising tendency.”) blh rjg osQ-,e- eqa'kh (K.M. Munshi) dk dguk gS] ¶Hkkjr ,d la?kkRedjkT; ugha gS vfirq ,d la?k gSA osQUnzh; ljdkj 'kfDr;ksa okyh la?kkRed ljdkj ugha gSA¸ (“India is not a

federation but a Union. The centre is not a Federal Governament of plenary powers.”)

Hkkjr esa ljdkj dk la?kh; <k¡pk gksrs gq, Hkh ,dkRed ljdkj gh vksj >qdko gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esafuEufyf[kr ,dkRed ljdkj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSaµ

1- 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz (Strong Centre)µ'kfDr;ksa dk c¡Vokjk osQUnz vkSj izkUrksa esa djrs le; osQUnz dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cukus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA vf/drj egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; la?kh; lwph esa gh j[ks x;s gSaA la?kh;lwph esa 97 fo"k; gSa] tcfd jkT; lwph esa 66 fo"k; gSaA leorhZ lwph esa 47 fo"k; gSa] tcfd okLro esa bu fo"k;ksaij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa nksukssa osQ ikl gS] ysfdu vxj nksuksa osQ dkuwuksa esa erHksn gks tk,xkrks ,slh fLFkfr esa osQUnz dk dkuwu ekuk tk,xk rFkk ljdkj }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k dkuwu jí dj fn;k tk,xkAvo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ Hkh osQUnz osQ ikl gSaa] jkT;ksa osQ ikl ughaA tcfd vesfjdk] fLoV~tjyS.M] vkWLVªsfy;k bR;kfn osQ

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lafo/kuksa esa vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa osQ ikl gSaA bu mi;qZDr dkj.kksa ls Li"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ljdkjdk <k¡pk la?kh; gksrs gq, Hkh ,dkRed ljdkj dh vksj vf/d >qdko gSA

2- bdgjh ukxfjdrk (Single Citizenship)µHkkjrh; lafo/ku esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk osQ fl¼kUr dks ughaviuk;k x;kA Hkkjr osQ izR;sd fuoklh dks pkgs og iatkc dk fuoklh gS vFkok enzkl dk fuoklh gS] ,d ghukxfjdrk vFkkZr~ Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk izkIr gSA ,d 'kq¼ la?k] tSls fd vesfjdk esa nksgjh ukxfjdrk dk fl¼kUrviuk;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;sd fuoklh dks nks ukxfjdrk,¡ izkIr gksrh gSaA ,d rks la?k dh ukxfjdrk rFkk nwljhml izkUr dh ukxfjdrk ftl izkUr dk og jgus okyk gksA Hkkjr esa bdgjh ukxfjdrk okyh nksgjh 'kklu O;oLFkkdh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

3- bdgjh U;k;ikfydk (Single Judiciary)µHkkjr esa la?kh; <k¡pk viukdj Hkh U;k;ikfydk dk laxBu,dkRed vk/kj ij fd;k x;k gSA

uksV~l vejhdh la?k esa nksgjh U;k; O;oLFkk gSA ogk¡ izR;sd la?kh; bdkbZ dh viuh vyx U;k; O;oLFkk gS

rFkk lEiw.kZ vejhdh la?k dh ,d lk¡>h U;k; O;oLFkk gS ftls la?kh; U;k;ikfydk dgk tkrk gSA

blosQ foijhr Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk ,d bdgjh U;k; O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA U;k; O;oLFkk osQ f'k[kjij lqizhe dksVZ gSa rFkk mlosQ v/hu yxHkx izR;sd izkUr dh viuh ,d gkbZ dksVZ gSA bdgjh U;k;&O;oLFkk Hkh,dkRedrk dh Hkkouk dks izdV djrh gSA

4- lk¡>h vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡ (Common All India Services)µ,dkRed jkT; dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr esalk¡>h vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA I.A.S., I.P.S. vkfn lsok,¡ osQUnz rFkk lHkh izkUrksa dhlk¡>h gSaA fiQj jkT;lHkk (Rajya Sabha) dks ;g vf/dkj fn;k x;k gS fd og gh ubZ vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksadh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gSA ,slk jkT;lHkk 2@3 cgqer ls ,d izLrko ikl djosQ dj ldrh gSA

5- lk¡>k fu;a=kd rFkk egkys[kk ijh{kd (Common Comptoller and Auditor General)µlafo/kudh /kjk 148 osQ v/hu Hkkjr esa ,d fu;a=k.k rFkk egkys[kk ijh{kd dh fu;qfDr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA bldhfu;qfDr Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr djrk gS rFkk bldk eq[; dÙkZO; ;g gS fd og osQUnzh; ljdkj rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa}kjk fd, x, [kpZ dh tk¡p&iM+rky djsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ v/hu ,d la?kh; vf/dkjh dksizkarksa osQ /u osQ fujh{k.k dk vf/dkj fn;k x;k gSA

6- lk¡>k pquko vk;ksx (Common Election Commission)µ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ v/hu osQUnzh;ljdkj rFkk izkUrh; ljdkjksa osQ fy, pquko izca/ djus osQ fy, ,d lk¡>s pquko vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk dh xbZgSA bl pquko vk;ksx osQ iz/ku dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr djrk gSA ;gh pquko vk;ksx osQUnzh; laln ,oaizkUrh; fo/kuikfydkvksa osQ pquko dk fujh{k.k] funsZ'ku rFkk fu;a=k.k djrk gSA

7- bdgjk lafo/ku (Single Constitution)µla;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj fLoV~tjyS.M tSls la?kh; jkT;ksa osQlafo/kuksa esa bdkb;ksa dks viuk vyx lafo/ku cukus vkSj la'kksf/r djus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA ijUrq Hkkjr osQ^jkT;ksa osQ la?k* esa bdkb;ksa dks ,slk vf/dkj izkIr ugha gSA ,d gh lafo/ku eas osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa dh'kklu&iz.kkfy;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dks viuh bPNkuqlkj jkT;ksa osQ lafo/ku esa ifjorZudjus dk vf/dkj ugha gSA osQoy ,d jkT; tEew&d'ehj us viuk vyx lafo/ku cuk;k gSA

8- u, jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj iqjkus jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa esa ifjorZu (Creation of new States and

changes in the boundaries of old States)µlafo/ku esa osQUnzh; laln dks ;g vf/dkj fn;k x;k gS fd

uksV



og dkuwu ikl djosQ fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d jkT;ksa dk oqQN {ks=k dkV dj u, jkT; dk fuekZ.k dj ldrhgSA osQUnzh; laln fdlh Hkh jkT; dk {ks=k c<+k ldrh gS] de dj ldrh gS] jkT; dh lhek,¡ ifjofrZr dj ldrhgS vFkok mldk uke cny ldrh gSA bl izdkj dh O;oLFkk la?kkRed jkT; osQ loZekU; fl¼karksa osQ fo#¼ gSA

9- ladVdkyhu O;oLFkk,¡ (Emergency Provision)µladVdky osQ le; Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk la?kkRed

Lo:i ,dkRed esa cny tkrk gSA tc dHkh jk"Vªifr ;q¼] ckgjh vkØe.k ;k cM+s iSekus ij vkarfjd xM+cM+

osQ dkj.k vkikrdky gh ?kks"k.kk djrk gS rks ml le; jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa dh Lok;Ùkrk izfrcfU/r gks tkrh gSA

osQUnzh; laln jkT; lwph esa fn, x, fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gS rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dks osQUnzh;

ljdkj osQ vkns'kksa vuqlkj dk;Z djus iM+rs gSaA ladVdky osQ le; jk"Vªifr osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa jktLo osQ lk/uksa

osQ c¡Vokjs esa Hkh ifjorZu dj ldrk gSA mls yksxksa osQ ekSfyd vf/dkj LFkfxr djus dk vf/dkj Hkh izkIr gks

tkrk gSA

10- jkT;ksa esa laoS/kfud O;oLFkk dk vliQy gks tkuk (Failure of Constitutional Machinery in

the States)µtc dHkh jk"Vªifr dks xouZj dh fjiksVZ feyus ij vFkok fdlh vU; lk/u }kjk ;g fo'okl

gks tk, fd fdlh jkT; dk iz'kklu lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj ugha pyk;k tk ldrk rks og jkT; esa laoS/kfud

O;oLFkk vliQy gks tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA rc ml jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu (President’s Rule) ykxw

gks tkrk gSA jkT; dk xouZj laoS/kfud eqf[k;k osQ rkSj ij ugha cfYd jk"Vªifr osQ ,tsUV osQ rkSj ij dk;Z djrk

gSA og jkT; osQ iz'kklu osQ lEcU/ esa jk"Vªifr }kjk fn, x, vkns'kksa dk ikyu djrk gSA ml jkT; dk eaf=keaMy

Hkax dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk fo/kulHkk dks ;k rks rksM+ fn;k tkrk gS ;k oqQN le; osQ fy, LFkfxr dj fn;k

tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa osQUnzh; laln ml jkT; osQ fy, dkuwu cukrh gS rFkk ctV ikl djrh gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr

esa ml jkT; dh Lok;Ùkrk lekIr gks tkrh gSA

11- lkekU; voLFkk esa Hkh osQUnz vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr dj ldrk gS (Powers of the Centre can be

increased even in normal times)µlk/kj.k voLFkk esa Hkh laln dks jkT; lwph ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk

vf/dkj izkIr gks ldrk gSA lafo/ku dh /kjk 249 osQ vuqlkj vxj jkT; lHkk (Rajya Sabha) nks&frgkbZ

cgqer ls ,d izLrko ikl dj ;g ?kksf"kr dj ns fd jkT; lwph dk veqd fo"k; jk"Vªh; egÙo dk gks x;k gS

rks ml fo"k; ij dkuwu fuekZ.k dk vf/dkj oqQN le; osQ fy, osQUnzh; laln dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA

12- jkT;ksa osQ oqQN fcyksa osQ fy, jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr dh vko';drk (President’s Assent is

Required for Centain state Bills)µgekjs lafo/ku esa ;g Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd oqQN fcyksa dks

dkuwu dk :i nsus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr izkIr djuh gksrh gSA mnkgj.kr% vxj izkarh; ljdkj fdlh

O;fDr vFkok laLFkk dh lEifÙk ij lkoZtfud fgr osQ fy, vf/dkj djuk pkgs rks ,sls dk;Z osQ fy, fcy dks

jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr izkIr djuh gksrh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr izkarh; xouZj ;g le>s fd izkarh; fo/kuikfydk }kjk

ikl ,d fcy eas izkarh; gkbZ dksVZ osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa ifjorZu djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gS rks og ml fcy

dks jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, lqjf{kr j[k ldrk gSA

13- jkT;ksa osQ xouZjksa dk jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd;k tkuk vkSj gVk;k tkuk (Appointment and

Removal of State Governors by the President)µxouZj tks jkT;ksa osQ laoS/kfud eqf[k;k gksrs gSa

jk"Vªifr }kjk fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj mlosQ izlkni;ZUr vius in ij jgrs gSaA mudks gVk;k ;k cnyus dk

vf/dkj Hkh jk"Vªifr dks gSA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk dh Hkk¡fr mudk pquko jkT; esa jgus okys yksxksa }kjk ugha fd;k

tkrkA os osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ izfrfuf/ le>s tkrs gSa rFkk osQUnzh; ljdkj dks jkT;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ ckjs esa

lwfpr djrs jgrs gSaA osQUnzh; ljdkj muosQ }kjk jkT;ksa osQ iz'kklu dks dkiQh gn rd izHkkfor dj ldrh gSA ns[kus

uksV



esa vk;k gS fd tc dHkh fdlh jkT; dh fo/kulHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr u gks rks ogk¡

feys&tqys eaf=keaMy dh LFkkiuk djus esa osQUnzh; ljdkj xouZj osQ }kjk dkiQh lhek rd gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSA

,slk iatkc] caxky] fcgkj] osQjy vkSj mÙkj izns'k osQ jkT;ksa esa gqvk gSA

14- bdkb;ksa dks la?k ls vyx gksus dk vf/dkj ugha (No Right to Secede from the Union)µiwoZ

lksfo;r la?k osQ lafo/ku esa bdkb;ksa dks ^vkRe&fu.kZ; osQ vf/dkj* (Right to self-determination) osQ

vk/kj ij la?k osQ i`Fko~Q gksus] vyx fons'kh lEcU/ LFkkfir djus vkSj vyx lsuk,¡ j[kus osQ vf/dkj izkIr gSaA

ijUrq Hkkjr esa la?k dh bdkb;ksa dks ;g vf/dkj izkIr ugha gSA

15- jkT;lHkk esa leku izfrfuf/Ro dk u gksuk (No Equal Representation in the Council of

States)µla?kh; ns'kksa] tSlsµvesfjdk rFkk fLoV~tjyS.M esa laln osQ mifj lnu osQ lHkh NksVs&cM+s jkT;ksa dks

leku izfrfuf/Ro iznku fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu Hkkjr osQ mifj lnu jkT;lHkk esa lHkh izkarksa dks cjkcj izfrfuf/Ro

iznku ugha fd;k x;k gSA jkT;lHkk esa izkarksa osQ izfrfuf/;ksa dh la[;k izkarksa dh tula[;k osQ vk/kj ij fuf'pr

dh xbZ gSA vf/d tula[;k okys izkarksa dks jkT;lHkk esa vf/d izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gS rFkk de tula[;k okys izkarksa

dks de izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gSA mÙkj izns'k jkT;lHkk esa 34 izfrfuf/ Hkstrk gS] tcfd gfj;k.kk dks osQoy 5

izfrfuf/ Hkstus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA bl izdkj vf/d tula[;k okys izkarksa dk osQUnzh; ljdkj ij vf/d

fu;a=k.k gksuk LokHkkfod gSA blosQ foijhr] vesfjdk osQ 50 jkT; gSa rFkk mifj lnu lhusV dh oqQy la[;k 100

gSA izR;sd jkT; dks nks&nks izfrfuf/ Hkstus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA

16- cqfu;knh ckrksa esa ,d:irk (Uniformity in Basic Matters)µMkW- vEcsMdj dk dguk gS] ¶fdlh

lhek rd ;fn ns'k esa fofHkUu Hkh jgs] rks Hkh dksbZ ckr ughaA ;fn LFkkuh; vko';drkvksa osQ vuqlkj dkuwu vkSj

'kklu osQ fu;eksa esa oqQN fofHkUurk jgs] rks Hkh mls lgu fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq tc fofHkUurk gn ls c<+

tkrh gS rks blls la?kkRed jkT;ksa esa iw.kZ vO;oLFkk Nk tkrh gSA¸

Hkkjr dh ,slh Hk;kud fLFkfr ls lqj{kk djus osQ fy, lafo/ku us vf[ky Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok] ,dleku

nhokuh rFkk iQkStnkjh dkuwu vkSj ,d gh izdkj dh U;k;ikfydk dh O;oLFkk dh gSA lkjs ns'k esa foÙkh; fo"k;ksa

esa Hkh ,d:irk ykus osQ fy, fu;a=kd o egkys[kk ijh{kd (Comptroller and Audito General) dh

O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSaA ;g inkf/dkjh osQUnz rFkk izkarksa dh ljdkjksa osQ fcy ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA Hkkjr esa pquko

vk;ksx dh Hkh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS rFkk eq[; pquko vk;qDr izkarksa dh fo/kulHkkvksa vkSj fo/ku&ifj"knksa] laln]

jk"Vªifr ,oa mi&jk"Vªifr osQ pquko ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA og bu pqukoksa dks djokrk gS rFkk izkarksa osQ

pquko&dfe'ujksa dks bl gsrq fdlh izdkj dk funsZ'k Hkh ns ldrk gSA

17- jkT; ljdkjksa osQ fy, osQUnz dk vkns'k ekuuk vko';d (States must abide the Directions

of the Centre)µHkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ }kjk ,slh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd izkarksa dh ljdkjsa osQUnz osQ vkns'k dks

ekuus osQ fy, ckè; gSaA /kjk 256 osQ vuqlkj] ¶izR;sd jkT; dks viuh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx bl izdkj

djuk pkfg,] ftlls laln }kjk fufeZr dkuwuksa dk ikyu vo'; gksA bl /kjk esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd bl

lEcU/ esa osQUnzh; dk;Zdkfj.kh jkT; ljdkjksa dks vkns'k Hkh tkjh dj ldrh gSA¸ /kjk 257 esa dgk x;k gS fd

¶jkT; ljdkjsa viuh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx ,sls <ax ls djsaxh] ftlls osQUnz ljdkj dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa

esa dksbZ ck/k u iM+sA osQUnz ljdkj bl mís'; osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj dks vksn'k ns ldrh gSA¸

18- lafo/ku esa la'kks/u (Amendment in the Constitution)µlafo/ku esa la'kks/u osQ laca/ esa Hkh la?k

dks jkT;ksa osQ eqdkcys esa vf/d 'kfDr izkIr gSA lafo/ku esa la'kks/u dk izLrko osQoy laln osQ }kjk gh fd;k

tk ldrk gS] jkT; bl lEcU/ esa igy ugha dj ldrsA lafo/ku dh vusd /kjk,¡ rks ,slh gSa ftuesa laln osQoy

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vius lk/kj.k cgqer ls gh la'kks/u dj ldrh gS vkSj oqQN vU; /kjk,¡ laln osQ nksuksa lnu vius nks&frgkbZ

cgqer ls cny ldrs gSaA lafo/ku esa osQoy oqQN gh fo"k; ,sls gSa ftuesa la'kks/u djus osQ fy, vk/s jkT;ksa osQ

fo/kueaMyksa dh LohÑfr ysuh vko';d gSA bl izdkj Hkkjr esa jkT;kssa dks laoS/kfud la'kks/u esa dksbZ Lora=k

'kfDr izkIr ugha gSA

vesfjdk rFkk fLoV~tjyS.M esa bdkb;ksa dks Hkh la'kks/u dk izLrko is'k djus dk vf/dkj izkIr gSA Hkkjr esa izkar

vius 'kklu izca/ ls lEcfU/r izLrko Hkh is'k ugha dj ldrsA ;g ckr la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh osQ foijhr gSA

19- jkT;ksa dh detksj foÙkh; fLFkfr (Weak Finance Position of States)µHkkjr osQ lafo/ku esa osQUnz

vkSj jkT;ksa osQ chp tks jktLo osQ lzksrksa (Sources of Revenue) dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gS mlesa Hkh

osQUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk oSls gh ikbZ tkrh gS tSls fd 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu esaA jkT; ljdkjksa dh vk; osQ lk/u

i;kZIr ugha gSa rFkk os vius yksd&HkykbZ osQ dk;ks± dks lEiUu djus osQ fy, osQUnzh; ljdkj dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk

ij fuHkZj jgrh gSaA osQUnzh; ljdkj ls vkfFkZd vuqnku izkIr djus osQ dkj.k os osQUnz osQ funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z

djrh gSaA os Lora=k uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrhaA

20- vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fu;kstu (Economic and Social Planning)µ;g fo"k; leorhZ lwph esa

'kkfey gSA ijUrq ;g dk;Z Hkh osQUnzh; ljdkj us iw.kZ rkSj ij vius ftEes ys fy;k gSA ns'k osQ vkfFkZd vkSj

lkekftd fodkl osQ fy, ;kstuk,¡ cukus dk dk;Z fu;kstu vk;ksx (Planning Commission) djrk gSA

fu;kstu vk;ksx osQoy osQUnzh; ljdkj dh ;kstuk,¡ gh ugha cukrk cfYd iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa jkT;ksa osQ fodkl

dh ;kstuk,¡ Hkh rS;kj djrk gSA bl ckjs esa Hkh osQUnzh;dj.k dh izo`fÙk ikbZ tkrh gSA Hkkjr dk iz/kuea=kh fu;kstu

vk;ksx dk vè;{k gSA fu;kstu vk;ksx osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ v/hu dk;Z djrk gSA

21- osQUnz osQ jkT;ksa esa l'kL=k iQkslZ Hkstus dh 'kfDr (Centre’s Powers to Deploy Armed Forces

in the States)µ42osa la'kks/u }kjk lafo/ku esa ,d u;k vuqPNsn 257-A 'kkfey djosQ ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ

gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj dks dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dh xaHkhj fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, fdlh Hkh jkT; esa l'kL=k vFkok

iqfyl iQkslZ Hkstus dk vf/dkj gksxkA ,slh iQkslZ Hkkjr ljdkj osQ funsZ'kksa vuqlkj dk;Z djsxh rFkk ml ij jkT;

ljdkj ;k mlosQ v/huLFk vf/dkjh dks fuxjkuh ;k fu;a=k.k j[kus dk dksbZ vf/dkj ugha gksxkA laln dks ;g

vf/dkj fn;k x;k gS fd og dkuwu cukdj ,slh l'kL=k ;k iqfyl iQkslZ dh 'kfDr;ksa] fo'ks"kkf/dkjksa vkSj nkf;Roksa

dks fuf'pr djsA

22- vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa rFkk fiNM+s oxks± dk dY;k.k jk"Vªifr osQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa (Welfare of

Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes under the Jurisdiction of President)µvuqlwfpr

tutkfr;ksa rFkk fiNM+s oxks± osQ dY;k.k ls lEcfU/r fo"k; dks jk"Vªifr dh fo'ks"k ns[kjs[k esa j[kk x;k gSA mudh

fLFkfr dh tk¡p&iM+rky osQ fy, og ,d vk;ksx fu;qDr dj ldrk gS] vkSj ml vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj

izkarh; ljdkjksa dks bl lEcU/ esa vkns'k tkjh dj ldrk gSA

23- fo/ku&ifj"kn~ dh lekfIr (Abolition of Legislative Council)µHkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ }kjk izkarksa osQ

fo/kueaMyksa osQ Hkh laln dh rjg nks lnu gks ldrs gSaA ysfdu vxj fdlh izkar dh fo/kulHkk er nsus okys

mifLFkr lnL;ksa osQ 2@3 cgqer ls vkSj oqQy lnL;ksa osQ Li"V cgqer ls fo/ku&ifj"kn~ dks lekIr djus dk

izLrko ikl dj ns rks laln mls dkuwu cukdj lekIr Hkh dj ldrh gSA ,sls gh vxj fdlh izkar esa

fo/ku&ifj"kn~ u gks vkSj ,slk gh ,d izLrko fo/kulHkk ikl dj ns rks laln fo/ku&ifj"kn~ dks cuk Hkh ldrh

gSA

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24- jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ (National Development Council)µ,slh jk"Vªh; laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk lsosQUnzh; ljdkj osQ vkfFkZd {ks=k osQ fu;a=k.k esa fo'ks"k o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

25- osQUnzh; {ks=kksa dk 'kklu osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ v/hu gS (Administration of Union Territories

under the Control of the Centre)µosQUnzh; {ks=kksa dk iz'kklu lh/s osQUnzh; ljdkj djrh gS] tks la?kh;O;oLFkk osQ ekus gq, fl¼karksa osQ fo#¼ gSA

26- mPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk (Appointment of the Judges of the

High Courts are made by the President)µjkT; Hkkjr la?k dh bdkbZ gS rFkk mPp U;k;ky; jkT; dklcls mQ¡pk U;k;ky; gksrk gSA lHkh jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk gksrh gSA;s U;k;k/h'k ,d fuf'pr le; rd dke djus osQ ckn loksZPp U;k;ky; esa fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA

27- vUrjkZT; fooknksa dk fuiVkjk (Settlement of Inter-State Disputes)µnks ;k nks ls vf/d jkT;ksaosQ chp fookn dk gy fudkyus osQ fy, osQUnz ljdkj dksbZ Hkh iQkewZyk izLrqr dj mls ykxw djok ldrh gSA,sls ekeyksa dks r; djus osQ fy, lafo/ku us jk"Vªifr dks vUrjkZT; ifj"kn~ (Inter-State Council) cukusdh 'kfDr nh gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa la?kkRed 'kkludh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa vkSj lafo/ku esa ,sls Hkh y{k.k gSa ftlls Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dk ,dkRed ljdkj dh vksj >qdkoLi"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA gekjs lafo/ku&fuekZrk la?kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ lkFk&lkFk osQUnz dks bruk 'kfDr'kkyhcukuk pkgrs Fks rkfd fdlh Hkh fLFkfr dk lkeuk fd;k tk losQA Jh ih-Vh- pkdks us dgk gS] ¶lafo/ku dk,d ckgjh :i la?kkRed gksxk] ijUrq okLro eas blesa ,dkRed ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA¸ (‘‘What theConsititution would establish will be a federation in form but in substance a unitaryconsititution.’’)

vUr esa gesa izks- vySXts.MjksfoDl (Prof. Alexandrowics) ls lger gksuk iM+rk gS] ¶Hkkjr fu%lansg ,dla?kkRed jkT; gS ftlesa izHkqlÙkk osQ rRoksa dks osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa osQ eè; foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA¸ (‘‘India isundoubtedly a federation in which attributes of sovereignty are shared between thecentre and the states.’’)



7- lHkh jkT;ksa osQ mPp U;k;ky;ksa osQ U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr ugha djrk gSA

8- ladVdky osQ le; Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku dk la?kkRed Lo:i ,dkRed esa c<+k;k tkrk gSA

9- vesfjdk esa nksgjh U;k; O;oLFkk gSA

12-4 Hkkjrh; osQUnz dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ dkj.k (Reasons to MakeCentre More Powerful)

Hkkjr esa la?kh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k gS] ysfdu D;k dkj.k gS fd lafo/ku&fuekZrkvksa us la?kokn osQfo#¼ osQUnz dks bruk 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k gSA ;g ,d vVy lPpkbZ gS fd 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz la?kokn osQ fl¼karksaosQ fo#¼ gSA ysfdu gekjs lafo/ku&fuekZrkvksa us osQUnz dks tku&cw>dj 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k FkkA 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnzcukus osQ eq[; dkj.k fuEufyf[kr Fksµ

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1- ,sfrgkfld vuqHko (Historical Experience)% Hkkjr dk bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd tc dHkh

Hkh Hkkjr dh osQUnzh; ljdkj detksj iM+ xbZ Fkh rc ns'k dks cgqr yTtktud fnu rFkk foifÙk dk lkeuk djuk

iM+k FkkA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ i`"B ,slh ?kVukvksa ls Hkjs gq, gSa tc osQUnzh; ljdkj dh detksjh osQ dkj.k fons'kh

vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr osQ /u rFkk xkSjo dh [kwc ywV dh FkhA Hkkjr dk vaxzstksa osQ v/hu gks tkuk Hkh ml

le; dh eqxy osQUnzh; ljdkj dh detksjh dk gh dkj.k FkkA [kwu ls izkIr dh xbZ Hkkjr dh Lora=krk dks lqjf{kr

j[kus osQ fy, rFkk jk"Vª dks foosQUnzh;dj.k dh 'kfDr;ksa ls cpkus osQ fy, 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dk gksuk cgqr gh

vfuok;Z FkkA

2- vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd mUufr osQ fy, 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh vko';drk (Need of Strong Centre

for Economic and Social Progress)% Hkkjr dh jktuSfrd Lora=krk] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd Lora=krk osQ

fcuk O;FkZ Fkh (Political Liberty is meaningless without social and economic liberty)A gekjs

ns'kokfl;ksa dk Lrj cM+k fuEu FkkA ns'k esa leLr vkfFkZd mUufr lEHko cukus osQ fy, vkfFkZd ;kstuk,¡ 'kq:

djuk vfuok;Z FkkA lkekftd {ks=k esa Hkh tUe] /eZ] uLy] jax vkfn osQ vk/kj ij yksxksa dk ?kksj vieku fd;k

tkrk FkkA izkphu fopkj/kjkvksa rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa dks ifjofrZr djus rFkk tu&dY;k.k osQ fy, jk"Vªh; Lrj ij

vusd lkekftd ;kstuk,¡ ykxw djus dh vko';drk FkhA lafo/ku&fuekZrk bl lPpkbZ ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr FksA

bl dk;Z dks vPNh rjg ls djus osQ fy, Hkh ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh vko';drk FkhA

3- ns'k dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/ku djus osQ fy, 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh LFkkiuk (Need of a

Strong Centre to Solve Various Problems of the Country)µtc lafo/ku cuk;k tk jgk Fkk] ml

le; Hkkjr cM+h xaHkhj n'kk esa ls xqtj jgk FkkA ns'k osQ foHkktuksijkUr tks jDr cgk] mlls izHkkfor gksuk

LokHkkfod gh FkkA lkEiznkf;d naxs] d'ehj dh leL;k] foLFkkfirksa dk iquLFkkZiu] ns'k dh ckgjh vkØe.kksa ls

cpkuk] ns'k dh u"V gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk dk dk;Z] ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz }kjk gh liQyrkiwoZd fd;k tk ldrk FkkA

4- Hkkjr dh v[k.Mrk dks Hk; (Danger to Unity of India)µvaxzstksa dh ^iwQV Mkyks rFkk 'kklu djks*

(Divide and Rule) dh uhfr osQ dkj.k gh Hkkjr Hk;kud lkEiznkf;d naxksa dk f'kdkj gqvk FkkA blfy,

jk"Vªh; ,drk dks fLFkj j[kus osQ fy, Hkh ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh vko';drk FkhA Hkkjr 'krkfCn;ksa rd

NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa foHkDr jgk] ijUrq vaxzstksa osQ 'kkludky esa la;qDr gqvkA fons'kh 'kklu osQ izfr ?k`.kk osQ dkj.k

Hkkjrh; ,d lk¡>s eap ij ,df=kr gq,A gekjs lafo/ku&fuekZrk ml jk"Vªh; ,drk dks cuk, j[kuk pkgrs FksA

fo'ks"kdj bldh vko';drk dks rc vkSj Hkh vf/d vuqHko fd;k x;k] tc fczfV'k 'kklu osQ vUr esa

fo?kVudkjh rRo mHkj jgs FksA gekjs jk"Vªh; usrk bl fouk'k dk vuqHko dj pqosQ FksA mUgksaus nwj&n`f"V ls dke

ysrs gq, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ls ikB lh[krs gq, jk"Vªh; ,drk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dk ladYi

fd;kA

5- 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz le; dh ek¡x (Strong Centre is the Need of the Time)µlafo/ku&fuekZrk ml

okLrfodrk ls Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ifjfpr Fks fd 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz le; dh ek¡x gSA vesfjdk] fLoV~tjyS.M] vkLVªsfy;k

bR;kfn osQ mnkgj.k muosQ lkeus FksA mu ns'kksa us lafo/ku }kjk osQUnz dks oqQN lhfer 'kfDr;k¡ iznku djosQ detksj

jkT; LFkkfir fd, FksA ysfdu le; osQ O;rhr gksus ls bu ns'kksa dh osQUnzh; ljdkjksa us bruh vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ xzg.k

dj yh Fkha fd oqQN vkykspd bls la?kokn fl¼karksa dk ?kksj mYya?ku crkrs gSaA gekjs lafo/ku&fuekZrk bl ckr

ls ifjfpr Fks fd ;fn Hkkjr esa detksj osQUnz Hkh LFkkfir dj fn;k tk, rks le; O;rhr gksus osQ lkFk ;s detksj

osQUnz vU; vusd 'kfDr;k¡ vo'; gh xzg.k djsxkA D;ksafd 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz orZeku le; dh vko';drk ek¡x

gSA

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6- 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh ijEijk (Tradition of Strong Centre)µHkkjr esa fczfV'k 'kklu dky ls gh'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh LFkkiuk gks pqdh FkhA 1935 osQ ,DV ls igys ns'k esa ,dkRed ljdkj py jgh FkhA Hkysgh 1935 osQ ,DV osQ }kjk izkUrh; Lo'kklu (Provincial Autonomay) dh LFkkiuk dj nh xbZ] ysfdu fiQjHkh osQUnz dks 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;s j[kk x;k FkkA bl izdkj Lora=k Hkkjr esa 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh ijEijk cuk, j[kukU;k;laxr le>k x;kA

7- Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa dh leL;k dk lek/ku djus osQ fy, 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh vko';drk (Need

of Strong Centre to Solve the Problems of Pricely States)µml le; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa osQ vuqlkjrFkk Hkkjrh; fj;klrksa osQ 'kklu dk vUr djus osQ fy, Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh vko';drk FkhA 1947 osQLora=krk ,DV osQ }kjk ns'kh fj;klrksa dks iw.kZ Lora=k jgus dk vf/dkj iznku fd;k x;k Fkk] tksfd Hkkjr dhLora=krk osQ fy, ?kkrd fl¼ gks ldrk FkkA oLrqr% osQUnz dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk vfuok;Z Fkk rkfd mu fj;klrksadks Hkkjr esa foy; fd;k tk losQA

8- oqQN lafo/ku&fuekZrk ,dkRed 'kklu osQ i{k esa (Some Consititution makers were in favour

of Unitary Government)µftl le; Hkkjr osQ uohu lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk jgk Fkk] ml le;Hkh oqQN fopkjd ns'k esa ,dkRed ljdkj LFkkfir djus osQ i{k esa FksA mu lc ifjfLFkfr;ksa] fopkj/kjkvksa rFkkn'kk ls izHkkfor gksdj lafo/ku&fuekZrkvksa us ,d eè; ekxZ viukus dk iz;kl fd;kA ;gh dkj.k gS fd gekjklafo/ku la?kkRed gksrs gq, Hkh osQUnz dh vksj >qdk gqvk gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd ,d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh LFkkiukdjuk le; dh ek¡x FkhA vxj ge Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks Lora=k Hkkjr dh O;kogkfjd 'kklu i¼fr dh dlkSVhij dlsa rks gesa ;g ekuuk iM+sxk fd Hkkjr esa la?kkRed O;oLFkk gSA pkSFks vke pquko esa igys osQUnz rFkk izk;%lHkh izkarksa esa (osQjy esa oqQN le; dks NksM+dj) dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh gh ljdkjsa FkhaA bl dkj.k osQUnz dkiQh'kfDr'kkyh gks x;k rFkk la?kkRed O;oLFkk pyrh jghA blosQ vykok 1950 ls ysdj 1966 rd rks jktuSfrdusr`Ro Hkh cgqr izHkko'kkyh FkkA osQUnz eas tokgj yky usg:] iVsy] iar] vktkn vkSj jiQh vgen fdnobZ vkfnosQ usr`Ro osQ dkj.k osQUnz cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh FkkA ysfdu pkSFks vke pquko osQ ckn Hkkjr dh la?kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyhdk Lo:i mHkjkA vUr esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd 'kkafr osQ le; Hkkjr esa la?kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh gS vkSj izkarksadks viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx djus dh iw.kZ Lora=krk izkIr gSA ysfdu vlk/kj.k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa osQUnzh; ljdkjdks fo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa] rkfd ns'k dh ,drk rFkk v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kk tk losQA ladVdky dh lekfIrosQ lkFk gh izkarksa dks iqu% lHkh 'kfDr;k¡ lkSai nh tkrh gSaA vr% Hkkjr esa la?kkRed O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA var eas] ia- tokgj yky usg: dk dguk mfpr gS fd ¶ge bl fopkjls lger gSa fd fucZy osQUnzh; 'kfDr dh O;oLFkk ns'k osQ fgrksa osQ fy, gkfudkjd fl¼ gksxhA ;g 'kkfUr LFkkfirdjus] la;qDr fgrksa osQ egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa esa leUo; mRiUu djus rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=kksa ls leLr ns'k dkizfrfuf/Ro djus osQ v;ksX; gksxhA¸ (‘‘We are unanimosuly of the view that it would be injuri-ous to the interests of the country to provide for a week central authority which wouldbe incapable of ensuring peace, of co-ordinating vital matters of common concern andspeaking effectively for the whole country in the international sphere.’’)

12-5 Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa lgdkjh la?kokn (Co-operative Federalism inIndian Constitution)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku us ,d ,slh 'kklu&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh gS tks u rks 'kq¼ :i ls la?kkRed gS vkSj u gh,dkRedA vkfLVu osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr esa ftl izdkj dh la?kh; O;oLFkk viuk;h xbZ gS] mls mUgksaus lgdkjh ;k

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lg;ksxh la?kokn dk uke fn;k gSA lgdkjh la?kokn dh fopkj/kjk dk fodkl nwljs egk;q¼ osQ ckn ls gqvk gSA;|fi bldh tM+sa igys ls fo|eku FkhaA Hkkjr dh lafo/ku lHkk igyh lHkk gS ftlus bl fopkj/kjk dks viuk;kAekWfjl tksUl us Hkkjr dh la?kokn dh O;oLFkk dks lkSnsckth dk la?kokn dgk gSA muosQ vuqlkj ;s lgdkjhla?kokn dk :i gSA

lgdkjh la?kokn dk vFkZ (Meaning of Co-operative Federalism)µvkfLVu (Austin) dk dgukgS] ¶lgdkjh la?kokn ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa osQUnzh; ljdkj 'kfDr'kkyh gksrh gS fdUrq jkT; ljdkjsa Hkhvius&vius {ks=k esa nqcZy ugha gksrhA¸ (‘‘Co-operative federalism produces a strong Central

Government, yet it not necessarily results in weak provincial governments.’’) lgdkjhla?kokn dh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g gksrh gS fd la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gksrh gSa rFkk nksuksa,d&nwljs ij fuHkZj djrh gSA la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx jk"Vª osQ lkekU; y{;ksa dh izkfIrosQ fy, djrh gSaA lgdkjh la?kokn es osQUnz vkSj jkT; ,d&nwljs osQ la?k"kks± esa u iM+dj turk dh lsok djusokyh laLFkk ekurs gSaA blesa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa iz'kklu esa lg;ksx] uhfr;ksa dk leUo; rFkk lEiw.kZ jk"Vª dh vk;vkSj izkÑfrd lk/uksa dk forj.k vklku gks tkrk gSA lgdkjh la?kokn ,d ,slh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa osQUnz vkSj izkarksadk y{; tu&dY;k.k gksrk gSA os vkil esa Vdjko dh uhfr dks NksM+dj lg;ksx dh uhfr viukrs gSaA bl rjgls bl O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZr osQUnzh; ljdkj rFkk izkarh; ljdkjksa dks lk>snkjh gksrh gSA bl vk/kj ij ge lgdkjhla?kokn dks osQUnzh;dj.k (Centralisation) ,oa foosQUnzhdj.k (De-centralisation) osQ eè; dh fLFkfrdg ldrs gSaA

fo'o osQ fdlh Hkh jkT; esa 'kq¼ la?kokn dk :i fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA vesfjdk] fLoV~tjyS.M] vkLVªsfy;k vkfnjkT;ksa osQ lafo/kuksa esa lgdkjh la?kokn osQ oqQN y{k.k Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa lgdkjh la?kokn osQ rRo (Elements of Co-operative Federal-ism in Indian Constitution)

Hkkjrh; la?kokn dks lgdkjh la?kokn dh laKk nsuk U;k;laxr gS] D;ksafd oqQN vioknksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh

lgdkjh la?kokn dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkkjrh; la?kh; i¼fr esa ik;h tkrh gSaA izks- ekWfjl tksUl (Prof. Morris

Jones) us Hkkjrh; la?kokn dks lkSnsckth ij vk/kfjr la?kokn dgk gSA mudk dguk gS fd Hkkjr esa la?kh;

O;oLFkk lgdkjh la?kokn dk :i gSA ekWfjl tksUl (Morris Jones) osQ vuqlkj] ¶tgk¡ lafo/ku esa osQUnz o

jkT;ksa osQ vyx&vyx {ks=k fu/kZfjr fd, x, gSa] ogk¡ O;ogkj esa nksuksa osQ chp lgdkjh lkSnsckth dk lEcU/

gSA¸ (‘‘Whereas the emphasis in the constitution is on demarcation that of practical

relations is on co-operative bargaining.’’) uohu Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa lgdkjh la?kokn osQ fuEufyf[kr

rÙo ik;s tkrs gSaµ

1- bdgjk lafo/ku (Single Constitution)µHkkjr esa izkarksa osQ vyx&vyx lafo/ku ugha gSaA tEew&d'ehj

dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh izkarksa esa Hkkjr dk lafo/ku ,d gh gSA bl rjg lHkh izkarksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd o

lkaLÑfrd voLFkk,¡ fHkUu&fHkUu gksrs gq, Hkh lHkh izkarksa rFkk Hkkjr osQ fy, ,d gh lafo/ku dk fuekZ.k djuk

lgdkjh la?kokn dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

2- bdgjh ukxfjdrk (Single Citizenship)µla?kkRed ns'kksa esa ukxfjdksa dks nksgjh ukxfjdrk iznku dh

tkrh gSA tSlsµvesfjdk esa ukxfjdksa dks nksgjh ukxfjdrk iznku dh xbZ gS] os vius jkT; osQ ukxfjd dgykrs gSa

vkSj leLr ns'k osQ HkhA ysfdu Hkkjr esa baXyS.M dh rjg yksxksa dks ,d gh ukxfjdrk iznku dh xbZ gSA bdgjh

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ukxfjdrk osQUnz vkSj izkarksa esa Vdjko dks gh lekIr ugha djrh oju~ blesa vkilh lg;ksx dks Hkh fodflr djrh

gSA

3- bdgjh U;k;&O;oLFkk (Single Judicial System)µla?kh; O;oLFkk esa izk;% nksgjh U;k;&O;oLFkk dksviuk;k tkrk gS tSlsµvesfjdk esa la?k ljdkj dh vyx rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dh vyx U;kf;d O;oLFkk gSAysfdu Hkkjr esa laxfBr bdgjh U;k;&iz.kkyh gSA Hkkjr esa mPp&O;oLFkk osQ f'k[kj ij mPpre U;k;ky; dksLFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA izkarksa osQ fy, mPp U;k;ky;ksa dk izko/ku fd;k x;k gS] tksfd loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ v/hudk;Z djrs gSaA bdgjh U;k;&O;oLFkk Hkkjr esa lgdkjh la?kokn dk izrhd ekuh tkrh gSA

4- jkT;iky dk in (The Office of the Governor)µHkkjr esa izkarksa osQ jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr osQUnzh;ljdkj osQ ijke'kkZuqlkj jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA jkT;iky osQUnz ljdkj osQ izfrfuf/ osQ :i esa rFkk izkarosQ laoS/kfud vè;{k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;iky 'kkfUrdkyhu fLFkfr esa ukeek=k dk vè;{k gksrk gSAysfdu ladVdkyhu fLFkfr esa okLrfod vè;{k cu tkrk gSA jkT; laoS/kfud fLFkfr osQ foiQy gksus dh lwpukjk"Vªifr dks Hkstrk gSA bl rjg jkT;iky dk in osQUnz rFkk izkar esa lg;ksx LFkkfir djus osQ fy, mi;ksxh fl¼gksrk gSA

5- jkT;ksa izkarksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu (President’s Rule in the States)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk izkarksa dk viukvyx {ks=kkf/dkj fuf'pr fd;k x;k gS ysfdu izkarksa dh laoS/kfud i¼fr dks liQy cukus dk mÙkjnkf;RoosQUnzh; ljdkj dk gSA fdlh Hkh izkar esa laoS/kfud O;oLFkk foiQy gks tkus ij ogk¡ dk iz'kklu osQUnzh; ljdkjvius gkFkksa es ys ysrh gSA lafo/ku dh ;g O;oLFkk lgdkjh la?kokn dk ,d vfuok;Z rRo gSA

6- ladVdkyhu ?kks"k.kk,¡ (Emergency Proclamations)µosQUnzh; ljdkj gh ladVdkyhu dh ?kks"k.kk djldrh gSA /kjk 352 osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªifr ckgjh vkØe.k ;k ;q¼ vFkok vkarfjd 'kL=k fonzksg gks tkus osQ dkj.kladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA ,slh n'kk esa fdlh izkar ;k leLr Hkkjr dk 'kklu jk"Vªifr vius gkFk esays ldrk gSSA /kjk 360 osQ v/hu jk"Vªifr foÙkh; ladV dk lkeuk djus osQ fy, foÙkh; ladV dh ?kks"k.kk djldrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa jk"Vªifr izkarh; ljdkjksa dks vko';d funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA osQUnzh; ljdkj rFkk izkarh;ljdkjsa feydj gh ladVdky dk lkeuk dj ldrh gSA bl i¼fr dks lgdkjh la?kokn dk vfuok;Z rRo dgktkrk gSA

7- jkT;ksa osQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa gLr{ksi (Interference in States Jurisdiction)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk jkT;lwph ij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr izkarh; fo/kueaMyksa dks nh xbZ gS] ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh ;g izko/ku Hkh gS fdoqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa osQUnzh; laln jkT; lwph esa vafdr fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA osQUnzh; laln ml le;,slk djrh gS tc jkT;lHkk nks&frgkbZ cgqer ls ;g izLrko ikl dj ns fd jkT; lwph esa fn;k x;k fo"k; jk"VªosQ fgr esa gS] rks osQUnzh; laln ml fo"k; ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA nks ;k nks ls vf/d izkarksa osQ fo/kueaMyksaosQ }kjk izkFkZuk fd, tkus ij jkT; lwph esa mYys[k fd, x, fdlh fo"k; ij osQUnzh; laln dkuwu cuk ldrhgSA

8- ;kstuk vk;ksx (Planning Commission)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk ,d ;kstuk vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSAiz/kuea=kh bl vk;ksx dk vè;{k gksrk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx osQUnz rFkk izkarksa osQ fy, fodkl'khy ;kstuk,¡ cukrk gSrFkk budks viuh LohÑfr iznku djrk gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx vf/d fiNM+s gq, {ks=kksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, fo'ks"k è;kunsrk gSA osQUnz }kjk ;kstukvksa osQ cukus esa izkarksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djuk Hkkjr esa lgdkjh la?kokn dk izrhd gSA

9- foÙkh; vk;ksx (Finance Commission)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk izR;sd ik¡p o"kks± osQ ckn jk"Vªifr ,d foÙkvk;ksx fu;qDr djrk gSA ;g vk;ksx osQUnz rFkk izkarksa esa /u osQ foHkktu laca/h fopkj&foe'kZ djus osQ ckn ,slhfliQkfj'ksa djrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i osQUnz rFkk izkarksa es foÙkh; larqyu cuk jgs] rkfd izkarksa dks viuhvko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vko';d /u dh miyC/ gks losQA

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10- jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ (National Development Council)µns'k osQ fodkl dks lqfuf'pr cukus gsrqrFkk izkarksa dk lg;ksx izkIr djus osQ y{; ls ,d jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bl ifj"kn~ esaosQUnzh; eaf=keaMy osQ lnL; ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ lnL; ,oa izkarksa osQ eq[;ea=kh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA ;g ifj"kn~ ;kstukvk;ksx osQ fu.kZ;ksa dk Hkh leFkZu djrh gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dk iz/kuea=kh ,oa izkarksa esa eq[;ea=kh;kstuk osQ fofHkUu i{kksa dh O;kogkfjdrk ij fopkj&foe'kZ djrs gSaA bl rjg ;g ifj"kn~ osQUnz vkSj izkarksa esavkilh lg;ksx fodflr djus dk ,d lgk;d lk/u gSA

11- vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ (Inter-State Council)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk ;g Hkh izko/ku fd;k x;k gS fdjk"Vªifr }kjk vUrjkZT;h; fooknksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy, rFkk lkoZtfud fgrksa osQ fy, vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ;g ifj"kn~ izkarksa esa vkilh lg;ksx dks LFkkfir djus dk dke djrh gS rFkk osQUnz vkSj izkarksaesa vkilh lg;ksx dks LFkkfir djus esa Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA lafo/ku dk ;gk izko/ku HkkjrosQ lgdkjh la?kokn dks n'kkZrk gSA

12- pquko vk;ksx (Election Commission)µlafo/ku osQ }kjk lkjs ns'k osQ fy, ,d gh pquko vk;ksx dkizko/ku fd;k x;k gSA ;gh vk;ksx osQUnz rFkk izkarksa esa pqukoksa dk izca/ djrk gSA bl dkj.k osQUnz rFkk izkarksa esavkilh lg;ksx fodflr gksrk gSA

13- vf[ky Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok,¡ (All India Administrative Services)µHkkjrh; izkarksa esa mPpiz'kklfud inksa ij dk;Z djus okys vf/dkjh vf[ky Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsokvksa osQ lnL; gksrs gSaA buvf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr la?kh; yksd lsok vk;ksx (Union Public Service Commission) dh fliQkfj'kksaij osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ }kjk dh tkrh gSA vr% ;s lsok,¡ osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ vUrxZr gksrh gSa rFkk bu vf/dkfj;ksadh mUufr] inP;qfr rFkk vU; dbZ lsok 'krs± la?kh; ljdkj }kjk fuf'pr dh tkrh gSaA bl rjg ;s lsok,¡ Hkh osQUnzvkSj izkarksa es vkilh lg;ksx fodflr djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA

14- {ks=kh; ifj"kn~ (Zonal Council)µlafo/ku dh /kjk 263 osQ vuqlkj osQUnzh; ljdkj dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd og jkT;ksa osQ ijLij erHksnksa dks lekIr dju osQ fy, muesa leUo; LFkkfir djsxhAvusd ckj osQUnz rFkk izkarksa esa fojks/h nyksa dh ljdkjssa gksus ij Vdjko dh fLFkfr iSnk gks tkrh gS] ftlosQ dkj.kosQUnz rFkk izkarksa esa cgqr&lh leL;k,¡ iSnk gks tkrh gSaA bu leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus osQ fy, rFkk osQUnz vkSj izkarksaesa vkilh lg;ksx LFkkfir djus osQ fy, {ks=k;h ifj"knksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bl lanHkZ eas le;≤ ij dbZlaxBuksa vFkok ifj"knksa dks LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA izkarksa rFkk osQUnz osQ chp jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk iz'kklfudlg;ksx dks c<+kok nsus esa {ks=kh; ifj"knsa dkiQh mi;ksxh fl¼ gqbZ gSaA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)µmi;qZDr vè;;u ls gesa lqLi"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjr esa lgdkjh la?kokn dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA ysfdu oqQN vkykspdksa us bl fopkj dk [kaMu fd;k gSA mudk dguk gS fd osQUnz rFkk izkarksaosQ vkilh lEcU/ksa osQ vk/kj ij Hkkjrh; la?k dks lgdkjh la?kokn dguk U;k;laxr ugha gSA D;ksafd izR;sd {ks=kesa izkarksa dh rqyuk esa osQUnz dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k x;k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjrh; iz.kkyh dks lg;ksxhla?kokn (Co-operative Federation) dk uke nsuk U;k;laxr izrhr ugha gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa osQUnz ljdkj bruhvf/d 'kfDr'kkyh curh tk jgh gS fd Hkkjr dks osQUnzh;dj.k la?kokn (Centralised Federation) vFkok,dkRed la?kokn (Unitarian Federation) dguk vf/d U;k;laxr gksxkA



10- ;kstuk vk;ksx dh O;oLFkk --------- osQ }kjk dh xbZ gSA

11- Hkkjr esa laxfBr --------- U;k;&iz.kkyh gSA

12- Hkkjr esa --------- dh rjg yksxksa dks ,d gh ukxfjdrk iznku dh xbZ gSA

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• Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh vuqie fo'ks"krk gS fd blesa la?kkRed rFkk ,dkRed nksuksa izdkj osQ lafo/kuksa osQxq.k rFkk y{k.k fo|eku gSaA

• Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa Hkkjr dks u rks la?kkRed rFkk u gh ,dkRed lafo/ku dgk x;k gSA vfirq bls jkT;ksadk la?k* (Union of States) dgk x;k gSA

• Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa yxHkx og lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSa tksfd ,d la?kkRed lafo/ku] tSls fdvesfjdk osQ lafo/ku] esa ikbZ tkrh gSA

• la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh esa jkT; dk lafo/ku dBksj gksrk gSA lafo/ku blfy, dBksj cuk;k tkrk gS rkfdosQUnz ;k bdkb;k¡ mlesa viuh bPNkuqlkj euekus <ax ls ifjorZu u dj losQA

• Hkkjrh; lafo/ku us ,d ,slh 'kklu&iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh gS tks u rks 'kq¼ :i ls la?kkRed gS vkSju gh ,dkRedA

• lafo/ku dh /kjk 263 osQ vuqlkj osQUnzh; ljdkj dk ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k gS fd og jkT;ksaosQ ijLij erHksnksa dks lekIr dju osQ fy, muesa leUo; LFkkfir djsxhA


• ,dkRed (Unitary)% tks feydj ,d gks x;k gks] vfHkUu

• la?k"kZ (Struggle)% Vdjko (tSls nks nyksa esa la?k"kZ] Li/kZ] gksM+] ps"Vk)


1- Hkkjrh; la?kokn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\

2- Hkkjrh; la?kokn osQ Lo:i dh O;k[;k dhft,A

3- Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,A

4- Hkkjrh; osQUnz dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ ihNs D;k dkj.k gS\

5- Hkjrh; lafo/ku esa lgdkjh la?kokn osQ rÙoksa dh O;k[;k dhft,A


1- ,dkRed 2- 29

3- fyf[kr 4- (c)

5- (a) 6- (a)

7- vlR; 8- lR;

9- lR; 10- lafo/ku

11- bdgjh 12- baXyS.M

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iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkkµ ,u- NkcjkA


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bdkbZµ13: la?k&jkT; laca/µoS/kfud]iz'kkldh; vkSj foÙkh; jktuhfr

(Centre-States Relations–Legislative,Administrative and Financial Politics)


mís'; (Objectives)


13.1 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa oS/kfud laca/ (Legislative Relations between the Union andStates)

13.1.1 la?k lwph&97 fo"k; (Union List-97 Subjects)

13.1.2 jkT; lwph&66 fo"k; (State List-66 Subjects)

13.1.3 leorhZ lwph&47 fo"k; (Concurrent List-47 Subjects)

13.1.4 vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ (Residuary Powers)

13.2 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa iz'kkldh; laca/ (Administrative Relations between the Unionand the States)

13.3 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa foÙkh; laca/ (Financial Relations between the Union and theStates)

13.4 Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh osQ ruko&{ks=k (Tension Areas of Indian Federal System)

13.5 la?k&jkT; laca/ksa dh iqujZpuk osQ fy, izLrko (Proposal for Centre-State Re-formation)

13.6 ljdkfj;k vk;ksx (1983&88) dh fliQkfj'ksa [The Recommendations of SarkariaCommission (1983-88)]





mís'; (Objectives)

bl bdkbZ osQ vè;;u osQ i'pkr~ fo|kFkhZ fuEu osQ fy, ;ksX; gksaxs%

• la?k lwph osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa dks tkuus esaA

• jkT; lwph esa of.kZr fo"k;ksa dks tkuus esaA


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bdkbZ—13: la?k&jkT; laca/µoS/kfud] iz'kkldh; vkSj foÙkh; jktuhfr

• leorhZ lwph esa of.kZr fo"k;ksa dks tkuus esaA

• la?k vkSj osQUnz osQ chp laca/ksa dk o.kZu djus gsrqA


Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ }kjk nksgjh 'kklu iz.kkyh LFkkfir dh xbZ gS ftlesa la?k osQUnz esa vkSj jkT; ?ksjs esa fo|ekugSa vkSj çR;sd dks lafo/ku osQ }kjk fu/kZfjr fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa lÙkk ç;ksx dh 'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh xbZ gSaAlafo/ku osQ }kjk la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dks nh tkus okyh 'kfDr;ksa dk lkiQ vkSj Li"V foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA lafo/kuosQ nks Hkkx XI vkSj XII (vuPNsn 245 ls 263) la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lEcU/ksa osQ o.ku dks lefiZr gSaAHkkx XI esa Hkkjr la?k osQ bu nks HkkXkksa osQ chp oS/kfud vkSj ç'kkldh; lEcU/ksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS vkSj HkkxXII esa foÙkh; lEcU/ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ,slk o.kZu lafo/ku osQ ,d mís';&n`<+ rFkk 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnzosQ lkFk la?kkRed O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk&dks iw.kZr;k Li"V djrk gSA vkSj ;g jkT;ksa osQ la?k Hkkjr dh çÑfr dksçdV djrk gSA Mh- ,u- cSuthZ osQ vuqlkj] ¶gekjs lafo/ku osQ çkjfEHkd vk/kj {ks=kokn vkSj LFkkuh; oiQknkjhdh ek¡xksa vkSj ,dkRedrk dh vko';drk osQ eè; ,d le>kSrk gSA blh dkj.k gekjs lafoèkku esa la?kokn vkSj,dkRedrk nksuksa dh oqQN&oqQN fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku u rks iw.kZr;k la?kh; gS vkSj u gh ,dkRedA bldkLoHkko vFkZ&la?kh; gS] dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd bldk Lo:i la?kkRed gS ijUrq oqQN fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa ;gfuf'pr ,dkRed lq>ko okyk jkT; gSA bl dFku dh iqf"V rc gks tkrh gS tc ge la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè;'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu osQ eè; 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu dh O;oLFkk vkSj buosQ oSèkkfud] ç'kkldh; vkSj foÙkh;lEcU/ksa dh çÑfr dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSaA

13.1 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa oS/kfud laca/ (Legislative Relations between theUnion and States)

lafo/ku osQ Hkkx XI esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; oS/kfud 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA,slk djrs le; vejhdh lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj dk;Z ugha fd;k x;k gSA vejhdh la?k esa] lafo/ku la?k ljdkjosQ fy, oqQN 'kfDr;k¡ fu/kZfjr dh xbZ gSa vkSj 'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa dks nh xbZ± gSaA blosQ foijhr Hkkjrh; lafo/kuoSQusMk osQ lafo/ku osQ vuq:i gSaA oSQusMk osQ lafo/ku dh 91oha vuqPNsn esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dh rhuHkkxksa&31 fo"k;ksa okyh Mksehfu;u lwph] 16 fo"k;ksa okyh izkarh; lwph vkSj 3 fo"k;ksa okyh leorhZ lwph esa ck¡Vkx;kA blosQ vfrfjDr bl lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk] vkLVsªfy;k] fLoV~”kjySaMvkSj teZuh osQ lafo/kuksa osQ foijhr] osQUnz dks lkSaih xbZ±A Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa Hkh vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dks rhulwfp;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS% tks bl izdkj gSµ

I. la?kh; lwph] blesa 97 fo"k; gSa ftu ij la?kh; laln~ dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA

II. jkT; lwph] blesa 66 fo"k; gSa ftu ij jkT; fo/ku lHkk,¡ dkuwu cuk ldrh gSaA

III. leorhZ lwph] blesa 47 fo"k; gSa ftu ij la?k vkSj jkT; nksuksa gh dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA

IV. vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ (Residuary Powers) vFkkZr~ bu rhuksa lwfp;ksa osQ vfrfjDr vU; fo'ks"k osQUnz dks lkSaisx, gSaA

uksV~l la?kh; lwph lwfp;ksa ls cM+h gS blesa 97 fo"k; 'kkfey gSa ftu ij la?kh; laln lafo/ku osQ }kjk

fuf'pr izfØ;k osQ vuqlkj dkuwu ikl dj ldrh gSA

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13-1-1 la?kh lwph&97 fo"k; (The Union List–97 Subjects)

la?kh; lwph esa bl le; izHkkoh :i esa 98 fo"k; 'kfey gSaA lkrosa la'kks/u osQ }kjk fo"k; 33 dks gVk fn;k x;kFkk] ijUrq NBs la'kks/u osQ }kjk ,d vU; u;k fo"k; 92&, vkSj 42oha la'kks/u osQ }kjk ,d vU; fo"k; 2&,la?kh; lwph esa 'kkfey fd, x, FksA bl izzdkj oqQy feyk dj la?kh; lwph esa 98 izHkkoh fo"k; gSaA

la?kh; lwph osQ izeq[k fo"k; gS% lqj{kk] fons'kh ekeys] eqnzk vkSj flDdk] ;q¼ vkSj 'kkfUr] ijek.kq ÅtkZ] jk"Vªh;lzksr] fuokjd u”kjcanh] jsyos] Mkd vkSj rkj] ukxfjdrk] tgk”kjkuh vkSj leqnzh ifjogu] fons'kh O;kikj]vUrjkZT;h; O;kikj vkSj O;olk;] cSafdax] chek] jk"Vªh; jkT; ekxZ] vf/dkj i=k vkSj lqjf{kr vf/dkj] tux.kuk]pquko] mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkk,¡ vkfnA la?kh; laln~ osQ ikl bu fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr gSa vuqPNsn 246esa Li"V fy[kk x;k gS fd la?kh; laln~ osQ ikl gh 7oha vuqlwph dh igyh lwph (la?kh; lwph) esa ntZ lHkhfo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk iw.kZ 'kfDr gSA

13-1-2 jkT; lwph&66 fo"k; (State List–66 Subjects)

jkT; lwph esa mu fo"k;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS ftu ij izR;sd jkT; dh fo/kuikfydk dkuwu cuk ldrh gSvkSj ,sls dkuwu lEcfU/r jkT; osQ {ks=k esa ykxw gksrs gSaA jkT; lwph osQ izeq[k fo"k; gSa% lkoZtfud O;oLFkk] iqfyl]jkT; U;k;ky; 'kqYd] 'kjkc] vaxghuksa vkSj csjks”kxkjksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk] iqLrdky;] lapkj lk/u] Ñf"k]i'kq&ikyu] ty&vkiwfrZ] flapkbZ vkSj ugjsa] eNyh ikyu] lM+d ;k=kk dj vkSj eky dj] fu;kZr dj vkfnA oqQNfLFkfr;ksa esa oqQN vioknksa dks NksM+ dj] izR;sd jkT; fo/kuikfydk osQ ikl lkroha vuqlwph dh lwph II (jkT;:i esa 66 fo"k; 'kkfey gSa) lkrosa la'kksèku osQ }kjk fo"k; 36 dks gVk fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj lafo/ku dh 42osala'kks/u osQ vuqlkj fo"k; 11] 19] 20 vkSj 29 dks bl lwph ls gVk fn;k x;k FkkA

13-1-3 leorhZ lwph&47 fo"k; (Concurrent List–47 Subjects)

la?kh; laln~ vkSj jkT; foèkkuikfydk,¡ nksuksa osQ ikl gh lkroha vuqlwph dh lwph III vFkkZr~ leorhZ lwph esa'kfey fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA bl lwph osQ izeq[k fo"k; bl izdkj gSa% iQkStnkjhdkuwu] iQkStnkjh çfØ;k] Ñf"k okyh ”kehu osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU; ”kehu dk gLrkarj.k] Bsdk O;oLFkk] naM;ksX;nqO;Zogkj] fuokjd fgjklr] fookg vkSj rykd] uhykeh vkSj nhokfy;kiu] VªLV vkSj VªLVh] U;k;&izcU/] xokghvkSj 'kiFk] flfoy çfØ;k] U;k;ky; dh ekugkfu] ikxyiu] tkuojksa ij gksrs vR;kpkj vkSj jksd] taxyksa] taxyhtkuojksa vkSj if{k;ksa dh lqj{kk] tula[;k ij fu;U=k.k vkSj ifjokj fu;kstu] O;kikj la?k] f'k{kk] Jfed HkykbZ]ns'k dh vkUrfjd tgk”kjkuh vkSj leqnzh ;krk;kr] Hkkstu inkFkZ] dherksa ij fu;U=k.k LVkEi 'kqYd vkfnA leorhZlwph esa vc okLrfod :i esa 52 fo"k; 'kfey gSa D;ksafd lafo/ku dh 42osa la'kks/u osQ }kjk fo"k; 11&,]17&,] 17&ch] 20&, vkSj 33&, blesa 'kkfey fd, x,A

13-1-4 vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ (Residuary Powers)

lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 248 osQ vèkhu dkuwu&fuekZ.k dh vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ la?k dks lkSaih xbZ gSaA bl vuqPNsn osQ

vuqlkj] ¶laln osQ ikl leorhZ lwph ;k jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey u fd, x, fdlh Hkh ekeys ls lEcfU/r dksbZ

Hkh dkuwu cukus dk fo'ks"k vf/dkj cukus vkSj vkSj dj ykxw djuk 'kkfey gSA¸

bl izdkj Hkkjrh; lafo/ku esa la?k jkT;ksa osQ eè; 'kfDr;ksa dk fuf'pr vkSj Li"V foHkktu fd;k x;k gS vkSj

,slk djrs le; blus oSQusMk osQ lafo/ku dks ,d ekWMy osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA

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oS/kfud lEcU/ksa osQ lEcU/ esa la?k dh Js"B fLFkfr (The Superior Position of the Union in

respect of Legislative Relations)

la?k vkSj izR;sd jkT; osQ fy, oS/kfud 'kfDr;ksa okys ,d vyx vkSj Lok;Ùk {ks=k dh lhekcUnh djrs le;

'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu esa lafo/ku esa Li"V :i esa la?k osQ i{k esa >qdko izrhr gksrk gSA dbZ O;oLFkkvksa ls Hkkjrh;

lafo/ku ,dkRed Hkkouk fl¼ gksrh gSA fuEufyf[kr rF; bl ckr dh vksj Li"V laosQr djrs gSa fd oS/kfud

lEcU/ksa osQ ?ksjs vanj la?k dks vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj Js"B fLFkfr izkIr gSA

1- lcls cM+h la?kh; lwph (Longest Union List)

la?kh; lwph 97 fo"k;ksa okyh rhu lwfp;ksa esa ls lcls cM+h lwph gS ftlesa izHkkoh 98 fo"k; 'kkfey gSaA

blesa jk"Vªh; vkSj mPp egÙo osQ lHkh fo"k; 'kkfey gSaA

2- leorhZ fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa la?kh; dkuwuksa dks jkT; dkuwu ls vf/d izkFkfedrk (Primacy of the

Union Laws over State Laws in respect of Concurrent Subjects)% la?kh; laln vkSj izR;sd

jkT; fo/kulHkk leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ijUrq fdlh leorhZ fo"k; ij la?k osQ ,d

dkuwu vkSj fdlh jkT; osQ ,d dkuwu esa >xM+k iSnk gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa la?k osQ dkuwu dks jkT; dkuwu dh

rqyuk esa izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA vuqPNsn 254 esa ;g Li"V n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd osQoy ,d gh fLFkfr esa bl fl¼kar

osQ foijhr pyk tk ldrk gS] og ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh jkT; fo/kuikfydk osQ }kjk fdlh leorhZ fo"k; ls

lEcfU/r dksbZ dkuwu ikl fd;k x;k gks vkSj ,slk dkuwu jk"Vªifr dh lgefr izkIr djosQ gh dkuwu cuk gks rks

ml fLFkfr esa jkT; dkuwu O;ogkj esa ykxw jgsxk pkgs ;g dkuwu vFkok bldk dksbZ Hkkx la?k osQ dkuwu osQ foijhr

gh D;ksa u gksA

;gk¡ bl ckr dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh xbZ gS fd dksbZ Hkh lÙkk vFkok laLFkk laln dks ,sls ekeys osQ lEcU/ esa dksbZ

dkuwu cukus] dkuwu esa o`f¼ djus la'kks/u djus] ifjorZu djus ;k jkT; fo/kulHkk osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu

dks [kf.Mr djus ls jksd ugha ldrhA bl izdkj ge Li"V :i esa ;g dg ldrs gSa fd leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa

esa la?k dks Js"Brk izkIr gSA

3- vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ la?kh; laln osQ ikl gSa (Residuary Powers are with Union Parliament)%

la?kh; lwph esa 97 (98) fo"k; 'kkfey djus osQ i'pkr~ vkSj leorhZ fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa la?kh; dkuwuksa dks

izkFkfedrk nsus osQ i'pkr~ lafo/ku esa vuqPNsn 248 osQ v/hu vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡@fo"k; la?kh; laln osQ iw.kZ

vf/dkj {ks=k esa 'kkfey fd, x, gSaA

4- jkT; lwph osQ lEcU/ la?kh; laln osQ vf/dkj (Union Parliament’s Rights in respect of the

objects of State List)% izR;sd jkT; fo/kuikfydk dks jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dk vf/dkjgSA ijUrq ;gk¡ Hkh oqQN viokn gSa ftuosQ vuqlkj laln dks vyx&vyx ekeyksa eas jkT; fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/rdkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr fey tkrh gSaA

(d) jk"Vªh; fgr esa osQUnzh; dkuwu (Central Leqislation in National Interest)% vuqPNsn 249 osQv/hu jkT;lHkk vius fo|eku vkSj ernku dj jgs lnL;ksa osQ 2@3 cgqer osQ leFkZu osQ }kjk ,d izLrko ikldjosQ fdlh jkT; fo"k; dks jk"Vªh; egÙo okyk fo"k; ?kksf"kr dj ldrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa la?kh; laln dksbl fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus osQ fy, ,d o"kZ osQ le; osQ fy, 'kfDr fey tkrh gSA jkT;lHkk ,slk izLrko ckj&ckjikl dj ldrh gS vkSj fdlh jkT; fo"k; ls lEcfU/r laln dh dkuwu fuekZ.k dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼ dj ldrhgSA ,slk la?k dk dkuwu jkT;lHkk osQ izLrko dh vof/ lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ N% eghus osQ le; osQ fy, ykxwjg ldrk gSA

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([k) jk"Vªh; ladVdkyhu le; osQ nkSjku osQUnzh; dkuwu fuekZ.k (Central Leqislation during

National Emergency)% tc vuqPNsn 352 osQ v/hu ns'k esa ladVdky fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk gks tkrh gS rclaln dks jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr fey tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa jkT; lwph leorhZlwph esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ladVdky osQ le; osQ nkSjku] laln osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa dks fdlh jkT;fo/kuikfydk osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwu dh vis{kk izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA blosQ lkFk gh fdlh fo"k; ij fufeZrla?kh; dkuwu ladVdky osQ le; osQ lekIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ Hkh N% eghus osQ le; rd ykxw jgrs gSaA

(x) laoS/kfud ladVdky osQ le; osQ nkSjku osQUnzh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k (Central Legislation during

a Constitutional Emergency)% tc jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu fdlh jkT; ;k jkT;ksa esa laoS/kfudladVdky dh fLFkfr ?kksf"kr dj nsrk gS rks jkT; fo/kuikfydk@fo/kuikfydk,¡ Hkax ;k LFkfxr dj nh tkrh gSavkSj la?kh; laln osQ ikl lEcfU/r jkT;@jkT;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDrvk tkrh gSA laln] pkgs rks ml jkT; dh oS/kfud 'kfDr;k¡ jk"Vªifr dks lkSai ldrh gS (vuqPNsn 375 (1));k ;g 'kfDr;k¡ fdlh vU; vf/dkjh dks lkSaius dk vf/dkj jk"Vªifr dks ns ldrk gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa laln ;k jk"Vªifr ;k fdlh vU; vf/dkjh osQ }kjk laoS/kfud ladVdky osQ le; osQ nkSjku

cuk, x, dkuwu rc rd ykxw jgrs gSa tc rd fd ;ksX; fo/kuikfydk ;k vU; vf/dkjh budks

lekIr vFkok ifjofrZr ugha dj nsrk ;k buesa dksbZ la'kks/u ugha dj nsrkA

(?k) jk"Vªifr dh lgefr oqQN jkT; fcyksa dks izLrqr djus dh O;oLFkk (Introduction of some

State Bills with Presidential Permission)% jk"Vªifr dh iwoZ&lgefr ls gh jkT; fo/kuikfydk esaoqQN fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fcyksa] tSlk fd jkT; osQ vanj ;k dgha vkSj O;kikj ls lEcfU/r fcy dks is'k fd;k tkldrk gSA

(Ä) jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, oqQN jkT; fcyksa osQ vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk (Reservation of

certain State Bills for Presidential Assent)% oqQN fo'ks"k izdkj osQ fcy tSlk fd mPp U;k;ky; dkvf/dkj {ks=k vkSj izHkko (vuqPNsn 200)] lkoZtfud fgr esa fdlh lEifÙk dk izca/ djuk] mi;qDr izca/ osQfy, nks ;k vf/d fuxeksa dks tksM+uk] vUrjkZT;h; unh ;k unh ?kkVh ls iSnk gksus okyh ;k fufeZr dh xbZ fctyhvkSj ikuh ij ykxw djuk vkfn fcy jkT;iky osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr j[ks tkrs gSaA ;gk¡rd fd leorhZ lwph osQ lkFk lEcfU/r oqQN ekeys Hkh jkT;iky osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, vkjf{krj[ks tk ldrs gSaA jk"Vªifr ,slh fLFkfr esa fcy dks ;k rks LohÑfr ns ldrk gS ;k jkT; fo/kulHkk dks iqu% fopkjdjus osQ fy, okil Hkst ldrk gSA tc fcy jkT; fo/kulHkk osQ }kjk iqu% ikl gks tkrk gS] rc bldks LohÑfrosQ fy, jk"Vªifr osQ ikl Hkstk tkrk gS] ijUrq jk"Vªifr }kjk bldks viuh LohÑfr nsuh vfuok;Z ugha gksrhA jk"VªifrosQ }kjk fcy dks LohÑfr u fn, tkus ij ;g jí gks tkrk gSA jk"Vªifr ,sls fcy dks vLohdkj rc djrk gS tcjk"Vªifr dks yxs fd mlosQ funsZ'kksa dk jkT; fo/kuikfydk osQ }kjk ikyu ugha fd;k x;kA blh iz.kkyh osQ v/hugh osQjy f'k{kk fcy] 1959] vkS|ksfxd >xM+s (if'peh caxky) fcy] 1969] fgUnw mÙkjkf/dkfjrk fcy (gfj;k.kkla'kks/u) 1979] osQjy Hkwfe lq/kj nwljk la'kks/u fcy 1980 vkSj dbZ vU; jkT; fcy jí fd, x,A

(p) nks ;k vf/d jkT;ksa dh lgefr osQ lkFk osQUnzh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k (Central Legislation with

the consent of two or more States)% ;fn nks ;k vf/d jkT;ksa dh fo/kuikfydk,¡ la?kh; laln dks jkT;lwph osQ fdlh fo"k;@fo"k;ks ij dkuwu cukus dh izkFkZuk djsa rks] la?kh; laln muosQ fy, dkuwu fufeZr dj ldrhgSA bl mís'; osQ fy, lEcfU/r jkT; fo/kuikfydkvksa dks ,d izLrko ikl djuk iM+rk gSA ,d ckj laln ,slkdkuwu cuk ys rks nwljh jkT; fo/kuikfydk,¡ Hkh izLrko ikl djosQ ,sls dkuwu dks viuk ldrh gSaA

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(N) vUrjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nssus osQ fy, osQUnzh; dkuwu&fuekZ.k (Central Legisla-

tion for giving effect to International Agreements)% lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 253 osQ v/hu la?kh;laln osQ ikl fdlh vU; ns'k ls dksbZ lfU/] le>kSrk ;k lafonk ykxw djokus ;k dksbZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; lfU/ ykxwdjus osQ fy, leLr Hkkjr osQ fy, ;k blosQ fdlh Hkkx osQ fy, dkuwu fuekZ.k djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA

;s lHkh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl rF; ij izdk'k Mkyrh gSa fd la?kh; laln lafo/ku dh oqQN fu/kZfjr vyx&vyx /kjkvksaosQ vuqlkj oqQN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jkT; lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij Hkh viuh dkuwu&fuekZ.k 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djldrh gSA ts-vkj- flokp osQ vuqlkj] ¶jkT; lwph osQ yxHkx 13 fo"k; la?kh; lwph osQ }kjk fu;af=kr fd, tkrsgSa vkSj jkT; lwph osQ 4 fo"k; leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa osQ }kjk fu;af=kr fd, tkrs gSa

5- la?k osQ dkuwuksa dk mPprj Lrj (Superior Status of Union Laws)% lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 251 esabl ckr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd la?k osQ dkuwu vkSj jkT; dkuwu esa dksbZ >xM+k iSnk gks tkus dh fLFkfr] la?kosQ dkuwuksa dks jkT; osQ dkuwu ls izkFkfedrk nh tk,xhA ;g O;oLFkk la?kh; laln osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa dksfuf'pr :i esa mPprj LFkku iznku djrh gSA

6- laln osQ ikl jkT; fo/ku ifj"kn~ dks LFkkfir ;k lekIr djus dh 'kfDr gS (Parliament’s power

to establish or abolish State Legislative Council)% lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj fdlh jkT; esa ,d&lnuh;fo/kulHkk ;k nks&lnuh; fo/kuikfydk gks ldrh gSA ;fn dksbZ jkT; nks&lnuh; fo/kuikfydk pkgrk gS vkSjbl mís'; osQ fy, mifj lnu vFkkZr~ jkT; fo/ku ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk djuk pkgrk gS rks bl mís'; osQ fy,jkT; dks izLrko ikl djosQ la?kh; laln dks dkuwu fuekZ.k djus dh izkFkZuk djuh iM+rh gSA ;fn dksbZ jkT; viuhfo/kulHkk osQ mifj lnu dks lekIr djuk pkgrk gS rks bldh jkT; fo/kulHkk dks izLrko ikl djuk iM+rkgS vkSj la?kh; laln dks mi;qDr dk;Zokgh djus dh ek¡x izLrqr djuh iM+rh gSA osQoy la?kh; laln gh jkT;fo/ku lHkkvksa osQ mifj lnuksa dh LFkkiuk dj ldrh gS ;k mudks lekIr dj ldrh gSA

7- laln dh jkT;ksa dh lhek,¡ fuf'pr djus@ifjofrZr djus dh 'kfDr (Parliament’s power to

determine/change the boundaries of the states)% laln osQ ikl jkT;ksa dh lhek,¡ ifjofrZr djusdh 'kfDr gksus osQ dkj.k ;g jkT; fo/kulHkk ij oS/kfud :i esa gkoh gksrh gS D;ksafd jkT; fo/kuikfydk osQ}kjk cuk, x, dkuwu osQoy jkT; osQ Hkw&{ks=k esa gh ykxw gksrs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i tc laoS/kfud la'kks/u osQ }kjkeè; izns'k] mÙkj izns'k vkSj fcgkj esa ls Øeokj NÙkhlx<+ mÙkjkapy vkSj >kj[kaM dks vyx jkT; cuk fn;k x;krks blls igys rhu jkT;ksa osQ vf/dkj&{ks=k Lo;a gh lhfer gks x,A

8- laln osQ ikl la?kh; izns'kksa osQ fy, dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr (Parliament’s Power to Legislate

for the Union Territories)% Hkkjrh; la?k esa 28 jkT;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk 7 la?kh; izns'k (Union Territo-

ries) Hkh 'kkfey gSa] D;ksafd izR;sd la?kh; izns'k osQ ikl viuh fo/kulHkk ugha gksrh] blfy, laln osQ ikl,sls lHkh la?kh; {ks=kksa osQ fy, lHkh fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu ikl djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA

;g lHkh rF; la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; oS/kfud lEcU/ksa osQ ?ksjs esa la?k dh Js"B fLFkfr dh iqf"V dh vksj laosQrdjrs gSaA ;g fo'ks"krk Hkkjrh; la?k iz.kkyh esa fo|eku ,dkRed Hkkouk dks izdV djrh gSA



1- leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa ij osQUnz vkSj --------- nksuksa dkuwu cuk ldrs gSaA

2- iqfyl] Ñf"k] i'kqikyu vkfn --------- lwph osQ fo"k; gSaA

3- Hkkjrh; la?k esa 28 jkT;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk --------- la?kh; izns'k Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

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VkLd la?k lwph esa 'kkfey fo"k;ksa ij vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A

13-2 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa iz'kkldh; laca/ (Administrative Relationsbetween the Union and the States)

la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; iz'kkldh; lEcU/ksa dh izÑfr dk ijh{k.k bl izdkj gSµ

iz'kkldh; lEcU/ksa osQ {ks=k esa Hkh Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk la?k dks fo'ks"k izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA la?kkRed O;oLFkkdh vko';d fo'ks"krk dks viukrs gq, Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk Hkh nksgjh 'kklu iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSAizR;sd jkT; dh viuh ljdkj vkSj 'kklu O;oLFkk gksrh gS tks jkT; lwph esa ntZ fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa dkuwufuekZ.k vkSj iz'kkldh; 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx vius&vius jkT; osQ {ks=k esa djrh gSA la?kh; ljdkj osQ ikl la?kh;lwph osQ fo"k;ksa vkSj vo'ks"k fo"k;ksa osQ iz'kklu dk iw.kZ vf/dkj gksrk gSA lafo/ku esa leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksaij la?k vkSj jkT;ksa nksuksa dks leorhZ iz'kkldh; vf/dkj lkSais x, gSaA

lafo/ku osQ Hkkx XI, vè;k; II, vuqPNsn 256 ls 263 rd la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; iz'kkldh; lEcU/ksa dko.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tc ge bu O;oLFkkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gSa rks ;g rF; lkeus vkrk gS fd iz'kkldh;lEcU/ksa osQ {ks=k esa Hkh la?k dks lk/kj.k fLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh Js"Brk izkIr gS vkSj ladVdky osQ le; osQ nkSjku rksbls cgqr vf/d iz'kkldh; 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gks tkrh gSaA fuEufyf[kr rF; bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSaµ

1- jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr vkSj Hkwfedk (Appiontment Role of Governor)% izR;sd jkT; dk ,djkT;iky gksrk gS tks jkT; osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA jkT;iky dks fu;qDr djus] LFkkukarj.k djus ;kgVk nsus dh 'kfDr jk"Vªifr osQ ikl gksrh gSA jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr djrs le;] jk"Vªifr jkT; eaf=kifj"kn~ dkijke'kZ ys ldrk gS] ijUrq ;g ijke'kZ Lohdkj djus osQ fy, cU/udkjh ugha gksrkA ;|fi vc vke lgefr ls;g fu;e Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k gS fd jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr osQ le; osQUnz vo'; gh lEcfU/r jkT; dheaf=kifj"kn~ ls ijke'kZ ysxh vkSj mldh bPNkvksa dks lEeku nsxhA jkT;iky nks rjg ls dk;Z djrk gSµ(i) og jkT;esa osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] vkSj (ii) jkT; osQ iz'kklu osQ eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSAlkekU; rkSj ij og laoS/kfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS ijUrq laoS/kfud ladVdky osQ le; esa og jkT;osQ iz'kklu dk okLrfod eqf[k;k (vuqPNsn 356 v/hu) cu tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; ladVdky osQ le; osQ nkSjkujk"Vªifr jkT;iky dks dksbZ Hkh funsZ'k ;k vkns'k ns ldrk gS vkSj mlosQ vkns'k dk ikyu djuk jkT;iky dkmÙkjnkf;Ro cu tkrk gSA dbZ ckj jkT;iky osQUnz osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa vf/d vkSj jkT; iz'kklu osQ eqf[k;k osQ:i esa de dk;Z djrk gSA ekpZ 2005 esa >kj[kaM osQ jkT;iky us vkSj ebZ 2005 esa fcgkj osQ jkT;iky us osQUnzosQ i{k osQ vk/kj ij gh vius fu.kZ; fn,A

2- jkT;ksa dk la?k osQ izfr drZO; (Obiligation of the States towards the Union)% lafo/ku osQvuqPNsn 256 esa ntZ gS fdµ¶izR;sd jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr laln osQ }kjk cuk, x, dkuwuksa dk ikyufo'oluh; cukus okys <ax ls iz;ksx dh tk,xh vkSj la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr jkT; dks ,sls funsZ'k ns losQxhtks Hkkjr ljdkj dks ,sls mís'; osQ fy, vko';d izrhr gksaxsA¸

3- oqQN fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa jkT;ksa ij la?k dk fu;a=k.k (Control of the Union over States in

certian conditions)% vuqPNsn 257 osQ v/hu bl ckr dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gS fd izR;sd jkT; dh dk;Zdkjh'kfDr dk iz;ksx bl <ax ls fd;k tk,xk fd ;g la?k dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr osQ iz;ksx esa ck/k u Mkys ;k fiQj

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la?kh; dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr osQ liQyrk osQ ekxZ esa ck/k Mkys ;k i{kikr u djsA la?k jkT; dks ,sls funsZ'k ns ldrkgS tks Hkkjr ljdkj dks bl mís'; osQ fy, vko';d izrhr gksasxsA

4- la?k dh funsZ'k nsus dh 'kfDr (Union’s Power to give Directions)% ,sls lapkj lk/uksa dk] tksfd

jk"Vªh; vkSj lSfud egÙo osQ ?kksf"kr fd, tkrs gSa] fuekZ.k ,oa j[k&j[kko djus osQ fy, la?k dksbZ Hkh funsZ'k fdlh

jkT; dks ns ldrk gS vkSj ,slk djuk la?k dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr esa 'kkfey gSA

5- jsyos dh lqj{kk (Protection of Railways)% vuqPNsn 257 osQ vuqlkj] ¶la?k osQ ikl jkT; osQ vanj

jsyos dh lqj{kk osQ fy, mBk, tkus okys dneksa osQ lEcU/ esa jkT;ksa dks funsZ'k nsus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA¸

6- jk"Vªifr osQ ikl la?k dh 'kfDr;ksa dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fdlh jkT; dks lkSaius dh 'kfDr gS (Power of

the President to vest responsibility in respect of Union Powers with the State)% jk"Vªifr]

jkT; ljdkj dh lgefr ls] ml jkT; dh ljdkj ;k mlosQ vf/dkfj;ksa dks oqQN 'krks± lfgr ;k 'krks± osQ fcuk

la?k dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa osQ iz;ksx osQ lEcU/ dks vko';d rFkk vfuok;Z mÙkjnkf;Ro lkSai ldrk gSA

7- jkT; vius oqQN dk;Z la?k dks lkSai ldrk gS (A State can entrust some functions to the

Union)% vuqPNsn 258&, esa bl ckr dh O;oLFkk gS fd jkT; ljdkj dh lgefr ls jkT;iky jkT; dh

dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr osQ ?ksjs esa iM+rs oqQN fo"k;ksa osQ lEcU/ esa dksbZ dk;Z Hkkjr ljdkj dks ;k blosQ vf/dkfj;ksa

dks 'krks± lfgr ;k 'krks± osQ fcuk lkSai ldrk gSA

8- vUrjkZT;h; ufn;ksa ;k unh ?kkfV;ksa ls lEcfU/r >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs dh la?k dh 'kfDr (Union’s

power of Adjudication of Disputes realting to Inter-state rivers or River Valleys)% vuqPNsn

262 osQ vuqlkj laln vUrjkZT;h; unh ;k unh ?kkVh osQ ty dk foHkktu] iz;ksx ;k fu;a=k.k osQ >xM+s osQ fy,

la?k ljdkj dkuwu&fuekZ.k dj viuk fu.kZ; ns ldrh gSA

9- jkT; esa osQUnzh; lEifÙk dh lqj{kk (Protection of Central Property in State)% jkT; osQ {ks=k esa

osQUnzh; lEifÙk;ksa dh j{kk djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro jkT; ljdkjksa dk gksrk gSA la?k fdlh jkT; esa la?kh; lEifÙk dh

lqj{kk osQ fy, osQUnzh; fjtoZ iqfyl ;k dksbZ vU; v/Z&lSfud cy tSlk fd osQUnzh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy Hkst

ldrk gSA

10- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ls lEcfU/r O;oLFkk,¡ (Provisions regarding All India Services)%Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok vkSj Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok osQ vf/dkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ }kjk dhtkrh gS] ijUrq budks jkT;ksa esa fu;qfDr fd;k tkrk gSA

uksV~l vf[ky Hkkjrh; yksd lsok osQ vf/dkjh gh jkT; iz'kklu esa lHkh mPp iz'kklfud inksa ij fu;qDr

gksrs gSaA

muosQ O;ogkj dks la?k osQ x`g ea=kky; osQ }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA

11- la?k osQ ikl vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok LFkkfir djus ;k lekIr djus dh 'kfDr (Union ’s power to

create or abolish an All India Service)% vuqPNsn 312 osQ vuqlkj jkT;lHkk dks dksbZ ubZ vf[ky

Hkkjrh; lsok LFkkfir djus ;k fdlh fo|eku vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok dks lekIr dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA jkT;lHkk

,slk 2@3 cgqer ls izLrko ikl djosQ dj ldrh gSA

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12- la?k dh rkyesy 'kfDr;k¡ (Union’s Co-ordination Powers)% Hkkjrh; la?k osQ lHkh jkT;ksa osQ chp

rkyesy LFkkfir djus osQ fy, jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 263 osQ v/hu ,d vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dj ldrk

gSA ;fn fdlh le;] Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr dks ;g yxs fd lkoZtfud fgr osQ fy, vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk

osQ }kjk lqj{kk dh tk ldrh gS rks jk"Vªifr bl ifj"kn~ dks fuEufyf[kr drZO; lkSai ldrk gSµ(d) jkT;ksa osQ

chp iSnk gq, >xM+ksa dh tk¡p djuk vkSj ijke'kZ nsuk] ([k) mu fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa tk¡p&iM+rky vkSj

fopkj&foe'kZ djuk ftuesa oqQN ;k lHkh jkT;ksa ;k la?k ;k ,d ;k vf/d jkT;ksa dk lk>k fgr gks] ;k (x) fdlh

,sls fo"k; osQ fy, lq>ko nsuk vkSj fo'ks"k :i esa ml fo"k; osQ lEcU/ esa uhfr vkSj dk;Zokgh esa Js"B rkyesy

osQ fy, fliQkfj'ksa djuhA jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk ,slh ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk djuk dkuwu gksrk gS vkSj og gh blosQ }kjk

fuHkk, tkus okys drZO;ksa dh izÑfr vkSj blosQ laxBu vkSj izfØ;k dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrk gSA

13- lkoZtfud vf/fu;e] fjdkMks± vkSj U;k; ls lEcfU/r dk;Zokfg;k¡ ykxw djuk (Application of

Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings)% lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 261 esa ntZ gS fd ¶la?k vkSj

izR;sd jkT; osQ lkoZtfud vf/fu;eksa] fjdkMks± vkSj U;k; ls lEcfU/r dk;Zokfg;ksa ij leLr Hkkjr esa iw.kZ

fo'okl fd;k tk,xk vkSj mUgsa dkuwuh ekU;rk izkIr gksxhA¸

blosQ lkFk gh laln dkuwu osQ }kjk fuf'pr djrh gS fd fdl <ax ls dkSu&lh 'krks± osQ v/hu ;s vf/fu;e]

fjdkMZ vkSj dk;Zokfg;k¡ lEiUu dh tk,¡xh vkSj budks izHkkoh cuk;k tk,xkA

14- fdlh jkT; esa laoS/kfud ladVdky dh fLFkfr dk ykxw gksuk vkSj jk"Vªifr jkT; dh O;oLFkk

(Constitutional Emergency in a state/states and Provison for President’s Rule)% vuqPNsn

356 osQ v/hu] jk"Vªifr vius fu.kZ; vkSj foosd vFkok jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fliQkfj'k ij jkT; esa laoS/kfud

e'khujh osQ vliQy jgus dh fLFkfr esa ,sls jkT; esa laoS/kfud ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk dj ldrk gSA

,slh fLFkfr esa lEcfU/r jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk Hkax gks tkrh gSaA jkT; jk"Vªifr osQ 'kklu v/hu vk tkrk gS vkSj

jkT; dk jkT;iky okLrfod dk;Zikfydk osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj nsrk gSA jkT; iz'kklu lh/k osQUnz dh

fuxjkuh] funsZ'ku vkSj fu;a=k.k osQ v/hu vk tkrk gSA

15- cká vkØe.kksa vkSj vkarfjd fonzkgksa ls jkT;ksa dh lqj{kk djuk la?k dk drZO; gS (Duty of the

Union to Protect States against External aggression and Internal Disturbances)% vuqPNsn

355 osQ vuqlkj] ¶la?k dk drZO; gS fd og izR;sd jkT; dh ckgjh vkØe.k vkSj vkarfjd fonzksgksa ls lqj{kk djs

vkSj ;g fo'oluh; cuk, fd izR;sd jkT; ljdkj lafo/ku dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj pyrh jgsA¸

tc jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 352 osQ v/hu jk"Vªh; ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gS rks la?k dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr lHkhjkT;ksa ij ykxw gks tkrh gS vkSj la?k fdlh jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dks iz;ksx djus osQ <ax ls lEcfU/r funsZ'kns ldrk gSA

16- fdlh jkT; osQ }kjk la?k osQ dk;Zikfyd funsZ'kksa dk ikyu djus ls vleFkZ jgus ij ml jkT; esalaoS/kfud ladVdky fLFkfr dk ?kks"k.kk dh tk ldrh gS (Failure to give effect to the UnionExecutive’s directions by any State can invite a declaration of Constitutional Emer-gency in the State)% lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 365 osQ vuqlkj] tc dksbZ jkT;] la?k dh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr osQvuqlkj fn, funsZ'k ls lgefr j[kus ;k bldks ykxw djus ls vleFkZ gks tkrk gS rks jk"Vªifr dkuwuh :i esa ;gle> ysrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr iSnk gks xbZ gS tc jkT; ljdkj lafo/ku dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuq:i ugha py ldrhrFkk mlesa /kjk 356 osQ v/hu ladVdky dh fLFkfr ykxw dh tk ldrh gSA bl O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx laa?k osQ }kjkfdlh vlg;ksxh jkT; osQ fo#¼ fd;k tk ldrk gSA

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17- eq[;eaf=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr djus dh 'kfDr (Power to Appoint Inquiry

Commissions against Chief Ministers)% ,d vU; O;oLFkk tks la?k ljdkj dks jkT; iz'kklu ijleqfpr :i esa iz'kklfud fu;a=k.k j[kus dk vf/dkj nsrh gS og Hkz"Vkpkj osQ vkjksfir dk;ks± dh tk¡p osQ fy,jkT;ksa osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ tk¡p vk;ksxksa dh fu;qfDr djus dh O;oLFkk gSA mnkgj.kLo:i 1963 esa igyhckj] la?k ljdkj us iatkc osQ eq[; ea=kh izrki flag oSQjksa osQ fo#¼ oqQN nks"kksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, nkl vk;ksxfu;qDr fd;k FkkA mlosQ i'pkr~ dbZ ,sls vk;ksx cuk, x,µiatkc osQ eq[;ea=kh izdk'k flag ckny osQ fo#¼Naxkuh vk;ksx (1972)] rfeyukMq osQ eq[;ea=kh d#.kkfuf/ osQ fo#¼ ljdkfj;k vk;ksx 1976] vka/z izns'k esaosaxy jko osQ fo#¼ foey nyky vk;ksx] f=kiqjk esa ,l-,e- lsu xqIrk osQ fo#¼ nqjeu vk;ksx (1979) bR;kfnA1981 esa la?k ljdkj osQ }kjk rfeyukMq vkSj osQjy esa fLifjV LoSaQMy dh tk¡p osQ fy, js vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kx;kA blh izdkj la?k ljdkj us eqEcbZ ce dkaM vkSj lkEiznkf;d naxs (1993) dh tk¡p&iM+rky osQ fy, JhÑ".kkvk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhA okLro esa bl vk;ksx dk dk;Z Fkk egkjk"Vª dh f'ko lsuk ljdkj osQ bl lEcU/ esadk;Z&O;ogkj dh tk¡p&iM+rkyA bl izdkj jkT;ksa osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ vkjksfir nqO;Zogkj vkSj vfu;ferrkvksaosQ fdlh fo'ks"k ekeys@ekeyksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, vk;ksx fu;qDr djuk la?k ljdkj osQ gkFk esa ,d ,slk yhojgS ftldk iz;ksx ;g viuh bPNk ls djrk gS rFkk bldk iz;ksx fdlh jkT; dh ljdkj osQ O;ogkj dks izHkkfordjus osQ fy, dj ldrk gSA

;s lHkh rF; bl ckr dh vksj Li"V laosQr djrs gSa fd lafo/ku esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; iz'kkldh; lEcU/ksaosQ {ks=k esa Hkh la?k iz'kklu dks vf/d egÙo izkIr gSA ;g fo'ks"krk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh ,dkRed Hkkouk dksizdV djrh gSaA bu O;oLFkkvksa dk iz;kx la?k ljdkj osQ }kjk osQoy osQUnzh; uhfr;ksa osQ }kjk izHkko'kkyh iz'kklupykus osQ fy, gh ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd jkT;ksa ij oqQN fu;a=k.k j[kus osQ fy, fu;fer <ax ls fd;k tkrk gSAjkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dk ,d mís';kas ;g gS fd iz'kkldh; {ks=k esa la?k dh vf/d Hkwfedk dks de fd;ktk, vkSj jkT;ksa dks vkarfjd iz'kklu dh Lok;Ùkrk lkSaih tk,A



4- jkT;iky dks fu;qDr djus] LFkkukarj.k djus ;k mls mlosQ in ls gVk nssus dh 'kfDr fdlosQ ikl gksrhgS\

(a) eq[;ea=kh (b) mPp U;k;ky; dk U;k;k/h'k

(c) iz/kuea=kh (d) jk"Vªifr

5- la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; iz'kkldh; laca/ksa dk o.kZu fdu vuqPNsnksa esa fd;k x;k gS\

(a) vuqPNsn 257 ls 264 (b) vuqPNsn 256 ls 263

(c) vuqPNsn 258 ls 269 (d) vuqPNsn 270 ls 275

6- iatkc osQ iwoZ eq[;ea=kh izrki flag oSQjks osQ fo#¼ nks"kksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, fdl vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dhxbZ Fkh\

(a) ljdkfj;k vk;ksx (b) Naxkuh vk;ksx

(c) nkl vk;ksx (d) js vk;ksx

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13-3 la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa foÙkh; laca/ (Financial Relations between theUnion and the States)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ Hkkx XII, vè;k; 1 esa foLrkj lfgr la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; foÙkh; lEcU/ksa dh O;oLFkkvksa

dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA buesa bl vfr egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; vFkok eqís dks lqy>kus vkSj mldk fuiVkus dk ,d

lkgfld vkSj foLr`r iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA mu lHkh fo"k;ksa fd] tks la?k rFkk jkT;ksa osQ eè; jktLo osQ foHkktu

vkSj vU; foÙkh; lEcU/ksa ls tqM+s gSa] esa dh xbZ gSA lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jktLo dk foHkktu fuEufyf[kr fu;eksa

osQ vuqlkj fd;k x;k gS%

1- osQUnz osQ }kjk yxk, x, dj vkSj 'kqYd (Taxes and Duties Levied by the Centre):

lafo/ku osQ }kjk la?k dks oqQN fo'ks"k 'kqYd iw.kZ :i ls lkSais x, gSa ftuesa vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr 'kqYd] vk; dj]

rEckowQ] iVlu vkfn ij vkcdkjh 'kqYd] fuxe dj] lEifÙk dh ykxr ij dj] o`Qf"k ;ksX; ”kehu osQ vfrfjDr

vU; lEifÙk osQ lEcU/ esa lEifÙk dj] jsyos] Mkd vkSj rkj] VsyhiQksu] ok;jySl] izlkj.k vkSj lapkj osQ nwljs

<ax] la?kh; lEifÙk vkSj bldh vk;] la?k dk lkoZtfud Í.k] fons'kh eqnzk] flDdk vFkkZr~ la?kh; lwph esa 'kkfey

ensa vkSj dj 'kkfey gSaA

2- jkT; osQ }kjk yxk, x, vkSj iz;ksx fd, tkus okys dj vkSj 'kqYd (Taxes and Duties Levied

and Used by the States): jktLo osQ oqQN lzksr jkT;ksa osQ vf/dkj {ks=k osQ v/hu vkrs gSa] buesa Hkwfe

yxku ls gksus okyh ljdkjh vk;] la?kh; lwph esa 'kkfey nLrkos”kksa osQ vfrfjDr LVSai 'kqYd] mÙkjkf/dkfjrk iQhl

vkSj o`Qf"k ;ksX; ”kehu ls lEcfU/r dj] lM+dksa vkSj ns'k essa leqnzh tgk”kksa osQ }kjk lkeku vkSj ;kf=k;ksa ij yxk;k

x;k dj] fctyh dh [kir vkSj fcozQh ij yxk dj vkSj pqaxh dj] ekuo iz;ksx osQ fy, 'kjkc ij yxk 'kqYd]

euksjatu dj vkfn ij yxs dj 'kkfey gSaA

3- la?k osQ }kjk yxk, x, ijUrq jkT; osQ }kjk ,df=kr vkSj iz;kx fd, tkus okys dj] vuqPNsn 268[Taxes levied by the Union but collected and Appropriated by States (Art.268)]: fuEufyf[kr lzksrksa ls gksus okyh ljdkjh vk; jkT;ksa osQ }kjk ,df=kr vkSj iz;ksx dh tkrh gS%

(d) fofue; fcyksa] pSdksa] ijuksV] m/kj nsus osQ fcy] Í.k i=k] chek uhfr;ksa] 'ks;jksa dk gLrkarj.k vkfn ij

LVSai 'kqYdA

([k) MkWDVjh] vYdksgy ;qDr Ükaxkj oLrqvksa] ikLr vkfn ij vkcdkjh djA

,slh lHkh oLrqvksa ij dj la?kh; ljdkj yxkrh gS ijUrq budh olwyh jkT;ksa osQ }kjk dh tkrh gS vkSj og gh

blls gksus okyh vk; dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA jkt;ksa dh vk; dk ;g ,d eq[; foÙkh; lzksr gSA

4- la?k osQ }kjk yxk, x, vkSj ,df=kr fd, tkus okys dj ijUrq tks ckn esa jkT;ksa dks lkSai fn, tkrs

gSa (vuqPNsn 269) [Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to States

(Art. 269)]: oqQN enksa ij dj la?k osQ }kjk yxk, tkrs vkSj ,df=kr fd;s tkrs gSa ijUrq ;g mu jkT;ksa dks

gh lkSai fn, tkrs gSa tgk¡ fd ;s ,df=kr fd, x, gksaA buesa jsyos ls eky dh <qykbZ vkSj jsy ;k=kk] leqnzh ;k=kk

;k gokbZ ;k=kk osQ }kjk lkeku vkSj ;kf=k;ksa ij yxk fdjk;k dj] o`Qf"k ;ksX; ”kehu osQ vfrfjDr fdlh vU;

lEifÙk osQ lEcU/ esa lEifÙk dj 'kkfey gSaA

5- la?k osQ }kjk yxk, vkSj ,df=kr fd, tkus okys dj ijUrq tks la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; foHkkftr dj

fn, tkrs gSa (vuqPNsn 270) [Taxes leved and collected by the Union and Distributed

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between the Union and the States (Art. 270)]: oqQN fo'ks"k vuqPNsn ,sls gSa ftu ij dj osQUnz

osQ }kjk yxk, vkSj ,df=kr fd, tkrs gSa] ijUrq ;g jkT;ksa ls ckaV fy;s tkrs gSaA dj foHkktu dh vuqikr dk

fu.kZ; fu;eksa vkSj dkuwuksa osQ vuqlkj fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh oqQN ensa gSa% o`Qf"k ls gksus okyh vk; osQ vfrfjDr

'ks"k vk; dj] MkWDVjh vkSj Ükaxkj oLrqvksa osQ vfrfjDr nwljh enksa ij vkcdkjh djA bl /kjk esa osQUnz 'kkflr

izns'kksa vkSj la?k osQ osru dh jde dh dVkSrh djus osQ i'pkr~ 'ks"k vk; dj la?k vkSj jkT;ksa vkSj vyx&vyx

jkT;ksa osQ eè; foÙk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vªifr osQ vkns'kksa osQ vuqlkj ckaV nssus dh O;oLFkk Hkh dh

xbZ gSA

6- jkT;ksa dks feyus okyh osQUnzh; lgk;rk (Central Grants-in-aid to the States): jkT;ksa dh

ljdkjh vk; osQ lzksr budh vko';drkvksa iw.kZ djus osQ fy, dkI+kQh ugha gksrsA blosQ fy, lafo/ku esa la?k osQ

}kjk jkT;ksa dks lgk;rk iz.kkyh v/hu lgk;rk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA blosQ vuqlkj laln dkuwu osQ }kjk

”k:jrean jkT;ksa dks lgk;rk xzkaV nh tk ldrh gSA lgk;rk jkf'k dk fu.kZ; laln~ osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ

vfrfjDr] jkT; vius fo'ks"k izktSDVksa osQ fy, Í.k ysus osQ fy, vkosnu ns ldrs gSaA lafo/ku esa vuqlwfpr

dchyksa vkSj fiNM+s oxks± osQ yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, vkjEHk dh ;kstukvksa osQ fy, lgk;rk nsus dh Hkh O;oLFkk

gSA vle] fcgkj] mM+hlk vkSj if'peh caxky] iVlu vkSj iVlu ls cuus okys mRiknksa ij yxs fu;kZr dj osQ

,o”k esa lgk;rk izkIr djrs gSaA

7- la?k ljdkj osQ ikl Í.k ysus dh 'kfDr gksrh gS (Union Government’s Power to Raise

Loans): la?k ljdkj osQ ikl Hkkjrh; lafpr fuf/ dh ”kekur ij Í.k ysus dh 'kfDr gS] ijUrq bl ij laln

osQ dkuwuksa (vuqPNsn 292) osQ }kjk le;≤ ij ykxw izfrcU/ ykxw gksrs gSaA jkT; Hkh Hkkjrh; {ks=k esa viuh

lafpr fuf/ dh ”kekur ij Í.k ys ldrs gSa ijUrq jkT; fons'kksa ls Í.k ugha ys ldrsA Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh fdlh

jkT; dks Í.k ns ldrh gSA vuqPNsn 292 (3) osQ vuqlkj] Í.k ysus osQ lEcU/ esa ,d vkSj izfrcU/ yxk;k

x;k gS] ¶dksbZ Hkh jkT; mruh nsj rd Hkkjr ljdkj dh lgefr osQ fcuk Í.k ugha ys ldrk tc rd la?k osQ

}kjk jkT; dks igys fn, x, Í.k dk cdk;k nsuk vHkh 'ks"k gksA¸

8- foÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr vkSj la?k dh 'kfDr;k¡ (Financial Emergency and Powers

of the Union): vuqPNsn 360 osQ v/hu foÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk djrs le; jk"Vªifr la?k

vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; jktLo osQ foHkktu ls lEcfU/r vkSj jkT;ksa dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk ls lEcfU/r O;oLFkkvksa

dks LFkfxr dj ldrk gSA ,sls ladVdky osQ nkSjku jkT;ksa osQ ikl osQoy jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey djksa ls gksus okyh

ljdkjh vk; gh jg ldrh gS vkSj 'ks"k lzksrksa dk fu;U=k.k osQUnz dh bPNk osQ vuqlkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA la?k]

jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dks vius ctV osQ izLrko vkSj nwljs foÙkh; lzksrksa dk C;kSjk jk"Vªifr osQ fopkj osQ fy, Hkstus

osQ fy, dg ldrk gSA foÙkh; ladVdky esa le; jkT; osQ deZpkfj;ksa vkSj U;k;k/h'kksa dk osru Hkh jk"Vªifr

}kjk de fd;k tk ldrk gSA

9- Hkkjrh; ys[kk ijh{kd vkSj dEiVªksyj osQ }kjk jkT;ksa ij fu;U=k.k dh O;oLFkk (System of

Control over States through the Comptroller and Auditor General of India):

Hkkjrh; eq[; ys[kk ijh{kk vf/dkjh vkSj ijh{kd la?k vkSj jkT;ksa nksuksa osQ [kkrksa dh ys[kk&iM+rky vkSj j[k&j[kko

osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSA og osQUnz ljdkj dk vf/dkjh gksrk gS ftldh fu;qfDr Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk

dh tkrh gSA mldh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fu.kZ; laln osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA jkT;ksa osQ }kjk vius

ys[kk&[kkrs j[kus osQ <ax dk fu.kZ; Hkkjrh; eq[; ys[kk ijh{kd osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA jkT;ksa dks [kkrs rS;kj djus

vkSj budh ys[kk&iM+rky osQ fy, mlosQ vkns'kksa vkSj fu.kZ; dk ikyu djuk iM+uk gSA

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10- foÙkh; vk;ksx (The Finance Commission): lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn vuqlkj 280 osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr

dks ikap o"kZ osQ vUrjky osQ i'pkr~ ;k fiQj tc Hkh jk"Vªifr mfpr le>s] ,d foÙkh; vk;ksx LFkkfir djus

dh 'kfDr nh xbZ gSA vk;ksx osQ ikl jkT;ksa vkSj osQUnz osQ eè; djksa ls gksus okyh vk; dh foHkktu osQ fy,

fliQkfj'ksa djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA ;g jkT;ksa dks nh tkus okyh lgk;rk vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ <ax dk fu.kZ;

Hkh djrk gSA foÙk vk;ksx gh la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa vk; vkSj djksa osQ foHkktu osQ ckjs fu.kZ; nsrk gSA

11- osQUnzho`Qr fu;kstu (Centralised Planning): Hkkjr esa izpfyr osQUnzho`Qr fu;kstu dh iz.kkyh Hkh

jkT;ksa ij c<+rs osQUnzh; fu;U=k.k dks n`<+ rFkk izdV djrh gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx ,d osQUnzh; laLFkk gS tks jkT;ksa osQ

fy, fodkl ;kstuk,¡ cukrk gS vkSj lzksrksa ls lEcfU/r ;kstuk,¡ vkSj y{; jkT;ksa osQ fy, fu/kZfjr djrk gSA jkT;

vius vf/dkj {ks=k esa Hkkjh vkSj iwath fuos'k m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy, osQUnz ij fuHkZj gksrs gSaA

cSadksa] thou chek vkSj lk/kj.k ches osQ jk"Vªh;dj.k osQ i'pkr~] foÙkh; izcU/ esa la?k dh Hkwfedk dbZ xquk c<+

xbZ gSA

iapk;rh jkT; dkuwu osQ }kjk la?k ljdkj us 73osa laoS/kfud la'kks/u }kjk iapk;rh jkT; laLFkkvksa dks oqQN vf/d

foÙkh; lzksr vkSj 'kfDr;k¡ nh gSaA blls f”kyk fu;kstu cksMZ Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh gq, gSaA

foÙkh; lEcU/ksa dk mi;qZDr ys[kk&tks[kk Hkh foÙkh; lEcU/ksa osQ lEcU/ esa la?k dh jkT;ksa ij Js"Brk izdV djrk

gSA jkT; foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj Í.k ysus osQ fy, la?k ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA la?k dh vk; osQ lzksr jkT;ksa dh vk;

osQ lzksrksa ls vf/d gSaA vuqPNsn 360 osQ }kjk la?k dks foÙkh; ladVdky dh fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk djus dh 'kfDr]

foÙk vk;ksx fu;qDr djus dh 'kfDr] vkSj la?k osQ foÙkh; lzksrksa lfgr buosQ fu;kstu dh 'kfDr] la?k dks Hkkjr

esa jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa Js"Brk iznku djrk gSA if'peh caxky cuke Hkkjrh; la?k osQ eqdíes esa loksZPp U;k;ky;

us dgk fd ¶foÙkh; ekeyksa esa] pkgs jkT;ksa vkSj la?k osQ ikl viuh&viuh lafpr fuf/;ka gksrh gSa ijUrq jkT;ksa

dks foHkkftr fd, x, djksa esa fuf/;ksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fy, la?k ij fuHkZj djuk iM+rk

gSA jkT;ksa osQ foÙkh; {ks=k esa la?k dk dksbZ izR;{k fu;U=k.k rks ugha gS ijUrq jkT;ksa ij bl {ks=k esa lnSo gh vizR;{k

la?kh; ncko cuk jgrk gSA la?k] foÙkh; ekeyksa esa lnSo gh jkT;ksa dks blosQ ijke'kZ ysus osQ fy, foo'k dj ldrk

gSA ;g Li"V gS fd jkT; foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fy, la?k ij fuHkZj djrs gSa D;ksafd ¶dj yxkus dh fuf'pr lhek

osQ dkj.k muosQ lzksr vi;kZIr gksrs gSaA¸

bu rhu {ks=kksa&oS/kfud] iz'kkldh; vkSj foÙkh; {ks=kksa esa] la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ lEcU/ Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh esa

,dkRed Hkkouk dks izeq[k :i esa izdV djrs gSaA Hkwrdky esa la?kh; iz.kkyh dk O;ogkj osQUnzokn osQ c<+rh gqbZ

izo`fÙk dh vksj laosQr djrk jgk gSA jkT; lwph esa izHkkoh ekSfyd 66 fo"k;ksa dh txg vc osQoy 61 fo"k; gSaA

la?kh; lwph esa 98 fo"k; 'kkfey gSa] D;ksafd blesa ,d vfrfjDr fo"k; Hkh 'kkfey gS vkSj leorhZ lwph] ftl

ij la?k dk izeq[k vf/dkj gS] esa Hkh okLrfodrk ls 5 vf/d fo"k; vFkkZr~ oqqqqqQy 52 fo"k; vc 'kkfey gSaA la?k

ljdkj dbZ ckj jkT;ksa ls ^cM+s HkkbZ* (Big Brother) okyk O;ogkj djrh gSA jkT;] fo'ks"kr% foÙkh; ekeyksa esa

Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax djrs jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr Vdjko okyh Hkh cuh

jgh gSA dbZ eqíksa ij la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ vyx&vyx vkSj fojks/h fopkj jgs gSaA le; dh ekax ;g gS fd Hkkjr

dks ,d ijLij lg;ksxh la?k cuk;k tk,A ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us oqQN lq/kjksa dh flI+kQkfj'k djrs gq, 'kfDr'kkyh

osQUnz dh vko';drk dks rks Lohdkj fd;k gS] ijUrq lkFk gh blus la?k vkSj jkT;ksa nksuksa osQ }kjk ijLij lg;ksxh

<ax ls Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh dk izcU/ pykus dh flI+kQkfj'k dh gSA LoLFk] 'kfDr'kkyh rFkk Lok;Ùkrk izkIr jkT;ksa

dk lfozQ; vfLrRo Hkkjrh; la?k dh ,drk ,oa 'kfDr osQ fy, vko';d gSA

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13-4 Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh osQ ruko&{ks=k (Tension Areas of IndianFederal System)

yxHkx N% n'kdksa osQ le; ls Hkkjr esa] ^,dkRed la?kokn* ;k ^'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ vfLrRo okyh la?kh;ljapuk* gh dk;Z dj jgh gSA ijUrq bruk yEck le; chrus ij Hkh Hkkjr esa ijLij lg;ksxh rFkk vkn'kZ la?kokniz.kkyh fodflr ugha gks ldhA la?k ljdkj yxHkx lnSo gh laoS/kfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj viuh Js"B fLFkfrLFkkfir j[kus vkSj viuh Hkwfedk dks mÙke Bgjkus esa ;Ru'khy jgh gSA dbZ ckj] osQUnz esa lÙkk/kjh ny us viusny osQ fgrksa osQ fy, bl iz.kkyh dks viuh bPNkuqlkj iz;ksx djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] fo'ks"k :i esa mu jkT;ksaosQ lEcU/ esa ftuesa fdlh vU; ny dk 'kklu FkkA jkT;ksa us Hkh dbZ ckj vius {ks=kh; fgrksa dh izkfIr osQ fy,bZ";kZ Hkjh rFkk Vdjkoiw.kZ izo`fÙk viukbZA ,sls jkT;ksa us tgk¡ fd le;≤ ij {ks=kh; ny lÙkk esa vk,] jkT;ksaosQ fy, vkSj vf/d vf/dkjksa dh ekax dhA Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh esa jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax Hkh lnSofo|eku jgh gSA

,d vksj la?k ljdkj vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh /kj.kkvksa vkSj nwljh vksj] jkT; ljdkjksa dh Lok;Ùkrk osQ leFkZdksaesa fookn gksus osQ dkj.k Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh dk okrkoj.k dbZ ckj Vdjko okyk cuk jgk gS ftlesadbZ&ruko&{ks=k vkSj eqís fo|eku jgs gSaA oqQN izeq[k rukoiw.kZ eqíksa ;k {ks=kksa dk laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k fuEufyf[kr :iesa fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; eq[; :i esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ lEcU/ksa okys lHkh {ks=kksa esa osQUnzh; fir`okn(Central Paternalism) osQ fo#¼ vkokt mBkrs jgs gSaµ

1- jktLo osQ lzksr vkSj foÙkh; lEcU/ (Revenue Resources and Financial Relations)% Hkkjrh;

lafo/ku osQ }kjk fd;k x;k foÙkh; lzksrksa dk foHkktu vkSj foÙkh; lEcU/ksa dh iz.kkyh ruko iSnk djus okys izeq[k

{ks=k jgs gSaA jkT; vius de lzksrksa osQ dkj.k vkSj dj ykxw djus osQ lhfer {ks=k osQ dkj.k vius vki dks la?k

ij fuHkZj le>rs jgs gSaA os lgk;rk jkf'k osQ fy, vkSj djksa ls gksus okyh vk; dh izkfIr osQ fy, la?k osQ }kjk

bdV~Bs fd, x, djksa ij fuHkZj jgs gSaA ;|fi lafo/ku osQ }kjk fu/kZfjr jkT;ksa osQ foÙkh; lzksrksa ij la?k dk dksbZ

izR;{k fu;a=k.k ugha gksrk ijUrq la?k lnSo gh jkT;ksa ij vizR;{k <axksa ls ncko Mkyrk jgk gSA ¶la?k lnSo gh jkT;ksa

dks foÙkh; lEcU/ksa osQ ekeys esa bldks leFkZu ysus osQ fy, foo'k djrk jgk gSA¸ ftl <ax ls jkT;ksa dks lgk;rk

jkf'k nsrs le; osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ }kjk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk jgk gS] og Hkh jkT;ksa esa izfrfØ;k iSnk djus dk

egÙoiw.kZ lzksr jgk gSA jkT; bldks mudh Lok;Ùk ij xaHkhj izfrca/ le>rs jgs gSaA os jkT; tgk¡ osQUnz esa lÙkk:<+

ny osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ vU; ny lÙkk esa gksrk gS] ogk¡ dh ljdkj izk;% gh vk; osQ foHkktu vkSj lgk;rk jkf'k

dh izkfIr osQ ekeys esa osQUnz dh i{kikriw.kZ izo`fÙk vkSj lkSrsyh ek¡ okys O;ogkj dh f'kdk;r djrh gSA Hkwrdky

esa vka/z izns'k esa ,u-Vh- jkek jko] if'peh caxky esa T;ksfr clq] dukZVd esa jke Ñ".k gsxM+s] rfeyukMq esa

d#.kkfuf/ us lnSo gh dkaxzsl osQ }kjk 'kkflr osQUnz osQ }kjk muosQ lEcfU/r jkT;ksa esa i{kikriw.kZ izo`fÙk viukus

osQ fo#¼ vkokt mBkbZ FkhA jkT; ljdkjksa dh ;g fujUrj f'kdk;r jgh gS fd osQUnz esa lÙkk:<+ ny osQ }kjk nyh;

fgrksa osQ fy, viuh mÙke foÙkh; 'kfDr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ;kstuk cukus osQ {ks=k esa jkT;ksa osQ ikl

dksbZ Lok;Ùkrk ugha vkSj blosQ fy, budks la?k ij fuHkZj djuk iM+rk gSA jkT;ksa dks lzksrksa vkSj lgk;rk jkf'k dk

foHkktu djrs le; ;kstuk vk;ksx vkSj foÙk vk;ksx lkekU; :i esa osQUnzh; funsZ'kksa ij gh pyrs jgs gSaA cktkjh

½.k ls gksus okyh viuh vk; dk 80 ls 90 izfr'kr Hkkx osQUnz }kjk j[kk tkrk gS vkSj 'ks"k 10 ls 20 izfr'kr

Hkkx jkT;ksa osQ fy, NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA Jherh v#.kk pkyu osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh; la?k dh jkT;ksa ij 'kfDr'kkyh

foÙkh; tdM+ gSA ns'k osQ foÙkh; lEcU/ksa esa osQUnz gh vk/kjHkwr fu.kZ; djrk gS vkSj ogh vfUre gksrs gSaA¸ jkT;ksa

osQ }kjk fodkl ;kstukvksa dks mfpr vkSj izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw djus osQ fy, vf/d foÙkh; lzksrksa vkSj vf/

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d foÙkh; Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x dh tkrh jgh gSA og la?k dks djksa ls gksus okyh oqQy ljdkjh vk; esa ls jkT;ksa

dk osQoy 25 izfr'kr ;k blls Hkh de Hkkx gksus ls ukjkt jgs gSaA nwljh vksj] la?k ljdkj orZeku O;oLFkk dks

mfpr Bgjkrh jgh gS vkSj jkT;ksa ij vius lzksr xSj&mRiknu'khy fuos'kksa ij yxkus vkSj vius lzksrksa osQ ,d=khdj.k

esa v;ksX;rk osQ O;okgj dk vkjksi yxkrh gS tks jkT;ksa osQ foÙkh; xSj&mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ O;ogkj dks izdV djrk

jgk gSA ;g Hkh roZQ fn;k tkrk jgk gS fd osQUnz ij la?k osQ iz'kklu osQ vfrfjDr vkarfjd lqj{kk] vkarfjd vkSj

fons'kh ½.kksa dh O;oLFkk djus] Hkkstu vkSj [kknksa ij nh tkus okyh NwVksa lfgr ns'k dh j{kk dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk

gSA blh izdkj la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; ljdkjh vk; rFkk foÙkh; lzksrksa osQ foHkktu esa vkSj foÙkh; lEcU/ksa esa

ruko cuk jgk gSA

2- jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk (Role of Governor)% lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj] jkT;iky dh nksgjh Hkwfedk fuf'pr

dh xbZ gS jkT; esa la?k osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esa vkSj jkT; osQ laoS/kfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esaA viuh igyh Hkwfedk

osQ vuqlkj jkT;iky fo'oluh; cukrk gS fd jkT; ljdkj laoS/kfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djsA blosQ

lkFk&lkFk og osQUnz osQ vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, Hkh dk;Z djrk gSA mldh ,slh Hkwfedk izk;% mldks jkT;

ljdkj dh n`f"V esa lUnsg'khy cuk nsrh gSA jkT;iky dks fu;qDr djus vkSj gVkus dh O;oLFkk jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk

dh tkrh gS vkSj jk"Vªifr bl lEcU/ esa lnSo gh la?kh; oSQfcusV osQ ijke'kZ ij O;ogkj djrk gSA blosQ

ifj.kkeLo:i jkT;iky osQUnz esa vf/Ñr ny dk ,tsaV cu tkrk gSA jkT;iky osQ in dh jktuhfrd fu;qfDr;k¡]

osQUnz esa ljdkj cnyus osQ i'pkr~ jkT;ikyksa dk gVk;k tkuk] jkT;iky vkSj jkT; osQ eq[;ea=kh osQ eè; Vdjko]

osQUnz osQ }kjk jktuhfrd O;fDr;ksa dks jkT;ksa dk jkT;iky cuk nsuk vkSj oqQN jkT;ikyksa dh i{kikriw.kZ izo`fÙk ;g

lHkh la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; Vdjko iSnk djus okys dkjd jgs gSaA jkT; osQ laoS/kfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esa dk;Z

djrs le; jkT;iky izk;% la?k ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkj osQ eè; jktuhfrd [ksy esa 'kkfey gks tkrk jgk gSA

;g fo'ks"kdj rc gksrk jgk gS tc jkT; ljdkj ml ny dh gks tks osQUnz esa lÙkk esa u gksA tEew&d'ehj esa Jh

txeksgu (1998)] vka/z izns'k esa Jh jke yky (1984)] vle osQ jkT;iky (1990) dukZVd osQ jkT;iky

(1990) mÙkj izns'k osQ jkT;iky Jh jes'k HkaMkjh (1996) 2005 esa >kj[kaM osQ rFkk fcgkj osQ jkT;ikyksa osQ

O;ogkj lhek rd i{kikr iw.kZ o`fÙk fn[kkbZ nhA 1984 esa d'ehj] dukZVd vkSj vka/z izns'k osQ jkT;ikyksa osQ] 1989

esa dukZVd osQ jkT;iky o 2005 esa >kj[k.M osQ jkT;iky us jkT;ksa esa jkT;ikyksa dh Hkwfedk osQ lEcU/ esa iSQys

fookn esa tyrh ij ?kh Mkyus dk dk;Z fd;kA jkT;ksa osQ dbZ fcyksa osQ lEcU/ksa esa jk"Vªifr dh lgefr izkIr djus

(vuqPNsn 200) esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk Hkh dbZ ckj i{kikrh vkSj xSj&mÙkjnk;h jgh gSA rfeyukMq dh eq[;ea=kh

oqQekjh t;yfyrk osQ fo#¼ iqfyl dk;Zokgh vkjaHk djokus osQ lEcU/ esa ogk¡ osQ jkT;iky Jh psUuk jsM~Mh dh

Hkwfedk cM+h fooknxzLr jgh FkhA rfeyukMq fo/kulHkk us rks Jh jsM~Mh dks okil cqykus dk izLrko gh ikl dj

fn;k FkkA 1996&97 osQ nkSjku mÙkj izns'k osQ jkT;iky jes'k HkaMkjh dk vkpj.k Hkh fookn&iw.kZ jgkA jkT;ikyksa

osQ ,sls O;ogkj la?k rFkk jkT;ksa osQ lEcU/ksa esa ruko dk lzksr jgs gSaA

dbZ ckj jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr osQ eqís ij la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; fookn iSnk gks tkrk jgk gSA jkT; ljdkj fdlh

fo'ks"k O;fDr dks jkT;iky Lohdkj djus esa viuh ukjktxh dks izdV djrh gSA tSlk fd if'peh caxky dh lk>s

ekspsZ dh ljdkj dHkh Hkh jkT;iky /eZohj dks Lohdkj djus vkSj mldks lgu djus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha FkhA

jkT;iky dh LoSfPNd 'kfDr;ksa (Discretionary Powers)] ftuesa vuqPNsn 356 dh O;oLFkkvksa osQ v/hu

jk"Vªifr dks jkT; ljdkj Hkax djus dh fliQkfj'k djus dh 'kfDr 'kkfey gS] Hkh la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa fojks/ dk

,d lzksr jgh gSaA ebZ 2005 esa fcgkj osQ jkT;iky Jh cwVk flag }kjk jkT; fo/ku lHkk dks Hkax fd, tkus dh

fliQkfj'k us Hkh dkiQh fookn dks tUe fn;kA vyx&vyx jkT;ikyksa us jkT;ksa esa lÙkk:<+ ny@nyksa osQ cgqer osQ

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eqís dk fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, vyx&vyx ekinaMksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky Lora=k vkSj fu"i{k

jSiQjh dh Hkwfedk ugha fuHkkrs jgsA os osQUnzh; ,tsaV osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs jgs gSa vkSj viuh cqf¼ dks fu"i{k <ax

ls ugha iz;ksx djrs jgs gSaA bl leLr izfØ;k esa os Lo;a fooknxzLr gks tkrs jgs gSaA chrs le; esa jkT;ksa osQ

jkT;ikyksa osQ }kjk osQUnz ljdkj osQ }kjk vuqPNsn 356 osQ nq#i;ksx us Hkh jkT;iky osQ in dks fooknxzLr cuk,

j[kkA dkaxzsl osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd, x, jkT;ikyksa us la?k dh ljdkj osQ usr`Ro esa dbZ ckj xSj&dkaxzslh jkT; ljdkjksa

osQ eq[;&eaf=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ i{kikrh izo`fÙk viuk;hA ,slk oqQN osQUnz esa turk ljdkj osQ }kjk fu;qDr fd, x,

jkT;ikyksa osQ }kjk ekpZ] 1977&1979 vkSj uoEcj] 1989 ls twu] 1991 esa fd;kA 1996&97 nkSjku] mÙkj izns'k

osQ jkT;iky Jh jes'k HkaMkjh dk O;ogkj Hkh fu"i{k ugha FkkA okLro esa xqtjkr vkSj mÙkj izns'k osQ lEcU/ esa

izFke lk>k ekspkZ ljdkj us iz/kuea=kh Jh ,p-Mh- nsoxkSM+k v/hu vuqPNsn 356 dk mfpr iz;ksx ugha fd;kA

1967 osQ pkSFkh vke pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~] jkT;iky jkT; osQ eq[;eaf=k;ksa dks lÙkk ls gVkus dh nkSM+ esa osQUnzh; ,tsaV

cu x, FksA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mUgksaus osQUnz osQ }kjk fuf'pr fd, x, ;k okafNr y{;ksa dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy,

fHkUu&fHkUu rjg ls dk;Z fd;kA jkT; esa ^ukilan ikVhZ* dh ljdkj osQ fo#¼ vuqPNsn 356 osQ iz;ksx esa la?k

dh lgk;rk djus esa jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk us vkSj laoS/kfud ladVdky osQ le; esa mlosQ }kjk jkT; osQ iz'kklu

pykus us Hkh jkT;iky osQ in dks fooknkLin cuk fn;kA dbZ jkT;ikyksa osQ }kjk jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dks LFkfxr

djus@Hkax djus osQ eqís ij fuHkkbZ xbZ i{kikriw.kZ Hkwfedk us tyrh ij rsy Mkyus dk dk;Z fd;kA jkT;] lkekU;

:i esa] jkT;iky dks ^ckgjh 'kfDr ls 'kklu djus okyk 'kkld* le>rs jgs gSa vkSj blosQ fy, mldks Fkksik x;k

vuSfPNd O;fDr le>k tkrk jgk gSA jkT; pkgrs gSa fd jkT;iky lnSo eq[;ea=kh osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj dk;Z

djs vkSj jkT; osQ yksxksa dks vius jkT;iky dk fuokZpu djus dk vf/dkj gksuk pkfg,A de&ls&de bl ckr

dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, fd la?k ljdkj dh viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkj jkT; osQ jkT;ikyksa dks fu;qDr djus] mudk

LFkkukarj.k djus rFkk mudks in&eqDr djus dh 'kfDr ij vko';d oqQN jksd gksuh pkfg,A ebZ 2004 esa lÙkk

esa vkus osQ i'pkr~ ;w-ih-,- ljdkj dk dbZ jkT;ksa osQ jkT;ikyksa dks bdV~Bs in&eqDr djus dk fu.kZ; mfpr ugha

FkkA blls ;g Li"V fn[kkbZ fn;k fd osQUnz ljdkj viuh ilan osQ jkT;ikyksa dks gh fu;qDr djuh pkgrh FkhA

okLro esa Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh esa jkT;iky dk in Hkh ,d fookn rFkk ruko dk eqík jgk gSA

3- vuqPNsn 356 dk nq#i;ksx (Misuse of Article 356)% vuqPNsn 356 osQ vuqlkj] jk"Vªifr dks ;g

vf/dkj fn;k x;k gS fd og jkT; esa laoS/kfud e'khujh vliQy gksus dh ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh jkT; ljdkj osQ

HkkX; dk fu.kZ; dj ldrk gSA jk"Vªifr ;g fu.kZ; viuh bPNkuqlkj ;k jkT; osQ jkT;iky dh fjiksVZ osQ vk/kj

ij ys ldrk gSA okLro esa] jk"Vªifr dks vius lHkh fu.kZ; la?k ljdkj osQ ijke'kZ osQ vuqlkj djus gksrs gSa vkSj

jkT;iky dh fjiksVZ dk egÙo de gh gksrh gSA dbZ ckj la?k ljdkj osQ }kjk Hkh jkT;iky ls fjiksVZ dh ek¡x dj

yh tkrh gSA dksbZ jkT; ljdkj rc Hkax dj nh tkrh gS tc jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu jkT; esa laoS/kfud

ladVdky fLFkfr dk ?kks"k.kk dj nsA rc rd la?k us yxHkx 105 ckj bl vuqPNsn dk iz;ksx fd;k gS vkSj

vf/drj ekeyksa esa bl vuqPNsn dk iz;ksx jktuhfrd fgrksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk jgk gS vFkkZr~ ;g fd ml jkT;

ljdkj dks LFkfxr djus osQ fy, dh tkrh jgh gS tgk¡ fd dksbZ fojks/h ny ;k dksbZ fojks/h usrk 'kklu pyk

jgk gksrk Fkk ;k jkT; esa ljdkj xBu djus dk iz;kl dj jgk gksrk Fkk vkSj tks osQUnz esa usr`Ro okys 'kkld ny

osQ fy, vuSfPNd vkSj vlguh; ny ;k usrk ekuk tkrk FkkA 11 ekpZ] 1994 dks loksZPp U;k;ky; us fu.kZ;

fn;k Fkk fd jk"Vªifr ?kks"k.kk v/hu vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx osQ v/hu 1988 esa ukxkySaM vkSj 1989 esa dukZVd

vkSj 1991 esa es?kky; dh jkT; fo/ku lHkk,¡ Hkax djuk xSj&laoS/kfud FkkA ebZ 2005 eas fcgkj osQ jkT;iky cwVk

flag dk jkT; fo/kulHkk Hkax djus dk fu.kZ; fu'p; gh jktuhfr ls izHkkfor FkkA vuqPNsn 356 jkT;ksa dh

Lok;Ùkrk ij fujUrj fo|eku [krjk izrhr gksrk gSµ;g la?k osQ gkFkksa esa ,d ,slk 'kL=k gS ftlosQ iz;ksx ls la?k

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fdlh jkT; ljdkj dks lÙkk ls vyx dj ldrk gSA jkT; pkgrs gSa fd laoS/kfud la'kks/u osQ }kjk bl lÙkkoknh

vuqPNsn* dks lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd tc rd ;g vfLrRo esa jgsxk] jkT; dHkh Hkh lPps vFkks± esa

Lok;Ùkrk izkIr ugha dj ldrs vkSj os Lo;a dks osQUnz osQ ncko ls Lora=k vuqHko ugha dj ldrsA Vh-Mh-ih-] Mh-

,e-osQ-] ,-th-ih-] lh-ih-vkbZ-] lh-ih-,e-] ,l-,-Mh- vkSj oqQN vU; ny bl fooknxzLr vkSj la?k fojks/h vuqPNsn

dks lekIr djus dh odkyr djrs jgs gSaA

4- lafo/ku esa la'kks/u djus dh 'kfDr dk nq#i;ksx (Misuse of Power to Amend the Constitu-

tion)% osQoy la?k ljdkj osQ ikl gh lafo/ku la'kks/u djus dh O;kid 'kfDr gSA osQoy oqQN la'kks/u djus

osQ fy, de&ls&de vk/h jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dh LohÑfr vko';d gksrh gSA la?k osQ ikl viuh 'kfDr;k¡

c<+kus osQ fy, lafo/ku esa la'kks/u djus dh 'kfDr gS vkSj fiNys le; esa oqQN ,sls gh la'kks/u djus osQ dkj.k

jkT;ksa dks miyC/ 'kfDr;ksa dk {ks=k oqQN lhfer gks x;k gSA jkT; lwph esa igys 66 fo"k; 'kkfey Fks] ijUrq vc

blesa izHkkoh :i esa 61 fo"k; jg x, gSaA la?kh; lwph esa 1 vkSj leorhZ lwph esa 5 u, fo"k; fd, x, gSaA la?k

osQ 98 fo"k;ksa vkSj leorhZ 52 fo"k;ksa] ftu ij la?k dks izkFkfedrk izkIr gS] vkSj dbZ vo'ks"k fo"k;ks lfgr la?k

vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ :i esa Hkkjrh; la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa dk;Z djrk jgk gSA lafo/ku osQ }kjk la?k dks

la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ lEcU/ esa rhuksa {ks=kksaµoS/kfud] iz'kkldh; vkSj foÙkh; esa vf/d egÙoiw.kZ vkSj O;kid

Hkwfedk nh xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh osQ dk;Z&O;ogkj us la?k dks jkT;ksa ls vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cuk fn;k gS

vkSj bl izfØ;k esa laoS/kfud la'kks/u] lalnh; dkuwu] osQUnzh; uhfr;ksa] osQUnzhÑr fu;kstu vkSj U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa

us la?k osQ fy, lgk;d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA jkT;] la?k dks vkSj vf/d 'kfDr nsus dk fojks/ djrs jgs gSaA jkT;

foosQUnzhdj.k pkgrs gSa vkSj os pkgrs gSa fd jkT;ksa dks vf/d lzksr vkSj 'kfDr;k¡ nh tk,¡A

5- jkT;ksa esa osQUnzh; cyksa dks yxk;k tkuk (Deployment of Central Forces in the States)% la?k

vkSj jkT;ksa esa fookn dk ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ eqík la?k osQ }kjk jkT;ksa esa osQUnzh; cyksaµlh-vkj-ih- ,iQ-] ch-,l-

,iQ-] vkbZ-Vh-ch-ih-] ih-vkbZ-,l-,iQ- CySd oSQV dekaMkst vkfn dks yxk;k tkuk jgk gSA jkT; esa ladV osQ le;

osQ nkSjku tSlk fd lkEiznkf;d naxksa ;k gM+rkyksa osQ le; jkT; Lo;a la?k ls osQUnzh; cyksa dh vko';d ek¡x djrs

gSa vkSj izk;% gh de la[;k esa ;k budks nsj ls Hksts tkus dh f'kdk;r djrs jgs gSaA ijUrq dbZ ckj tc dHkh la?k]

osQUnzh; lEifÙk dh j{kk djus osQ fy, ;k lkoZtfud O;oLFkk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, jkT;ksa esa osQUnzh; cyksa dh

fu;qfDr djrk gS rks jkT; ljdkjsa] fo'ks"k :i esa mu jkT;ksa dh tgk¡ osQUnz esa lÙkk:<+ ny osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ vU;

ny osQ gkFk esa fu;a=k.k gks] bl fu.kZ; dk n`<+ fojks/ djrs gSaA if'peh caxky tgk¡ fd yEcs le; ls oke&iaFkh

ny lÙkk esa gSa] us lnSo gh osQUnzh; cyksa dh fu;qfDr dk fojks/ fd;k gSA 1968 vkSj 1969 esa osQjy ljdkj osQ

}kjk jsyos deZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rky osQ }kjk iSnk gqbZ fLFkfr ls fuiVus osQ fy, vkSj osQUnzh; lEifÙk dh j{kk osQ

fy, la?k osQ }kjk lh-vkj-ih-,iQ- dh fu;qfDr dh tksjnkj fuank dh xbZ FkhA iatkc esa xqjuke flag ljdkj us jkT;

ljdkj dh lykg osQ fcuk lh-vkj-ih-,iQ- dh fu;qfDr dh fuank dh FkhA dbZ usrkvksa osQ }kjk Hkh jkT;ksa esa mxzokn

ij fu;a=k.k ikus osQ fy, osQUnzh; cyksa dk iz;ksx djus dh fuank dh tkrh jgh gSA ijUrq osQUnz jkT;ksa osQ ijke'kZ

;k lgefr ls ;k blosQ fcuk jkT;ksa esa lh-vkj-ih-,iQ- Hkstus osQ vf/dkj dk fujUrj iz;ksx djrk jgk gSA ;g

Hkh ruko dk ,d {ks=k cuk jgk gSA

6- jkT;ksa osQ }kjk la?k&dkuwuksa dks ykxw u djus dk eqík (The Issue of Non-implementation of

Union Laws by the States)% lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jkT; ljdkjksa dk vius&vius jkT; osQ Hkw&{ks=kksa esa la?k

osQ dkuwu ykxw djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro gksrk gSA bl mís'; osQ fy,] la?k jkT;ksa dks funsZ'k Hkh tkjh dj ldrk gSA

jkT;ksa dk ;g laoS/kfud mÙkjnkf;Ro gS fd os viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx bl <ax ls djsa tks la?k osQ dkuwu ykxw

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djus esa lgk;d fl¼ gksA dbZ ckj jkT; ljdkjsa la?k osQ cuk, fdlh fo'ks"k dkuwu dks ykxw djus osQ i{k esa

ugha gksrh tks muosQ vuqlkj bldh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa esa ck/k iSnk djus okyk le>k tkrk gSA 1968 esa] osQjy

ljdkj osQ }kjk osQUnz ljdkj osQ deZpkfj;ksa osQ }kjk dh xbZ gM+rky jksdus osQ fy, la?k osQ }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k

vko';d lsok,¡ vè;kns'k (Essential Services Ordinance) dks ykxw djus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA 1979

esa fcgkj] xqtjkr] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy] jktLFkku (lHkh turk ikVhZ dh ljdkjksa)] rfeyukMq (,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ-

ljdkj)] f=kiqjk vkSj if'peh caxky (oke&iaFkh ljdkjksa) us xqIr /u vkSj dkyk cktkjh jksdus osQ fy, osQUnz

esa pj.k flag ljdkj osQ }kjk tkjh fd;k x;k fuokjd utjcanh vè;kns'k (Preventive detention

Ordinance) ykxw djus ls badkj dj fn;k FkkA jkT; ljdkjksa dh ,slh xfrfof/;ksa ls osQUnz&jkT; fookn vkSj

xgjs gks tkrs jgs gSaA la?k ljdkj osQ ikl vuqPNsn 365 osQ v/hu fdlh jkT; esa ,slh fLFkfr ls vkSj laoS/kfud

e'khujh dh vliQyrk ls fuiVus dh 'kfDr gksrh gS vkSj bl izdkj og vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu laoS/kfud

ladVdky dh fLFkfr ykxw djus osQ fy, foo'k gks tkrk jgk gSA 1990 esa rfeyukMq esa Mh-,e-osQ- ljdkj osQ

LFkxu dk fu.kZ; blh vk/kj ij fd;k x;k FkkA ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k Fkk fd Mh-,e-osQ- ljdkj Jhyadk osQ

mu rkfey mxzokfn;ksa osQ fo#¼ osQUnzh; dkuwu ykxw ugha dj jgh Fkhh tks rfeyukMq esa jg jgs FksA osQUnz osQ ,sls

fu.kZ;ksa dk lnSo jkT;ksa }kjk fojks/ fd;k tkrk jgk gSA

7- jkT;ksa osQ fo#¼ HksnHkko (Discrimination against States)% jkT; nks osQUnzh; ,tsafl;ksa&;kstuk

vk;ksx vkSj foÙk vk;ksx osQ }kjk jktLo osQ foHkktu vkSj osQUnzh; lgk;rk jkf'k nsus osQ eqís ij Hkh ukjkt jgs

gSaA la?k ljdkj ij oqQN jkT;ksa osQ i{k esa vkSj oqQN jkT;ksa osQ fo#¼ HksnHkko djus dk vkjksi yxk;k tkrk jgk

gSA mu jkT;ksa osQ fo#¼ tgk¡ ^fojks/h* ny 'kklu djrs Fkss] ;g nks"k yxk;k tkrk gS fd cM+s m|ksxksa dks LFkkfir

djus osQ fu.kZ; djrs le; osQUnz us oqQN jkT;ksa tSlk fd iatkc] gfj;k.kk] fgekpy vkSj tEew&d'ehj dks dfFkr

:i esa misf{kr fd;k FkkA iatkc esa tgk¡ fd izfr O;fDr vk; lcls vf/d gS] ogk¡ osQoy nks cM+s m|ksxµuaxy

iQVhZykbtlZ vkSj jsy dksp iSQDVjh gh LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA jkT; esa vkradokn ls fuiVus osQ fy, iatkc dks fn,

x, ½.k dks ekiQ djus esa dh xbZ fgpfdpkgV vkSj nsjh dh iatkc dh ,l-,-Mh-] ch-ts-ih- ljdkj osQ }kjk dM+h

vkykspuk dh xbZ vkSj bldks osQUnz dk lkSrsyh ek¡ okyk O;ogkj dgk x;kA nf{k.kh jkT;ksa] fo'ks"k :i esa rfeyukMq

osQ }kjk dbZ voljksa ij] 1967] 1975 vkSj 1982 esa osQUnzh; iwy osQ }kjk Hkkstu (pkoy) dh de lIykbZ dh

f'kdk;r dh xbZ FkhA if'peh caxky ljdkj (oke ekspsZ dh ljdkj) osQ }kjk 1980 osQ n'kd esa dk;Z osQ izfr

Hkkstu izksxzke osQ v/hu ;gk¡ dh turk dks fn, tkus okys Hkkstu esa osQUnzh; HksnHkko dk n`<+ fojks/ fd;k x;k

FkkA foÙkh; vk;ksxksa us Hkh 'kk;n gh dHkh jkT;ksa dks oqQy ljdkjh vkenuh osQ 30 izfr'kr ls vf/d dh LohÑfr

nh gksA ;kstuk vk;ksx us lnSo gh la?k dh yach cktw cudj dk;Z fd;k gSA jk"Vªh; fu;kstu }kjk] la?k dh Hkwfedk

dks lnSo c<+k;k x;k gS vkSj blls jkT;ksa dh Hkwfedk dks ?kVkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA blus la?k dk jkT;ksa ij

fu;a=k.k dks c<+k;k gSA jkT; fo"k;ksa dks jk"Vªh; ;kstukvksa osQ }kjk la?k }kjk gM+i fy;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kLo:i]

lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe ,d jkT; fo"k; gS ijUrq bldks osQUnz osQ }kjk fu;af=kr dk;ZØe osQ v/hu pyk;k

tkrk jgk gSA dbZ jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us ;g Hkh nks"k yxk;k gS fd 73oha vkSj 74oha la'kks/u osQ }kjk la?k }kjk

iapk;rksa vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj foÙkh; lk/u lkSaius us jkT;ksa osQ vf/dkj dks lhfer fd;k

gSA osQ- laFkkue dgrs gSa] ¶fu;kstu us la?kokn ij vf/dkj dj fy;k gS vkSj gekjk ns'k dbZ rjg ls ,d ,dkRed

O;oLFkk osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgk gSA jk"Vªh; fodkl dkSafly Hkh viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa vliQy jgh gSA jkT;ksa

dks osQUnzh; lgk;rk nsus esa lnSo HksnHkko fd;k tkrk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; la?kokn esa ;g ,d ruko dk {ks=k cuk jgk

gSA¸

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8- jkT;ksa esa gksus okys pqukoksa vkSj jkT; fo/kulHkk osQ mi&pqukoksa dks HksnHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls LFkfxr djus

dk eqík (Discriminatory Postponement of Elections and By-elections to State

Assemblies)µHkkjr esa fuokZpu djokus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro fuokZpu vk;ksx dk gksrk gS tks ,d LorU=k laoS/kfud

vk;ksx gS ftl osQ ikl lafo/ku osQ ikl lafo/ku osQ }kjk nh xbZ 'kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSaA ijUrq] dbZ ckj] la?k ljdkj

osQ }kjk jkT;ksa esa i{kikrh vk/kj ij fo/kulHkk pquko vkSj mi&pquko LFkfxr djus osQ fy, fuokZpu vk;ksx ij

ncko Mkyk tkrk jgk gSA fuokZpu vk;ksx if'peh caxky fo/kulHkk osQ mi&pquko 23 uoEcj] 1980 dks jkT;

ljdkj dh izkFkZuk ij djokus osQ fy, lfger Fkk ijUrq dkaxzsl 'kkflr osQUnz osQ ncko v/hu mi&pquko LFkfxr

djus iM+s FksA blh izdkj] la?k ljdkj us dbZ ckj jkT;ksa esa ,d okafNr pquko oSQys.Mj osQ vuqlkj pquko laxfBr

djokus osQ fy, fuokZpu vk;ksx ij izHkko Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA iatkc esa osQUnz osQ ncko v/hu gh fuokZpu

vk;ksx osQ }kjk twu] 1991 dh pquko LFkfxr fd, x, Fks ftldk dbZ ,d jktuhfrd nyksa osQ }kjk ”kksjnkj fojks/

fd;k x;k FkkA

9- la?k osQ }kjk jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- dk vf/d mi;ksx (Over Use of Radio and T.V. by the

Union)µjsfM;ks vkSj VSyhfo”ku lapkj osQ nks 'kfDr'kkyh lk/u gSa ftu ij osQUnz dk fu;U=k.k gSA la?k ljdkj

Lo;a rks budk iz;ksx viuh uhfr;ksa dk izpkj djus osQ fy, dj ldrh gS] ijUrq ;g fdlh fo'ks"k jkT; ljdkj

;k ljdkjksa dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh vksj vkykspd izo`fÙk viukus ;k mudks fu#Rlkfgr djus osQ fy, Hkh

bu lk/uksa ij izHkko Mky ldrh gSA jkT; osQ usrkvksa] eq[; efU=k;ksa vkSj vU; efU=k;ksa dks lekpkjksa osQ cqysfVu

esa misf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k mudks jkT; osQ {ks=k esa lEcfU/r jkT; osQ yksxksa dks jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- LVs'kuksa

osQ }kjk lEcksf/r djus dk volj nsus ls budkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA twu] 1983 esa vky bafM;k jsfM;ks gSnjkckn

us eq[; eU=kh ,u-Vh- jkek jko dks jsfM;ks Hkk"k.k nsus dh vkKk ugha nh FkhA jsfM;ks vkSj Vh-oh- LVs'ku jkT; osQ

efU=k;ksa osQ }kjk bu lapkj lk/uksa ij fn, tkus okys Hkk"k.k esa dkaV&NkaV djuh ;k lSalj yxkuk pkgrs gSa tcfd

lEcfU/r eU=kh vius Hkk"k.k esa dkaV&NkaV Lohdkj djus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gkssrsA bl izdkj lapkj lk/uksa dk

iz;ksx Hkh la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa eas ruko dk {ks=k jgk gSA

10- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsok,¡ (All India Services)µvf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa vkbZ-,-,l- vkSj vkbZ-ih-,l- osQ

vf/dkjh jkT; iz'kklu esa lHkh izeq[k inksa ij dk;Z djrs gSaA mudh HkrhZ la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx osQ }kjk dh tkrh

gS vkSj la?k osQ x`g&eU=kky; osQ }kjk mudks vyx&vyx jkT; ckaVs tkrs gSaA muosQ O;ogkj (vkpj.k) ij osQUnzh;

dkuwukksa dk fu;U=k.k gksrk gS vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa muosQ fo#¼ cgqr de dk;Zokgh dj ldrh gSA la?k ljdkj mudks

vius fu.kZ; ykxw djokus osQ fy, funsZ'k tkjh dj ldrh gSA ,sls funsZ'kksa dk ml jkT; ljdkj] tgk¡ osQ os

iz'kkld gksrs gSa] dh uhfr;ksa@dk;ZØeksa@funsZ'kksa osQ }kjk fojks/ fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k dbZ ckj fd;k x;k gSA 1968

esa osQjy ljdkj us tc vko';d lsok,¡ vè;kns'k ykxw djus ls budkj dj fn;k rks la?k ljdkj osQ funsZ'kksa dks

oSQfcusV lfpo vkSj vkbZ-th- iqfyl osQ }kjk ykxw djok;k x;k vkSj jkT; esa lh-vkj-ih-,iQ- dks rSukr fd;k x;k

FkkA blh izdkj tc rfeyukMw ljdkj fganh&fojks/h vkUnksyuksa osQ le; mu O;kfDr;ksa osQ fo#¼ dk;Zokgh djus

osQ fy, rS;kj ugha Fkh ftUgksaus us fgUnh esa fy[ks cksMZ [kjkc dj fn, Fks] rc la?k ljdkj osQ funsZ'kksa dks izHkko'kkyh

cukus osQ fy, vkbZ-,-,l- vkSj vkbZ-ih-,l- vf/dkfj;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr la?k ljdkj

osQ }kjk jkT; osQ jkT;iky dk iz;ksx eq[; eU=kh ij u”kj j[kus osQ fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ;g rFkkdfFkr

vkjksi yxk;k x;k Fkk fd mÙkj izns'k osQ jkT;iky MkW- ,e- ,u- cgqxq.kk vkSj mlosQ nwljs efU=k;ksa ij u”kj j[kus

dk dk;Z lkSaik x;k FkkA blosQ fy, la?k osQ }kjk jkT;ksa esa vius funsZ'kksa osQ ikyu osQ fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa

dk iz;ksx Hkh la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa esa ruko dk fcUnq jgk gSA

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11- eq[; efU=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ tk¡p vk;ksxksa dh fu;qfDr (Appointment of Enquiry Commissions

against the Chief Ministers)µ,d vU; fo'ks"krk ftl ij jkT;ksa dks vkifÙk jgh gS] og ;g gS fd la?k

ljdkj osQ ikl jkT;ksa osQ eq[; efU=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ muosQ dk;Zdky osQ nkSjku gqbZ =kqfV;ksa vkSj lapkyu osQ dk;ks±

esa rFkkdfFkr vkjksiksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr djus dh 'kfDr gksrh gSA mnkgj.kLo:i 1963 esa

la?k ljdkj us igyh ckj iatkc osQ eq[;eU=kh izrki flag oSQjksa osQ fo#¼ oqQN vkjksiksa dh tk¡p osQ fy, nkl

vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;k FkkA mlosQ i'pkr~ dbZ jkT;ksa osQ eq[; efU=k;ksa osQ }kjk dh xb± vfu;ferrkvksa dh tk¡p osQ

fy, ,sls dbZ vk;ksxksa dh fu;qfDr dh xbZµJh izdk'k flag ckny (iatkc) osQ fo#¼ Naxkuh vk;ksx 1972] Jh

d#.kkfuf/ (rfeyukMw) osQ fo#¼ ljdkfj;k vk;ksx 1976] Jh osusxy jko (vka/z izns'k) osQ fo#¼ foey

nyky vk;ksx] Jh lsu xqIrk (f=kiqjk) osQ fo#¼ nqjeu vk;kssx (1979) vkSj dbZ vU;A jkT; osQ iz'kklu esa mPp

inksa ij dk;Z dj jgs yksd lsokdksa (IAS, IPS vf/dkfj;ksa) osQ fo#¼ vuq'kklukRed dk;Zokgh la?k ljdkj

gh dj ldrh gSA ,sls vf/dkfj;ksa osQ dk;ks± dh tk¡p&iM+rky Hkh osQUnz ljdkj djrh gSA

12- vUrjkZT;h; >xM+s vkSj la?k (Inter-State Disputes and the Union)µla?k ljdkj osQ }kjk fo'ks"k

vkSj cM+s vUrjkZT;h; >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs eas nsjh djus ;k vliQy jgus ls Hkh la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa esa ruko iSnk gks

tkrk jgk gSA iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk osQ eè; paMhx<+ vkSj fgUnh Hkk"kk;h {ks=kksa dks gfj;k.kk dks nsus rFkk iatkch

Hkk"kk;h {ks=kksa dks iatkc dks lkSais tkus osQ eqís ,d fookn dk {ks=k cuk jgk gSA egkjk"Vª vkSj dukZVd esa] dukZVd

vkSj rfeyukMw esa vkSj vle vkSj ef.kiqj esa lhekcanh dk >xM+k] egkjk"Vª vkSj vka/z izns'k esa Ñ".kk vkSj dkosjh

osQ tyksa] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkSj eè; izns'k esa ueZnk osQ ty] dukVZd vkSj rfeyukMw esa dkosjh osQ ty] vkSj

iatkc] gfj;k.kk vkSj jktLFkku esa jkoh&O;kl ty osQ [email protected] lEcfU/r vUrjkZT;h; >xM+s ruko iSnk

djus okys dkj.k cus jgs gSaA

13- jkT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax (Demand for State Autonomy)µjkT;ksa osQ vuqlkj lafo/ku ossQ }kjk

la?kh; <kaps dh :i&js[kk esa la?k dks nh xbZ vf/d 'kfDr;ksa vkSj jkT;ksa dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;ksa esa ,d okafNr lUrqyu

ugha cuk;k x;kA la?kh; <kapk ,dkRed Hkkouk ls dk;Z djrk jgk gSA lafo/ku ykxw gksus ls ysdj vkt rd dbZ

ckj osQUnz ljdkj us la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa dks vius i{k esa izHkkfor djus osQ vuqfpr iz;kl fd, gSaA blosQ foijhr

jkT; vf/d&ls&vf/d Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x djrs gSaA oqQN {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa tSlk fd iatkc esa vdkyh ny]

rfeyukMw esa Mh-,e- osQ-] ,-Mh-,e-osQ-] vle esa ,-th-ih- vkSj oqQN vU; ny ;g ek¡x djrs gSa fd osQUnz osQ

iklk osQoy pkj ;k ik¡p izeq[k fo"k; tSls lqj{kk] fons'kh ekeys vkfn gh gksus pkfg,A tqykbZ] 2000 esa tEew vkSj

d'ehj fo/kulHkk us rks Lok;rÙkk osQ i{k esa ,d izLrko gh ikl dj fn;kA oqQN vU; jkT; vius fy, vf/d

foÙkh; Ïksrksa] fodkl ;kstukvksa cukus vkSj ykxw djus dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSjd cSafdx ij fu;U=k.k vkfn dh ek¡x djrs

jgs gSaA mu osQ vuqlkj Hkkjr la?k esa 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dk vfLrRo ledkyhu le; dh cM+h vko';drk gSA

1947 esa ns'k osQ cVokjs osQ le; la?kh; <kaps esa cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dks viukus dh vko';drk Fkh ijUrq

vc tcfd le; cny x;k gS] jkT;ksa dks vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj Ïksr nsus osQ fy, bl iz.kkyh esa la'kks/u fd;s

tkus dh vko';drk gSA

14- osQUnz esa ubZ lÙkk/kjh ikVhZ osQ vkus osQ i'pkr~ jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dk Hkax fd;k tkuk

(Dissolution of State Assemblies after Change of Guards at the Centre)µla?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa

,d vU; ruko dk {ks=k osQUnz esa 'kkld ikVhZ osQ cnyus osQ i'pkr~ O;kid Lrj ij jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dks

Hkax djus dh uhfr jgh gSA 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj ossQUnz esa lÙkk esa vkbZ rks blus 9 jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa

dks O;kid Lrj ij Hkax djosQ ,d mnkgj.k dk;e fd;kA 1980 esa dkaxzsl us iqu% lÙkk esa vkus osQ i'pkr~ ogh

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oqQN fd;k tks bl turk ikVhZ us 1977 esa fd;k FkkA osQUnz us 1988 esa ukxkySaM fo/ku lHkk] 1989 esa dukZVd

fo/kulHkk vkSj 1991 esa es?kky; fo/kulHkk Hkax dh FkhA ckn esa vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu ,slh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks

loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ 9 lnL;h; laoS/kfud cSap osQ }kjk vlaoS/kfud Bgjk;k x;kA

vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu jkT; fo/ku lHkkvksa dks LFkfxr djus ;k Hkax djus dh dk;Zokgh jkT;ksa esa ruko iSnkdjus dk Ïksr jgh gSA bl dk;Zokgh ls jkT; le>rs gSa fd osQUnzh; Lrj ij lÙkk osQ la?k"kZ esa my>ss jk"Vªh; nyksaosQ eè; jktuhfrd [ksy esa mudk iz;ksx eksgjksa osQ :i esas fd;k tkrk jgk gSA

;g lHkh eqís la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ izeq[k ruko osQ eqí gSaA ,sls dbZ eqíksa us Hkkjrh; la?k dk LoHkko fooknxzLr

vkSj Vdjko okyk cuk, j[kkA jkT;ksa osQ }kjk vf/d foÙkh; Ïksrksa rFkk 'kfDr;ksa dh ek¡x vkt osQ okrkoj.k esa

mfpr rks gS ijUrq oqQN jkT;ksa osQ xSj&mÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZ n`f"Vdks.k dks Hkh misf{kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] fo'ks"k :i

esa rc tc dksbZ LFkkuh; ny 'kklu lÙkk dk iz;ksx dj jgk gksA blh izdkj ,slh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks osQUnzh; 'kklu

osQ }kjk laoS/kfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ jktuhfrd vkSj i{kikrh iz;ksx dks Hkh misf{kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA la?k vkSj

jkT;ksa nksuksa dks gh ijLij lg;ksxh la?kokn osQ fl¼kUr dks Lohdkj djuk pkfg, vkSj jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; egÙo

okys fo"k;ksa ij ijLij lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ls dk;Z djuk pkfg,A Hkkjrh; la?k osQ nksuksa Hkkxhnkjksa dks viuh ek¡xksa

vkSj uhfr;ksa dk fojks/ djus osQ LFkku ij vuqowQyrk ykus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg, vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk dks

lqn`<+ djuk pkfg,A vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd chrs vuqHko osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vª fuekZ.k] jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj

jk"Vªh; v[k.Mrk dh vko';drkvksa ls fdlh Hkh izdkj dk le>kSrk fd, fcuk la?kkRed O;oLFkk v/hu la?k

rFkk jkT;ksa osQ lEcU/ksa osQ lEcU/ esa oqQN vko';d la'kks/u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh

vko';drk ,sfrgkfld vko';drk gS ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh jkT;ksa dks vf/d foÙkh; Ïksr vkSj 'kfDr;ksa ls jkT;ksa

dh bPNkvksa vkSj vko';drkvksa dk iw.kZ djus vkSj la?k osQ }kjk jkT;ksa osQ fo#¼ 'kfDr;ksa dk nq#i;ksx u djus

dh Hkh vko';drk gSA la?k rFkk jkT;ksa dks fey dj lg;ksxh la?kokn dh Hkkouk osQ vk/kj ij jk"Vªh; fgr dh

vko';drkvksas dks è;ku j[krs gq, vius lEcU/ksa esa ,d lUrqyu cuk, j[kus dk fujUrj iz;kl djuk pkfg,A

oSls lk>h jktuhfrd osQ mn~Hko us ;g vko';d cuk fn;k gS fd lHkh Hkkjrh; nyksa vkSj muosQ xBcU/uksa dks

,d ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k viukdj dk;Z djuk pkfg,A vkt dksbZ Hkh jktuhfrd ny pqukoksa esa vosQyk cgqer

izkIr djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gSA jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ nyksa dks lÙkk izkfIr osQ fy, {ks=kh; Lrj osQ nyksa osQ yxkrkj

leFkZu vkSj lg;ksx dh vko';drk gS vkSj {ks=kh; ny jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ nyksa osQ lkFk tqM+ dj osQUnz esa lÙkk osQ

Hkkxhnkj cu ldrs gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ;g vko';d gS fd lHkh jktuhfrd ny ,d lg;ksxh la?kokn dh

Hkkouk dks viuk,¡ vkSj blosQ vuqlkj gh vius O;ogkj dks fu;fer djsaA

13-5 la?k&jkT; laca/ksa dh iqujZpuk osQ fy, izLrko (Proposal forCentre-State Re-formation)

Hkkjrh; lafo/ku essa la?kh; O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk ,dkRedokn dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA blesa la?kh; iz.kkyhesa cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh O;oOFkk dh xbZ gSA osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa&oS/kfud] iz'kklfud vkSjfoÙkh; {ks=kksa esa lafo/ku (Hkkx XI vkSj XII) esa ,slh iz.kkyh dh O;oLFkk gS tks la?k dks jkT;ksa ls vf/d 'kfDrvkSj Js"Brk iznku djrh gSA

Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh esa osQUnz dh 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr ^lPps la?kokn* ;k ^Lok;Ùk jkT;* ;k ^'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz

lfgr 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa* osQ leFkZdksa osQ fy, vkykspuk dk fo"k; jgh gSA dbZ {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa tSls iatkc

esa vdkyh ny] rfeyukMw esa Mh-,e-osQ-] vle esa ,-th-ih-] vka/z izns'k esa rsyqxq ns'ke vkfn vkSj oke&iaFkh nyksa

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osQ oqQN Hkkx Hkh jkT;ksa osQ fy, vf/d 'kfDr;ksa] fo'ks"k :i esa foÙkh; vkSj fu;kstu ossQ {ks=k esa vf/d 'kfDr;ksa

dh ek¡x djrs jgs gSaA bUgksaus bl fn'kk esa oqQN n`<+ iz;Ru Hkh fd, gSaA jkteUukj fjiksVZ 1972] vkuUniqj lkfgc

dk izLrko (1973) vkSj osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa ij if'peh caxky ljdkj dk ;kn&i=k bl fn'kk esa ehy&iRFkj

fl¼ gq, gSaA 1983 esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ }kjk la?kjkT; lEcU/ksa osQ iw.kZ {ks=k dh leh{kk osQ fy, ljdkfj;k vk;ksx

fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bldh fliQkfj'kksa us Hkh lHkh dk è;ku vius vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA

osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa esa laHko la'kks/u dh izÑfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, bu lHkh iz;Rukssa dk la{ksi esa

vè;;u djuk vko';d gSA

I jkteUukj lfefr fjiksVZ] 1972 (Rajmannar Committee Report, 1972)

1969 esa rfeyukMw esa Mh-,e-osQ- ljdkj us la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ iw.kZ {ks=k dh leh{kk osQ fy, ,d&lfefr&jkteUukj

lfefr fu;qDr dhA bl lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa lafo/ku dh dbZ O;oLFkkvksa vuqPNsn 249] 257] 275] 282]

352 360 vkSj 365 dh iqu% jpuk djus dh fli+Qkfj'ksa fuEufyf[kr Fkha%

1- ,d vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ LFkkfir djus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ vkSj ;g dgk x;k fd la?kh; laln~ dks ,d

ls vf/d jkT;kssa osQ fgrksa osQ lEcU/ esa bl ifj"kn~ ls ijke'kZ djuk pkfg,A

2- foÙk vk;ksx ,d LFkk;h laLFkk gksuh pkfg, vkSj jkT; osQUnz ij de fuHkZj gksus pkfg,A jkT;ksa dks foÙkh;

Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gksuh pkfg, vkSj ;g 'kfDr'kkyh gksus pkfg,A

3- jkT;ksa dks 'kfDr'kkyh cukus osQ fy, la?kh; lwph osQ dbZ fo"k;ksa dks jkT; lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A

4- ;kstuk vk;ksx ,d Lok;Ùkrk izkIr laLFkk gksuh pkfg,A ;ksstuk vk;ksx esa osQUnz dh Hkwfedk ?kVkbZ tkuh

pkfg,A

5- jkT; esa jkT;iky osQ in osQ lEcU/ esa jkteUukj fjiksVZ us fliQkfj'k dh fd jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr jkT;

oSQfcusV dh lgefr ls gksuh pkfg,A ;fn ;g laHko u gks rks ,d mPp 'kfDr okyh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk

dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj ;g mÙkjnkf;Ro mldks lkSai nsuk pkfg,A jkT;ikyksa osQ O;ogkj dks fu"i{k cukus

osQ fy,] jkT;iky osQ :i esa mudh lsok eqfDr osQ i'pkr~ mudks vU; inksa ij fu;qDr ugha fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A

6- jkT;iky dh bPNk rd jkT; efU=keaMy osQ cus jgus dh O;oLFkk lekIr dh tkuh pkfg,A

7- lHkh jkT;ksa dks pkgs og cMs+ ;k NksVs] jkT;lHkk esa okLrfod 'kq¼ la?kh; fl¼kUr osQ vk/kj ij ,d

leku izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gksuk pkfg,A

8- izR;sd jkT; osQ mPp U;k;ky; dks vius jkT; ls lHkh eqdíeksa osQ lEcU/ esa vfUre vf/dkj izkIr gksuk

pkfg,A osQoy laoS/kfud eqdíes gh blosQ viokn gksus pkfg,A

9- vaxzs”kh dks osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lEioZQ Hkk"kk osQ :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

10- loksZPp U;k;ky; dks lHkh vUrjkZT;h; ty fookn fuiVkus dh 'kfDr nh tkuh pkfg,A

11- Hkkjr la?k esa tEew vkSj d'ehj dk fo'ks"k Lrj LFkkfir j[kk tkuh pkfg,A

Mh- ,e- osQ- ljdkj us ;g fjiksVZ osQUnz ljdkj dks izLrqr dhA ijUrq bldh fliQkfj'ksa osQUnzh; usrkvksa dks LohÑr

ugha gqbZA ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd Hkkjr tSls cgqyoknh jkT; osQ fy, lafo/ku esa fuf'pr fd, vuqlkj

'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dk vfLrRo cgqr vko';d FkkA jk"Vªh; ;kstukvksa osQ }kjk lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh

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vko';drk osQ fy, vkSj ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk LFkkfir j[kus dh vko';drk osQ fy, Hkkjrh; jktuhfr

esa 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dk gksuk iw.kZr;k mfpr FkkA

II. vkuUniwj lkfgc izLrko] 1973 (The Anandpur Sahib Resolution, 1973)

jkT;ksa dks Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh vko';drk osQ fy, vkok”k mBkus osQ fy, f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us ,d izLrko rS;kj

fd;k vkSj ikl fd;kA 1973 esa vkuUniqj lkfgc esa 18osa vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkUizSaQl esa ikl fd, x, izLoko osQ

okLrfod Lo:i osQ ckjs esa oqQN rÙoksa dh Li"V tkudkjh ugha gS D;ksafd vyx&vyx vdkyh usrkvksa vkSj muosQ

xqVksa }kjk vyx&vyx nLrkos”k vkSj fopkj izdkf'kr fd, x,A ge ;gk¡ og fgUnh :ikarj.k ns jgs gSa ftldh

iqf"V Jh ykSaxksoky osQ }kjk 23&10&82 dks dh xbZ Fkh (fganksLrku VkbE”k osQ }kjk 11 uoEcj] 1982 dks izdkf'kr

fd, vuqlkj)A

vDrwcj] 16&17] 1973 dks viuk, x, Jh vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko dh uhfr vkSj dk;ZØe (Policy and

Programme of Sri Anandpur Sahib Resolution adopted on October 16-17, 1973)

(d) fl¼kUr (Principles)

1- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fl[k iaFk dh lcls 'kh"kZ laLFkk gS vkSj bldks mudk izfrfuf/Ro vkSj usr`Ro djus

dk iw.kZ vf/dkj gSA bl laxBu dk vk/kj ijLij lEcU/] euq"; dh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj n'kZu ls mlosQ

lEcU/ gSaA

2- ;g fl¼kUr Jh xq# ukud nso th osQ n'kZu uke tiks (ijekRek dh iwtk djks)] fdjr djks (dfBu

ifjJe djks) vkSj oaM Ndks (vius Hkkx dh jksVh nwljksa ls ckaV dj [kkvks) esa ntZ gSaA

([k) mís'; (Aims)

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fuEufyf[kr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, iz;kl djsxk%

1- /eZ vkSj fl[k er dk izpkj vkSj ukfLrdrk dh fuankA

2- iaFk dk LorU=k vfLrRo LFkkfir j[kuk vkSj ,sls okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk tgk¡ fl[kh Hkkouk,¡ iw.kZr;k

fodflr gks losaQA

3- leku vkfFkZd <kaps&lEifÙk esa o`f¼ vkSj lHkh izdkj osQ 'kks"k.k dk vUr djosQ fu/Ziurk vkSj Hkw[k dks

lekIr djukA

4- fl[k /kfeZd xzaFkksa ij pyrs gq, fuj{kjrk] Nwr&Nkr vkSj tkfrokn dh lekfIrA

5- chekjh vkSj jksxksa dh lekfIr] u'kksa ij izfrcU/ rkfd yksxksa dks jk"Vª dh j{kk osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk

losQA

Hkkx&I (Part-I)

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ fopkj vuqlkj fl[kksa esa /kfeZd Hkkouk iSnk djuk mudk izeq[k dÙkZO; gS ftl ij fd

os eku dj losaQA bl euksjFk dh izkfIr osQ fy,] vdkyh ny fuEufyf[kr dk;ZØe vkjEHk djsxk%

1- ijekRek ,d gS] osQ fl¼kUr dk izpkj] nl xq#vksa vkSj Jh xq# xzaFk lkfgc esa fo'okl vkSj muosQ n'kZu

dk izpkj djuk vkSj fl[kksa esa mudks ykxw djukA

2- fl[k /eZ] n'kZu er (fl¼kUr) vkSj yaxj vkfn osQ liQyrkiw.kZ izpkj osQ fy, fl[k fe'kujh dkWystksa

osQ }kjk vPNs izpkjd] xk;d] <kMh vkSj dfo iSnk fd, tk, rkfd izpkjd Hkkjr esa vkSj fons'kksa esa]

xkaoksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa] LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa vkfn esa LorU=k :i esa izpkj dj losaQA

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3- ve`r izpkj dk dk;Z cM+s Lrj ij] fo'ks"k :i esa LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa] vkjEHk fd;k tk,xkA bl mís';osQ fy, vè;;u osQ fy, dkWystksa osQ izksiSQljksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks laxfBr fd;k tk,xkA

4- fl[kksa essa nloa/ dh Hkkouk (vk; dk nloka Hkkx nku djus dh Hkkouk) fodflr dh tk,xhA

5- fl[k&,sfrgkfldkjksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa] ys[kdksa] izpkjdksa] xzafFk;ksa vkfn dks vknj vkSj lEeku fn;k tk,xk vkSjmuosQ thou Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus osQ fy,] izf'k{k.k vkSj dk;Z osQ fy, lqfo/k,¡ iznku dh tk,axhA

6- xq#}kjk iz'kklu dks loZ vkSj ,d Lo:i cukus osQ fy, deZpkfj;ksa osQ izf'k{k.k osQ fy, izcU/ fd,tk,axs] xq#}kjksa osQ Hkouksa dk j[k&j[kko fd;k tk,xk vkSj blosQ fy, f'kjksef.k xq#}kjk f'kjksef.k xq#}kjkizcU/d lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dks vko';d funsZ'k tkjh fd, tk,axsA

7- xzaFkksa dh mfpr NikbZ] iqjkus vkSj u, fl[k bfrgkl dh [kkst] xzaFkksa dk vuqokn vkSj fl[kh fl¼kUrksa osQlkiQ vkSj Li"V lkfgR; dh jpuk dh tk,xhA

8- ,d u;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; xq#}kjk ,sDV cukus osQ fy, la?k"kZ fd;k tk,xk] ftlosQ v/hu ns'k esa lHkhxq#}kjksa dk O;ofLFkr izcU/ fd;k tk,xk vkSj ;g iz;kl fd;k tk,xk fd mnkfl;ksa] fueZyksa vkfn izkphue;kZnkvksa dks fl[k lekt dk vVwV vax cuk;k tk,A

9- /kfeZd izpkj osQ lk>s lk/uksa ls ykHkk izkIr djus osQ fy, lalkj osQ lHkh xq#}kjksa osQ izcU/dksa dks ,dlw=k esa laxfBr fd;k tk,xkA

10- Jh uudkuk lkfgc vkSj vU; xq#}kjs] tks iaFk ls vyx fd, x, gSa] osQ ^[kqys n'kZu nhnkj* dh O;oLFkkdh tk,xhA

iaFk osQ jktuhfrd mís'; n'ke xq# osQ funsZ'kksa ij vk/kfjr gSa tks fl[k bfrgkl osQ iUuksa ij vkSj [kkylk iaFkosQ eu esa vafdr gSaA bldk mís'; gS% ^[kkylk th dk cksy ckyk*A

bu lHkh y{;ksa dks lkeus j[k dj] f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fuEufyf[kr mís';ksa osQ fy, la?k"kZ djsxk%

1- (d) os {ks=k tksfd iatkc ls tku&cw> dj vyx fd, x, gSa tSlk fd xqjnkliqj f”kys ls MygkS”kh] paMhx<+]fiatkSj] dkydk vkSj vEckyk f”kys esas ls vEckyk 'kgj] gksf'k;kjiqj f”kys ls Åuk rglhy] ukykx<+dk xk¡o ^ns'k*] djuky f”kys dk 'kkgckn CykWd] xwgyk vkSj Vksgkuk lc rglhysa] fglkj f”kys dkjfr;k CykWd vkSj fljlk rglhy] jktLFkku osQ xaxkuxj f”kys dh 6 rglhysa vkSj iatkch cksyus fl[kfjgk;'kh {ks=kksa dks rqjar iatkc esa 'kkfey fd;k tk, vkSj budk iz'kklu ,d bdkbZ osQ v/hu pyk;ktk,A

([k) iatkc vkSj nwljs jkT;ksa esa osQUnzh; lqj{kk] fons'kh ekeys] Mkd vkSj rkj] eqnzk vkSj jsyos rd gh lhferj[ks tkus pkfg,A 'ks"k lHkh foHkkx iatkc osQ izR;{k fu;U=k.k osQ v/hu gksus pkfg,A

(x) iatkc ls ckgj fuokl dj jgs vYi&la[;d fl[k leqnk; osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fy, izHkko'kkyhizcU/ fd, tkus pkfg, rkfd os fdlh HksnHkko dk f'kdkj u gksaA

2- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks mfpr vFkks± esa la?kh; cukus dk iz;kl djsxk vkSj ;g Hkhiz;kl djsxk fd osQUnz esa lHkh jkT;ksa dks leku izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gksA

3- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ vuqlkj dkaxzsl ljdkj dh fons'k uhfr ns'k vkSj leLr jk"Vª osQ fy, csdkjvkSj gkfudkjd FkhA ;g lHkh iM+kSlh jkT;ksas] fo'ks"k :i esa os tgk¡ fl[k jgrs gSa ;k tgk¡ fl[kksa osQ /kfeZdLFkku gSa] ls vPNs lEcU/ LFkkfir djus osQ fy, la?k"kZ djsxhA gekjh fons'k uhfr fdlh vU; ns'k dhfons'k uhfr dh udy ugha gksuh pkfg,A

uksV



4- osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa fl[k deZpkfj;ksa osQ fy, U;k; fo'oluh; cuk;k tk,xk vkSj vU;k; osQ fo#¼vok”k mBkuh f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ dk;ZØe dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gksxkA fo'ks"k :i esa lqj{kklsokvksa esa] fl[kh ijEijk,¡ LFkkfir j[kus osQ iz;Ru fd, tk,axs vkSj fl[k lSfudksa dh ekaxksa dks fujUrjè;ku esa j[kk tk,xkA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ;g Hkh iz;Ru djsxk fd Ñik.k fl[k lSfudksa dh onhZ dk,d v[k.M Hkkx cu tk,A

5- HkwriwoZ lSfudksa dh iquLFkkZiuk osQ fy, vko';d vkSj mRiknd okrkoj.k fufeZr fd;k tk,xk vkSj muosQvf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, vko';d lqfo/k,¡ vkSj vf/dkj fn, tk,axs rkfd os LokfHkeku okyk thouO;rhr dj losaQA

6- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ vuqlkj izR;sd iq#"k ;k efgyk dks] ftldks U;k;ky; osQ }kjk n.M u fn;kx;k gks] ykblSal osQ fcuk ,d 'kL=k j[kus dh vkKk gksuh pkfg,A

7- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ vuqlkj lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij rEckowQ ihus vkSj [kkus ij jksd vkSj u'kkcanh dhuhfr ykxw gksuh pkfg,A

bl izLrko esa dh xb± fliQkfj'ksa eq[; :i esa iatkc vkSj fl[kksa ls lEcfU/r FkhaA

III. osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa ij if'peh caxky ljdkj dk Lej.k&i=k (1977) (West Bengal Memo-

randum on Centre-State Relations (1977))

fnlEcj] 1977 esa] if'peh caxky efU=ke.My us osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/kssa ij ,d Lej.k&i=k tkjh fd;k vkSj ;gosQUnz osQ }kjk jkT; ljdkjksa] fo'ks"k :i esa xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk 'kkflr jkT;ksa] dks iw¡th vkSj nwljs Ïksrnsus ls budkj djosQ ncko Mkyk x;kA bldh :i&js[kk jkT; iz'kklu esa osQUnzh; gLr{ksi dk fojks/ djus vkSjlafo/ku dh dbZ O;oLFkkvksa osQ nq#i;ksx osQ fojks/ esa rS;kj dh xbZA ;|fi blesa jkT;ksa osQ fy, vf/d Lok;Ùkrkdh ek¡x izR;{k :i esa ugha dh xbZ] ijUrq Lej.k&i=k osQ Lo:i rFkk Hkk"kk esa ;g ek¡x Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

bl Lej.k&i=k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa%

izLrkouk (Preamble)% ¶Hkk"kk;h] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vU; fofHkUurkvksa osQ <kaps esa Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSjv[k.Mrk dks lqj{kk osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ iz'u gSA Hkkjr esa fuokl dj jgs dbZ Hkk"kk;h vkSjlkaLÑfrd lewg fons'kh ”kathjksa ls LorU=krk izkIr djus osQ fy, LorU=krk ls igys gh viuh bPNk osQ vuqlkjlk>s y{;ksa osQ fy, bdB~Vs gks x, FksA vkt Hkh os lkezkT;oknh gLr{ksi ls eqDr jg dj izkÑfrd Ïksrksa osQ iw.kZfodkl osQ fy, vkSj le`¼ thou O;rhr djus osQ fy, vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd] Hkk"kk;h vkSj lkaLÑfrdvko';drkvksas dh iwfrZ osQ fy, lk>s y{;ksa dh izkfIr dh izfØ;k esa bdB~Vs gSaA bu lk>s y{;ksa dh izkfIr osQfy, jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj turk vusdrk esa ,drk dh vko';drk dh igpku dj osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ijvkfJr gSaA¸

eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ (Main Features)

1- osQUnz jkT;ksa ossQ vf/dkj&{ks=k esa vuko';d gLr{ksi dj jgk gS (Centre is building in roads

into State’s Sphere)µHkkjrh; lafo/ku eq[; :i esa ,dkRed izÑfr dk gSA blosQ vuqlkj osQUnz dks jkT;ksadh Lok;Ùkrk osQ ewY; ij vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ nh xbZ gSaA blh dkj.k gh ^leorhZ lwph* esa 47 ensa 'kkfey dh xbZgSaA lafo/ku ykxw gksus osQ i'pkr~ ;gh iz;kl tkjh jgk gS fd jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa osQ ekxZ esa vf/d gLr{ksi djusdk nks"kh jgk gS vkSj vkt Hkh gSA

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2- osQUnz vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh cu jgk gS (Centre has been becoming unusually more

powerful)µfiNys nks n'kdksa osQ nkSjku ,d vksj rks jkT;ksa dks vf/d Lok;Ùk cukus ossQ fy, mfpr vkSjizHkko'kkyh 'kfDr;k¡ nsus dh ek¡x c<+ jgh gS rks nwljh vksj jkT;ksa dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;ksa dh lhekcanh djus vkSj ogk¡dh ljdkjkssa dh yksdrU=kh; dk;Z'khyrk dks lekIr djus osQ fy, fujUrj iz;Ru fd, tk jgs gSaA bl mís'; osQfy, xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjksa vkSj izR;sd <ax ls osQUnz dh 'kfDr ossQ }kjk vkSipkfjd ncko Mkydj] ;k /u vkSj nwljsÏksr nsus ls budkj djosQ vizR;{k <ax ls ncko Mkyk x;k vkSj dkaxszl ikVhZ ossQ eq[; efU=k;ksa vkSj laxBu vkSj'kklu osQ }kjk ncko Mkyk x;kA fiNys nl o"kks± osQ nkSjku] osQUnz dh jkT;ksa osQ dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk] jkT; fo"k;ij osQUnzh; iqfyl cy] lhek lqj{kk cy] vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy vkfn dh LFkkiuk ossQ }kjk idM+ c<+h gSA lafo/kuossQ 42osa la'kks/u osQ }kjk f'k{kk osQ jkT; fo"k; dks leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey dj fn;k x;kA ;g izfØ;k vc bllhek rd igq¡p pqdh gS fd jkT;ksa dks osQUnz osQ ,d eU=kky; v/hu foHkkxksa osQ leku ntkZZ nsus dk [krjk iSnkgks x;k gSA

3- okLrfod la?kokn dh vko';drk (Need for True Federalism)µifjofrZr jktuhfrd okrkoj.k esaosQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ eqís dks u;k egÙo izkIr gqvk gSA osQUnz esa vkSj vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa vyx&vyx nylÙkk essa gSaA yksxkssa dh yksdrU=kh; bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, la?kh; fl¼kUrksa dks mfpr vFkks± esa le>k vkSj ykxwfd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd cgq&nyh; yksdrU=kh; izFkk thfor jg losQA

4- 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; O;oLFkk 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ vuqowQy gSa (Strong States are Compatible with

Strong Centre)µHkkjr tSls ns'k esa tgk¡ uly] /eZ] Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr esa dbZ fofHkUurk,¡ gSa] jk"Vªh;v[k.Mrk osQoy lpsr] LoSfPNd ;Ruksa osQ }kjk gh LFkkfir j[kh tk ldrh gSA 'kfDr;k¡ lkSai nsus ls fo[kf.Mrdjus okyh izo`fÙk;k¡ mRlkfgr gksus dh vis{kk #d tkrh gSaA ,d 'kfDr'kkyh vkSj ,dhÑr Hkkjr essa vyx&vyxjkT;ksa osQ yksxksa dh yksdrU=kh; bPNkvksa dk vknj fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj mu ls ?k`.kk ugha dh tkuh pkfg,Afu'p; gh gesa 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dh vko;drk gS] ijUrq ge de”kksj osQUnz Hkh ugha pkgrsA 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa dh/kj.kk vko';d ugha fd 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ fojks/ esa gh gks ijUrq blosQ fy, ;g vko';d gS fd lÙkk osQ{ks=kksa dks Li"V :i esa fuf'pr dj fy;k tk,A

5- vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ jkT;ksa dks lkSai nsuh pkfg, (Residuary should be Transferred to States)µla?kdh vo'ks"k 'kfDr;k¡ osQUnz dh vis{kk jkT;kssa osQ ikl gksuh pkfg,] osQUnz osQ ikl ughaA bl mís'; osQ fy, vuqPNsn248 esa la'kks/u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

6- vuqPNsn 249 dh lekfIr (Abolition of Article 249)µvuqPNsn 249] ftl osQ v/hu laln~ dks jk"Vªh;fgr osQ fy, jkT; lqph osQ fo"k; ij dkuwu cukus dh 'kfDr izkIr gks tkrh gS] dks lekIr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

7- osQUnz dk eq[; dk;Z egÙoiw.kZ jk"Vªh; fo"k;ksa dk iz'kklu vkSj lkeatL; iSnk djuk gS (Co-ordination as the chief function of the Centre alongwith the administration of impor-tant National Subjects)µjkT;ksa osQ vf/dkj {ks=k esa o`f¼ djrs gq, gesa la?k lÙkk dks n`<+ cukus vkSj bldkslqjf{kr djus dk Hkh iz;kl djuk pkfg, D;ksafd dbZ fo"k; ,sls gSa ftudks osQoy la?k lÙkk gh fu;fU=kr djldrh gS budks fu;fU=kr djuk fdlh ,d jkT; osQ cl dh ckr ughaA bu fo"k;ksa esa lqj{kk] fons'kh ekeys] fons'khO;kikj] eqnzk] lapkj lk/u vkSj vkfFkZd lkeatL; vkrs gSaA osQUnz dh Hkwfedk rkyesy fcBkus dh gksuh pkfg,Afu;kstu] dhersa] osru vkfn fuf'pr djus osQ ekeys esa osQUnz dks osQoy lkeatL; gh ugha djuk pkfg, cfYdvke funsZ'k Hkh tkjh djus pkfg,A

8- foÙkh; <kaps esa ifjorZu (Changes in the Financial Structure)µfu;kstu vkSj vkfFkZd lkeatL;osQ ekeys esa osQUnz dks jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk fn, vke fn'kk&funsZ'kksa ij pyuk pkfg, vkSj blesa osQUnz

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osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT;ksa dks Hkh izfrfuf/Ro dk volj feyuk pkfg,A bl ekeys esa u gh ifj"kn~ vkSj u gh fu;kstuvk;ksx dks lafo/ku osQ }kjk fo'ks"k vf/dkj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bl vUrj dks ,d vyx /kjk dh jpuk djosQHkjk tk ldrk gS ftlesa ;g Li"V crk;k gks fd ;kstuk vk;ksx dh jpuk dk fu.kZ; jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ osQ}kjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fodkl mís';ksa osQ fy, Í.k vkSj xzkaVsa nsuk bl le; ;kstuk vk;kssx dk ,dek=k vf/dkjgSA blosQ fy, ;g vkSj Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd jkT; vk;ksx osQ izcU/ osQ <ax osQ ckjs dksbZ fopkj izLrqrfd;k tk,A ijUrq fons'kh lEcU/] lqj{kk] lapkj] eqnzk] vkSj lEcfU/r ekeys vfuok;Z :i esa osQUnz osQ vf/dkj{ks=k osQ v/hu gh gksus pkfg,A ossQUnz dks jkT;ksa osQ vius <ax ls fodkl djus esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg, vkSj mudksvf/d 'kfDr;k¡ vkSj Ïksr iznku djokus pkfg,A

vkS|ksfxd vkSj fctyh ;k flapkbZ ;kstuk,¡ tks ,d jkT; ls vf/d jkT;ksa ls lEcfU/r gksa] dks la?kh; lwph esaj[kk tkuk pkfg, rkfd bu cgq&jkT; izktSDVksa osQ lEcU/ esa lk>h uhfr viukbZ tk losQ vkSj lk>k vafre fu.kZ;fd;k tk losQA bu ;kstukvksa dh lajpuk la?k dh ljdkj osQ }kjk gks ijUrq budks ykxw djus vkSj lEiw.kZ djusvkSj lEiw.kZ djus dk dk;Z&O;ogkj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ }kjk gksuk pkfg,A

9- dkuwu O;oLFkk dk vf/dkj osQoy jkT;ksa osQ ikl gksuk pkfg, (Law and Order should be the

exclusive concern of States)µla?k ljdkj osQ }kjk jkT;ksa osQ izcU/ osQ fy, osQUnzh; lqj{kk cy ;k vU;

iqfyl cyksa dks Hkssssts tkus dk vf/dkj lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk vkSj iqfyl izdj.k fo"k;

iw.kZ :i ls jkT; osQ vf/dkj&{ks=k esa gksus pkfg, vkSj osQUnz dks vius }kjk cuk, x, fo'ks"k cyksa ls jkT;ksa osQ

izzcU/ esa gLr{ksi ugha djuk pkfg,A

10- ljdkjh vk; osQ foHkktu esa okafNr ifjorZu vkSj foÙk vk;ksx (Changes involving the

distribution of Revenues and Finance Commission): foÙk vk;ksx vkSj ljdkjh vk; osQ

foHkktu ls lEcfU/r /kjkvksa esa la'kks/u fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj foÙk vk;ksx osQ }kjk vyx&vyx jkT;ksa dks

osQUnz osQ }kjk lHkh Ïksr ls ,df=kr dh xbZ ljdkjh vk; dk 75 izfr'kr Hkkx ckaV nsuk pkfg,A jkT;ksa dh

fHk[kkfj;ksa tSlh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kj ykus osQ fy, ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd%

(d) osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; ljdkjh vk; dh vkuqikfrd ckaV dk fu.kZ; djus dk mÙkjnkf;Ro foÙk vk;ksx

dk ugha gksuk pkfg, cfYd bldk dk;Z osQoy osQUnz osQ }kjk oqQy foÙkh; izkfIr] ftldk 75 izfr'kr Hkkx jkT;ksa

dks ckaVk tkuk pkfg,] esaa ls izR;sd jkT; osQ Hkkx dk vuqikr] fuf'pr djuk gh gksuk pkfg,A

([k) vuqPNsn 280 dh /kjk 3] mi&/kjk (,) ftlesa ¶djksa ls gksus okyh oqQy vk; dks la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ

eè; forfjr djus dh O;oLFkk ntZ gS] dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg, vkSj iw.kZ /kjk dks iqu% rS;kj djuk pkfg,A

ubZ /kjk esa ;g Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd jkT;ksa osQ eè; muosQ O;ofLFkr vkSj vkuqikfrd Hkkxksa dh flI+kQkfj'k

jk"Vªifr dks djuk gh] bl vk;ksx dk dÙkZO; gksuk pkfg,A

(x) izR;sd jkT; dks vius vf/dkj {ks=k esa dj yxkus dh vf/d 'kfDr nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj blosQ ikl

lEcfU/r ekeyksa esa Í.k ysus dh lhek fuf'pr djus dh Hkh 'kfDr gksuh pkfg,A la?k ljdkj osQ }kjk vuqPNsn

280] /kjk 2 vkSj 3 osQ vuqlkj fo'ks"k fo"k;ksa esa jkT;ksa dh lEifÙk vkSj vk; vkSj dj yxkus dk vf/dkj lekIr

gksuk pkfg,A blosQ lkFk gh la?k osQ foÙk eU=kky; osQ }kjk /kjk 302 esa ntZ izko/ku osQ vuqlkj jkT; osQ vius

vanj dgha Hkh O;kikj ij izfrcU/ yxkus vkSj gLr{ksi djus dk vf/dkj lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A bu y{;ksa dh

izkfIr osQ fy,] la?k] jkT; vkSj leorhZ lwfp;ksa okyh lkroha vuqlwph dks mfpr <ax ls la'kksf/r fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A

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11- vuqPNsn 356] 357] 360] 200] vkSj 201 dh lekfIr (Deletion of Articles 356, 357, 360,

200, and 201): vuqPNsn 356 vkSj 357 tks jk"Vªifr dks jkT; ljdkj ;k jkT; fo/kulHkk ;k nksuksa dks LFkfxrdjus dk vf/dkj nsrh gSa] dks lekIr dj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

(d) vuqPNsn 360 tks jk"Vªifr dks foÙkh; vfLFkjrk ;k Hkkjrh; foÙkh; vfLFkjrk osQ [krjs osQ vk/kj ij iz'kkluesa foÙkh; ladVdky osQ uke ij gLr{ksi djus dk vf/dkj nsrk gS] dks Hkh lekIr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

([k) vuqPNsn 200 vkSj 201 ftlosQ vuqlkj jkT;iky jkT; fo/kulHkk osQ }kjk ikl fd, x, oqQN fcyksa dksjk"Vªifr dh LohÑfr osQ fy, vkjf{kr j[k ldrk gS] dks Hkh lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A

12- jkT; lHkk esa lHkh jT;ksa dks izR;{k pquko osQ }kjk leku izfrf/Ro izkIr gksuk pkfg, (Equal

Representation to all States in Rajya Sabha through Direct Election): la?k dhla?kVd bdkb;ksa esa lekurk osQ fl¼kUr dks ykxw djus osQ fy, vkSj jT;ksa dh Lok;Ùkrk LFkkfir j[kus osQ fy,;g flI+kQkfj'k dh tkrh gS fd jkT;lHkk osQ pquko turk osQ }kjk izR;{k <ax ls yksdlHkk pqukoksa osQ le; ghdjok, tkus pkfg, vkSj jkT;lHkk esa lHkh jkT;ksa dks ,d leku izfrfuf/Ro izkIr gksuk pkfg,A osQoy rhufefy;u (rhl yk[k) ls de tula[;k okys jkT; viokn gksaxsA nksuksa lnuksa dks ,d leku 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr gksukpkfg,A

13- la?k lsokvksa dks jkT; lsokvksa ls vyx j[kuk pkfg, (Separation of Union Services

from State Services): vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa tSlk fd vkbZ- ,- ,l-] vkbZ- ih- ,l- vkfn] ftlosQ vf/dkjh jkT;ksa esa fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa] ijUrq tks osQUnz ljdkj osQ fujh{k.k vkSj vuq'kklfud fu;U=k.k osQ v/hu gksrsgSa] dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A osQoy la?k lsok,¡ gh fo|eku jguh pkfg,A vkSj budh HkrhZ Øe'k% la?k ljdkjvkSj lEcfU/r jkT; ljdkj osQ }kjk dh tkuh pkfg,A

14- la'kks/u izfozQ;k esa ifjorZu (Changes in the Amendment Procedure): vuqPNsn 368 esa,slk la'kks/u fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd lafo/ku esa fdlh Hkh la'kks/u dks laln~ osQ izR;sd lnu osQ 2@3 lnL;ksaosQ oksV lfgr cgqer izkIr gksA nks&frgkbZ leFkZu osQ fcuk dksbZ la'kks/u djuk laHko u gksA

15- jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dks ifjofrZr djus osQ laln~ osQ vf/dkj esa la'kks/u gksuk pkfg, (Parliament’s

Right to change the Boundaries of States should be Amended): lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn3 ftlosQ vuqlkj laln~ fdlh jkT; osQ {ks=k esa Lo;a gh ifjorZu dj ldrh gS] esa mfpr la'kks/u fd;k tkukpkfg, vkSj ;g fo'oluh; cuk;k tkuk pkfg, fd fdlh Hkh jkT; dk uke vkSj {ks=k lEcfU/r jkT; fo/kulHkkdh fo'ks"k lgefr osQ fcuk laln~ osQ }kjk ifjorZu u fd;k tk losQA lhekcanh osQ ekeys esa nks ;k vf/d jkT;ksaesa iSnk gq, fojks/ osQ ekeys esa] lafo/ku esa jkT;ksa osQ eè; nwljs fojks/ksa dks fuiVku sosQ fy, igys cukbZ xbZO;oLFkkvksa osQ vuqlkj gh fuiVkjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

16- vaxzs”kh vkSj nwljh Hkk"kkvksa dk iz;ksx (Use of English as well as Other Langauages):

vkBoha vuqlwph esa ntZ dh xbZ Hkk"kkvksa esa osQUnz vkSj jkT; Lrj ljdkjksa dks dk;Z djus dh vkKk gksuh pkfg,Afdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks ljdkj dh fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk esa mPpre Lrj ij vius O;ogkj vkSj ysu&nsu osQfy, viuh ekr`&Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djus dk vf/dkj gksuk pkfg,A ^vaxzsth dks la?k osQ lHkh dk;kZy;h; mís';ksaosQ fy, fgUnh osQ lkFk&lkFk iz;ksx djuk tkjh j[kk tkuk pkfg, ijUrq osQoy rc gh tc xSj&fgUnh {ks=k ,slkdjus dh bPN j[krs gksaA blosQ lkFk gh vkBoha lwph esa la'kks/u djosQ oqQN vU; fo'ks"k Hkk"kkvksa tSlk fd usikyhdks blesa 'kkfey fd;k tkuk vko';d gSA

lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 370 esa of.kZr Hkkjrh; la?k esa tEew vkSj d'ehj dks fn;k x;k fo'ks"k Lrj LFkkfir j[kukpfg,A

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bl Lej.k&i=k dk eq[; mís'; Fkk jkT; iz'kklu esa osQUnzh; gLr{ksi ij izfrcU/ yxkus dh vko';drk vkSj jkT;ksadks vf/d 'kfDr;ksa osQ Hkkjrh; la?kh; iz.kkyh dks 'kq¼ :i esa la?kh; cukus dh vko';drk ij izdk'k MkyukFkkA bl Lej.k&i=k rFkk jkteUukj fjiksVZ ls dbZ lekurk,¡ FkhaA osQUnz ljdkj us bl Lej.k&i=k dks Hkh Lohdkjdjus ls budkj dj fn;kA


fuEufyf[kr esa lR;@vlR; crkb,

7- oqQN fo'ks"k vuqPNsn ,sls gSa] ftu ij dj jkT; vkSj osQUnz osQ }kjk yxk, vkSj ,df=kr fd, tkrs gSaA

8- la?k ljdkj osQ ikl lafpr fuf/ dh tekur ij ½.k ysus dh 'kfDr gS] ijUrq bl ij laln osQ dkuwuksa(vuqPNsn 292) osQ }kjk le;≤ ij ykxw izfrca/ ykxw gksrs gSaA

9- lafo/ku osQ vuqlkj jkT;iky dh nksgjh Hkwfedk fuf'pr dh xbZ gS] jkT; esa la?k osQ ,tsaV osQ :i esavkSj jkT; osQ laoS/kfud eqf[k;k osQ :i esaA

13-6 ljdkfj;k vk;ksx (1983&88) dh fliQkfj'ksa (The Recommandationsof Sarkaria Commission (1983-88)]

jkT;ksa dh c<+rh gqbZ Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x dks ns[krs gq, vkSj osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa dh leh{kk osQ fy, la?k ljdkj

us 1983 esa ljdkfj;k vk;ksx fu;qDr fd;kA Jh vkj- ,l- ljdkfj;k (lsokfuo`Ùk) bl vk;ksx osQ ps;jeSu fu;qDr

fd, x, vkSj Jh ch- f'kokjeku] efU=ke.My lfpo] Jh ,l- vkj- lsu] vkbZ- ch- vkj- Mh- HkwriwoZ dk;Zdkjh

funsZ'kd vkSj jkek lqczã.;e (lnL; lfpo)] blosQ euksuhr fd, x, lnL; FksA

ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dk dk;Z la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; 'kfDr;ksa] dk;ks± vkSj lHkh {ks=kksa esa mÙkjnkf;Roksa osQ lEcU/

esa orZeku izcU/ksa osQ O;ogkj dk ijh{k.k vkSj leh{kk djuk vkSj ,slh ifjorZuksa ;k nwljs izLrkoksa dh flI+kQfj'k

djuk Fkk tksfd mi;qDr vkSj vko';d gksaA bl dk;Z esa vk;ksx ls ;g vk'kk j[kh xbZ fd og o"kks± rd fd,

x, lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodklksa dks è;ku esa j[ksxk vkSj lafo/ku dh :i&js[kk vkSj ekSfyd lajpuk dks mfpr

lEeku nsxk ftldh jpuk lafo/ku fuekZrkvksa us ns'k dh LorU=krk dh j{kk] vkSj ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk]

tks yksxksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, vfr egÙoiw.kZ Fkh] osQ fy, cM+s ifjJe ls dh FkhA

ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ (Report of Sarkaria Commission): ljdkfj;k vk;ksx u fn, x,

funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ lHkh igyqvksa dh leh{kk djus osQ i'pkr~ viuh ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj

djosQ vDrwcj] 1987 esa la?k ljdkj dks lkSai nhA bldh eq[; fliQkfj'kksa osQ ckjs esa tuojh 1988 esa gh irk

yxkA bl vk;ksx dh oqQN eq[; fliQfj'ksa fuEufyf[kr Fkha%

1- 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz tkjh jguk pkfg, (Strong Centre should continue): ljdkfj;k vk;ksx us

'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ vfLrRo dh odkyr dhA bl vk;ksx us jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk osQ fgr esa osQUnz dks

nh xbZ 'kfDr;ksa esa dVkSrh djus dh ek¡x dks n`<+rk ls jí dj fn;kA ¶gesa izeq[k :i esa 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dh

vko';drk gS vkSj blosQ ckjs dksbZ vk'akdk ugha gSA blosQ fcuk lHkh oqQN lekIr gks tk,xkA¸ (Weabsolutely need to have a strong centre and there is no doubt about it. Without that

everything will wither away.) vk;ksx lafo/ku dh O;oLFkkvksa esa xEHkhj ifjorZu djus osQ i{k esa ugha

FkkA blus Lohdkj fd;k fd lafo/ku us d"Vnk;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh fHkUu rkvksa okys lekt osQ nckoksa vkSj

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izfrowQy 'kfDr;ksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, mfpr vkSj vPNs <ax ls dk;Z fd;k FkkA ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh fjiksVZ esa

vuko';d osQUnz okn ij jksd osQ egÙo dks Hkh Lohdkj fd;k x;kA

2- jkT; lwph osQ oqQN fo"k;ksa dks leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey djus dh ekax jí dj nh xbZ (Rejectionof demand for the Transfer of Some Subjects of the State List to the Concur-rent List): vk;ksx us oqQN jkT; fo"k;ksa dks leorhZ lwph esa 'kkfey djus dh ek¡x jí dj nhA nwljh vksj]blus ;g dgk fd leorhZ fo"k;ksa ij osQUnz dks jkT;ksa ls ijke'kZ djuk pkfg,A vk;ksx osQUnz dh jkT;ksa esa l'kL=kcyksa dh fu;qfDr djus dh 'kfDr;ksa ij izfrcU/ yxkus osQ i{k esa ugha Fkk pkgs fd vk;ksx fdlh jkT; vFkokoqQN jkT;ksa esa bu cyksa dh fu;qfDr ls igys lEcfU/r jkT; ljdkjksa ls ijke'kZ djus osQ i{k esa FkkA

3- lg;ksx la?kokn dk leFkZu (Support for Co-operative Federalism): fjiksVZ esa osQUnz vkSj

jkT;ksa osQ eè; vf/d lg;ksx Hkjk okrkoj.k iSnk djus dk leFkZu fd;k x;kA vk;ksx Hkkjrh; osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa

esa fiNys dbZ o"kks± ls pys vk jgs fojks/ dk vUr pkgrk FkkA ;g osQoy osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; fujUrj ijke'kZ

osQ }kjk vkSj osQUnz osQ }kjk vius&vki fu.kZ; u fy, tkus ij gh laHko gks ldrk FkkA vk;ksx ;kstuk,¡ cukus vkSj

mudks ykxw djus osQ ekeys esa Hkh osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; vf/d lg;ksx mRiUu djuk pkgrk FkkA vk;ksx ml

<ax dk vkykspd Fkk] ftlosQ }kjk chrs le; dh ljdkjksa us yksdrU=kh; izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa ls f[kyokM+

fd;k Fkk vkSj viuh ladh.kZrkvksa dks dbZ ckj le>nkjh ls Å¡pk LFkku fn;k Fkk vkSj FkksM+s le; osQ ykHkksa dks

yEcs le; rd pyus okys ykHk nsus okyh uhfr;ksa ls Åij j[kk x;k FkkA

4- jkT;iky osQ in ls lEcfU/r flI+kQkfj'k (Recommendation regarding the Office of

Governor): fjiksVZ esa jkT;iky osQ in dks lekIr djus dh ek¡x dks jí fd;k x;kA blus ;g lq>ko Hkh jí

dj fn;k fd jkT;ikyksa dk pquko jkT;ksa osQ }kjk fn, x, ukeksa dh lwph esa ls gksuk pkfg,A bl vk;ksx osQ fopkj

osQ vuqlkj] lfozQ; jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks jkT;iky fu;qDr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tc jkT; vkSj osQUnz esa

vyx&vyx ny lÙkk:<+ gksa rks ml fLFkfr esa jkT;iky osQUnz esa lÙkk:<+ ny ls lEcfU/r ugha gksuk pkfg,A

blosQ lkFk gh] jkT;iky dks lsok&eqfDr osQ i'pkr~ fdlh ykHk izkIr djus okys in ij fu;qDr djus dk vkKk

ugha gksuh pkfg,A

5- eq[;eU=kh dh fu;qfDr osQ eqís ls lEcfU/r flI+kQkfj'k (Recommendation regarding the

issue of Appointment of Chief Minister): ljdkfj;k fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj jkT; fo/kulHkk esa

cgqer izkIr ny osQ usrk dks eq[; eU=kh fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;fn jkT; fo/kulHkk esa fdlh Hkh ny dks

Li"V cgqer izkIr u gks rks og O;fDr tks fo/kulHkk esa cgqer izkIr dj losQ] dks jkT;iky osQ }kjk eq[; eU=kh

fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,sls ekeysa esa eq[; eU=kh osQ fy, 30 fnuksa osQ Hkhrj&Hkhrj fo/kulHkk esa viuk cgqer

fl¼ djosQ fo'okl er izkIr djuk vko';d gksuk pkfg,A

6- jkT; fo/kuikfydk dk vf/os'ku cqykus ls lEcfU/r flI+kQkfj'k (Recommendation regard-

ing summoning of the Sessions of the State Legislature): lkekU; :i esa jkT;iky dks

osQoy jkT; ljdkj dh fliQkfj'kksa ij jkT; fo/kulHkk osQ vf/os'ku cqykus pkfg, ijUrq fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa osQ

v/hu og jkT; fo/kuikfydk osQ vf/os'ku cqykus esa viuh bPNk ls Hkh fu.kZ; dj ldrk FkkA

7- foÙkh; ;kstuk esa ifjorZu (Changes in Financial Schemes): fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj vk;ksx

lafo/ku osQ }kjk foÙkh; Ïksrksa osQ foHkktu dh ;kstuk esa cM+s ifjorZu djus dh ekax ls lger ugha FkkA ijUrq

;g fuxfer dj vkSj [ksi dj (lkFk Hkstus ij dj) vkSj foKkiu vkSj czkMdkfLVax ij yxs dj esa Hkkxhnkjh osQ

ekeys vko';d lq/kj djus osQ i{k esa FkkA

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8- vuqPNsn 356 ls lEcfU/r flI+kQkfj'k (Recommendation regarding Article 356): ljdkfj;k

fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 356] tks jkT; esa laoS/kfud ljdkj osQ vliQy jgus osQ vk/kj ij

jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw djus dh O;oLFkk djrk gS] dks jí djus dh ek¡x vuqfpr gSA ijUrq lkFk gh] osQUnz osQ }kjk

blosQ nq#i;ksx ij izfrcU/ yxkus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr ix mBk, tkus pkfg,%

(i) vuqPNsn 356 dk iz;ksx cgqr de fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(ii) jkT; esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw djus osQ dkj.kksa dks ladVdky dh fLFkfr osQ ?kks"k.kk esa Li"V :i esa fy[kk

tkuk pkfg,A

(iii) jkT; fo/kulHkk rc rd LFkfxr ;k fu"dkflr ugha dh tkuh pkfg, tc rd fd ladVdky ?kks"k.kk

laln~ osQ }kjk Lohdkj u gks tk,A

(iv) vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu osQUnz osQ }kjk ladVdky dh fLFkfr ykxw djus ls igys oSdfYid ljdkj

cukus dh lHkh laHkkoukvksa dks tk¡p ysuk pkfg,A

(v) vuqPNsn 356 osQ v/hu osQUnz osQ }kjk ladVdky dh fLFkfr ykxw djus ls igys oSdkfYid ljdkj

cukus dh lHkh laHkkoukvksa dks tkap ysuk pkfg,A

9- rhu&Hkk"kk;h iQkewZys dk leFkZu (Three-Language Formula Favoured): ljdkfj;k vk;ksx

dh fjiksVZ esa leLr Hkkjr esa rhu&Hkk"kk;h iQkewZyk ykxw djus dk leFkZu fd;k x;kA blosQ vuqlkj Hkk"kk;h

vYi&la[;d vk;ksx (Linguistic Minorities Commission) dks lfØ;k cukus osQ fy, fo'ks"k dne

mBk, tkus pkfg,A

10- vf[ky Hkkjrh; lsokvksa dk vfLrRo dk;e jguk pkfg, (Retention of All India Ser-

vices): fjiksVZ esa vf[ky&Hkkjrh; lsokvksa ij jksd yxkus dh ek¡x bl vk/kj ij jí dh xbZ gS fd blls ns'k

dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks Hkkjh pksV igqapsxhA

11- lapkj lk/uksa dh Lok;Ùkrk (Autonomy of Mass Media): bl vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj

jsfM;ks vkSj Vh- oh- ij osQUnzh; fu;U=k.k es NwV nh tkuh pkfg, vkSj nsfud O;ogkj esa lÙkk dk vf/d

foosQunzhdj.k dh bPNkvksa esa lek;kstu osQ fy, iz;kl djuk pkfg,A ,d lk>s 'kCn&laxzg dh jpuk osQ fy,

budks czkMdkLV osQ fy, lk/kj.k fganksLrkuh vkSj {ks=kh; Hkk"kk osQ vke iz;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx

djuk pkfg,A

12- iqQVdy fliQkfj'ksa (Miscellaneous Recommendations): ljdkfj;k fjiksVZ esa dbZ vU;

lq>ko Hkh izLrqr fd, x, tSlk fd% (i) blesa flI+kQkfj'k dh xbZ fd fdlh Hkh U;k;/h'k dk LFkkukarj.k mldh

lgefr ls fd;k tk, (ii) fdlh Hkh jkT; osQ eq[; eU=kh osQ fo#¼ ;k jkT; ljdkj osQ fdlh HkwriwoZ eU=kh osQ

fo#¼ rc rd tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr u fd;k tk, tc rd laln~ osQ nksuksa lnu ,slh ekax u djsa (iii) fdlh jkT;

eU=kh osQ O;ogkj dh tk¡p osQ fy, dksbZ tk¡p vk;ksx fu;qDr u fd;k tk, tc rd fd ,sls izLrko dh Loho`Qfr

vUrlZjdkjh ifj"kn~ u ns nsA

la?k ljdkj dks ljdkfj;k vk;ksx osQ }kjk izLrqr dh xbZ fjiksVZ dh ;s izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj us vHkh

rd fjiksVZ ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh gSA X+kSj&dkaxzslh usrkvksa us bl fjiksVZ dks tuojh] 1988 esa ubZ fnYyh esa

gqbZ cSBd esa jí dj fn;k FkkA {ks=kh; nyksa us Hkh bl fjiksVZ dh fliQfj'kksa dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k D;ksafd ;g mudh

Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x iw.kZ djus ls vleFkZ FkhA

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vyx&vyx fjiksVks± dh leh{kk vkSj os lq>ko ftu ij vke lgefr izkIr gks ldrh gS(Review of various reports and suggestions on which there can be aconsensus)

osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa dh orZeku lajpuk esa fd, tk ldus okys laHko vkSj okafNr ifjorZuksa dh izo`Qfr ijfopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, jkteUukj fjiksVZ] vkuaniqj lkfgc dk izLrko] if'peh caxky ljdkj dk Lej.k i=k vkSjljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ dks vk/kj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd cgqr&ls jkT; vf/d 'kfDr;ksa dh ek¡x djjgs gSa vkSj dbZ jktuhfrd nyksa us jkT;ksa dh vf/d Lok;Ùkrk fn, tkus dk leFkZu fd;k gS] blosQ fy,osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa osQ eqís dh vksj è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA dksbZ Hkh ,slh ek¡x osQ fy, lger ugha gksldrk ftlls Hkkjr dh jk"Vª osQ :i esa ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dks dksbZ pksV igaqps vkSj u gh dksbZ la?k ljdkjosQ }kjk bu mís';ksa osQ uke ij 'kfDr;ksa dk nq#i;ksx djus ij lger gks ldrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh ;|fi la?kdh 'kfDr;ksa dks 4 ;k 5 fo"k;ksa rd gh lhfer djus dh ek¡x dks dksbZ Lohdkj ugha dj ldrk] rFkkfi jkT;ksadks vf/d 'kfDr;ksa nsus dh ek¡x dks Hkh misf{kr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd osQUnzvkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lg;ksx] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj le>kSrs dh Hkkouk iSnk dh tk,A 'kfDr'kkyh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz dk fl¼kUr mfpr izrhr gksrk gS] ijUrq vkt osQ le; esa osQUnzh; ljdkj dk vf/d 'kfDr'kkyhgksuk izR;sd la?kkRed jkT; dh LokHkkfod vko';drk cuh gqbZ gSA

fe=krkiw.kZ rFkk lg;ksxh osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa dks mRlkfgr djus osQ fy, iquZjpuk djus osQ fy, lafo/ku esa la'kks/u djus osQ fy,] oqQN O;oLFkkvksa osQ lEcU/ esa vyx&vyx fjiksVks± vkSj izLrkoksa dh lk>h fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vk/kjij fuEufyf[kr lq>koksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gS%

(1) jkT;ksa osQ eè; lhek,¡ fu/kZfjr djus osQ lEcU/ esa la?k dh 'kfDr esa la'kks/u djus dh vko';drk

gSA lEcfU/r jkT;ksa esa le>kSrs dh Hkkouk fodflr djus osQ fy, lHkh iz;kl fd, tkus pkfg, vkSj

lHkh jkT;ksa osQ jk"Vªh; fgr dh vko';drkvksa dks è;ku esa j[k dj gh dk;Z djuk pkfg,A

(2) vuqPNsn 356 esa ifjorZu fd, tkus pkfg, rkfd osQUnz osQ }kjk bldh ckj&ckj vkSj vklku iz;ksx ij

izfrcU/ yxk;k tk losQA

(3) jkT;iky osQ fy, mlosQ dk;ks± ls lEcfU/r fn'kk&funsZ'k rS;kj fd, tkus pkfg,A jkT;iky dks eq[;

eU=kh dh fu;qfDr] vkSj jkT; fo/kulHkk LFkfxr djus vkSj vU; bfPNr 'kfDr;ksa dks O;kogkfjd :i

nsrs le; bu fn'kk&funsZ'kksZ osQ vuqlkj pyuk pkfg,A

(4) djksa osQ foHkktu esa jkT;ksa dks vf/d Hkkx fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

(5) ;kstuk vk;ksx osQ vfrfjDr laoS/kfud vf/dkj dh lhekcanh vkSj ;kstuk vk;ksx dh rqyuk esa jk"Vªh;

fodkl ifj"kn~ dh Hkwfedk dks lqn`<+ cukuk pkfg,A

(6) djksa osQ foHkktu djus okyh lwph esa fuxe dj Hkh 'kkfey fd, tkus pkfg,A

(7) la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa osQ eè; fopkj&foe'kZ osQ fy, ,d laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A jk"Vªh;

fodkl ifj"kn~ dks n`<+ vkSj lfozQ;k cuk dj bldks dkuwuh ntkZ fn;k tk ldrk gS ;k fuf'pr 'kfDr;ksa

vkSj dkuwuh ntsZ okyh vUrjkZT;h; rkyesy ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gS ;k fiQj osQUnz&jkT;

lEcU/ksa esa vuqowQy foLrkfjr Hkwfedk okyh jk"Vªh; vè;{kkRed ifj"kn~ (National Presidential

Council) dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa esa lg;ksx vkSj lkeatL;

iSnk djus osQ fy, ,d ubZ laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A

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(8) jkT;iky dk in euksuhr fd;k ugha cfYd fuokZfpr gksuk pkfg, rkfd la?k osQ dBksj fu;U=k.k ls ;gin ls LorU=k gksA oSdfYid :i esa mldh fu;qfDr dh jkT; eU=kh ifj"kn~ osQ }kjk iqf"V dh tkuhpkfg,A

(9) jkT;iky osQ in ij jktuhfrd fu;qfDr;k¡ djus dh oqQizFkk lekIr gksuh pkfg,A dksbZ O;fDr tksjkT;iky osQ :i esa ,d ckj lsok dj pqdk gks] mldks jkT; esa nksckjk fdlh in ij fu;qDr ugha fd;ktkuk pkfg,A

(10) jk"Vªifr osQ }kjk jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS ijUrq ;g la?kh; efU=kifj"kn~ osQ ijke'kZ ijugha cfYd fu.kZ; esa jk"Vªifr dh Hkkxhnkfjrk osQ }kjk ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

(11) vuqPNsn 356 osQ lEcU/ esa] jk"Vªifr jkT;iky ;k la?kh; eU=kh ifj"kn~ osQ efU=k;ksa dh flI+kQkfj'k lslarq"V ugha gksrk rks og ekeyk ijke'kZ osQ fy, loksZPp U;k;ky; dks ;k fdlh vU; ijke'kZdkjh lfefrdks lkSai ldrk gSA

(12) fgUnh ;k vaxzs”kh ;k fdlh vU; {ks=kh; Hkk"kk lfgr osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lapkj dk fuf'pr ekè;egksuh pkfg,A

(13) lkoZtfud fuxeksa vkSj jk"Vª dh vkenuh dk 40% Hkkx jkT;ksa dks lkSaik tkuk pkfg,A

(14) la?k ljdkj dks vf[ky Hkkjrh; uhfr;k¡ cukuh pkfg, vkSj fiQj la?kh; fn'kk funsZ'kksa vkSj fuxjkuh v/hubudks ykxw djus osQ fy, jkT; ljdkjksa dks mfpr 'kfDr;ka nh tkuh pfg,A

;s oqQN lq>ko gSa ftu ij laoS/kfud O;oLFkkvksa osQ v/hu gh osQUnz&jkT; lEcU/ksa esa lkeatL; iSnk djus osQ fy,fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA cgqr vf/d 'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz vkSj de”kksj jkT; ;k de”kksj osQUnz vkSj 'kfDr'kkyhjkT; nksuksa gh gkfudkjd izLrko gSaA bu nks pje lhekvksa dks NksM+ dj lq/kj fd, tkus pkfg,A vko';drk blckr dh gS fd lg;ksxh la?kokn fodflr fd;k tk, vkSj fooknxzLr vkSj Vdjko okys la?kokn ij izfrcU/ yxk;ktk,A

lk>h jktuhfr osQ bl ;qx esa tgk¡ fd vc dbZ ,d jktuhfrd ny osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa esa lÙkk dk iz;ksx dj jgsgSa vkSj fo'ks"kr% osQUnz esa jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ jktuhfrd nyksa osQ lkFk&lkFk {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny Hkh lÙkk/kjh cusgq, gSaA bl ckr dh vko';drk gS fd fo|eku jktuhfrd okrkoj.k dk ykHk ysdj lHkh jktuhfrd ny feydjfo|eku osQUnz vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; lEcU/ksa osQ ckjs ,d vke lgefr cuk ysa vkSj blosQ vk/kj ij Hkkjrh;lafo/ku dh ekSfyd lajpuk dk lEeku djrs gq, la?k&jkT; lEcU/ksa dk iqufu/kZj.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A'kfDr'kkyh osQUnz osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; feydj gh Hkkjr dk rs”kh ls lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl djusdk Ïksr cu ldrs gSaA



10- ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fu;qfDr --------- esa dh xbZ FkhA

11- ljdkfj;k fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj jkT; fo/kulHkk esa cgqer ny osQ usrk dks --------- fu;qDr fd;k tkukpkfg,A

12- ljdkfj;k vk;ksx osQ vuqlkj] jkT; iky dk in euksuhr fd;k ugha] cfYd --------- gksuk pkfg,A

uksV




• lafo/ku osQ Hkkx XI esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; oS/kfud 'kfDr;ksa osQ foHkktu dk foLr`r o.kZu fd;kx;k gSA

• la?kh; laln vkSj izR;sd jkT; fo/kulHkk leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa ij dkuwu cuk ldrh gSA ijUrq fdlhleorhZ fo"k; ij la?k osQ ,d dkuwu vkSj fdlh jkT; osQ ,d dkuwu esa >xM+k iSnk gks tkus dh fLFkfresa la?k osQ dkuwu dks jkT; dkuwu dh rqyuk esa izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

• tc jk"Vªifr vuqPNsn 352 osQ v/hu jk"Vªh; ladVdky dh ?kks"k.kk dj nsrk gS rks la?k dh dk;Zdkjh'kfDr lHkh jkT;ksa ij ykxw gks tkrh gS vkSj la?k fdlh jkT; dh dk;Zikfydk 'kfDr dks iz;ksx djus osQ<ax ls lEcfU/r funsZ'k ns ldrk gSA

• la?k ljdkj osQ ikl Hkkjrh; lafpr fuf/ dh ”kekur ij Í.k ysus dh 'kfDr gS] ijUrq bl ij laln osQdkuwuksa (vuqPNsn 292) osQ }kjk le;≤ ij ykxw izfrcU/ ykxw gksrs gSaA jkT; Hkh Hkkjrh; {ks=k esaviuh lafpr fuf/ dh ”kekur ij Í.k ys ldrs gSa ijUrq jkT; fons'kksa ls Í.k ugha ys ldrsA Hkkjrljdkj Hkh fdlh jkT; dks Í.k ns ldrh gSA

• Hkkjrh; la?kkRed O;oLFkk esa la?k vkSj jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr Vdjko okyh Hkh cuh jgh gSA dbZ eqíksa ij la?kvkSj jkT;ksa osQ vyx&vyx vkSj fojks/h fopkj jgs gSaA


• fliQkfj'k (Recommendation)% laLrqfr] [kq'kken] pkiywlh (tSls ukSdjh osQ fy, fliQkfj'k djukA);ksX;rk vkfn dk c[kku djukA

• vk;ksx (Commission)% fu;qfDr] deh'ku] dke nsukA


1- ¶Hkkjr dk lafo/ku u iw.kZr;k ,dkRed gS] u iw.kZ;rk la?kkRed gS cfYd nksuksa dk feJ.k gS D;k vkibl dFku ls lger gSa\ foospuk dhft,A

2- lgdkjh la?kokn D;k gS\ blosQ dkSu&dkSu ls ry gSA

3- la?k vkSj jkT;ksa osQ eè; oS/kfud vkSj foÙkh; lEcU/kas dk laf{kIr o.kZu dhft,A

4- fuEufyf[kr ij laf{kIr uksV fy[ksaµ

(1) jkteUukj fjiksVZ 1972

(2) vkuUniqj lkfgc dk izLrko 1973

(3) ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa 1988


1- jkT; 2- jkT;

3- 7 4- (d)

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5- (b) 6- (c)

7- vlR; 8- lR;

9- lR; 10- 1983

11- eq[;ea=kh 12- fuokZfpr

13-10 lUnHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Reading)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj-?kbZA


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bdkbZ—14: Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ny

bdkbZµ14: Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ny(Indian Political Parties)


mís'; (Objectives)


14-1 Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Party System in India)

14-2 Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa nyh; iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk (Role of Party System in

Indian Political System)

14-3 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny (Indian National Political Parties )

14-3-1 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl (vkbZ) (Indian National Congress (I))

14-3-2 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ (Bhartiya Janta Party)

14-3-3 Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (Communist Party of India)

14-4 Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny (Indian Regional Political Party)

14-4-1 f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (Shiromani Akali Dal)

14-4-2 bf.M;u us'kuy yksdny (Indian National Lok Dal)

14-4-3 nzfoM+ equs=k dM+xe (Mh-,e-osQ)&(Dravida Munnetra Kargam-DMK)

14-4-4 vky bafM;k vUuk nzfoM+ equs=k dM+xe (AIADMK)

14-4-5 rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ (Telgu Desam Party)




14-8 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Reading)

mís'; (Objectives)


• Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ny dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djus gsrq

• Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa nyh; iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu djus esaA


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• Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd nyksa dh O;k[;k djus esaA

• Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; jktuSfrd nyksa dh O;k[;k djus gsrqA


¶Hkkjr esa ftl nyh; O;oLFkk dk fodkl gqvk gS] og u osQoy yksdra=kh; laLFkkvksa osQ izfrowQy gS] cfYd gekjs

ns'k esa LFkkfir yksdrU=k osQ fy, Hkh [krjk gSA¸ µvkj- ,- xksikyu

vkèkqfud yksdra=kh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ fy, jktuSfrd nyksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA jktuSfrd ny ns'k esa jk"Vªh;

egÙo osQ fo"k;ksa ij tuer rS;kj djrs gSa] yksxksa dks jktuSfrd f'k{kk iznku djrs gSa rFkk LFkkbZ ljdkj dh LFkkiuk

djrs gSaA jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vkèkkj ij gh n`<+ fojksèkh ny dh LFkkiuk gks ldrh gS] tks ljdkj dks euekuh djus

ls jksdrk gSA okLro esa dksbZ Hkh yksdrU=kh; ns'k fcuk jktuSfrd nyksa osQ 'kklu ugha pyk ldrkA blosQ vfrfjDr

jktuSfrd nyksa osQ fcuk 'kfDr'kkyh fojksèkh ny dk fuekZ.k Hkh cgqr dfBu gS ftlosQ fcuk yksdrU=k dk liQy

gksuk vlaHko gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd yksdrU=k dh liQyrk osQ fy, jktuSfrd nyksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z

gSA blh ckr dk leFkZu djrs gq, czkbZl us fy[kk gS fd ¶jktuSfrd ny vfuok;Z gSA dksbZ Hkh LorU=k ns'k blosQ

fcuk ugha jg ldrkA fdlh O;fDr us ;g ugha fn[kk;k fd muosQ fcuk yksdrU=k oSQls py ldrk gS\ ;g

ernkrkvksa dh HkhM+ dh vjktdrk esa ls O;oLFkk mRiUu djrs gSaA ny ;fn oqQN cqjkb;k¡ mRiUu djrs gSa rks og

nwljh cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj vFkok de djrs gSaA¸ (“Parties are inevitable. No free country has beenwithout them. No one has shown how representative Government could be workedwithout them. They bring order out of choas of multitude of voters. If parties cause

some evils, they avert and mitigate others.”)

izks- equjks osQ vuqlkj] ¶Lora=k jktuSfrd ny gh yksdra=kh; ljdkj dk nwljk uke gSA¸ Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk

ns[kus esa if'peh O;oLFkk yxrh gS] ysfdu vxj ge viuh O;oLFkk dk xgjk vè;;u djsa rks gesa ekywe gks

tk,xk fd gekjh O;oLFkk okLro esa if'peh vkSj Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk dk lfEeJ.k gSA izks- ukWeZu Mh- ikej

(Narman D. Palmer) osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk vHkh Hkh fuekZ.k dh fLFkfr esa gS vkSj mldk

vfUre :i vHkh Li"V ugha gks ik;k gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk Hkkjrh;dj.k vHkh tkjh gSA¸ Hkkjr dh jktuhfr

dk Lo:i vU; fodkl'kkhy ns'kksa dh rjg ijEijk vkSj vkèkqfudrk osQ chp la?k"kZ vkSj leUo; dk Lo:i jgk

gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ ykxw gksus osQ le; ls ysdj vc rd ns'k esa cgq&nyh; O;oLFkk (Multiple Party

System) gh jgh gSA lu~ 1977 osQ vke pquko osQ ckn ;g vk'kk dh tkus yxh Fkh fd 'kh?kz gh Hkkjrh; jktuhfr

esa ^jktuSfrd èkzqohdj.k* (Political Polarisation) dh fLFkfr vk tk,xh] vFkkZr~ oqQN lhek rd Hkkjr esa

f}&nyh; O;oLFkk LFkkfir gks tk,xh] ijUrq oqQN gh le; osQ i'pkr~ bu vk'kkvksa ij ikuh fiQj x;k vkSj lu~

1979 esa turk ikVhZ osQ fo?kVu osQ lkFk ns'k esa iqu% iqjkuh fLFkfr vFkkZr~ cgq&nyh; iz.kkyh LFkkfir gks xbZA

14-1 Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of PartySystem in India)

Hkkjrh; ny iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk mYys[k fuEufyf[kr 'kh"kZdksa osQ vUrZxr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

1- Li"V laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk dk vHkko (Absence of Specific Constitutional Provision)–Hkkjrh;lafoèkku us ns'k esa lalnh; yksdrU=k dh LFkkiuk dh gSA lalnh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dk liQy lapkyu djus osQ fy,

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jktuSfrd nyksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z ekuk tkrk gSA fdUrq lafoèkku esa jktuSfrd nyksa dh O;oLFkk osQ fo"k; esa ewyr%dksbZ Hkh èkkjk ;k vuqPNsn 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k FkkA fiQj Hkh Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa rhu izeq[k ckrsa ,slhgSa ftuls jktuhfrd nyksa dk ns'k esa fØ;k'khy gksuk vko';d gks x;k gSA loZizFke Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ Hkkxrhu esa ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa ls lacafèkr vè;k; esa vuqPNsn 19 (x) osQ vUrZxr ns'k osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ¶leqnk;;k la?k dk;e djus dh Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj¸ iznku fd;k x;k gSA jktuhfr nyksa dks xfBr djus dh Lora=krkdk ekSfyd vfèkdkj¸ iznku fd;k x;k gSA jktuSfrd nyksa dks xfBr djus dh Lora=krk dk ekSfyd vfèkdkj Hkhukxfjdksa dks bl O;oLFkk ls Lor% izkIr gks tkrk gSA nwljs] lafoèkku osQ Hkkx iUnzg esa ,d Lora=k ,oa fu"i{k pqukovk;ksx dks dk;e djus dh Li"V O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr tSls cM+s ns'k esa yksdrkfU=kd O;oLFkk osQ vUrxZrlalnh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dk liQy lapkyu djus ls lacafèkr ;s pquko jktuSfrd nyksa dh ekStwnxh osQ fcuk laiUuugha djk, tk ldrs gSaA rhljs] lu~ 1985 esa laln }kjk ikfjr fd, x, 52osa lafoèkku la'kksèku dkuwu usloZ&lEefr ls ny&cny ij laoSèkkfud :i ls jksd yxk nh gSA vr% bldk vFkZ ;gh gS fd lafoèkku esaizdkjUrj ls jktuSfrd nyksa osQ vfLrRo dks fyf[kr :i esa Hkh eatwj dj fy;k x;k gSA

2- cgq&nyh; iz.kkyh (Multi-Party System)–Hkkjr esa phu dh Hkk¡fr ,d&nyh; iz.kkyh ugha gS vkSj u

gh vesfjdk rFkk baXyS.M dh rjg f}&nyh; iz.kkyh gS] ysfdu gekjs ;gk¡ fLoV~tjySaM dh Hkk¡fr cgq&nyh;

iz.kkyh gSA 1971 osQ pquko esa yxHkx 24 nyksa us laln esa izos'k fd;kA lu~ 1980 esa tc 9 izkUrksa dh

foèkkulHkkvksa osQ pquko gq,] rks ml le; 8 jktuSfrd nyksa us pquko esa Hkkx fy;kA lu~ 1980 esa yksd lHkk

osQ eè;kofèk pquko osQ le; ekU;rk izkIr nyksa dh oqQy la[;k 32 FkhA lu~ 1984 osQ pquko osQ le; 25 rFkk

lu~ 1989 osQ pquko osQ le; 29 FkhA ebZ&twu 1991 osQ eè;kofèk yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ le; jktuhfrd

nyksa dh la[;k esa vkSj Hkh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; nyksa esa Hkh fnu&izfrfnu o`f¼ gks jgh gSA Hkkjr dh

cgq&nyh; iz.kkyh ns'k osQ fy, cgqr [krjukd gS] blls jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dks èkDdk yxrk gS rFkk

fLFkj ,oa n`<+ ljdkj dh LFkkiuk Hkh ugha gks ldrh gSA vkj- ,- xksikyu osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr esa ftl nyh;

O;oLFkk dk fodkl gqvk gS] og u osQoy yksdrU=kh; laLFkkvksa osQ izfrowQy gS] cfYd gekjs ns'k esa LFkkfir

yksdrU=k osQ fy, Hkh [krjk gSA¸ (“The Party System which has emerged in out country is notonly incompatible with the particular democratic institutions we have adopted, but

also constitutes a clear danger to the survival of democracy in the country.”)

3- ,d jktuSfrd ny dh izèkkurk (Domination of the One Political Party)–Hkkjrh; nyh;

O;oLFkk dh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ;gk¡ ij izk;% ,d ny dh izèkkurk jgh gSA lu~ 1967 osQ pquko ls igys

dkaxszl ny dh osQUnz rFkk jkT;ksa esa iw.kZ :i ls izèkkurk jghA 1967 osQ pqukoksa esa yxHkx vkèks jkT;ksa esa dkaxzsl

dks cgqer izkIr u gks ldus osQ dkj.k mÙkj izns'k] iatkc] gfj;k.kk] if'peh caxky] mM+hlk] fcgkj rFkk jktLFkku

vkfn esa xSj&dkaxzsl vFkkZr~ la;qDr ekspsZ dh ljdkjsa cuha] ijUrq os vfèkd le; rd u py ldhaA lu~ 1971 osQ

vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl (b) dks cgqr Hkkjh liQyrk feyh vkSj yksd lHkk esa mls 352 LFkku izkIr gq,A ijUrq

vkikr fLFkfr osQ nkSjku fd, x, vR;kpkjksa osQ dkj.k 1977 eas gksus okys pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl dks oqQy 153 LFkku

izkIr gq,A bu pqukoksa esa turk ikVhZ dks 272 rFkk dkaxzsl iQkWj MseksØslh dks 28 LFkku izkIr gq,A bl izdkj igyh

ckj osQUnz esa xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkj cuh vkSj ;g yxus yxk fd ,d ny dk izHkqRo lnk osQ fy, lekIr gks x;k

gSA twu] 1977 esa 10 jkT;ksa esa Hkh pquko gq, ftuesa ls 7 truk ikVhZ dh ljdkjsa cuhaA ijUrq turk ikVhZ dh vkilh

iwQV osQ dkj.k izèkkuea=kh eksjkjth nslkbZ us viuk R;kx&i=k ns fn;k vkSj muosQ LFkku ij pkS- pj.k¯lg izèkkuea=kh

cusA ijUrq pkS- pj.k¯lg osQ lkFk yksd lHkk dk cgqer ugha Fkk] blfy, 20 vxLr] 1979 dks mUgksaus viuk

R;kx&i=k ns fn;k vkSj jk"Vªifr dks yksd lHkk Hkax djus dk ijke'kZ fn;kA lu~ 1980 esa yksd lHkk osQ pquko

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gq, ftlesa dkaxzsl (b) dks Hkkjh liQyrk feyhA blesa dkaxzsl (b) dks 352] turk ikVhZ dks 31 rFkk yksdny

dks osQoy 41 LFkku izkIr gq,A ,slh fLFkfr esa gfj;k.kk rFkk fgekpy izns'k esa ny&cny osQ dkj.k dkaxzsl (b)

dh ljdkjsa LFkkfir gks xbZA ebZ] 1980 esa 9 jkT;ksa esa pquko gq,] ftuesa rfeyukMq dks NksM+ ckdh lHkh jkT;ksa esa

Hkh dkaxzsl dks liQyrk feyh rFkk bl ny dh ljdkjsa cuhaA fnlEcj] 1984 esa gq, yksd lHkk pquko esa bl ny

dks Hkkjh liQyrk feyhA bls yksd lHkk esa yxHkx 400 LFkku izkIr gq,A bl izdkj ,d ckj fiQj dkaxzsl (b)

dk izHkqRo LFkkfir gks x;k] ysfdu 1989 rFkk 1991 esa yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa fdlh Hkh ikVhZ dks Li"V cgqer

izkIr ugha gqvk gSA

4- nyksa dk <hyk&<kyk laxBu (Loose Organization of Political Parties)–Hkkjr osQ vfèkdka'k nyksa

dk laxBu cgqr <hyk gS rFkk lnL;ksa esa vuq'kklu dk vHkko gSA vfèkdrj nyh; usrk vius LokFkZ dh iwfrZ osQ

fy, nyh; vuq'kklu dh ijokg ugha djrsA ;fn fdlh lnL; dks vke pquko dk fVdV ugha feyrk] rks og

ny ls R;kx&i=k nsdj ny osQ mEehnokj osQ gh fo#¼ pquko esa [kM+k gks tkrk gSA dbZ ckj rks ,sls lnL; viuk

vyx ny cuk ysrs gSaA lu~ 1982 esa gfj;k.kk rFkk fgekpy izns'k dh foèkkulHkkvksa osQ pquko esa ,sls vusd

mnkgj.k feyrs gSa tc dkaxzsl (b) ny osQ vusd lnL;ksa us ny ls R;kx&i=k nsdj ny osQ mEehnokjksa osQ fo#¼

pquko yM+kA ;g ckr vkSj Hkh vfèkd cqjh gS fd ,sls lnL;ksa dks dbZ ckj mlh ny esa ys fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls

mudks fudky fn;k x;k FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lnL;ksa ls vuq'kklu dh mEehn djuk O;FkZ gSA ;g Hkh gekjh

nyh; O;oLFkk dh ,d cM+h cqjkbZ gSA

5- voljokn dh izofÙk (Trend of Opportunism)–Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa voljokfnrk lnk gh fo|eku

jgh gS vkSj vHkh gky osQ o"kks± esa ;g fujUrj mxz :i èkkj.k djrh tk jgh gSA lu~ 1980 esa osQjy fo/kulHkk

pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl (b) rFkk turk ny us ,d&nwljs osQ lkFk feydj pquko yM+k] tcfd yksd lHkk esa ;g nksuksa

ny ,d&nwljs osQ fojksèkh gSaA iatkc esa vdkyh ny rFkk tula?k us feydj ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA blh izdkj

dk¡xzsl (b) us rfeyukMq esa Mh-,e-osQ- osQ lkFk xBcUèku fd;k tcfd oqQN gh o"kZ igys vkikrdky esa

izèkkuea=kh bfUnjk xk¡èkh us rfeyukMq dh Mh- ,e- osQ- ljdkj dks rksM+k FkkA blh izdkj vdkyh ny osQ usrk izdk'k

¯lg ckny rFkk rycUMh] tEew o d'ehj osQ pqukoksa esa MkW- iQk#d vCnqYyk osQ ny ¶us'kuy dkaizsaQl¸ osQ i{k

eas dke djus osQ fy, x, FksA bl izdkj dh voljokfnrk osQ vU; Hkh vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA tSlsµuoEcj]

1990 esa rRdkyhu lÙkk:<+ turk ny esa gqbZ iwQV vkSj mlosQ ckn rqjUr pUnz'ks[kj osQ usr`Ro esa turk ny (,l)

dk vfLrRo esa vkuk rFkk osQUnz ljdkj xfBr djuk blh voljokfnrk dk ToyUr mnkgj.k gSA

6- iathdj.k dh vfuok;Zrk (Compulsory Registration of the Political Parties)–fnlEcj] 1988

esa laln }kjk tu&izfrfufèkRo dkuwu] lu~ 1951 esa la'kksèku dj fn;s tkus ls vc lHkh izknsf'kd ;k jk"Vªh; Lrj

ij fØ;k'khy jktuSfrd nyksa dks Hkkjr osQ pquko vk;ksx osQ ikl viuk iathdj.k djkuk vfuok;Z dj fn;k gSA

iathdj.k djkrs le; jktuSfrd nyksa dks Hkkjr osQ lafoèkku rFkk mldh mísf'kdk ;k izLrkouk esa fn, x;s

iaFk&fujis{krk] yksdrU=k vkSj lektokn osQ izfr viuh fu"Bk dh ?kks"k.kk djuk t:jh gS ,oa jk"Vª dh ,drk]

v[k.Mrk vkSj izHkqlÙkk dks cuk, j[kus dk ladYi mUgsa O;Dr djuk gksrk gSA

7- lkEiznkf;d rFkk {ks=kh; nyksa dk gksuk (Communal and Regional Parties)–Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh

dh vU; fo'ks"krk lkEiznkf;d rFkk {ks=kh; nyksa dk gksuk gSA eqfLye yhx] vdkyh ny] fgUnw egklHkk rFkk nzfoM+

equs=k dM+xe (D.M.K) vkfn izeq[k gSaA ;|fi fiNys yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa bu nyksa dks vf/d liQyrk ugha

feyh gSa ijUrq fiQj Hkh ;g ny jk"Vªh; ,drk] v[k.Mrk rFkk yksdrU=k osQ fy, [krjk cus gq, gSaA

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uksV~l lkaiznkf;d nyksa osQ lkFk&lkFk dbZ {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkh laxBu fd;k x;k gSA buesa tEew ,oa

dk'ehj dh us'kuy dkaizsaQl] vkaèkz izns'k dh rsyqxq ns'ke] rfeyukMq dh Mh-,e-osQ- rFkk ,-Mh-,e-osQ- iatkc esa vdkyh ny] mM+hlk esa mRdy dkaxzsl rFkk fcgkj esa >kj[k.M ny vkfnizeq[k gSaA

buesa rsyqxw ns'k vkUèkz izns'k esa lÙkk:<+ ny osQ :i esa Hkh fo|eku gSA ;g O;oLFkk jk"Vªh; fgrksa osQ cgqr izfrowQygS D;ksafd ,sls ny jk"Vªh; fgrksa dh ijokg u djrs gq, {ks=kh; ek¡xksa dks lkeus j[kdj muesa {ks=kh; Hkkoukvksa dksmHkkjrs gSaA

8- Li"V fopkjèkkjk dk vHkko (Absence of Clear-cut Ideology)–jktuSfrd nyksa dk vkèkkj mudh

lqfuf'pr jktuSfrd fopkjèkkjk] vkn'kZ] fl¼kUr vkSj dk;ZØe gksrs gSaA ysfdu Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa

mldk iw.kZr% vHkko gSA vfèkdrj jktuSfrd ny dkaxzsl esa fudys gq, usrkvksa osQ O;fDrRo ij vk/kfjr gSaA vr%

bfUnjk dkaxzsl] dakxszl (l)] turk ny] turk ikVhZ] turk ny (l)] vkSj yksdny (c) esa oSpkfjd ,oa

lS¼kfUrd fHkUurk osQ ctk; muesa lekurk vfèkd gSaA lqfuf'pr jktuSfrd fl¼kUrksa ij pyus oky dE;qfuLV

vkUnksyu Hkh vius usrkvksa osQ O;fDr;ksa dh VdjkgV dk f'kdkj cudj vusd xqVksa esa c¡V x;k gS ftuesa ekdik

vkSj Hkkdik nks izeq[k izHkko'kkyh ny gSaA lksfo;r la?k lfgr iwohZ ;wjksi ls dE;qfuLV O;oLFkk dk vUr gks tkus

ls muosQ lkeus xgjk oSpkfjd ladV [kM+k gks x;k gSA ,dek=k Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ (Hkktik) gh viuh lqLi"V

jktuSfrd fopkjèkkjk okyk xSj&dkaxzslh ny vkt ns'k dh jktuhfr esa fo|eku gSaA

9- ekU;rk izkIr fojksèkh ny (Recognised Opposition Party)–lu~ 1977 esa NBh yksd lHkk pquko ls

igys yksd lHkk esa ekU;rk izkIr dksbZ jktuhfrd ny vfLrRo esa ugha FkkA bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ml nkSjku

foi{k osQ fdlh Hkh ,d jktuSfrd ny dks yksd lHkk dh oqQy lnL;&la[;k osQ nlosa Hkkx osQ cjkcj LFkku

ml lnu esa izkIr ugha FksA lu~ 1977 esa osQUnz esa igyh ckj xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkj xfBr gksus ij foi{kh ny osQ

usrk dk osru vkSj HkÙkksa ls lacafèkr dkuwu ikl fd;k x;k rFkk dkaxzsl osQ rRdkyhu usrk ;'koUrjk; p.gk.k dks

foi{kh ny dk ekU;rk izkIr usrk dk in nsdj mUgsa oSQfcusV ea=kh tSlh lqfoèkk,¡ nh xbZA ysfdu lu~ 1980 vkSj

1984 osQ lalnh; pqukoksa esa rks ,d ckj fiQj osQUnz esa ,d ny dk iw.kZ izHkqRo dk;e gksus dh vkLFkk dk;e gks

xbZA ;gk¡ rd fd lu~ 1989 osQ pqukoksa ls yksd lHkk esa ekU;rk izkIr fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa mHkj vk;k FkkA

ysfdu lu~ 1989 osQ pqukoksa ls yksd lHkk esa ekU;rk izkIr fojksèkh ny fiQj ls vfLrRo esa vk x;k FkkA ml le;

dkaxzsl (b) osQ usrk jktho xk¡èkh foi{k osQ usrk FksA ebZ] 1991 osQ yksd lHkk pquko osQ ckn xkSjo Hkktik dks

izkIr gqvk gS vkSj Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h foi{k osQ ekU;rk izkIr usrk cusA

10- ,d ny dh izeq[krk osQ ;qx dh lekfIr (End of One Patry Era)–lu~ 1947 ls uoEcj] 1989 osQ

42 o"kks± osQ nkSjku ekpZ] 1977 ls fnlEcj] 1979 osQ yxHkx ikSus rhu o"kZ dks NksM+dj osQUnz esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ dk

,dN=k jkt cuk jgkA ysfdu uoEcj] 1989 esa gq, ukSaoh yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ le; esa ,d ny dh izeq[krk

dk ;qx lekIr gksrk fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA ebZ] 1991 osQ eè;{kfrkofèk yksd lHkk pquko osQ nkSjku HkwriwoZ izèkkuea=kh

vkSj dkaxszl (b) osQ vè;{k jktho xk¡èkh dh fueZe gR;k ls vc osQUnz esa ,d ny dh izeq[krk dh ljdkjksa dk

;qx okil ykSVrk fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgk gSA nloha yksd lHkk osQ pquko ifj.kkeksa esa rks fdlh Hkh ,d jktuSfrd ny

dks iw.kZ cgqer rd izkIr ugha gks ldk Fkk vkSj ih-oh- ujflEgk jko osQ usr`Ro esa vYila[;d ljdkj dk xBu

fd;k x;k FkkA blh fy, 1996 ls vc rd osQUnz eas xBcaèku ljdkjsa gh lÙkk esa vkbZ gSaA

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11- ny&cny (Defections)–Hkkjr dh nyh&O;oLFkk esa ny&cny dh izo`fÙk ,d vfHk'kki jgh gSA tSls1957 vkSj 1967 osQ chp 542 ckj ny&cny gq, FksA ;g ny&cny dh izo`fÙk jk"Vª osQ fy, cM+h [krjukdfl¼ gks jgh FkhA le;≤ ij blosQ fo#¼ dkuwu cukus osQ fy, vusd iz;kl fd, x, ysfdu dksbZ fo'ks"kliQyrk izkIr ugha gqbZ FkhA HkwriwoZ izèkkuea=kh Lo- Jh jktho xk¡èkh us lafoèkku osQ 52 osa la'kksèku }kjk ny&cnyij dkuwuh jksd yxkdj ,d vPNk dne mBk;k FkkA ysfdu vHkh ny&cny dh cqjkbZ iwjh rjg lekIr ugha gqbZgSA vHkh Hkh ny&cny osQ dbZ mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA

12- xqVcUnh (Factionalism)–Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk xqVcUnh dkcksy&ckyk fo'ks"kdj mÙkjh Hkkjr osQ jkT;ksa esa gSA lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa esa NksVs&NksVs xqV ik, tkrs gSaA izk;% ,dog xqV tks lÙkk esa gS rFkk nwljk vlUrq"V xqVA ;g lHkh xqV pquko osQ le; vkil esa gh ,d&nwljs dk fojksèkdjrs gSaA bl izdkj dh izo`fÙk yxHkx lHkh nyksa esa ikbZ tkrh gSA MkWú bdcky osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjr esa vusdvf[ky Hkkjrh; ny gSa tks mQij ls ,d bdkbZ gksrs gq, Hkh] muesa vkUrfjd xqVcUnh gSA¸ xqVcUnh osQ dkj.k jkT;Lrj ij vusd ljdkjksa dk iru gqvk gSA xqVcUnh osQ dkj.k tuojh] 1978 esa dkaxzsl dk foHkktu gqvk rFkkdakxzsl (vkbZ) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 1979 esa turk ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk gqbZA xqVcUnh osQ dkj.k gh 1990 esa turk nydk foHkktu gqvk Fkk oh-ih- ¯lg dh ljdkj fxjh rFkk pUnz'ks[kj us ljdkj cukbZ vkSj yksd lHkk dks Hkax djukiM+k rFkk eè;kof/ pquko gq,A

uksV~l xqVcUnh Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk dh egÙoiw.kZ cqjkbZ gSA

13- LorU=k lnL; (Independent Members)–Hkkjr esa vusd nyksa osQ gksrs gq, Hkh laln rFkk izkUrh;foèkkulHkkvksa esa Lora=k lnL;ksa dh la[;k cgqr ikbZ tkrh gSA ;s funZyh; mEehnokj pqukoksa esa fuokZfpr Hkh gkstkrs gSaA 1977 esa yksd lHkk esa 9] 1980 esa 8 rFkk 1984 esa 3 lnL; fuokZfpr gq, FksA izkUrksa dh foèkkulHkkvksaosQ pqukoksa esa funZyh; mEehnokjksa dk izHkko vfèkd jgrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa bl izdkj dh nyh; O;oLFkk yksdrU=kosQ fy, gfudkjd gSA ukeZu Mh- ikej osQ vuqlkj] ¶vc rd ,d LoLFk nyh; O;oLFkk mHkj dj ugha vkbZgS vkSj fudV Hkfo"; esa Hkh ,slk gks lduk dfBu ekywe gksrk gSA¸

14- jk"Vªh; jktuSfrd nyksa dh de la[;k (Less Number of National Political Parties)–Hkkjrh;pquko vk;ksx osQ }kjk o"kZ 1993 esa 6 jktuSfrd nyksa dks jk"Vªh; nyksa osQ :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ] tcfdbuesa ls nks nykssaµ(1) turk ny (cksEebZ)] (2) turk ny (vftr) dks vLFkk;h ekU;rk iznku dh xbZ gSA

pquko vk;ksx us 6 jk"Vªh; jktuSfrd nyksa dks ekU;rk izkIr dh Fkh] tks fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

1- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl (vkbZ) [Indian National Congress (1)]

2- Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (Communist Party of India)

3- Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (ekDlZoknh) [Communist Party of India (Marxist)]

4- Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ (Bhartiya Janta Party)

5- turk ny (Janta Dal) cksEebZ

6- turk ny (Janta Dal) vftr

15- O;fDrRo dk egÙo (Importance of Personality)–Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd nyksa esa O;fDrRo osQ egÙo dkoqQN fo'ks"k LFkku gS rFkk izR;sd jktuhfrd ny esa dksbZ&u&dksbZ ,slk jktuhfrd uk;d vo'; fo|eku gS]

uksV



ftlosQ bnZ&fxnZ ml ny dk laiw.kZ dk;ZØe ?kwerk gSA ekSfjl tksUl (Morris Jones) osQ vuqlkj fiNys dbZn'kdksa esa ^vlkèkkj.k jk"Vªh; usr`Ro* (Extra-ordinary National Leadership) Hkkjr dks izkIr gqvk gSALok/hurk izkfIr osQ ckn ia- tokgjyky usg: dh fo'ks"k rFkk ljkguh; Hkwfedk jgh gSA Jh yky cgknqj 'kkL=khus FkksM+s le; esa gh vius uke rFkk dk;ks± dks pkj pk¡n yxk fn;s FksA 1966 ls uoEcj] 1984 rd (ekpZ] 1977ls fnlEcj] 1979 rd osQ le; dks NksM+dj) Jherh bfUnjk osQ ckn jktho xk¡èkh us jk"Vªh; usrk osQ :i esaegÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ 21 twu] 1991 dks Jh ih-oh- ujflEgk jko us izèkkuea=kh dk in laHkkykA Hkkjr dhorZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks en~nsutj j[krs gq, gekjs izèkkuea=kh th fo'ks"k Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA

16- turk osQ lkFk de lEioZQ (Less Contact with the Masses)–Hkkjrh; ny iz.kkyh dh ,d vU;

fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd ny turk osQ lkFk lEioZQ cukdj ugha j[krsA ;g fdrus vk'p;Z dk fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr esa

dbZ ny rks cjlkrh gS esa<dksa dh Hkk¡fr pquko osQ le; esa vfLrRo esa vkrs gSa rFkk pquko osQ ckn izk;% yqIr

gks tkrs gSaA tc pquko utnhd gksrs gSa rc lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa osQ usrk turk osQ lkFk lEioZQ cuk, j[kus osQ

egÙo ij tksj nsrs gSa rFkk tSls gh pquko [kRe gks tkrs gSa rks os bl egÙo dks Hkwy tkrs gSaA xk¡oksa osQ vfèkdrj

yksxksa dks rks nyksa osQ uke rd Hkh irk ugha gksrsA tc rd jktuSfrd nyksa dk lhèkk laioZQ turk ls LFkkfir ugha

gks ikrk] rc rd Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh liQyrkiwoZd ,oa izHkko'kkyh <ax ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrhA

17- jktuSfrd nyksa esa yksdrU=k dk vHkko (Lack of Democracy within Political Parties)–

Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd nyksa dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd jktuSfrd nyksa dk vkUrfjd <kapk yksdrkfU=kd

fl¼karksa rFkk ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr ugha gSA jktuSfrd nyksa osQ vius laxBukRed pquko o"kks± rd ugha gksrsA vizSy]

1992 esa 22 o"kks± osQ ckn dkaxzsl (vkbZ) osQ laxBukRed pquko gq, gSaA laxBukRed pquko u gksus ls] izk;% lHkh

nyksa esa nyh; rkuk'kkgh dh izo`fÙk mRiUu gksrh gSA tc rd jktuhfrd nyksa esa vkUrfjd iztkrU=k dh LFkkiuk

ugha gks ikrh] rc rd jk"Vª dh jktuhfr esa yksdrkfU=kd fl¼karksa rFkk ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gksuk vlaHko gSA

18- jktuSfrd nyksa eas fl¼karghu le>kSrs (Non-Principal Alliance of Political Parties)–Hkkjrh;

nyh; iz.kkyh dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk rFkk nks"k ;g gS fd jktuSfrd ny vius LokFkks±s dh iwfrZ osQ fy,

fl¼kUrghu le>kSrs djus osQ fy, lnSo rS;kj jgrs gSa] rkfd lÙkk dh izkfIr gks tk,A tuojh] 1980 osQ yksd

lHkk osQ pquko esa yxHkx lHkh nyksa us fl¼kUrghu le>kSrs fd,A ekpZ] 1987 esa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) us'kuy dkaizsQl

(iQ) osQ lkFk pquko xBcUèku fd;k x;k rFkk feyh&tqyh ljdkj cukbZA 1989 osQ pquko osQ volj ij turk

ny us ekDlZoknh ikVhZ vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ lkFk xBcUèku fd;kA 1991 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ

volj ij yxHkx lHkh nyksa us voljoknh le>kSrs fd,A

19- jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk dkys èku dk iz;ksx (Sue of Black Money by Partical Parties)–pquko

yxkrkj egaxs gksrs tk jgs gSaA blfy, pquko&O;; osQ fy, r; dh xbZ dkuwuh lhek vc O;FkZ gks xbZ gSA jktuSfrd

ny cM+h&cM+h daifu;ksa vkSj iwathifr;ksa ls èku ,d=k djrs gSaA cnys esa ;g oxZ 'kklu vkSj jktuhfrd nyksa ls

vuqfpr ykHk mBkrs gSaA ljdkj }kjk daifu;ksa ij jktuSfrd nyksa dks pUnk nsus ij jksd yxkus dk dksbZ Hkh vlj

ugha iM+k gSA vc os dkyk èku jktuSfrd nyksa osQ pans osQ :i esa nsrs gSaA iQyLo:i bZekunkj fdUrq lkèkughu

O;fDr pquko yM+us dh ckr lksp Hkh ugha ldrkA lu~ 1989 osQ pquko esa bfUnjk dkaxzsl us pquko&izpkj osQ fy,

,d izkbosV dEiuh dks 75 djksM+ #i;s dk Bsdk vosQys fn;k FkkA

20- jktuSfrd nyksa esa lsok&Hkkouk dk vHkko (Lack of Public Service Spirit in Political

Parties)–vc jktuSfrd nyksa osQ fy, jktuSfrd {ks=k vkSj lkoZtfud thou lkekftd lsok dk ,d ifo=k

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lkèku u jgdj lÙkk ij vfèkdkj tekus dk ,d midj.k cu x;k gSA vr% fl¼kUrksa dh cfy p<+kdj Hkh oqQlhZ

gfFk;kus esa jktuSfrd nyksa dks dksbZ ladksp ugha gSA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)–mi;qZDr vè;;u ls lqLi"V fofnr gks tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dk fodkl

Bhd <ax ls ugha gks jgk gSA blesa vusd ,slh dfe;k¡ gSa] tks yksdrU=k osQ fy, ?kkrd fl¼ gks ldrh gSA 1952

ls ysdj vc rd Hkkjrh; ny iz.kkyh esa brus vfèkd ifjorZu gq, gSa fd bl nyh; iz.kkyh osQ Lo:i osQ fo"k;

esa bruk dguk gh U;k;laxr gS fd Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh dk Lo:i okLro esa Hkkjrh; gh gS] D;ksafd ;g nyh;

iz.kkyh Hkkjr dh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh mit gSA ebZ&twu] 1996 esa gq, yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa us Hkkjrh; nyh;

iz.kkyh dks ,d ubZ fn'kk iznku dh gS vc Hkkjr esa gh èkzoh cgqnyh; O;oLFkk (Bt Polau Mu etc Party

System) LFkkfir gks x;k gS rFkk dkaxsl (vkbZ) vkSj Hkktik nks èkzoksa osQ :i esa mHkjs gSA Hkkjrh; yksdrU=k dh

liQyrk osQ fy, ;g vfuok;Z gS fd Hkkjr esa baXyS.M rFkk vesfjdk dh Hkkafr f}&nyh; O;oLFkk fodflr gksA

vUr esa] izks- ikej (Prof. Palmer) osQ vuqlkj] ¶Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd <k¡ps dk vHkh fodkl gks jgk gS vkSj

mldk vfUre Lo:i D;k gksxk] vHkh Li"V ugha gSA (“The Indian Political Structure is still in theprocess of becoming and its final shape is still not so clear as one might assume.


fjDr&LFkku Hkjsa (Fill in the blanks)

1- Hkkjr eas ------------- iz.kkyh gSA

2- 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dks cgqer izkIr gqvk] tcfd--- us fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA

3- jktuSfrd ny turk rFkk ------------- ds chp dM+h dk dke djrh gSA

14-2 Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa nyh; iz.kkyh dh Hkwfedk (Role of PartySystem in Indian Political System)

Hkkjr esa lalnh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dks viuk;k x;k gSA lHkh ns'kksa dh yksdrU=kh; rFkk lalnh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dhliQyrk jktuSfrd nyksa ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr rFkk 'kklu esa jktuSfrd ny fuEufyf[kr HkwfedkfuHkk jgs gSaµ

1. tuer dk fuekZ.k djuk (Formation of Public Opinion)–yksdrU=k ljdkj esa 'kklu dh vfUre'kfDr turk esa fufgr jgrh gSA lHkh jktuSfrd ny turk dks vius i{k esa djus osQ fy, tuer dk fuekZ.k djrsgSaA Hkkjr esa vfèkdrj yksx vui<+ gSa rFkk os ns'k dh tfVy leL;kvksa dks vPNh rjg ugha le> ldrsA Hkkjrh;jktuSfrd ny vke turk osQ le{k ns'k dh leL;kvksa dks Li"V :i ls ns[krs gSa rFkk mudk lek/ku djus osQfy, vius lq>ko Hkh nsrs gSa] ftlls tuer osQ fuekZ.k esa cgqr lgk;rk feyrh gSA

2. pquko yM+uk (To Contest Election)–Hkkjr esa vizR;{k yksdrU=k dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA bl iz.kkyh esa'kklu turk }kjk fuokZfpr izfrfufèk;ksa osQ }kjk pyk;k tkrk gSA izR;sd jktuSfrd ny dk mn~ns'; 'kkfUriwoZdmik;ksa }kj ljdkj ij fu;a=k.k izkIr djuk gksrk gSA jktuSfrd ny pquko esa vius mEehnokj [kM+s djrs gSa rFkkmudks liQy cukus dk izR;sd laHko iz;kl djrs gSaA og viuk ,d pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k (Election Mani-

festo) rS;kj djrs gSa] ftldk turk esa izpkj djrs gSaA

3. ljdkj cukuk (To Form Government)–ftl jktuSfrd ny dks pquko esa cgqer izkIr gks tkrk gS] ogljdkj dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA lu~ 1980 esa gq, yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl (b) dks cgqer izkIr gqvk vkSj ml

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ny us Jhefr bfUnjk xk¡èkh osQ usr`Ro esa ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA 'kklu dks vius gkFkksa esa ys ysus osQ i'pkr~og ny viuh uhfr dks] tks mlus pqukoksa osQ le; turk osQ lkeus j[kh Fkh] jk"Vªh; fgr osQ fy, pykus dkiz;Ru djrk gSA lu~ 1984 esa gq, yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl (b) dks cgqer izkIr gqvk rFkk ml ny usJh jktho xk¡èkh osQ usr`Ro esa ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh FkhA 1989 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa fdlh Hkh ny dksLi"V cgqer izkIr ugha gqvk FkkA ysfdu Jh oh-ih- lg osQ gksdj R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k rFkk Jh pUnz'ks[kj osQ usr`Roesa ljdkj cuh rFkk mUgsa Hkh foo'k gksdj R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+k rFkk yksd lHkk osQ eè;kofèk pquko gq,A fdlhHkh ny dks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gqvk] ysfdu 21 twu] 1991 dks Jh ih- oh- ujflEgk jko osQ usr`Ro esa ljdkjcukbZ xbZ rFkk os xaHkhj fLFkfr esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSaA

4. foèkkue.My esa vuq'kklu LFkkfir djuk (Discipline in Legislature)–foèkkue.My osQ lnL; fcukfdlh usr`Ro o laxBu osQ lqpk: :i ls dk;Z ugha dj ldrs vkSj ;g usr`Ro mUgsa jktuSfrd nyksa }kjk gh iznkufd;k tkrk gSA ,d gh ny osQ lnL; vius dks ny osQ fdlh ;ksX; rFkk izHkko'kkyh usrk osQ usr`Ro esa laxfBrdjrs gSa vkSj ny osQ vkns'kkuqlkj gh foèkkue.My esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bl izdkj osQ vuq'kklu osQ vHkko esafoèkkue.My lnL;ksa osQ >xM+ksa dks osQUnz cu tk,xkA

5. yksxksa dks jktuSfrd f'k{kk iznku djuk (Political Education to the People)–jktuSfrd ny yksxksadks f'k{kk nsus dk egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z djrs gSaA izR;sd ny ns'k dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa ij vius n`f"Vdks.k ls fopkjdjrk gS vkSj muosQ lekèkku osQ fy, mik; fuf'pr djrk gSA mlosQ i'pkr~ izR;sd ny vius n`f"Vdks.k dk yksxksaesa izpkj djrk gS] ftlls turk dks ;g irk pyrk gS fd ns'k osQ lkeus D;k&D;k leL;k,¡ gSa vkSj mudk D;klekèkku laHko gSA blls os O;fDr tks vf'kf{kr gSa rFkk lekpkj&i=k vkfn ugha i<+ ldrs] ns'k rFkk mudhleL;kvksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dj ysrs gSaA blls mudh ns'k rFkk ljdkj esa :fp c<+rh gSA

6. fojksèkh ny dk fuekZ.k djuk (To form Opposition)–tks jktuSfrd ny pquko esa gkj tkrk gS] ogfojksèkh ny dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA 1977 esa turk ikVhZ dks cgqer izkIr gqvk rFkk mldh ljdkj cuh] tcfddkaxzsl (b) us fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z fd;kA ebZ&twu 1991 dks gq, yksd lHkk pquko esa fdlh Hkh nydks Li"V cgqer izkIr ugha gqvk Fkk] ysfdu dkaxzsl us ljdkj dks cuk;k rFkk Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dks yskdlHkkesa fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh xbZA fojksèkh ny ljdkj dks vR;kpkjh cuus ls jksdrk gS vkSj vxjljdkj euekuh djrh gS ,oa turk dh HkykbZ dh ijokg ugha djrh] rc fojksèkkh ny ljdkj osQ fo#¼vfo'okl izLrko ikfjr djosQ mls gVk ldrk gSA yksdrU=k dh liQyrk laxfBr fojksèkh ny ij Hkh fuHkZj djrhgSA fojksèkh ny ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSaA

7. turk rFkk ljdkj osQ chp dM+h dk dke djuk (To serve as Link between the People and

the Government)–Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd ny turk rFkk ljdkj osQ chp lacaèk cuk, j[krs gSaA os ljdkj dhuhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dk turk esa [kwc izpkj djrs gSa rFkk buosQ ckjs esa mUgsa tkudkjh nsrs gSaA blosQ vykokjktuSfrd ny turk dh f'kdk;rksa dks ljdkj rd igq¡pkrs gSaA jktuSfrd ny ljdkj osQ dkuwuksa rFkk uhfr;ksa dkxgu vè;;u djrs gSa rFkk mudh vPNkbZ;ksa ,oa cqjkbZ;ksa dks turk osQ le{k j[krs gSaA bl rjg ny turk rFkkljdkj dks ,d&nwljs osQ fudV ykus dk dke djrs gSaA

8. ny ljdkj osQ fofHkUu vaxksa osQ chp lg;ksx LFkkfir djrs gSa (They create Co-operation

Among various Organs of the Government)–jktuSfrd ny ljdkj osQ fofHkUu vaxksa rFkk foHkkxksa esaijLij lg;ksx mRiUu djrs gSa] tks ljdkj osQ liQyrkiwoZd lapkyu osQ fy, cgqr vko';d gSA lalnh;'kklu&iz.kkyh esa ny osQ vkèkkj ij foèkkue.My rFkk dk;Zikfydk esa lg;ksx mRiUu gksrk gS] ftlosQifj.kkeLo:i vPNs dkuwuksa dk ikl gksuk laHko gksrk gSA ljdkj osQ bu nksuksa vaxksa esa xfrjksèk mRiUu gksus dh

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laHkkouk cgqr de gksrh gSA D;ksafd mlh ny dk ljdkj ij Hkh fu;a=k.k gksrk gS ftls foèkkue.My esa cgqerdk leFkZu izkIr gksrk gSA

9. 'kkfUriwoZd <ax ls ljdkj esa ifjorZu (Peaceful Change in Government)–jktuSfrd ny gh ns'kesa ljdkj dk 'kkfUre; <ax ls ifjorZu laHko cukrs gSaA vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr osQ nkSjku tc Jhefr bfUnjk xk¡èkhdh ljdkj us yksxksa ij vR;kpkj fd;s] rks 1977 osQ pqukoksa esa yksxksa us mldks gjkdj turk ikVhZ osQ gkFkksa esalÙkk lkSai nhA tc turk ikVhZ viuh iwQV osQ dkj.k ns'k dks LFkkbZ ljdkj ugha ns ldh] rks 1980 osQ pqukoksa esaturk us mlosQ fo#¼ ernku djosQ mls gVk fn;kA bl izdkj ;g ifjorZu iw.kZ :i ls 'kfUre; rjhosQ ls gqvkAjktuSfrd nyksa osQ vHkko esa ,sls ifjorZu osQ fy, ØkfUr dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS] ftlls ns'k esa tku rFkk ekydh cgqr gkfu gksrh gSA

10. osQUnz rFkk bdkb;ksa esa rkyesy djuk (To Create Harmony between Centre and the

Units)–Hkkjr esa la?kh; O;oLFkk dks viuk;k x;k gS] ftlesa 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa esa fd;ktkrk gSA 'kfDr;ksa dk foHkktu gksus ls dbZ ckj osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa esa rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr iSnk gks ldrh gSA gekjs ns'kesa jktuhfrd nyksa us lnSo bl xfrjksèk dks iwjk djus dk gj laHko iz;kl fd;k gSA tc gekjs ns'k esa osQUnz rFkkizkUrksa esa dkaxzsl ny dh ljdkjsa Fkha] ml le; nksuksa esa cgqr gh vPNs lacaèk FksA ysfdu 1967 esa pkSFks vke pqukoosQ ckn oqQN izkUrksa esa xSj&dkaxzsl ljdkjsa cuha] ftlls nksuksa esa rukoiw.kZ fLFkfr mRiUu gqbZA gekjs ns'k osQ oqQNizkUr dkiQh le; ls ;g ek¡x dj jgs gSa fd izkUrksa dh 'kfDr;ksa esa o`f¼ dh tk, rFkk og More Provincial

Autonomy pkgrs gSaA gekjs ns'k dh ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk rHkh cuh jg ldrh gS] tc osQUnz rFkk izkUrksa dhljdkjsa vkil esa rkyesy dks cuk, j[ksa rFkk jk"Vª osQ fgr esa dk;Z djsaA lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa dk ;gh eq[; è;s;gksuk pkfg,A

11. lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd lqèkkj (Social and Economic Reforms)–izk;% lHkh ns'kksa esa jktuSfrd nylkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa esa ljkguh; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA jktuSfrd ny yksxksa esa izpfyr cqjs jhfr&fjoktksadks lekIr djosQ uohu lqèkkj ykus dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA gekjs HkwriwoZ izèkkuea=kh Lo- Jh jktho xk¡/h us ngst&izFkk]tkfr&izFkk rFkk lrh&izFkk bR;kfn cqjkbZ;ksa osQ fojksèk esa cM+s iSekus ij vfHk;ku pyk;k FkkA gekjs ns'k esa NqvkNwrdks iw.kZ :i ls lekIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gSA



4- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\

(a) 1885 (b) 1884

(c) 1886 (d) 1857

5- Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk fuekZ.k dc gqvk Fkk\

(a) 16 vizSy] 1980 (b) 6 vxLr 1980

(c) 6 viSzy] 1980 (d) 15 vxLr 1980

6- Hkkjrh; eas lkE;oknh ny dh LFkkiuk dc gqbZ Fkh\

(a) 1925 (b) 1923

(c) 1948 (d) 1924

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7- Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dk foHkktu dc gqvk Fkk\

(a) 1965 (b) 1964

(c) 1968 (d) 1962

14-3 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny (Parties Indian National Political)

Hkkjrh; 'kklu rFkk jktuhfr esa jktuSfrd ny viuh ljkguh; ,oa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa rFkk buosQ fcukHkkjrh; yksdra=k rFkk lalnh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh liQy ugha gks ldrhA oqQN izeq[k jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny bl izdkjgSaµ

14-3-1 Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl (vkbZ) Indian National Congress (I)

,d vaxzsl flfoy vfèkdkjh ,- vks- áwe osQ }kjk 1885 esa dkaxzsl dk tUe gqvkA rc ls ysdj Lokèkhurk izkfIr

rd bl ny us yxkrkj Lora=krk vkUnksyu dh yM+kbZ fczfV'k ljdkj osQ fo#¼ yM+hA Lokèkhurk osQ ckn 1947

ls ysdj 1977 rd osQUnz esa dkaxszl ny dh ljdkj jgh gSA uoEcj] 1969 esa dkaxzsl ny esa iwQV iM+s xbZ rFkk

blosQ nks ny ¶lÙkkèkkjh dkaxzsl¸ vkSj ¶laxBu dkaxzsl¸ cu x,A fnlEcj] 1978 esa dkaxzsl dk fiQj ls foHkktu

gks x;kA ,d ny dakxzsl dgyk;k rFkk nwljk dkaxzsl (vkbZ)] ysfdu nksuksa gh nyksa dk laxBu rFkk dk;ZØe ,d

tSlk gh gSA tuojh] 1980 osQ lkrosa yksd lHkk pquko esa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) lÙkk esa vkbZA 31 vDrwcj] 1984 dks

izèkkuea=kh bfUnjk xk¡èkh dh gR;k dj nh xbZ rFkk blosQ ckn Jh jktho xk¡èkh ns'k osQ izèkkuea=kh cusA muosQ usr`Ro

esa vkBosa yksd lHkk osQ pquko lEiUu gq, ftuesa mUgsa ,sfrgkfld liQyrk izkIr gqbZA ukSaoh yksd lHkk osQ pquko

1989 esa gq, ftlesa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) cgqer esa ugha vkbZ rFkk turk ny us ljdkj cukbZA 1991 esa nloha yksd

lHkk osQ eè;kofèk pquko gq,A yksd lHkk osQ bl pquko vfHk;ku esa Jh jktho xkaèkh dh gR;k dj nh xbZA 21

twu] 1991 dks Jh ih- oh- ujflEgk jko us izèkkuea=kh osQ :i esa 'kiFk xzg.k dhA

dkaxzsl (vkbZ) dk lkekftd vkèkkj (Social Base of the Congress) (I)–Lora=krk osQ le; lcls

egÙoiw.kZ jktuSfrd ny dkaxszl ikVhZ FkhA vU; ny tSls fd eqfLye yhx] fgUnw egklHkk] lkE;oknh ny u gksus

osQ cjkcj FksA dkaxzsl fdlh fo'ks"k oxZ dh ikVhZ u gksdj lHkh oxks± vkSj lHkh yksxksa dh ikVhZ FkhA dkaxzsl ikVhZ

esa fdlku] tehankj] Jfed] m|ksxifr] fgUnw] eqfLye] bZlkbZ] flD[k] 'kgjh] xzkeh.k bR;kfn lHkh osQ fy, LFkku

Fkk vkSj vkt Hkh dkaxzsl (vkbZ) gh ,d ,slh ikVhZ gS ftldks lHkh oxks±] lHkh èkeks± vkSj fgrksa osQ yksxksa dk leFkZu

izkIr gSA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) dk pquko fpUg ^gkFk* gSA

nloha yksd lHkk osQ le; ?kksf"kr dkaxzsl (b) dk pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k (Election Manifesto of the

Congress (I) at the time of Tenth Lok Sabha Elections)

bl volj ij rRdkyhu dkaxzsl (b) vè;{k jktho xk¡èkh us jk"Vª osQ lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd iqufuZekZ.k gsrq 6

vè;k;ksa] 52 lw=kksa vkSj 64 iqLrdksa okyk ,d vR;ar O;kid pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k izdkf'kr fd;k FkkA bl lacaèk esa

;g Lej.kh; gS fd lu~ 1980 osQ pquko osQ le; dkaxzsl (b) dk pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k osQoy 24 i`"Bksa dk gh

FkkA

1. jktuSfrd dk;ZØe (Political Programmes)–vius jktuhfrd dk;ZØe lacaèkh nLrkost esa dkaxzsl (b)

us yksdrU=k] lektokn] iaFk&fujis{krk vkSj xqV fujis{krk ij ,d ckj fiQj viuh vVwV fu"Bk O;Dr dh gSA mlesa

dgk x;k gS fdµ

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(i) dkaxzsl (b) ns'k dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, izHkkoh dne mBk,xh vkSj fo?kVudkjh'kfDr;ksa ij vaoqQ'k yxk,xhA iatkc esa lafoèkku osQ nk;js osQ vUrxZr mxzoknh rRoksa osQ lkFk okrkZyki djus dhmls fl¼rk iznf'kZr dh gSA ysfdu 'krZ ;g gS fd mxzoknh glk dk jkLrk NksM+dj okrkZ dh est ij vk,¡A d'ehjesa jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ vfLrRo esa vkus rd tu lfefr;ksa dk xBu djosQ jkT; dh leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku esaturk dk lg;ksx izkIr djus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

(ii) dkaxzsl (b) us pqukoh ¯glk] èku&'kfDr osQ iz;ksx rFkk tkrh; ,oa lkaiznkf;d leL;kvksa osQ gy osQfy, jk"Vªh; cgl 'kq: djus dk izLrko fd;k gS ftlls bu ekeyksa ij lokZuqefr izkIr dh tk losQA

(iii) Hkfo"; esa gksus okys pqukoksa esa bysDVªkWfud ernku e'khuksa dk iz;ksx djus rFkk ernkrkvksa dksifjp;&i=k (Identity Cards) fn, tkus dh O;oLFkk 'kq: djus dk opu fn;k x;k gSA

(iv) ljdkj cuus osQ 100 fnuksa osQ vUnj iapk;rh jkT; ,oa uxjikfydk foèks;dksa dks ikfjr dj lÙkk dkfoosQUnzhdj.k djus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gSA

(v) blh vofèk osQ vUnj izR;sd Lok;Ùk laLFkk ,oa LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dh lHkh bdkb;ksa lfgr izR;sdiz'kklfud ;wfuV esa efgykvksa osQ fy, 30» LFkku vkjf{kr fd, tkus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gS vkSj muosQ vfèkdkjksadks lqjf{kr cukus osQ fy, ,d vk;qDr fu;qDr djus dk fu'p; O;Dr fd;k x;k gSA

(vi) jke tUe&Hkwfe ekeys esa leL;k osQ gy osQ fy, vkilh ckrphr vkSj mlosQ liQy u gksus ij vnkyrhfu.kZ; dk ekuus dk lq>ko is'k fd;k x;k gSA efLtn osQ <k¡ps dks rksM+s fcuk eafnj&fuekZ.k dk opu fn;k x;kgSA

(vii) pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa 15 vxLr] 1947 dks mikluk ;k iwtk&LFkyksa dh rRdkyhu fLFkfr dks ;Fkkor~cuk j[kus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA

(viii) lkEiznkf;d >xM+ksa dk tYnh fucVkjk djus osQ fy, fo'ks"k vnkyrsa dk;e djus dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZgSA

(ix) lkEiznkf;d naxksa dks oqQpyus ;k mu ij dkcw ikus osQ fy, lHkh lEiznk;ksa dk fo'ks"k lqj{kk cy xfBrfd;k tk,xkA

(x) lkEiznkf;d naxksa ls izHkkfor yksxksa dks rqjUr eqvkotk fnykus dh dkuwuh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA

(xi) vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr lacaèkh vk;ksx dks laoSèkkfud ekU;rk nsdj mls vf/dizHkko'kkyh ,oa 'kfDr lEiUu cuk;k tk,xkA

(xii) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, foÙkh; ,oa fodkl fuxe LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA

(xiii) MkW- Hkhejko vacsMdj fo'ofo|ky; ls lacafèkr ;kstuk dks ykxw djosQ y[kumQ esa ,d fo'ofo|ky;dk;e fd;k tk,xkA

(xiv) fiNMs+ oxZ osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, Hkh ,d fiNM+k oxZ fodkl fuxe LFkkfir fd;k tk,xkA

(xv) eaMy vk;ksx dk uke u ysrs gq, Hkh pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s yksxksa osQ fy,vkj{k.k fd, tkus dk Li"V 'kCnksa esa ok;nk fd;k x;k gSA

(xvi) vle dk rhoz xfr ls fodkl djus dk Li"V vk'oklu fn;k x;k gSA

(xvii) izsl dh Lora=krk dks cuk, j[kus dk ok;nk fd;k x;k gS vkSj vkdk'kok.kh ,oa nwjn'kZu dh Lok;rÙkkls lacafèkr izlkj Hkkjrh; foèks;d dks ikfjr djus dh ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh ;g dgk x;k gS fd dkaxzslljdkj ,d o"kZ osQ vUnj futh {ks=k dh dEifu;ksa dks Hkh izlkj.k o nwjn'kZu dk;ZØeksa dks is'k djus dk vfèkdkjnsdj LoLFk izfrLièkkZ dks izksRlkfgr djsxhA

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(xviii) nks o"kZ osQ vUnj dkaxzsl ljdkj ;kstuk osQ dke dks iwjh rjg foosQfUnzr dj nsxh ftlesa uxjikfydk,¡o iapk;r Lo;a gh ;kstuk,a cukdj mUgsa ykxw djus dk vfèkdkj izkIr dj ysxhA

(xix) vYila[;dksa osQ O;fDrxr dkuwu esa fdlh izdkj dk gLr{ksi ugha fd;k tk,xk rFkk mUgsa iqfyl vkSjljdkjh lsokvksa esa mudh vkcknh osQ vuqikr esa jkstxkj osQ volj nsus osQ fy, LFkku lqjf{kr fd, tk,¡xsA

2. vkfFkZd dk;ZØe (Economic Programme)–dkaxzsl (vkb) us vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkh ns'k dh turk osQle{k vR;Ur yqHkkouk fp=k vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k }kjk is'k fd;k gS] ftl dh izeq[k ckrsa fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

(i) dkaxzsl (vkbZ) us dejrksM+ eg¡xkbZ osQ fo#¼ tsgkn NsM+us dh ?kks"k.kk dh gSA vr% ued] feV~Vh osQrsy] ouLifr ?kh] Mhty] LVkso] lwrh èkksfr;ksa rFkk lkfM+;ksa] v[kckjh dkxt bR;kfn nSfud thou dh oLrqvksa dhdher tqykbZ] 1990 osQ Lrj rd ykus dk 100 fnu osQ vUnj Li"V opu fn;k x;k gSSA

(ii) dj <k¡ps dk vfèkd roZQlaxr cukus dk ok;nk djrs gq, izR;{k djksa osQ ekeys esa ,d o"kZ vkSjvizR;{k djksa osQ ekeys esa ikap o"kZ osQ fy, dj iz.kkyh ykxw djus dk lq>kp gSA

(iii) iz'kklu esa gksus okyh fiQtwy[kphZ ij jksd yxk;h tk,xhA lkoZtfud mRiknu osQ {ks=k dks vf/d

dk;ZoqQ'ky cuk;k tk,xkA ;fn equkisQ dh jde dks fuEu vkSj eè;e oxZ osQ dY;k.k ls lacafèkr fjgk;'kh edkuksa]

LowQy osQ Hkouksa] is; ty ;kstukvksa] lM+dksa ,oa iqyksa osQ fuekZ.k vkfn rFkk ijEijkxr rjhdksa ls izkIr gksus okyh

mQtkZ osQ mRiknu ij [kpZ fd;k tk,xk rks equkisQ ij yxus okys VSDl ekiQ gks tk,xkA

(iv) ?kkVs dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij jksd yxk;h tk,xh rFkk ljdkj cukus osQ lkS fnu osQ vUnj vYi cpr jde

ij C;kt dh nj c<+k nh tk,xhA

(v) vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa dkuwuh fu;a=k.k dks <hyk fd;k tk,xk vkSj ftu {ks=kksa esa xSj&ljdkjh {ks=k us vkfFkZd

liQyrk osQ dhfrZeku dk;e fd, gSa] muesa ls lkoZtfud miØeksa (Public Undertakings) dks cUn dj

fn;k tk,xkA rhu o"kks± esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dk uD'kk cny fn;k tk,xk rFkk fu;kZr c<+kus okys m|ksxksa esa fons'kh

iwath osQ fuos'k dks c<+kok fn;k tk,xkA

(vi) izR;sd fiNM+s gq, ftys esa ,d vkS|ksfxd osQUnz dk;e fd;k tk,xkA twV] peM+k] ukfj;y vkfn ij

vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa dks fo'ks"k lgk;rk nh tk,xhA

(vii) ljdkj cuus osQ ,d o"kZ osQ vUnj tokgj jkstxkj ;kstuk osQ vUrxZr vkthfodk osQ lkèku cM+s iSekus

ij miyCèk djk, tk,¡xs vkSj izR;sd iapk;r dks mlesa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k tk,xkA izR;sd o"kZ ,d djksM+ jkstxkj osQ

volj miyCèk djk, tk,¡xsA Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa iwath fuos'k dks c<+kdj vkSj vfèkd yksxksa dks

vkthfodk eqgS;k djk;h tk,xhA

(viii) lqfuf'pr vkthfodk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA jktekxks± o iqyksa osQ fuekZ.k&dk;Z dks c<+kok fn;k

tk,xkA xSj&ljdkjh {ks=kksa dks mlesa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k tk,xk vkSj lkoZtfud rFkk futh {ks=k osQ cSadks dks fons'kh

iwath bdV~Bk djus ls lgk;rk nh tk,xhA

(ix) Ñf"k&{ks=k osQ fodkl ij fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk,xkA iQly o i'kqvksa dk chek djk;k tk,xkA Ñf"k&{ks=kdks vkSj vfèkd èku rFkk lkèku fn, tk,¡xsA [ksfrgj ½.k osQ C;kt dh nj de dh tk,xhA Hkwfe laca/h fjdkWMZiwjh rjg Bhd fd, tk,¡xs vkSj ¯lpkbZ dh lqfoèkkvksa dk cM+s iSekus ij foLrkj fd;k tk,xkA izfro"kZ 10 yk[kuyowQi [kksns tk,¡xsA

(x) ljdkj cuus osQ ,d o"kZ osQ vUnj Ñf"k mRiknu dh dhersa r; djus osQ ,d O;kogkfjd iQkewZyk rS;kjfd;k tk,xk vkSj mls ykxw fd;k tk,xkA

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(xi) mRiknu osQ {ks=k esa fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k dEiuh dk ,dkfèkdkj ugha jgsxk rFkk vlSfud oLrqvksa osQmRiknu esa ,dkfèkdkj dh O;oLFkk [kRe dj nh tk,xhA

(xii) gkFk ls [khaps tkus okys fjD'kksa dks lkbfdy fjD'kk esa cny fn;k tk,xk vkSj fjD'kk pkydksa dks muij LokfeRo izkIr gksxkA

3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k lacaèkh (Policy Related to International Field)–dkaxzsl (b) osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=kesa fons'k uhfr ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa Hkkjr ijEijkxr xqV&fujis{krk ,oa 'kkfUriw.kZ lg&vfLrRo ij ,d ckjfiQj n`<+rk ls vkLFkk izdV dh xbZ gSA mlls lacafèkr eq[; fcUnq fuEufyf[kr gSaµ

(i) lalkj osQ lHkh ns'kksa osQ vykok iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ izxk<+ lacaèkksa dks vfèkd etcwr cukdjn{ksl (SAARC) dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cukus ij cy fn;k x;k gSA

(ii) tqykbZ] 1987 osQ Hkkjr&Jhyadk le>kSrs dk ifjikyu djus dk iwjk vfHkopu fn;k x;k gSA blosQ lkFkgh nf{k.kh ,f'k;k osQ lkalnksa osQ fy, ,d eap dk fuekZ.k dj muesa ?kfu"B lacaèk dk;e djus dk ok;nk fd;kx;k gSA

(iii) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; osQ lkFk izxk<+ eS=kh lacaèk dk;e djus vkSj if'peh ,f'k;k esa btjk;y }kjkNhus x, vjc izns'kksa dks mUgsa okil fnykdj ml {ks=k esa LFkk;h 'kkfUr dk;e djus osQ fy, dkaxzsl (b) gSA

(iv) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k esa mlus viuh xgjh fu"Bk izdV dh gS vkSj mls vfèkd etcwr cukdj lalkj esajaxHksn dks iwjh rjg lekIr djus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy cus jgus dk mlus ladYi O;Dr fd;k gSA

(v) izfrj{kk osQ {ks=k esa og Hkkjr dh ijEijkxr uhfr dk leFkZu djrs gq, ns'k esa lSU; mRiknu dks c<+kusvkSj jk"Vª dks lqj{kk ls lacafèkr lHkh rjg osQ midj.kksa ,oa lSU;&lkexzh esa vkRe&fuHkZj cukus dh uhfr dks ykxwdjus dk opu nsrk gSA

(vi) Hkkjr igys dh rjg v.kq ce cukus dh izfrLi¼kZ esa ugha my>sxk vkSj v.kq 'kfDr dk fodkl ekuoh;dY;k.k ,oa 'kkfUriw.kZ dk;ks± esa gh fd;k tk,xkA

4. vU; izeq[k izkoèkku (Other Important Provisions)–jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk fons'k uhfr ,oa lqj{kkuhfr;ksa osQ vykok dkaxzsl (b) osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa oqQN vU; izeq[k ckrsa dgh xbZ gSa] tks fd fuEufyf[krgSaµ

(i) rhu o"kZ osQ Hkhrj ,sls lHkh nhokuh vkSj iQkStnkjh eqdnes fuiVk fn, tk,¡xs tks fd ik¡p o"kZ ;k mllsvfèkd le; esa yfEcr gSaA

(ii) lÙkk laHkkyus osQ ,d o"kZ osQ vanj mPp U;k;ky; esa fjDr lHkh inksa dks Hkj fn;k tk,xk ftlls 'kh?kzU;k; izkIr djuk ljy gks tk,xkA leku in ,oa leku isa'ku dh iwoZ lSfudksa dh ek¡x dk lEeku fd;k tk,xkAlkoZtfud miØeksa esa funs'kd eaMy rd osQ lHkh in Hkj fn, tk,¡xsA

(iii) tUe&nj ?kVkus rFkk ifjokj fu;kstu djus osQ izHkkoh mik; fd, tk,¡xsA ysfdu mlosQ fy, cy iz;ksxugha fd;k tk,xkA

(iv) oSKkfudksa dks fo'ks"kKrk izkIr djus osQ fy, gj laHko izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xkA

(v) f'k{kk dk lerkewyd vkèkkj dk fu;kstu fd;k tk,xk vkSj f'k{kk uhfr esa lqèkkj djosQ mlsjkstxkjksUeq[k cuk;k tk,xkA

(vi) izR;sd ifjokj esa de&ls&de ,d o;Ld lnL; dk vk;&Lrj osQ vuqlkj jkstxkj vo'; fn;ktk,xkA

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ewY;kadu (Evaluation)–blesa rfud Hkh lansg ugha gS fd 10 oha yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ le; dkaxzsl (vkbZ)us vius ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vR;ar yqHkkous ok;ns ns'k osQ ernkrkvksa osQ le{k j[ksA

1991] 1996] 1998] 1999] 2004 vkSj 2009 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa tkjh fd, x, ?kks"k.kk i=kksa esa dksbZ fo'ks"kcnyko ugha vk;k ij 2004 vkSj 2009 esa vke vkneh ij cy fn;k x;kA

14-3-2 Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ (Bhartiya Janta Party)

tqykbZ] 1979 esa turk ikVhZ dk foHkktu nksgjh lnL;rk osQ iz'u ij gqvk Fkk] ftlosQ iQyLo:i 6 vizSy] 1980dks Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ cuh vkSj ml le; ;g ek¡x dh xbZ Fkh fd turk ikVhZ esa 'kkfey HkwriwoZ tula?k osQlnL; viuk lacaèk jk"Vªh; Lo;alsod la?k ls iwjh rjg rksM+ ysaA ysfdu mUgksaus bls ekuus ls bUdkj fd;k vkSjtc 19 ekpZ] 1980 dks turk ikVhZ osQ osQUnzh; lalnh; cksMZ us bl vk'k; dk ,d izLrko ikl fd;k rc vVyfcgkjh oktis;h] ykyÑ".k vkMok.kh rFkk ukukth ns'keq[k us ny dk jk"Vªh; vfèkos'ku cqykus dh ek¡x dhA ijikVhZ vè;{k pUnz'ks[kj us mls ukeatwj dj fn;kA blosQ ckn 5&6 vizSy] 1980 dks HkwriwoZ fons'k ea=kh vVyfcgkjh oktis;h dh vè;{krk esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk xBu dj fn;k x;kA

bl lacaèk esa ;g rF; è;ku nssus ;ksX; gS fd tc 1975&77 osQ oqQ[;kr vkikrdky osQ nkSjku lHkh jk"VªoknhxSj&dkaxzslh nyksa dk foy; djosQ turk ikVhZ dk xBu djus dh ckrphr py jgh Fkh rc tula?k osQ izoDrkvksaus Lo;a ;g ckr mBkrs gq, Li"V 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk Fkk fd mlosQ lnL; jk"Vªh; Loa; lsod la?k ls vius lacèkdHkh ugha rksM+saxsA ;fn vU; nyksa dks ;g O;oLFkk eatwj gks rHkh tula?k izLrkfor turk ikVhZ esa viuk foy;djsxkA ml le; yksdny] lektoknh vFkok dkaxzsl (l) vkfn esa ls fdlh us bl ekeys dks ugha mBk;k vkSjtula?k izoDrkvksa dh ckr mUgksaus eku yhA blosQ ckn lu~ 1979 esa turk ikVhZ esa lÙkk vFkok usr`Ro dh yM+kbZosQ le; pj.k¯lg&jktukjk;.k ,aM dEiuh us tula?k lnL;ksa dh bl nksgjh lnL;rk dk ekeyk mBk;k rc iqjkuslektoknh usrkvksa lfgr txthou jke vkSj pUnz'ks[kj vkfn us mudk lkFk ugha fn;k FkkA vr% ekpZ] 1980 esa;g loky tula?k ?kVd dks turk ikVhZ ls vyx djus osQ fy, d, lksph&le>h j.kuhfr FkhA Hkkjrh; turkikVhZ dk izFke jk"Vªh; vfèkos'ku 27 fnlEcj] 1980 dks cEcbZ esa gqvkA bl lEesyu esa 55 gtkj izfrfufèk;ksa usHkkx fy;k] ftlesa 6 gtkj ls vfèkd efgyk;sa Fkha] tksfd vius vki esa Lora=krk osQ ckn fdlh jktuSfrd nyosQ fy, ,d dhfrZeku gh gSA

ikVhZ dh lnL;rk (Membership of Party)–ikVhZ osQ lafoèkku dh èkkjk 7 osQ vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh;ukxfjd ftldh vk;q 18 o"kZ ;k blls vfèkd gks rFkk tks lafoèkku dh èkkjk 2 dks Lohdkj djrk gks] lnL;rkosQ iQkeZ (Annexure) esa fyf[kr ?kks"k.kk djus ij ,oa fuf'pr 'kqYd nsus ij ikVhZ dk lnL; cu ldrk gSAHkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh lnL;rk yxHkx 55 yk[k gS] tcfd tula?k dh lnL;&la[;k dHkh Hkh 12 yk[k ls mQijugha xbZ FkhA

è;s; rFkk mís'; (Aim and Objects)–ikVhZ osQ lafoèkku dh èkkjk 2 ; esa dgk x;k gSµ¶ikVhZ jk"Vªh;leUo;] yksdrU=k] ldkjkRed] èkeZ&fujis{k] xk¡èkhoknh lektokn vkSj ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr jktuhfr osQ fy, ÑrladYi gSA ikVhZ vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd lÙkk osQ foosQUnzhdj.k esa fo'okl j[krh gSA¸ (“The Party shall becommitted to furthering national integration, democracy, Positive Secularism,Gandhian Socialism and value based politics. The party stands for decentralisation ofeconomic and political power.)

(1) bl izdkj osQ ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa ik¡p fl¼kUrksaµjk"Vªh; leUo;] yksdrU=k] ldkjkRed] /eZ&fujis{krk]xk¡èkhoknh lektokn vkSj ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr jktuhfr osQ izfr fu"Bk O;Dr dh xbZ gSA

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(2) Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ us cM+s jkT;ksa osQ LFkku ij fu;ksftr fodkl rFkk oqQ'ky iz'kklu dh n`f"V ls NksVsjkT;ksa dh vko';drk ij cy fn;kA

(3) ldkjkRed èkeZ&fujis{krk osQ vFkZ dks Li"V djrs gq, ny us ;g ?kks"k.kk dh fd bldk vFkZ osQoyèkkfeZd lgu'khyrk gh ugha] oju~ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk lEeku Hkh gSA ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa dkaxzsl osQ èkeZ&fujis{krk fl¼kardh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk x;k gS fd og vuSfrd] voljoknh rFkk yksxksa osQ fy, èkks[kk gS D;ksafd bluslkEiznkf;drk dks c<+kok fn;k gSA

(4) ny pquko iz.kkyh esa lqèkkjksa dk leFkZd gSA ernku osQ fy, vk;q 21 o"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o"kZ djus osQi{k esa gSA

(5) ny&cny dks lekIr djus osQ fy, dkuwu ikl djus dk leFkZu djrk gSA

(6) Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ fofHkUu oxks± osQ fy, ukSdfj;ksa esa LFkku lqjf{kr djus dh orZeku O;oLFkk esaifjorZu osQ i{k esa gSA bl ny dh uhfr osQ vuqlkj vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fuèkZu O;fDr;ksa dks lqj{kk feyuh pkfg,A

(7) vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ xk¡èkhoknh VªLVhf'ki iz.kkyh (Trusteeship System) dk ijh{k.kdjus dk] Hkwfe&lqèkkjksa rFkk foosQUnzhdj.k dh uhfr dk leFkZu djrh gSA

(8) ns'k dks vkRe&fuHkZj cukus osQ fy, oSèkkfud rFkk rduhdh {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k tk,A

(9) ikVhZ osQ ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd ny mu nyksa dks NksM+dj tks izns'k esa vfrfjDr oiQknkjh(Extra Territorial Loyalities) jprs gSa] 'ks"k lHkh nyksa dks dkaxzsl (b) osQ Hkz"Vkpkj rFkk jk"Vª&fojks/huhfr;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus osQ fy, leFkZu nsus osQ fy, rS;kj gSA

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dk lkekftd vkèkkj (Social Base of Bhartiya Janta Party)–Hkkjrh; turkikVhZ ,d jk"Vªoknh ny gSA blesa rfud Hkh lansg ugha gS fd bl ikVhZ esa jk"Vªh; Lo;a lsod la?k osQ lnL;ksa dkizHkqRo gSA ysfdu bldk vfHkizk; ;g ugha gS fd bl ikVhZ dk lkekftd vkèkkj osQoy jk"Vªh; Lo;a lsod rdgh lhfer gSA 'kq: esa bl ikVhZ esa vYila[;d] eqlyeku] bZlkbZ;ksa] gfjtuksa rFkk tutkfr;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo deFkk] ysfdu ckn esa buesa Hkh ikVhZ osQ izHkko esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA ljdkjh deZpkjh vkSj f'kf{kr oxZ Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZosQ egku leFkZd gSaA Jfedksa esa bldk leFkZu c<+rk tk jgk gSA Hkkjrh; etnwj la?k ftldh lnL;rk 20 yk[kls vfèkd gS] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ leFkZd gSaA eè; oxZ osQ O;kikjh Hkh blosQ leFkZd gSaA dey dk iwQy ikVhZdk pquko fpUg gSA

6 vizSy] 1980 dks ikVhZ dk xBu gksus osQ ckn mlus lu~ 1984 osQ pquko esa Hkkx fy;kA ysfdu cgqdks.kh;eqdkcyksa esa mlosQ lHkh eksgjs izk;% fiV x, vkSj mls yksd lHkk esa ek=k 2 LFkku izkIr gq,A vusd leh{kdksa usml le; Hkktik dh lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dj MkyhA ij ,slk dgrs le; os ns'k osQ fo|eku mlosQ Bksl oksVcSad dks Hkqyk cSBsA uoEcj] 1989 osQ yksd lHkk pquko esa mldh Hkwy lkeus vk xbZ D;ksafd ml pquko esa Hkktikdks 88 LFkku izkIr gks x, FksA mlosQ ckn xfBr oh- ih- ¯lg dh turk ny&jk"Vªh; ekspkZ ljdkj osQ xBu esamldh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk Fkh vkSj blfy, tc vDrwcj 1990 esa Hkktik us jke tUe&Hkwfe ekeys ij ljdkj lsviuk leFkZu okil ys fy;k rks oh-ih- ¯lg ljdkj vkSaèks eq¡g fxj iM+hA ebZ&twu] 1991 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoesa Hkktik dks 119 LFkku vosQys vius cycwrs ij feys rFkk og izeq[k foi{kh ny cu x;kA

Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh uhfr;k¡ rFkk dk;ZØe (Policies and Programmes of B.J.P.)

nloha yksd lHkk pquko osQ le; tkjh fd, x, 31 i`"Bksa okys pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa Hkktik us viuh uhfr;ksa,oa dk;ZØeksa dk foLr`r fooj.k ns'kokfl;ksa dks fn;k FkkA blesa jk"Vª dh lukru iaFk&fujis{krkoknh ijEijk dks

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cuk, j[kdj jke] jksVh vkSj balkiQ* lHkh ns'kokfl;ksa dks fnykus dk vk'oklu fn;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa Hkktikdk y{; ns'k esa jkt&jkT; dk;e djuk gSA

1. jktuSfrd dk;ZØe (Political Programmes)–Hkktik us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa fuEufyf[krjktuSfrd dk;ZØe dks lÙkk esa vkus ij ykxw djus dk vfHkopu ns'kokfl;ksa dks fn;k gSµ

(i) Hkktik v;ksè;k esa jke tUe&Hkwfe LFkku ij Jhjke yyk osQ efUnj&fuekZ.k osQ fy, iwjh rjg opuc¼gS D;ksafd ;g jk"Vªh; LokfHkeku] jk"Vªh; vfLerk vkSj lkaLÑfrd fojklr ls tqM+k iz'u gS vkSj etgcdk mlls dksbZ lacaèk ugha gSA mlus Li"V 'kCnksa esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd bl ns'k dh igpku jke lsgS] ckcj ls ughaA vr% mlus fookfnr efLtn osQ <k¡ps dks vU;=k gVkdj eafnj cukus dk ladYi O;Drfd;k gSA

(ii) Hkktik lafoèkku osQ vuqPNsn 30 esa leqfpr la'kksèku djus dh i{kèkkj gS ftlls bl vuqPNsn dh vkM+esa ns'k osQ vUnj vYila[;dksa }kjk lapkfyr oqQN ,d f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa pyus okyh jk"Vªnzksfgrkiw.kZdk;Zokfg;ksa dh iwjh jksdFkke dh tk losQA

(iii) iaFk&fujis{k jkT; esa cgqla[;d vkSj vYila[;d dh 'kCnkoyh xyr gSA bl ns'k esa jgus okys lHkhfuoklh ,d tu gSa vkSj Hkkjr ,d jk"Vª gSA ;g fofHkUu jk"Vªh;rkvksa dk te?kV ugha gSA vr% mlusvYila[;d vk;ksx dks Hkax djosQ mlosQ LFkku ij ekuo vfèkdkj vk;ksx (Human Rights

Commission) dk;e djus dk fu'p; izdV fd;k gSA

(iv) ,d jk"Vª vkSj ,d tu (One Nation, One People) dh bl ekU;rk osQ vkèkkj ij Hkktik us ,dfofèk vk;ksx xfBr djus dk opu fn;k gS tksfd ns'k osQ lHkh fuokfl;ksa osQ fy, ,d leku ukxfjddkuwu (Uniform Civil Code) cuk,xkA

(v) osQUnz jkT; lEcUèkksa dks LoLFk :i ls lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa ykxw

dh tk,¡xhA mÙkjkapy vkSj oukapy osQ u, jkT; dk;e fd, tk,¡xsA tEew&d'ehj esa yn~nk[k] tEew vkSj

?kkVh rFkk egkjk"Vª esa ejkBokM+k rFkk fonHkZ osQ fy, vfèkdkj lEiUu {ks=kh; ifj"knsa xfBr dh tk,¡xhA

(vi) Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh èkkjk 370 dks rqjUr [kRe dj fn;k tk,xk D;ksafd og vyxkookn dks izksRlkgu

nsrh gSA blosQ lkFk gh d'ehj ?kkVh ls ikfdLrkuh rRoksa dks fudky ckgj fd;k tk,xk vkSj lkekU;

fLFkfr cgky gksus ij gh ogk¡ ij LorU=k ,oa fu"i{k pquko djk, tk,¡xsA

(vii) mÙkj&iwoZ {ks=k esa caxykns'k ls vkus okys ?kqliSfB;ksa dks jksdus osQ fy, Hkkjr&caxykns'k lhek ij

fctyh;qDr dkaVsnkj rkj yxk, tk,¡xsA ernkrk lwfp;ksa ls ?kqliSfB;ksa dks fudky dj mUgsa okil

caxykns'k Hkstk tk,xkA mÙkj&iwoZ osQ lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ifjp;&i=k fn, tk,¡xsA caxykns'k ls vk, ckS¼

pdek 'kj.kk£Fk;ksa dh lEekutud :i ls okilh djk;h tk,xh vkSj bl {ks=k osQ fodkl osQ fy, ,d

lesfdr vk£Fkd fodkl dh 'kh?kzxkeh ;kstuk ykxw dh tk,xhA

(viii) ikfdLrku dh vksj ls Hkkjr esa gksus okyh ?kqliSB dks jksdus vkSj voSèk gfFk;kjksa dh lIykbZ jksdus vkfn

osQ mís'; ls Hkkjr&ikd lhek ij ,d yEch lqj{kk iV~Vh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,xkA rLdjksa vkSj voSèk

gfFk;kjksa dh jksdFkke djus osQ fy, ,slk djuk t:jh gSA

(ix) ef.kiqjh vkSj usikyh Hkk"kkvksa dks lafoèkku dh vkBoha lwph esa 'kkfey fd;k tk,xkA

(x) osQUnz&jkT; lEcUèkksa dks lqèkkjk tk,xk vkSj jkT;ksa esa laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk osQ iwjh rjg foiQy gksus ij

gh ogk¡ vuqPNsn 356 osQ vUrxZr jk"Vªifr 'kklu dk;e fd;k tk,xkA Hkktik dh Li"V ekU;rk gS fd

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osQUnz osQ lkFk&lkFk jkT; ljdkjsa Hkh 'kfDr'kkyh gksaA vr% mudh Lok;Ùkrk dks lqjf{kr cuk;k tkuk

t:jh gSA

(xi) iatkc dh turk esa dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk osQ izfr fiQj ls fo'okl iSnk djus osQ fy, laosnu'khy v'kkUr{ks=kksa esa lsuk rSukr dh tk,xhA lu~ 1984 osQ naxksa esa f'kdkj gq, foèkokvksa vkSj vukFk cPpksa dkiquxZBu fd;k tk,xk vkSj nks"kh yksxksa dks nf.Mr fd;k tk,xkA

(xii) pquko&O;; dk Hkkj ljdkj }kjk mBkus] ns'k esa vè;{kkRed 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ vkSfpR; dk irk yxkusvkSj iapk;r ,oa uxjikfydkvksa dks lafoèkku ls vfèkdkj fnykus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA

(xiii) fons'kksa esa cls Hkkjrh;ksa dks Mkd }kjk ernku dh lqfoèkk iznku dh tk,xhA blosQ lkFk gh Hkktik ,djk"Vªh; tula[;k uhfr dk fuekZ.k Hkh djsxh] ftlls c<+rh vkcknh ij fu;U=k.k yxk;k tk losQ vkSjfdlh rjg dk vlUrqyu u mRiUu gksus ik,A

(xiv) pquko lqèkkj dk;ZØe dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk,xk vkSj vkuqikfrd izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh osQvUrxZr lwph iz.kkyh dks O;kogkfjd :i fn;k tk,xkA bysDVªkfud oks Vx e'khuksa dk iz;ksx gksxkA

(xv) iz'kklu dks LoPN cuk;k tk,xk rFkk lkoZtfud {ks=k ls Hkz"Vkpkj dh lekfIr dh tk,xh vkSjefU=ke.My osQ vkdkjksa dks lhfer djus osQ fy, lnu dh oqQy la[;k dk 10 izfr'kr ;k lÙkk#<+ nyosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k dk 15 izfr'kr djus dh O;oLFkk lafoèkku esa dh tk,xhA

(xvi) lekpkj&i=kksa dh Lokèkhurk dks ekSfyd vfèkdkj cuk;k tk,xkA v[kckjh dkxt ij yxk gqvk 'kqYdvkSj v[kckjksa osQ foKkiuksa ij foKkiuksa ij yxk, gq, VSDl dks gVk fn;k tk,xkA vkdk'kok.kh vkSjnwjn'kZu dks Lok;Ùk'kklh cukus osQ fy, izlkj Hkkjrh dkuwu cusxk D;ksafd Hkktik osQ erkuqlkj tkudkjhikus dk vfèkdkj j[kuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ lH; vfèkdkj gSA blosQ lkFk gh Hkktik ^vksme~*] ^LokfLrd*]^Jh pØ* tSls izkphu fpUgksa osQ iz;ksx vkSj jkek;.k] egkHkkjr] Hkxor~ vkSj vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa esafy[ks x, xzUFkksa ij yxh jksd gVkus osQ fy, izHkkoh dk;Zokgh djsxhA

(xvii) efgykvksa dh mUufr ,oa fodkl osQ fy, f'k{kk osQ {ks=k esa mUgsa vkthfodk osQ fo'ks"k lqvolj fn,

tk;saxsA lEifÙk vkSj vk; esa cjkcjh dh Hkkxhnkjh mUgsa izkIr gksxhA efgykvksa ij vR;kpkj ls lEcfUèkr

ikfjokfjd ekeyksa osQ fy, efgyk U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr dh tk,¡xhA leku dke osQ fy, mUgsa leku osru

fn;k tk,xkA muosQ fy, ,d o"kZ esa 100 djksM+ #i;s dh èkujkf'k ls oqQVhj m|ksxksa dh O;kid ;kstuk

ykxw dh tk,xh] ekr`&'kfDr osQ :i esa mudks lEeku fn;k tk,xkA

(xviii) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ,oa tutkfr;ksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, lsokvksa esa lqjf{kr muosQ LFkku rqjUr Hkjs tk;saxsA

blosQ lkFk gh mUgsa ½.k miyCèk djkus osQ fy, ,d foÙkh; bdkbZ dk;e dh tk,xhA

(xix) e.My vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fiNM+s oxZ osQ fy, vk£Fkd vkèkkj ij vkj{k.k ykxw

fd;k tk,xk vkSj vU; tkfr;ksa osQ vk£Fkd :i ls fiNM+s yksxksa dks Hkh vkj{k.k dk ykHk fn;k tk,xkA

,slk djrs le; lkekftd lejlrk cuk, j[kh tk,xhA

2. vk£Fkd dk;ZØe (Economic Programmes)–Hkktik us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa ns'k dh vFkZ&O;oLFkk

dks turk osQ fy,] turk }kjk vkSj turk dh vFkZ&O;oLFkk cukus dk fu'p; izdV fd;k gSA lÙkk esa vkrs gh

og ns'k dh vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa ,d foLr`r 'osr&i=k (Detailed White Paper) tkjh djsxh vkSj jktLo

esa 'kwU; ?kkVs dk ctV cuk,xh vkSj foÙkh; ?kkVs dks 5 izfr'kr ls vfèkd ugha gksus nsxhA la{ksi esa mldk vk£Fkd

dk;ZØe fuEufyf[kr gSµ

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(i) ekStwnk dj&<k¡ps dks U;k;&laxr cuk;k tk,xkA 48]000 #i;s ok£"kd vk; rd fd yksxksa dks vk;&djls NwV izkIr gksxhA vk;&dj dh vfèkdre lhek 40 izfr'kr ls vfèkd ugha gksxhA pqaxh&'kqYd lekIrdj fn;k tk,xkA

(ii) ik¡p o"kZ rd vk; miHkksx dh oLrqvksa ij mRiknu 'kqYd ugha c<+k;k tk,xk vkSj iwjh ns'k esa fcØh&djdh leku njsa r; dh tk,¡xhA

(iii) vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh ukSdj'kkgh osQ paxqy ls eqfDr fnykdj mUgsa fo'ks"kKksa dks lkSaik tk,xkA lkoZtfud{ks=k dh dk;ZoqQ'kyrk c<+k;h tk,xhA mPp rduhdh vkSj fu;kZr O;kikj esa lEcfUèkr m|ksxksa esa fons'khiw¡th osQ fuos'k dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xk ysfdu vU; lHkh vk£Fkd ,oa vkS|ksfxd xfrfofèk;ksa esaLons'kh dh Hkkouk dks etcwr vkSj izHkkoh cuk;k tk,xkA miHkksDrk oLrqvksa osQ {ks=k esa cgqjk"Vªh;dEifu;ksa dks ?kqliSaB ugha gksus nh tk,xhA

(iv) Ñf"k ij vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa osQ O;kid cuk;k tk,xkA m|ksxksa esa uohu rduhd dk ykHk mBkrs gq, Hkhekuo osQ Je osQ egÙo dh vuns[kh ugha dh tk,xhA fdlkuksa dks mudh mit dk ykHkdkjh ewY; fn;ktk,xkA 1000 djksM+ #i;s ;k vfèkd laiUu O;kikfjd ?kjkuksa dk fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, ,e-vkj-Vh-ih- dkuwu dks ykxw fd;k tk,xk vkSj vizoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dks ns'k esa iw¡th dk fuos'k djus osQ fy,izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkA

(v) ;kstuk jkf'k dk 60» Hkkx xzkeh.k fodkl ij [kpZ djus] Je ij vkèkkfjr 10 yk[k NksVh xzkeh.kifj;kstukvksa rFkk vUr;ksn; dk;ZØe dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw djus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA

(vi) lHkh xk¡oksa rd ihus ;ksX; ikuh] fctyh] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lacaèkh lqfoèkk,¡ eqgS;k djk;h tk,¡xhA[ksfrgj etnwjksa dks U;wure osru fnyk;k tk,xkA blosQ lkFk gh Ñf"k ls lacafèkr ykxr vkSj dherlacaèkh vk;ksx dk iquxZBu fd;k tk,xkA

(vii) gLrdykvksa o xzke m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, vyx ls ,d eU=kky; xfBr gksxkA iwjs ns'k esa jkstxkjxkj.Vh ;kstuk 'kq: dh tk,xhA gLrdykvksa vkSj xzke m|ksxksa osQ fy, ,d jk"Vªh; gLrf'kYi fodklcSad dk;e fd;k tk,xkA

(viii) rLdjksa rFkk vU; vkfFkZd vijkfèk;ksa osQ fo#¼ dBksj dk;Zokgh dh tk,xhA ys[kdksa] dykdkjksa]f'k{kkfonksa vkSj lkaLÑfrd ,oa ckSf¼d dk;Z esa yxs yksxksa dks fo'ks"k fj;k;rsa nh tk,¡xhA

(ix) Je&dkuwuksa dks nq#Lr fd;k tk,xk vkSj mUgsa ljy cuk;k tk,xkA etnwjksa dh ;wfu;uksa dks ekU;rk nsusosQ ckjs esa xqIr ernku iz.kkyh dk lgkjk fy;k tk,xkA ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy, ,dLFkk;h deZpkjh dY;k.k cksMZ dk;e gksxkA

(x) c<+rh dherksa dh izHkkoh jksdFkke osQ fy, forj.k iz.kkyh dks etcwr cuk;k tk,xkA lHkh ;qodksa dksf'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj nsus osQ lkFk gh mUgsa lHkh fodkl xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkxhnkj cukus vkSj vfèkd ;qodNk=kkokl dk;e djus dh ;kstuk,¡ ykxw dh tk,¡xhA

(xi) Hkktik lÙkk esa vkus ij ,slh vkoklhl f'k{kk laLFkk,¡ dk;e djsxh ftuesa lHkh oxks± o leqnk;ksa osQcPps izos'k ik losaQxsA izkFkfed ikB'kkykvksa esa efgyk vè;kidksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tk,xhA xk¡oksa vkSjxUnh cfLr;ksa esa efgykvksa osQ fy, lkoZtfud 'kkSpky; cuk, tk,¡xsA

(xii) ,d LFkk;h deZpkjh cksMZ cuk;k tk,xk tks le;c¼ rjDdh] vkokl] cksul rFkk osru&cksMZ dhfliQkfj'kksa ls lacafèkr ekeys fuiVk,xkA

(xiii) mQtkZ ,oa ifjogu lqfoèkkvksa osQ fodkl rFkk fu;kZr dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xkA

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(xiv) lkoZtfud m|ksxksa dks ykHkdkjh cuk;k tk,xkA futh m|ksxksa dks c<+kok feysxkA

(xv) xzkeh.kksa] ukSdjh&is'kk yksxksa] o`¼ksa] lSfudksa] efgykvksa] ;qodksa] tutkfr;ksa] gfjtuksa] vlgk; vkSj viaxO;fDr;ksa osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, leqfpr iz;kl fd, tk,¡xsA

3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k lacaèkh (Policy Related to International Field)–bl {ks=k esa Hkktik osQ pquko?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vxzfyf[kr ckrsa dgh xbZ gSaA

(i) fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ifj"kn~ xfBr dh tk,xh tks fo'o osQ cnyrs lUnHkZ esa ns'k dhnh?kZdkyhu fons'k uhfr dk fuèkkZj.k djsxhA

(ii) ,d èkzqoh; lalkj esa n{ksl dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cuk,xh vkSj ikfdLrku osQ lkFk fooknksa dk gyf'keyk le>kSrs osQ vkèkkj ij lhèkh ckrphr }kjk fd;k tk,xkA

(iii) fons'k fLFkr Hkkjrh;ksa dh nksgjh ukxfjdrk izkIr djus dk volj gksxkA blosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr viuslHkh iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Hkh eS=khiw.kZ lacaèk dk;e djsxkA

(iv) la;qDr jk"Vª la?k dks etcwr cuk,xk vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh LFkk;h lnL;rk ikus osQ fy, iz;Ru'khyjgsxkA

(v) bjkdh ;q¼ ls f'k{kk ysrs gq, Hkkjr dks lSfud n`f"V ls l'kDr vkSj vkRefuHkZj cuk;k tk,xkA blosQfy, Hkkjrh; lsuk dks vkf.od 'kL=kkL=kksa ls ySl fd;k tk,xkA lkèkuksa dks viO;; jksdus rFkk n{krkc<+kus osQ fy, v¼Z&lSfud cyksa dks LFky ;k ukS&lsuk esa feyk fn;k tk,xkA

(vi) ljdkjh xksiuh; dkuwu dks mnkj cuk;k tk,xk vkSj ¯lxkiqj ls ysdj neu rd dks lkeqfnzd {ks=k esa,d izHkko'kkyh uhyh ty lsuk dk;e dh tk,xh ftlls Hkkjr bl {ks=k dh ,d loZizeq[k ukS&lSfud'kfDr cu losQA

4. vU; izeq[k izkoèkku (Other Important Provisions)–mi;qZDr uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ vykokHkktik osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa fuEufyf[kr izeq[k ckrsa Hkh dgha xbZ gSaµ

(i) xkS vkSj i'kqèku dk laj{k.k djus osQ fy, dkuwu cuk;k tk,xkA i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk osQ fy, jk"Vªh;laj{k.k ,oa lkèku uhfr cukbZ tk,xhA vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa vkSj xUns ukyksa vkfn ls LokLF; dk laj{k.kdjus osQ fy, iznw"k.k fojksèkh O;oLFkkvksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax ls ykxw fd;k tk,xkA Mh-Mh-Vh- dk iz;ksxcUn dj fn;k tk,xk vkSj okguksa ls fudyus okys fo"kSys èkq,¡ dh izHkkoh jksdFkke dh tk,xhA

(ii) fiQYeksa esa ls ¯glk] v'yhyrk ,oa vuSfrdrk dh jksdFkke osQ fy, lsalj cksMZ esa 50 izfr'kr efgyk,¡fu;qDr dh tk,¡xhA

(iii) vke Hkfo"; fufèk esa tek jkf'k ij C;kt&nj c<+k nh tk,xhA

(iv) lHkh ukVd izn'kZfu;ksa ij ls euksjatu&dj gVk fn;k tk,xk vkSj yksd&dykvksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk,xkA

ewY;kadu (Evaluation)µHkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ bl pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k ls ;g Li"V gS fd ikVhZ us ns'k osQizk;% lHkh oxks± dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djus dh Hkjld ps"Vk dh gSA pqukoksa osQ nkSjku mlus jke] jksVh vkSjbUlkiQ dk izpkj cM+s tksj&'kksj ls fd;k FkkA fiQj Hkh ns'k osQ eqfLye ernkrkvksa dk leFkZu mls izkIr ugha gSAnwljh vksj lu~ 1989 osQ pqukoksa osQ le; ls gh mldk iwjk è;ku jke&tUe eafnj fuekZ.k dh vksj gh osQfUnzrjgk gSA blls mls Hkkjr osQ tuekul esa viuh tMs+ tekus dk volj Hkh feyk gSA ebZ&twu 1991 osQ pqukoksa osQlkFk mÙkj izns'k esa Hkh mls ljdkj cukus esa liQyrk fey xbZ FkhA fgekpy izns'k] eè; izns'k vkSj jktLFkku esaog igys ls gh lRrk esa cuh gqbZ FkhA ;g rks Hkfo"; gh ckr,xk fd Hkktik pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa fd, x;s ok;nksa

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dks fdl lhek rd iwjk dj ikrh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd mlesa vR;ar egÙokdka{kh ckrsa nh x;h gSa] ftUgsaiwjk dj ikuk ljy ugha gSA 1991 osQ yksd lHkk pquko esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dks 119 lhVsa feyha vkSj igysHkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ usrk ykyÑ".k vkMok.kh dks foi{kh usrk osQ :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ FkhA 1996 osQ pqukoosQ ckn oqQN fnu ds fy, Jh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h osQ usr`Ro esa cuh feyh tqyh ljdkj cgqer fl¼ ugh djikbZA fdUrq 1998 osQ ckn mudh ,u-Mh-,- (NDA) ljdkj ,d o"kZ ds fy, pyhA fiQj 1999 ds yksd lHkkpquko ls ysdj 2004 ;g lÙkk esa jghA fdUrq 2004 ds pquko esa lÙkk [kks cSBh vkSj 2009 esa Hkh gkfly ughadj ikbZA Hkktik (BJP) osQ fo"k; esa Hkfo";ok.kh djuk dfBu gSA

14-3-3 Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (Communist Party of India)Hkkjr esa lkE;oknh ny dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1924 esa gqbZ] ijUrq 1934 esa bl ny dks voSèk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;krFkk blosQ usrkvksa dks idM+ fy;k x;kA f}rh; egk;q¼ esa tc :l Hkh vaxzstksa osQ lkFk 'kkfey gks x;k rks blny us Hkh vaxzstksa dk leFkZu djuk vkjaHk dj fn;k ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1943 esa bl ny ij ls izfrcUèk gVkfy;k x;kA

Hkkjr dh Lora=krk osQ i'pkr~ bl ny us dkiQh izxfr dhA lu~ 1957 esa osQjy esa izFke xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkj cukusdk bls volj feykA ijUrq 1962 osQ Hkkjr&phu ;q¼ osQ ckjs esa bl ny esa iwQV iM+ xbZA blosQ ,d xqV us Hkkjrljdkj dk leFkZu fd;k ijUrq nwljs xqV us phu dks Bhd cryk;k vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj us vuqjksèk fd;k fd ogphu osQ lkFk 'kkfUr okrkZ vkjaHk djsA lu~ 1964 esa bl ny dk foHkktu gqvk vkSj ny osQ okeiaFkh lnL;ksa usJh xksikyu osQ usr`Ro esa ,d vU; nyµlkE;oknh ny (ekDlZoknh) [C.P.I. (M)] dh LFkkiuk dhA

lu~ 1967 osQ pqukoksa esa lkE;oknh ny us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk xBcUèku fd;k vkSj viuh 'kfDr c<+k yhA bls yksdlHkk esa 23 LFkku izkIr gq,A

1972 osQ fuokZpu esa lkE;oknh ny us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij dkaxszl ls xBtksM+ fd;k vkSj izèkkuea=kh Jhefr bfUnjk xk¡èkh

dh yksdfiz;rk dk mls iwjk ykHk feykA ifj.kkeLo:i bl ny us viuh fLFkfr dkiQh lqèkkj yhA 1977 osQ yksd

lHkk pqukoksa esa bldh djkjh gkj gqbZ vkSj bls osQoy lkr LFkku izkIr gq,A ckn esa gksus okys jkT;ksa dh fo/kulHkk

pqukoksa esa Hkh bls eq¡g dh [kkuh iM+hA bldk pquko fpUg ^cky g¡fl;k* gSA tuojh] 1980 esa tks pquko gq,] mls

lkE;oknh ny dks osQoy 11 LFkku izkIr gq,A fnlEcj] 1984 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pquko eas bls osQoy 8 lhVsa feyhA

1989 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pquko esa ikVhZ dks osQoy 12 lhVsa feyhaA ebZ&twu] 1991 esa Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny

us turk ny ,oa vU; okeiaFkh nyksa ls feydj yksd lHkk pquko yM+k rFkk lkE;oknh ny dks osQoy 13 lhVsa

feyhaA

laxBuµlkE;oknh ny esa fo'ks"k :i ls etnwj] fdlku vkSj cqf¼thoh gSaA 18 o"kZ ls vfèkd dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr

ftldk leFkZu iqjkus lnL; dj nsa] bl ny dk lnL; cuk ldrk gSA

bl ny dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ lSy (Cell) gSaA blesa 2 ;k 3 lnL; gksrs gSa vkSj og dkj[kkus ;k vU; LFkkuksa

ij LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA bl lsy dk mís'; lkE;oknh fopkjèkkjk dk izpkj djuk gSA blosQ vykok bl

ny dh bdkb;k¡ xzke] uxj] ftyk rFkk izkUrh; lfefr;k¡ gSa ftuesa ls izR;sd esa ,d eU=kh vkSj 5 lnL; gksrs gSaA

ny dk loksZPp vax ¶vf[ky Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl¸ gS ftlesa izèkku lfpo rFkk ,d lfefr gksrh gS ftls osQUnzh;

dk;Zikfydk lfefr (Central Executive Committee) dgk tkrk gSA bl desVh dh ,d NksVh lfefr

gksrh gS ftls ikSfyV C;wjks dgk tkrk gSA ;gh laLFkk ny dh uhfr fuf'pr djrh gS vkSj jktuSfrd dk;ks± dks

pykrh gSA

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ikVhZ dh lnL;rk (Membership of the Party)–lkE;oknh ny dh lnL;rk vU; nyksa osQ eqdkcys esaizkIr djuk vfr dfBu gSA ikVhZ osQ 12 vDVwcj] 1971 ls ykxw fd, lafoèkku osQ vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh Hkkjrh;ukxfjd] ftldh vk;q 18 o"kZ ;k blls vfèkd gks vkSj ikVhZ osQ fl¼kUrksa o dk;ZØeksa esa fo'okl j[krk gks] ikVhZdk fu;fer :i ls pUnk vnk djrk gks rFkk ikVhZ osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks ykxw djus osQ fy, opuc¼ gks] rks og ikVhZdk lnL; cuus osQ ;ksX; gSA lnL; cuus osQ fy, ;g Hkh vko';d gS fd mlosQ uke dh fliQkfj'k ikVhZ 'kk[kkosQ nks vU; lnL;ksa }kjk dh tkuh pkfg,A ;fn ikVhZ dh lkèkkj.k laLFkk (General Body) mls lnL; cukusosQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrh gS rks mls 6 eghus osQ fy, mEehnokj lnL; (Candidate Member) Lohdkj djfy;k tkrk gSA 6 eghus mldh xfrfofèk;ksa ij utj j[kh tkrh gS rFkk mls ikVhZ osQ fl¼kUrksa osQ ckjs esa f'k{kknh tkrh gSA ;fn ikVhZ dh 'kk[kk 6 eghus osQ ckn mls lnL; cuus osQ ;ksX; le>s rks mldks ikVhZ dk iw.kZ lnL;cuk fy;k tkrk gSA izR;sd lnL; dks ,d #i;k okf"kZd pUnk nsuk iM+rk gSA twu] 1975 esa bldh oqQy la[;k4]06]322 FkhA

Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dk lkekftd vkèkkj (Social Base of Communist Party of India)–Hkkjrh;

lkE;oknh ny vkjaHk esa Jfedksa] ;qodksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa vkSj Nk=kksa esa cM+k yksdfiz; FkkA ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk ls ysdj

yxHkx 1936 esa lkE;okfn;ksa us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk feydj dke djus osQ fu.kZ; fd;kA 1942 esa dkaxzsl us Hkkjr

NksM+ks vkUnksyu 'kq: fd;k fdUrq lkE;okfn;ksa us bl vkUnksyu dh vkykspuk dhA izk;% lHkh egÙoiw.kZ dkaxszlh

usrk tsyksa esa FksA dE;qfuLVksa us bl volj dk ykHk mBkdj vf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku lHkk vkSj vf[ky Hkkjrh;

VsªM ;wfu;u ij iqu% viuk dCtk dj fy;k A 1946 ls 1950 osQ chp Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us dbZ egÙoiw.kZ

tu&vkUnksyu pyk, rkfd ikVhZ dk vkèkkj O;kid cuk;k tk losQA 1957 esa dE;qfuLVksa dh osQjy ljdkj cuhA

1964 esa ikVhZ dk foHkktu gks xk;kA 1964 osQ ckn lkE;oknh ikVhZ dk lkekftd vkèkkj vkSj izHkko de gksrk

x;k rFkk ekDlZoknh ikVhZ dk izHkko c<+rk x;kA 1971 esa dE;qfuLVksa us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk feytqydj pquko yM+k

vkSj yksd lHkk esa 20 lhVsa izkIr gqbZA vkikrdky dh ?kkss"k.kk dk bl ikVhZ us leFkZu fd;kA vr% tc 1977 esa

yksd lHkk dk pquko gqvk rks bls osQoy lkr lhVsa feyhaA tuojh] 1980 esa yksd lHkk osQ pquko esa Hkkjrh;

lkE;oknh ny dks osQoy 11 lhVsa feyhaA fnlEcj] 1984 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pquko esa bls osQoy 8 lhVsa feyhaA

1989 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pquko esa ikVhZ dks osQoy 12 lhVsa feyhaA ebZ&twu 1991 esa Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us

turk ny rFkk vU; okeiaFkh nyksa ls feydj yksd lHkk pquko yM+k rFkk ny dks osQoy 13 lhVsa feyhaA bl

ny dk lkekftd vkèkkj vc cgqr lhfer gSA bls if'peh caxky] osQjy] f=kiqjk] ef.kiqj vkfn esa Jfedksa] fuèkZuksa

vkfn dk leFkZu izkIr gSA

nloha yksd lHkk osQ fy, Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dk pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k

Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us ukSaoh vkSj nloha yskdlHkk dk pquko jk"Vªh; ekspsZ osQ lkFk feydj yM+k FkkA bl dkj.k

bl ny us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vius ny osQ fl¼kUrksa dks vfèkd egÙo u nsrs gq, jk"Vªh; ekspsZ osQ

?kks"k.kk&i=k dk leFkZu fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k dh izeq[k ckrsa fuEu izdkj gSµ

1- jktuSfrd {ks=k&pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa dgk x;k gS fd ;|fi Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dk mís'; Hkkjr esa

lektokn dh LFkkiuk djuk gS ijUrq ;g dk;Z èkhjs&èkhjs djosQ gksxkA

(i) Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us Li"V :i ls ?kks"k.kk dh fd ns'k esa jktuSfrd LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, og jk"Vªh;

ekspsZ dh feyh&tqyh ljdkj esa 'kkfey gksaxs ftlesa ns'k esa jk"Vªh; ,drk] lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj

vkfFkZd fodkl laHko gks losQA

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(ii) Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa bl rF; ij cy fn;k fd lkEiznkf;drk rFkk jk"Vªh;fojks/h rÙoksa ls yM+us osQ fy, okeiafFk;ksa vkSj yksdrkaf=kd nyksa dh ,drk vko';d gSA okeiaFkh vkSjjk"Vªh; ekspsZ dh feyh&tqyh ljdkj gh èkeZ&fujis{krk] la?kh; lacaèk] jk"Vªh; v[kaMrk] lkekftd U;k;vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl }kj turk dks jkgr fey losQxhA

(iii) ;g ny eaMy vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'kksa dks ykxw djus dk leFkZd gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk 10» LFkkuvkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s oxZ dks rFkk 30» LFkku efgykvksa osQ fy, lqjf{kr fd, tkus pkfg,A

(iv) Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ dk;ks± dhvkykspuk dh xbZ fd bu nksuksa nyksa us ns'k dh leL;kvksa esa o`f¼ dh gSA

(v) ny us jk"Vª eksps± dh ljdkj dh miyfCèk;ksa dh iz'kalk djrs gq, dgk fd ny us mUgsa tks leFkZu fn;k]mldk mUgsa dksbZ [ksn ugha gSA

(vi) Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us rhu dk;ks± dks cgqr egÙoiw.kZ cryk;kµ(a) èkeZ&fujis{k yksdrkaf=kdO;oLFkk] (b) lkekftd U;k;] rFkk (c) osQUnz&jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa dks fiQj ls Bhd djukA

(vii) ny us fgUnqRo dh Hkkouk c<+kus okys [kkfyLrkuh mxzoknh vkSj d'ehj fojksèkh eqlyekuksa osQ fo#¼la?k"kZ NsM+us dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

(viii) pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa dgk x;k fd iatkc] d'ehj vkSj vle dh leL;kvksa dks jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd]'kkluh; vkSj euksoSKkfud <ax ls gy fd;k tk,xkA blosQ lkFk&gh&lkFk >kj[kaM] mÙkjk[kaM] cLrjvkSj cksM+ks osQ dchyksa dh leL;k dks Hkh gy djus dk ok;nk fd;kA

(ix) èkkfeZd LFkkuksa dh fLFkfr 15 vxLr] 1947 ls iwoZ okyh gksxhA

11oh] 12oh] 13oh] 14oh vkSj 15oh yksd lHkkvksa osQ pquko esa Hkh bl osQ ?kks"k.kk i=kksa esa fo'ks"k ifjorZu ughvk;kA ysfdu 1996 esa yksd lHkk pquko ls ysdj vc rd ;g lkEiznkf;drk dk fojks/ djrh jgh gSA

2. vkfFkZd {ks=k–Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us vkfFkZd {ks=k esa fuEu ckrksa dks egÙo fn;kµ

(i) lkoZtfud {ks=k esa m|ksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k tk,xk] eg¡xkbZ dks jksdk tk,xk]fiQtwy[kphZ dks jksdk tk,xk] dkys èku ij fu;a=k.k fd;k tk,xk] 'kgj vkSj nsgkr esa jgus okys èkuhyksxksa ij VSDl yxk;k tk,xk] cpr ;kstuk dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xkA

(ii) vkfFkZd {ks=k esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk ij tksj nsrs gq, vUrjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k ls èku Hkkjrh; 'krks± ij fy;ktk,xkA

(iii) Hkkjrh; m|ksx&èkaèkkas dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA

(iv) vuqPNsn 356 dks lhfer fd;k tk,xkA

3. lkekftd {ks=k–bl {ks=k esa efgykvksa dh j{kk dh O;oLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk ngst&fojksèkh dkuwu esa l[rh dhtk,xhA

4- Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny us fons'kh uhfr osQ lacaèk esa vesfjdk fojksèkh uhfr dks viukus dk leFkZu fd;kA

fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)–Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk vkarfjd oSpkfjd la?k"kZ igys Jh tokgjyky usg: osQO;fDrRo ij osQfUnzr jgk vkSj mlosQ ckn blh iz'u ij cgl djrs gq, ;g ttZj fLFkfr dks igq¡p pqdh gS fdJherh bfUnjk xk¡èkh osQ chp rVLFk jgk tk, ;k izfri{k osQ ,dkaxh fojksèk dk lkFk ns ;k u nsA vizSy] 1980esa ikVhZ osQ foHkktu osQ ckn ikVhZ us okeiaFkh nyksa dh ,drk ij cy fn;kA ikVhZ dk Hkfo"; mTToy ugha gSAikVhZ dh yksdfiz;rk cgqr de gks pqdh gSA if'peh caxky o osQjy] esa gh vHkh bldk FkksM+k cgqr izHkko gSA

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ekDlZoknh lkE;oknh ny dh uhfr;ksa rFkk mlosQ dk;ZØeksa dk mYys[k(Describe the Policies and Programme of C.P.I. (M).

Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh (ekDlZoknh) ny Hkkjr esa Lora=k jktuSfrd ny osQ :i esa 1964 osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa vfLrRo esavk;kA vfoHkkftr lkE;oknh ny osQ lHkh mxzoknh usrkvksa us tks 'kkld ny dkaxzsl osQ izfr lkE;oknh ny dhuje uhfr ls vlUrq"V Fks] ny ls fudy dj Lora=k :i esa ,d O;kih laxBu xfBr fd;kA

ny dk bfrgklµHkkjrh; lkE;oknh (ekDlZoknh) ny dk bfrgkl okLro esa vfoHkkftr Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh nyesa fo|eku nks fojksèkh lS¼kafrd i{kksa osQ la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl gSA vaxzstksa }kjk dkaxzsl osQ usrkvksa dks lÙkk gLrkarfjrdjus ls mRiUu fLFkfr osQ ewY;kadu osQ le; gh lkE;oknh ny osQ fo|eku nks fojksèkh fopkjksa dk irk pyrkgSA ny osQ vUnj ;g la?k"kZ oSpkfjd] laxBukRed rFkk jktuSfrd vkfn lHkh Lrjksa ij fo|eku FkkA orZeku 'krkCnhdh ik¡poh 'krkCnh osQ izkjaHk esa gh ;s nks fojksèkh n`f"Vdks.k lkE;oknh ny esa mHkj dj mQij vk pqosQ FksA

lkE;oknh ny esa fo|eku ;s nks fojksèkh n`f"Vdks.k vizSy] 1956 esa gksus okyh lkE;oknh ny dh prqFkZ dkaxzslesa mHkj dj lkeus vk x,A lÙkkèkkjh dkaxzsl osQ leFkZd lkE;oknh ny osQ xqV us Hkfo"; esa ?kfVr gksus okyhizR;sd ?kVuk dks bl izdkj izLrqr fd;k ftlesa fd lkE;oknh ny rFkk lÙkkèkkjh dkaxzsl osQ lg;ksx ls dk;Z djusdh vko';drk izdV gksA Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny esa iM+h njkj dk eq[; dkj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; lkE;okn osQ vkUnksyuesa mRiUu nks fojksèkh n`f"Vdks.kksa dk mn; Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA phuh vkØe.k osQ mijkUr bl lkE;oknh nyus vius dks 1964 esa ,d uohu vf[ky Hkkjrh; ny osQ :i esa laxfBr fd;k tks Hkkjrh lkE;oknh (ekDlZoknh)ny dgyk;kA Hkkjr osQ pquko vk;ksx us bls vf[ky Hkkjrh; ny osQ :i esa ekU;rk iznku dh gSA bldk pqukofpUg gFkkSM+k njkUrh* gSA 1967 osQ pkSFks yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa bl 19 LFkku feys vkSj mlus 3-7» er izkIr fd;sAblosQ izHkko {ks=k if'peh caxky vkSj osQjy gSaA 1971 dh ik¡poh yksd lHkk osQ pquko esa ekDlZoknh ikVhZ dks35 lhVsa feyhaA fnlEcj] 1984 osQ yksd lHkk osQ pqukosa esa ikVhZ dks osQoy 20 lhVsa feyhA ebZ&twu] 1991 osQyksd lHkk pquko esa ekDlZoknh ny dks 35 lhVsa feyha rFkk if'pe caxky esa bldh ljdkj cuhA

ekDlZokn lkE;oknh ny dk lkekftd vkèkkj (Social Base of the Marxist Communist

Party)µekDlZoknh ikVhZ dk lkekftd vkèkkj Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny ls vfèkd O;kid gSA bl ny dkscqf¼thfo;ksa] ;qodksa] fo|kfFkZ;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kdj Jfedksa vkSj fdlkuksa dk leFkZu izkIr gSA oSls rks bldks Hkkjr osQlHkh Hkkxksa esa Jfedksa dk leFkZu izkIr gS] ysfdu bl ny dk Bksl lkekftd vkèkkj osQoy if'peh caxky] osQjy]f=kiqjk o vkU/z izns'k esa gSA vktdy if'peh caxky] osQjy vkSj f=kiqjk esa okeiaFkh ekspsZ dh ljdkjsa gSa] ftldkusr`Ro ekDlZoknh ny dj jgk gSA 1987 osQ pquko esa ekDlZoknh ikVhZ dks if'peh caxky rFkk osQjy esa egku~liQyrk feyhA if'peh caxky esa bldh tM+sa cgqr xgjh gSaA ij ns'k osQ vU; Hkkxksa esa fo'ks"kdj gfj;k.kk]fgekpy izns'k] eè; izns'k] jktLFkku] mÙkj izns'k] fnYyh] tEew d'ehj] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª vkfn esa bldk dksbZlkekftd vkèkkj ugha gSA iatkc esa bldks FkksM+k&cgqr leFkZu izkIr gSA ekDlZoknh lkE;oknh ny :l osQ eqdkcysphu osQ vfèkd lehi gSA

nloha yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa osQ fy, ?kks"k.kk&i=k

(i) ekDlZoknh ny us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa jk"Vªh; ekspsZ dks er nsus osQ fy, rFkk dkaxzsl vkSj Hkkjrh;turk ikVhZ dk fojksèk djus osQ fy, dgkA bl ny us dgk fd Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ v;ksè;k esa ckcjhefLtn dks rqM+okdj jke&efUnj dk fuekZ.k djosQ lkEiznkf;d vkèkkj ij yksxksa dks ck¡V jgh gSA

(ii) pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa Lo- jktho xk¡èkh vkSj dkaxzsl dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd muosQ leFkZu lsosQUnz esa pUnz'ks[kj osQ usr`Ro esa ny&cnyqvksa dh ljdkj LFkkfir gks xbZ gSA

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(iii) ekDlZoknh ny us eaMy vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa ykxw djus dk leFkZu fd;k ysfdu lkFk&gh&lkFkvkfFkZd vkèkkj ij fiNM+s gq, oxks± dks Hkh vkj{k.k nsus dk lq>ko fn;kA

(iv) mÙkj Hkkjr esa eaMy vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa ykxw djus ij O;kid :i esa tks ¯glk gqbZ] mldk ny dhpquko ?kks"k.kk osQ vuqlkj if'peh caxky ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+kA ny us nkok fd;k fd if'peh caxkyesa dksbZ Hkh xjhch ;k fiNM+h gqbZ tkfr;ksa ij vR;kpkj ugha dj ldrkA

(v) lkE;oknh ekDlZoknh ny us jk"Vªh; ekspsZ dh ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsus dh ?kks"k.kk dhA

(vi) ny osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa osQUnz ljdkj ls 16 ek¡xksa dks iwjk djus dh ek¡x dh xbZ ftuesa izeq[kosQUnz&jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa esa ifjorZu djuk] dke osQ vfèkdkj dks ekSf[kd vfèkdkj cuk;k] jkT;ksa osQ vk;osQ lkèkuksa esa o`f¼ djus osQ fy, jkT; vkSj leorhZ lwph osQ fo"k;ksa esa ifjorZu djuk] vkfn gSA

(vii) usikyh Hkk"kk dks lafoèkku dh vkBoha lwph esa 'kkfey djus dh ek¡x dh xbZ gSA

(viii) vkfFkZd {ks=k dh ek¡xsa xzkeh.k fodkl rd lhfer gSaA

lkE;oknh ekDlZoknh ikVhZ us ;g pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k izeq[k :i ls if'peh caxky dh foèkkulHkk pquko osQ fy,tkjh fd;k Fkk rFkk mls bl pquko esa pkSFkh ckj lÙkk izkIr gqbZA ogk¡ ;g 2011 rd lÙkk esa jgh ysfdu vcif'peh caxky vkSj osQjy eas lÙkk bl osQ gkFk ls fudy xbZ gSaA bl dh uhfr;ksa esa dkbZ fo'ks"k cnyko ugha vk;kAysfdu 2004 osQ yksd lHkk pquko ds ckn blus ;w-ih-,- dks ckgj ls leZFku fn;k ij ,Veh le>kSrs us lokyij ;g okfil ys fy;kA 2009 osQ yksd lHkk pquko esa bldk vkèkkj de gqvk vkSj lhVsa cgqr ?kV xbZA

turk ny dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØe dk mYys[k

Enumerate the Policies and Programmes of the Janta Dal.

Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa jktuSfrd nyksa osQ lfEeyu vkSj fc[kjko dh izfØ;k cjkcj pyrh jgh gSA vizSy]1987 esa bfUnjk dkaxzsl ls ml le; osQ izfrj{kk eU=kh fo'oukFk izrki¯lg] v:.k usg:] vkfjiQ eqgEen [kk¡ vkSjjkeèku tSls usrk vyx gks x,A mUgksaus tu ekspkZ* dk;e dj fy;kA bl ekspsZ us rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh jktho xk¡èkhdh ljdkj osQ fo#¼ Hkz"Vkpkj osQ laxhu vFkok luluh[kst vkjksi yxk,A blls oh-ih-¯lg dh yksdfiz;rk c<+rhxbZA tuw] 1988 esa bykgkckn lalnh; lhV esa gq, mipquko esa mUgsa Hkkjh liQyrk izkIr gqbZ rFkk os xSj&dkaxzsloknosQ izrhd cu x, vkSj mUgksaus dkaxzsl (b) rFkk jktho xk¡èkh dk fodYi izLrqr djus dh dksf'k'k dhA

vusd fnDdrksa osQ ckotwn 11 vDrwcj] 1988 dks caxykSj esa tu&ekspkZ] yksdny (v) vkSj turk ikVhZ osQ izeq[kusrkvksa dh cSBd esa turk ny cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ckn esa yksdny (c) Hkh bl u, ny esa 'kkfeygksus dks rS;kj gks x;kA oh-ih- ¯lg dks bl izLrkfor u, ny dk vè;{k pquk x;k vkSj turk ikVhZ osQ lafoèkkudks mlus viuk fy;kA blosQ ckn laln~ osQ nksuksa lnuksa rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa osQ foèkkue.Myksa esa turk ny dksekU;rk ns nh xbZA blh chp dkaxzsl (b) dk fodYi [kM+k djus dh n`f"V ls oh-ih- ¯lg us vxLr] 1988 esagh yksdny (v)] turk ikVhZ] rsyqxw ns'ke] nzfoM+ equs=k dM+xe] dkaxzsl (,l) vle x.k laxzke ifj"kn~ ,oatuekspkZ dks feykdj ^jk"Vªh; ekspkZ* (National Front) dk;e dj fy;k FkkA turk ny xfBr dj ysus lsoh-ih- ¯lg dh 'kfDr ,oa izHkko esa vkSj vfèkd c<+ksrjh gks xbZ rFkk ^jk"Vªh; ekspkZ* osQ O;ogkfjd usrk Hkh oghcu x,A uoEcj] 1989 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa pquko vk;ksx us turk ny dks ,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; ny osQ:i esa ekU;rk ns nh vkSj mls pØ (Wheel) dk pquko fpUg fn;k ftlesa N% rhfy;k¡ gSaA

ml pquko esa turk ny dks 141 LFkku izkIr gq, Fks vkSj jk"Vªh; ekspsZ osQ vU; ?kVdksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; turkikVhZ rFkk okeiaFkh nyksa dk lg;ksx izkIr dj og ny lÙkk esa vk x;k FkkA oh- ih- ¯lg izèkkuea=kh FksA ysfdu

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vDVwcj] 1990 esa Hkktik us jke&tUe Hkwfe ekeys ij ljdkj ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;kA vr% 7 uoEcj]1990 dks oh-ih- ¯lg yksd lHkk esa fo'okl er izLrko (Confidence Motion) ikl ugha djk losQA blhle; turk ny esa iwQV iM+ xbZ vkSj pUnz'ks[kj rFkk nsoh yky osQ usr`Ro esa mldk ,d cM+k oxZ mlls vyxgksdj turk ny (l) cu x;kA pUnz'ks[kj vYila[;d ljdkj osQ izèkkuea=kh dakxzsl (b) osQ leFkZu ls cu x,Aij mudh ljdkj pkj ekl osQ yxHkx gh py ldhA vUrr% ebZ&twu] 1991 esa yksd lHkk osQ eè;kofèk pqukodjk, tkus dh vfuok;Zrk [kM+h gks xbZA ml nkSjku ,l- vkj- cksEecbZ turk osQ ny osQ vè;{k FksA bl pqukoesa turk ny dh djkjh gkj gqbZ vkSj mls osQoy 54 LFkku gh izkIr gks losQA

;gk¡ ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd vc turk ny dbZ nyksaµ(i) turk ny (;quk;fVM) (J.D.U.) rFkk (ii) jk"Vªh;turk ny (RJD) chtw turk (BJD) esa foHkkftr gks pqdk gSA blosQ vykok blls vyx gksdj yksdny(vftr) vkSj pkSVkYkk dk yksdny (INLD) cu x, gSA

turk ny dh uhfr;k¡ rFkk dk;ZØe (Policies and Programmes of Janta Dal)

ebZ&twu 1991 osQ eè;kofèk pquko osQ le; turk ny us viuk vyx esa ls dksbZ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k (Election

Manifesto) tkjh ugha fd;k FkkA jk"Vªh; ekspkZ us tks ?kks"k.kk&i=k tkjh fd;k] turk ny us mlh osQ vkèkkj ijpquko yM+k FkkA oLrqr% og pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k turk ny gh }kjk gh rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA mlosQ izeq[k fl¼kUrksadk laf{kIr o.kZu fuEufyf[kr gS%µ

1. jktuSfrd dk;ZØe (Political Programmes)–turk ny vFkok jk"Vªh; ekspkZ us vius jktuSfrddk;ZØe esa jk"Vª esa ,drk] lkekftd U;k;] iaFk&fujis{krk ;k lsoqQyfjTe] la?kokn vkSj vkRe&fuHkZjrk uked ik¡prÙoksa ij cgqr vfèkd cy fn;k FkkA blesa vkxs dgk x;k gS fdµ

(i) lkekftd U;k; dk;e djus osQ fy, lkekftd vkSj 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s gq, oxks± osQ fy, osQUnz

rFkk jkT; ljdkjksa dh lsokvksa esa 27 izfr'kr LFkkuksa dk vkj{k.k fd;k tk,xk vkSj e.My vk;ksx dh

fliQkfj'kksa esa ekStwn folaxfr;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, ,d fo'ks"kK lfefr dk xBu gksxkA blosQ

vfrfjDr vkfFkZd n`f"V ls fiNM+s vU; oxks± osQ fy, ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa esa 5 ls 10 izfr'kr rd vkj{k.k

dh O;oLFkk ykxw djus ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj gksxkA

(ii) bl izLrkfor izfr'kr dks Hkjus osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls HkrhZ dh tk,xhA

(iii) vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk tutkfr osQ yksxksa osQ fy, vkj{k.k O;oLFkk tkjh jgsxhA mUgsa eqÝr dkuwuh lgk;rk

nh tk,xh vkSj mu ij gksus okys vR;kpkjksa osQ ekeyksa dks tYnh fucVkus osQ fy, gj ftys esa fo'ks"k

vnkyrsa dk;e dh tk,¡xhA

(iv) jke tUe&Hkwfe ckcjh efLtn ekeys dk fucVkjk nksuksa i{kksa dh vkilh ckrphr }kjk gy fd;k tk,

vFkok U;k;ky; osQ fu.kZ; dh izrh{kk dh tk,A blh rjg 15 vxLr] 1947 dks iwtk ;k mikluk LFkyksa

dh tks fLFkfr Fkh] mls cuk, j[kk tk,A

(v) lkaiznkf;d naxksa ls fucVus osQ fy, ,d feyk&tqyk naxk fojksèkh lqj{kk cy laxfBr fd;k tk, ftlls

vYila[;d oxZ esa lqj{kk dh Hkkouk iSnk gks losQ vkSj oDiQ lEifÙk dks fdjk;k fu;a=kd dkuwu ls

eqDr dj fn;k tk,A

(vi) vYila[;d vk;ksx dks laoSèkkfud ekU;rk nh tk,xhA tEew&d'ehj ls lacafèkr èkkjk 370 dks cuk,

j[kk tk,xkA vYila[;dksa osQ O;fDrxr dkuwuksa (Personal Laws) esa jkT; }kjk n[kyUnkth ugha dh

tk,xhA

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(vii) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj tutkfr;ksa osQ fy, mldh vkcknh osQ vuqikr esa ljdkjh ctV esa muosQdY;k.k osQ fy, èkujkf'k vkjf{kr dh tk,xh vkSj ml èkujkf'k dk iz;ksx fuèkkZfjr mís'; osQ fy, ghfd;k tk,xkA

(viii) bu oxks± osQ fy, vkjf{kr inksa dh la[;k dks iwjk djus osQ fy, dkuwu cukdj fo'ks"k HkrhZ dh tk,xh

vkSj nks"kh vfèkdkfj;ksa dks nf.Mr fd;k tk,xkA

(ix) efgykvksa dh n'kk lqèkkjus osQ fy, mUgsa leku lEifÙk vfèkdkj] LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk laLFkkvksa rFkk lsokvksa

esa 30» vkj{k.k foèkkue.Myksa esa vfèkd izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk,xk vkSj ekr`Ro dY;k.k osQ fy, fo'ks"k

dks.k cuk;k tk,xkA

(x) osQUnz jkT;ksa osQ lacaèkksa dk fuèkkZj.k ljdkfj;k vk;ksx osQ izfrosnu osQ vkèkkj ij djrs gq, jkT;ksa osQ

la?kh; <k¡ps osQ vUrxZr okLrfod Lok;Ùkrk nh tk,xhA mUgsa i;kZIr vkfFkZd] foÙkh;] iz'kklfud

'kfDr;k¡ nh tk,¡xh] ftlls os osQUnz ij fuHkZj u jgsA iwoksZRrj ifj"kn~ osQ fodkl&dk;ks± osQ fy, vfèkd

èkujkf'k nh tk,xhA

(xi) jkT;ikyksa dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj dk;ks± dh leh{kk dh tk,xh vkSj mls osQUnz ljdkj osQ jktuSfrd LokFkks±

dks iwjk djus ls jksdus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xh rFkk lafoèkku dh èkkjk 356 ij iqufoZpkj djosQ mldk

nq#i;ksx jksdus osQ fy, izHkkoh dne mBk, tk,¡xsA

(xii) lwpuk ikus osQ vfèkdkj dks izkFkfedrk nh tk,xhA vr% ljdkjh xksiuh;rk dkuwu dks gVk;k tk,xk

vkSj izlkj Hkkjrh dkuwu dks ykxw fd;k tk,xkA

(xiii) iatkc rFkk tEew&d'ehj esa vkradokn dks iuius osQ fy, dkaxzsl (b) dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k x;k gSA

mlosQ gy osQ fy, ogk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa osQ lPps la?kokn vkSj yksdrkaf=kd izfØ;k esa n`<+ vkLFkk fodflr

djus osQ fy, rS;kj fd;k tk,xkA ,sls gksus ij gh xqejkg ;qod jk"Vª dh eq[; èkkjk esa 'kkfey gks

losaQxsA mÙkj&iwohZ {ks=k esa vyxkookn esa l[rh ls fuiVk tk,xkA

(xiv) U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dk leFkZu vkSj U;k;èkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr ,oa rcknyksa esa Lora=k iSuy dh

O;oLFkk viukus ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA

(xv) f'k{kk ij vfèkd èkujkf'k O;; dh tk,xh vkSj fuèkkZfjr jkf'k dk 50» izkFkfed f'k{kk ij O;; fd;k

tk,xkA >kj[k.M {ks=k osQ yksxksa dh leL;kvksa ij iqufoZpkj gksxk vkSj NksVk ukxiqj {ks=k esa mudh Lora=k

jkT; dk;e djus dh ek¡x dh leh{kk dh tk,xhA

2. vkfFkZd dk;Zde (Economic Programmes)–turk ny us vius pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa vkfFkZd

vlekurkvksa dks nwj djus dk ladYi O;Dr fd;k gSA vr% og vxzfyf[kr dne mBk,xhA

(i) 'kgjh lEifÙk ;k Hkwfe dh vfèkdre lhek r; dh tk,xhA lekt lEiUu oxZ ls vfèkd dj jktLo

izkIr djus osQ mís'; ls nh?kZdkyhu foÙkh; uhfr fuèkkZfjr dh tk,xhA de vkenuh okys yksxksa dks jkgr

nh tk,xh vkSj cpr dks c<+kus osQ fy, izR;{k djksa esa deh dh tk,xhA

(ii) ?kkVs dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks fu;fU=kr fd;k tk,xk vkSj lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dk pqLr&nq#Lr rFkk

dk;Z&oqQ'ky cuk;k tk,xkA

(iii) c<+rh eg¡xkbZ rFkk eqnzk&LiQhfr dks jksdus osQ fy, izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k djksa osQ <k¡ps dk fiQj ls

lek;kstu fd;k tk,xkA vkS|ksfxd uhfr dk mís'; jkstxkj osQ lkèkkuksa esa c<+ksrjh djuk gSA

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(iv) xzkeh.k {ks=k ij vkèkkfjr xzkeks|ksxksa dks c<+kok fn;k tk,xkA y?kq m|ksxksa dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, fo'ks"kcSad dk;e gksxk vkSj tgk¡ dgha laHko gksxk] ogk¡ vke miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dk mRiknu oqQVhj ,oa y?kqm|ksxksa osQ {ks=k osQ fy, lqjf{kr fd;k tk,xkA

(v) fons'kh lgk;rk osQoy vkRe&fuHkZjrk izkIr djus osQ fy, yh tk,xhA

(vi) i;kZoj.k Ïksrksa ls tqM+ gq, xzkeokfl;ksa osQ fgrksa dks uqdlku igq¡pkus okys dkuwuksa dh leh{kk djosQ mUgsala'kksfèkr fd;k tk,xkA fodkl ;kstukvksa lfgr izfrj{kk ;kstukvksa dh Hkh i;kZoj.k osQ ifjizs{; esaizkFkfed Lrj ls gh leh{kk dh tk,xhA

(vii) Ñf"k lacaèkh jk"Vªh; uhfr dk fuèkkZj.k fd;k tk,xkA Ñf"k mRiknuksa dk ykHkdkjh U;wure leFkZu ewY;lqfuf'pr gksxkA Hkwfe&lqèkkj osQ dkuwu ykxw fd, tk,¡xsA Ñf"k&½.k ij C;kt&nj esa dVkSrh gksxh vkSjfuokZfpr Ñ"kd ifj"kn~ dk;e dh tk,xhA

(viii) Ñf"k vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknuksa osQ chp rkyesy cSB;k tk,xk] ftlls Ñf"k mRikndksa dh Ø; 'kfDr cuhjgsA xzkeh.k fodkl osQ fy, izR;sd xk¡o dks lM+dksa ls tksM+k tk,xk vkSj ogk¡ is;ty dh O;oLFkk djnh tk,xhA cktkj osQ ,dkfèkdkjokn dks rksM+us osQ fy, ljdkj ?kksf"kr leFkZu ewY; ij iQlyksa dh[kjhnnkjh djsxhA

(ix) vkS|ksfxd etnwjksa dks dkj[kkuksa osQ izcUèk esa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k tk,xkA xqIr ernku osQ vkèkkj ij Jfedla?kksa osQ xBu osQ fy, u;k vkS|ksfxd Jfed lacaèk dkuwu ikfjr fd;k tk,xk vkSj [ksfrgj etnwjksa ,oadY;k.k osQ fy, dkuwu cuk, tk,¡xsA

(x) caèkqvk etnwj oqQizFkk dks l[rh ls [kRe fd;k tk,xkA muosQ iquoZlu ,oa fodkl dh izHkkoh ;kstukykxw gksxhA

(xi) HkwriwoZ lSfudksa dks dY;k.k ls lacafèkr lHkh iwoZ fu.kZ; ykxw fd, tk,¡xs vkSj mUgsa 1viSzy] 1990 lsykxw fd;k tk,xkA

(xii) ,d jk"Vªh; ty laLFkku (A National Water Grid) dk fuekZ.k gksxk ftlls ty dh deh okys{ks=kksa ;k izns'kksa esa eq[; vkSj cM+h ufn;ksa dk ty ogk¡ igq¡pkdj mu bykdksa dks Hkh le`¼ cuk;k tklosQA

3. vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k lacaèkh uhfr (Policy Related to International Field)–vUrjkZ"Vªh; {ks=k esa turkny osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa dgk x;k gS fdµ

(i) ikfdLrku osQ lkFk lacaèk lkekU; cuk, tk,¡xsA phu osQ lkFk Hkh eS=khiw.kZ lacaèk dk;e djus osQ fy,igy dh tk,xhA

(ii) lksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk eS=khiw.kZ lacaèkksa dks vkSj vfèkd etcwr fd;k tk,xk rFkk la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk]jk"Vª e.My osQ lnL; ns'kksa vkSj ;wjksi osQ fofHkUu jkT;ksa ,oa tkiku osQ lacaèk lqèkkjs tk,¡xsA

(iii) Hkkjr osQ lHkh iM+kslh jkT;ksa osQ lkFk eèkqj lacaèk dk;e fd, tk,¡xsA

(iv) O;kikfjd] rduhdh vkSj foÙkh; {ks=kksa esa HksnHkko cjrus dh uhfr osQ lHkh iz;klksa dk fojksèk fd;ktk,xkA

(v) fuxqZV vkUnksyu dks vfèkd izHkko'kkyh cukdj vjc jk"Vªksa osQ lkFk ?kfu"B lacaèk dk;e fd, tk,¡xsvkSj budh ,drk ,oa v[kaMrk dks Hkax djus osQ lHkh iz;klksa dk MVdj fojksèk gksxkA fiQyhLrhu jkT;dk;e djus osQ vkUnksyu dk leFkZu tkjh jgsxkA

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4. vU; izeq[k izkoèkku (Other Important Provisions)–mi;qZDr of.kZr uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa osQ vykokturk ny ;k jk"Vªh; ekspsZ osQ pquko ?kks"k.kk&i=k esa fuEufyf[kr egÙoiw.kZ ckrsa dgh xbZ Fkhaµ

(i) jkT; Lrj osQ iz'kklu rd vkSj f'k{kk osQ izR;sd {ks=k esa lacafèkr jkT; dh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,xkrFkk mnwZ osQ fodkl dh vksj fo'ks"k è;ku fn;k tk,xkA

(ii) iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dks etcwr cukdj mUgsa Lo'kklu dh bdkbZ cuk;k tkk,xkA

(iii) vUrjkZT;h; ifj"kn~ (Inter-State Council) vkSj jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn~ (National Develop-

ment Council) dks vfèkd fØ;k'khy cukdj jkT;ksa dks vkilh lacaèkksa rFkk jkT; ,oa osQUnz ljdkjksaosQ laca/ksa esa ln~Hkkouk dk;e dh tk,xhA

vc turk ny osQ] tSls fd igys cryk;k tk pqdk gS] dbZ Hkkx gks pqosQ gSA ;g foHkktu fopkjèkkjk fd ctk,O;fDr;ksa osQ Vdjkoksa osQ dkj.k gqvk gSA ij vc Hkh ts-Mh-;w- fcgkj esa vkSj ch-ts-Mh mM+hlk esa lÙkk esa gSaA

14-4 Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny (Indian Regional Political Party)

fiNys oqQN o"kks± osQ nkSjku {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk esa o`f¼ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa ifjorZu dk ,d cM+kÏksr cuh gSA ;|fi oqQN {ks=kh; ny] tSls fd Mhú ,eú osQú (nzfoM+ equs=k dM+xe)] us'kuy dkaizasQl vkSjf'kjksef.k vdkyh ny] Hkkjr osQ Lora=k gksus ls iwoZ ;k 'kh?kz gh ckr esa vfLrRo esa vk x, Fks] ijUrq nwljh ikfVZ;ka]tSls fd rsyqxw ns'ke] vle x.k ifj"kn~] flfDde laxzke ifj"kn~] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; yksd ny vkfn jktuhfrd {ks=kesa vHkh u, gh gSaA okLro esa Hkkjr esa yxHkx 200 NksVs vFkok cM+s {ks=kh; ;k LFkkuh; Lrj osQ jktuhfrd nygSaA 1989 osQ pqukoksa osQ le; 291 jktuhfrd nyksa us Hkkjrh; fuokZpu vk;ksx osQ ikl ukekadu osQ fy,vkosnu&i=k HkstsA buesa ls osQoy vkB dks gh jk"Vªh; nyksa osQ :i esa ekU;rk feyh vkSj 'ks"k lHkh {ks=kh; ny;k LFkkuh; ny FksA 1998&2005 osQ pqukoksa osQ le; Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa 7 jk"Vªh; nyksa] 30 jkT; LrjosQ nyksa vkSj yxHkx 150 iathÑr nyksa us Hkkx fy;kA {ks=kh; ny Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa lfØ; HkwfedkfuHkk jgs gSa vkSj Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ ledkyhu fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, buosQ {ks=kh; ifjisz{;ksa dk vkSj {ks=kh; nyksaosQ }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k vkSj ewY;kadu vko';d gks tkrk gSA

lk>h ljdkjksa osQ ;qx osQ vkjaHk gks tkus osQ dkj.k vkt osQUnzh; Lrj ij jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny {ks=kh; vkSj jkT;Lrj osQ jktuhfrd nyksa ls feydj lÙkk dk miHkksx dj jgs gSaA 13 vDVwcj] 1999 dks jk"Vªh; yksdrU=kh;xBcUèku (N.D.A.) us Hkkjr esa ljdkj dk fuekZ.k fd;kA mlesa chú tsú ihú osQ lkFk tks vU; 23 jktuhfrdnyksa us feydj ljdkj dk xBu fd;k] os yxHkx lHkh ny gh {ks=kh; ny ;k jkT; Lrj osQ ny FksA bl izdkjebZ 2004 ls lÙkk:<+ ;wú ihú ,ú xBcUèku esa dkaxzsl osQ lkFk 17 {ks=kh; vFkok LFkkuh; ny lÙkk dk miHkksxdj jgs gSaA jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ nyksa rFkk {ks=kh; Lrj osQ nyksa }kjk lkFk feydj xBcUèku LFkkfir dj lk{kh ljdkjksadk fuekZ.k djuk Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vkt ,d ekSfyd fo'ks"krk gSA

{ks=kh; ny D;k gS\ (What is Regional Party?) : dbZ fo}ku bl iz'u dk mÙkj bl izdkj nsrs gSa tSlkfd MkWú osQú vkjú Lo:iksa osQ fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkus okyk 'kCnA bl 'kCn ls {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk jk"Vªh;Lrj osQ jktuhfrd nyksa esa Hksn djuk vkt ,d LohÑr fl¼kUr gS ;|fi fuokZpu vk;ksx }kjk bls mfpr dkuwuhLo:i fn;k x;k gS] rFkkfi ;g lc vlUrks"ktud gSA¸ (With considerable looseness as an omnibusdesignation for all manners of political formation, the generally accepted distinctionbetween ‘national’ and regional parties, legitimised though it is by the electioncommission, is rather unsatisfactory.) dksbZ ny jk"Vªh; gS ;k {ks=kh;] ;g fuf'pr djus osQ fy, nks

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dkjdksa dk è;ku j[kk tkrk gS % (i) mu jkT;ksa dh la[;k tgka ny dks vke@pquko ;k fiQj pquko leFkZu vkSjyksdfiz;rk izkIr gS vkSj (ii) blosQ }kjk jkT; foèkkulHkk vkSj yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa izkIr fd, x, erksa dkizfr'krA igyh dlkSVh Hkw&{ks=kh; gS vkSj nwljh ny osQ yksdfiz;rk xzkiQ ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA oqQN fo}ku~ {ks=kh; nydh uLyh ;k {ks=kh;&lakLÑfrd igpku osQ :i esa gh bldks ifjHkkf"kr djuk pkgrs gSaA Mhú ,eú osQú vkSj ,úvkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny gSa D;ksafd ;g ^rfey laLÑfr* vkSj ^rfey jk"Vªokn* dkizfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkh ,d {ks=kh; ny gSA ;g ,d iaFkd ny Hkh gS vkSj bldks iatkcosQ cgqr&ls fl[kksa vkSj oqQN lhek rd gfj;k.kk vkSj fnYyh esa jgus okys fl[kksa dk leFkZu izkIr gSA rsyqxw ns'ke]vle x.k ifj"kn~] flfDde laxzke ifj"kn~] us'kuy dkaizsaQl] >kj[kaM eqfDr ekspkZ] caxyk dkaxzsl] mM+hlk dakxzsl]osQjy dkaxzsl] Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; yksdny] fe”kks us'kuy izQaV] ef.kiqj ihiy”k ikVhZ] ihú ,eú osQú] ihú Mhú ihúr`.kewy dkaxzsl vkfn lHkh {ks=kh; ny gSaA Hkkjrh; izlax esa] tSlk fd LVsuys] ,ú dks'kkukd (Stanley. A

Kochnock) dk fopkj gS] {ks=kh; ny ¶izkjafHkd :i esa vlUrqf"V osQ LFkkuh; dkj.kksa dks <wa<us ;k Hkk"kk] tkfr;k leqnk; ;k {ks=k ij vkèkkfjr vyx&vyx ekSfyd ekaxksa dh lqj{kk ls lacafèkr gksrs gSaA¸ (Regional Partiesare primarily concerned with exploting local resources of discontent or preserving avariety of primordial demands based on language, caste or community or region.) ljy'kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd {ks=kh; ny os ny gksrs gSa tks ,d ;k nks jkT;ksa esa yksdfiz; gks vkSj@vFkokfdlh fo'ks"k {ks=k ;k laiznk; ;k Hkk"kk;h ;k lkaLÑfrd ;k èkkfeZd lewg@leqnk; osQ fgrksa dh izkfIr osQ fy, eq[;:i esa opuc¼ gksaA

Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh mRifÙk osQ dkj.k (Reasons for the emergence of Regional

Parties in India) : Hkkjr tSls cgqyoknh ns'k esa] tgk¡ Hkk"kk;h] èkkfeZd] uLyh] {ks=kh; vkSj lkaLÑfrdcgqyrk,¡ fo|eku~ gSaµdbZ {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dk vfLrRo ,d izkÑfrd ckr gSA ;g cgqyokn bruk izcygS fd ikfudj (Panikar) tSls Hkkjrh; fo}ku Hkh bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSa fd ¶dksbZ Hkh Hkkjr dks fo'kky{ks=kksa esa ck¡Vs fcuk blosQ laiw.kZ vfLrRo osQ ckjs lksp ugha ldrkA¸ (No one can conceive of India

except in terms of the great regions). j'khnqíhu [kku (Rasheeduddin Khan) dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr¶{ks=kksa vkSj mi&{ks=kksa dk la?k gSA¸ blosQ fy, {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dk fodkl gksuk vkSj Hkkjr tSls fo'kkyvkSj cgqyrk ls Hkjs ns'k esa budk vkxs vkuk izkÑfrd ckr gSA ¶rfeyukMw] vkaèkz izns'k] vle] caxky] egkjk"Vª]gfj;k.kk vkSj iatkcµ;s ,d la;qDr Hkwfe VqdM+s vkSj izknsf'kd [kaM gh ugha gSa vkSj u gh ;s ,d jktuhfrd lewgdh iz'kklfud bdkbZ;ka gSA bfrgkl] Hkk"kk] lkaLÑfrd vkSj vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ fefJr dk;k&dYi us bu {ks=kksa dksfoy{k.k igpku nh gS vkSj ;s lHkh ny ,d foy{k.k uLyh&jk"Vªh; laiznk; osQ fy, fuokl&x`g cu xbZ gSA¸(Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Assma, Bengal, Maharashtra and Punjab–these are nomore teritorial fragments of an undifferentiated land mass or just administrative unitsof a political behemoth. The combined alchemy of history, language, culture andeconomy has given a unique identity to each of these regions and each of them hasbecome the home of a distinct ethno-national community.)

buosQ lkFk 1947 osQ i'pkr~ vyx&vyx jktuhfrd oSèkkfud fodklksa] tSlk fd Hkk"kk osQ vkèkkj ij jkT;ksa dkiquxZBu] dbZ jktuhfrd nyksa esa foHkktu iM+ tkus] oqQN iz'kkldh; uhfr;ksa vkfn us Hkh {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksaosQ vfLrRo esa vkus dh izfØ;k esa lgk;rk dh gSA dbZ ,d {ks=kh; ny dkaxzsl osQ foHkktuksa ls iSnk gq, ny gSaAtSls ,uú lhú ihú] ,pú ohú ihú vkfnA

fuEufyf[kr eq[; dkj.kksa@dkjdksa us Hkkjrh; jktuhfd iz.kkyh esa {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkus dkekxZn'kZu fd;k gS %

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1. ns'k dh lkaLÑfrd cgqyrk (Cultural Pluralism of the Country)–Hkkjrh; lekt esa dbZlkaLÑfrd&uLyh&èkkfeZd&Hkk"kk;h tkfr lewgksa osQ vfLrRo us Mhú ,eú osQú] tsú ,eú ,eú] ,eú ,uú ,iQúvkSj thú ,uú ,yú ,iQú vkfn tSls {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dh mRifÙk dh izfØ;k esa cgqr lgk;rk dh gSA

2. èkkfeZd rÙo (Religious Factor)–Hkkjr esa dbZ èkeks± osQ vfLrRo us Hkh vdkyh ny] eqfLye yhx] ¯gnwegklHkk vkfn tSls èkeZ ij vkèkkfjr nyksa dh mRifÙk esa lgk;rk dh gSA

3. {ks=kh; vlUrqyu (Regional Imbalances)–1977 osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa iSnk gq, {ks=kh; vkfFkZd vlUrqyuksaus Hkh {ks=kh; nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkus esa lgk;rk dh gSA ns'k osQ oqQN {ks=kksa esa vkfFkZd fodkl dk Lrj dkiQhmQ¡pk jgk gS tcfd nwljs {ks=k vkfFkZd fodkl esa cgqr fiNM+s jgs gSaA LFkkuh; usrk fo'ks"kr% os tks vkfFkZd :iesa fiNM+s ;k de fodflr {ks=kksa ls lacaèk j[krs gSa] izk;% {ks=kh; fgrksa osQ izfrfufèkRo osQ fy, vkSj jk"Vªh; usrkvksaosQ :i esa 'kfDr izkIr djosQ viuh fLFkfr lqn`<+ cukus osQ fy, ^LFkkfud Hkkoukvksa* ls f[kyokM+ djrs gSa vkSj{ks=kh; ny cuk ysrs gSaA vle esa vle x.k ifj"kn~ Hkh blh dkj.k gh vfLrRo esa vk;k FkkA fcgkj esa vkjú tsúMhú yksd tu 'kfDr ikVhZ vkfn Hkh blh dkj.k vfLrRo esa gSA

4. osQUnzokn dh fojksèkrk (Opposition to Centralism)–Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ,d ,dkRed Hkkoukokyh la?koknh iz.kkyh gSA Hkkjrh; la?kokn esa osQUnz vFkok la?k dks vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk izkIr gSA ,dkRedokndh Hkkouk osQ fo#¼ izfØ;k us Hkh Hkkjr esa dbZ {ks=kh; nyksa dks u osQoy vfLrRo esa yk;k gS cfYd budksyksdfiz;rk Hkh iznku dh gSA Mhú ,eú osQú] rsyqxq ns'ke] vdkyh ny vkfn {ks=kh; ny leFkZu izkIr djus osQfy, osQUnz dh fojksèkrk osQ fl¼kUr dks iz;ksx djrs jgs gSaa ijUrq twu] 1996 osQ i'pkr~] muosQ fopkjksa esa ifjorZuvkus yx iM+k gSA vc os jkT;ksa osQ fy, vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk rks pkgrs gh gSa ijUrq blosQ lkFk&lkFk os vc osQUnzfojks/h izo`fÙk dks NksM+ jgs gSaA vkt Mhú ,eú osQú] f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny] turk ny (;w)] us'kuy dkaizsQl]f=k.kkewy dkaxzsl vkfn ny chútsúihú osQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèku esa 'kkfey gSa vkSj osQUnz esa lÙkk dk miHkksx djjgs gSa ;k fiQj fojksèkh i{k dh rjg dk;Z dj jgs gSaA bl u, ifjorZu us {ks=kh; nyksa dh lksp esa oqQN ifjorZufd;k gS tksfd Hkkjrh; la?kokn osQ fy, ,d vPNk izrhr gksrk gSA

5. jktuhfrd foHkktu (Politicial Splits)–dbZ jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vyx&vyx erHksnh LFkkuh;xqVksa esa iwQV iM+us osQ dkj.k Hkh oqQN {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa dk tUe gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa osQjydkaxzsl] caxyk dakxzsl] mM+hlk dkaxzsl] iQkjoMZ CykWd] rfey euhyk dkaxzsl] ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú]r`.kewy dkaxzsl] chtw turk ny] turk ny (;w)] jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl ikVhZ (NCP) vkfn dk {ks=kh; nyksa osQ :iesa tUe blh osQ dkj.k gh gqvk gSA

6. O;fDrRo iwftr jktuhfr (Personality cult Politics)–Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfLrRo osQihNs ,d vU; dkj.k ;g gS fd ;gk¡ O;fDrRo izèkku vFkok usrk iwftr jktuhfr dk cksyckyk jgk gSA ,d usrkosQ }kjk vius O;fDrxr lacaèkksa osQ dkj.k dk;ZdrkZvksa osQ ,d xqV ls leFkZu ysus osQ fy, fd;k x;k vkadyumldks viuh O;fDrxr 'kfDr n'kkZus osQ lkèku osQ :i esa {ks=kh;@LFkkuh; ny dh jpuk osQ fy, mRlkfgr djrkgSA calh yky ny] nsoh yky ny] dkaxzsl (ts)] dkaxzsl (,lú)] chú osQú ;wú] Vhú Mhú ihú (,uú Vhú vkjú)vkfn blh osQ dkj.k gh vfLrRo esa vk,A

7. tkfr ij vkèkkfjr {ks=kh; ny (Caste based Regional Parties)–tkfr Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk izeq[krÙo jgh gS vkSj ;g dbZ {ks=kh;@LFkkfud@[akMh; nyksa osQ vfLrRo osQ fy, mÙkjnk;h jgh gSA Mhú ,eú osQú]czkã.k&fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA fjifCydu ny vkWiQ bafM;k] cgqtu lekt ny vkfn tkfr osQrÙo ls izHkkfor {ks=kh; ny gSaA

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8. Bksl lS¼kfUr opuc¼rk dh deh (Lack of Strong Ideological Commitment)–Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªh;Lrj osQ jktuhfrd ny vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa osQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa ijUrq mudh lS¼kfUrd opuc¼rk,¡yxHkx ,d tSlh gSaA vyx&vyx jk"Vªh; nyksa esa nf{k.k&iafFk;ksa vkSj oke&iafFk;ksa dh fo|ekurk Hkh dbZ ckj{ks=kh; nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkus dk dkj.k curh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] dbZ jk"Vªh; Lrj osQ jktuhfrd ny Hkh{ks=kh; nyksa osQ leku gh dk;Z djrs gSa D;ksafd mudks osQoy oqQN jkT;ksa] 'kk;n ,d ;k nks esa gh okLrfod leFkZuvkSj yksdfiz;rk izkIr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ :i esa lhú ihú ,eú ,d jk"Vªh; ny gS ijUrq bldh yksdfiz;rkvkSj bldh ifjpkydrk osQoy if'peh caxky] f=kiqjk vkSj osQjy jkT;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA turk ny cgqtulekt ikVhZ dks Hkh vkt osQoy oqQN gh jkT;ksa esa leFkZu izkIr jgk gSA vyx&vyx jkT;ksa ;k {ks=kksa esa vyx&vyx{ks=kh; ;k jkT; nyksa dh ekU;rk dk vkèkkj lS¼kfUrd erHksnksa osQ LFkku ij vkSj LFkkuh; fgrksa esa erHksn gh gSaAmfpr vFkks± esa vc chú tsú ihú vkSj dkaxzsl dks NksM+dj Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa fo|eku~ lHkh ny {ks=kh;jkT; Lrj osQ ny gh cus gq, gSaA

9. Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh fodkl'khy izÑfr (Developing Nature of Indian Political

System)–Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh fodkl'khy vkSj xfr'khy iz.kkyh gSA blesa fujUrj egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrdvkSj laoSèkkfud ifjorZu vk jgs gSaA bldh ny iz.kkyh Hkh lkekftd&vkfFkZd okrkoj.k osQ vuqlkj gh ifjofrZrgks jgh gSA dbZ jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd ny viuh 'kfDr'kkyh fLFkfr ls fxjkoV dh vksj vk jgs gSa vkSj Bhd blosQfoijhr Hkh gks jgk gSA dkaxzsl] tks Hkwrdky esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ij gkoh jgh Fkh] esa 1967&96 osQ nkSjku HkkjhfxjkoV vkbZ vkSj blesa dbZ ckj foHkktu gq,A ;s foHkktu Hkkjr esa dbZ NksVs jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkusdk dkj.k cusA dakxzsl ls vyx gq, jktuhfrd xqV cgqr&ckj {ks=kh; ny osQ :i esa gh dk;Z djus osQ ;ksX; gq,Avkt ,uú lhú ihú ,d {ks=kh; ny osQ Lo:i dk jk"Vªh; ny gSA buesa ls oqQN Hkkjrh; jktuhfr osQ {ks=kh; nycu x, gSaA

mi;qZDr lHkh dkjd gh Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkus osQ fy,mÙkjnk;h jgs gSaA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, MkWú osQú vkjú ckEcky (Dr.

K.R. Bombwall) dgrs gSa fd bUgksaus] ¶jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa dh iqu% xqVcanh dks mRlkfgr fd;k gS vkSjjktuhfr osQ <kaps vkSj izfØ;k ij bldk izHkko cgq&fn'kkbZ vkSj nwjxkeh jgk gSA¸ (These have catalyseda realignment of political forces and their impact on the structure and process of poli-tics has been multi-directional and far-reaching) MkWú cEcky us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa c<+ jgs{ks=kokn osQ dbZ fo'ks"k izdkjksa dks Hkh igpkukA igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd {ks=kh; nyksa us Hkkjr dh ^,d ny izèkkuiz.kkyh* ;k ,d ny Iyl* iz.kkyh dks lcls cM+h pqukSrh nh gSA nwljs] {ks=kh; nyksa us osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa dh izÑfrvkSj fodkl ij xgjk izHkko Mkyk gSA Hkkjr esa osQUnz&jkT; lacaèkksa esa vyx&vyx ruko okys {ks=kksa osQ vfLrRovkSj jkT;ksa dks vf/d Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh ekax dh rhozrk eq[; :i esa Mhú ,eú osQú] ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eúosQú] rsyqxq ns'ke vkSj f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny tSls lfØ; vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh {ks=kh; nyksa osQ vfLrRo esa vkus osQdkj.k gh iSnk gqbZ gSA ^izknsf'kd usr`Ro* vius O;ogkj esa osQUnzh; usr`Ro ls vfèkd&ls&vfèkd okrkZyki osQ fy,;Ru'khy gS vkSj osQUnz {ks=kh; usrkvksa dh vko';drkvksa vkSj ekaxksa osQ izfr vfèkd mÙkjnk;h gks jgk gSA mnkjoknhyksdra=kh; <kaps osQ vanj {ks=kh; nyksa us jktuhfr dks vfèkd izfr;ksfxrk okyh jktuhfr cuk fn;k gS vkSj fuEuLrj ij jktuhfrd izfØ;k esa lkekU; :i esa Hkkxhnkfjrk dks c<+k;k gSA¸ dbZ ,d {ks=kh; ny vkt lÙkk esa gStSls BJD mM+hlk esa] PDP tEew&d'ehj esa vkfnA fo'ks"k :i esa ;s mnkgj.k vkSj Hkkjr la?k osQ vyx&vyxjkT;ksa esa ljdkj cukus esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh c<+rh Hkwfedk] Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh izR;sd iy c<+rhegÙkk dks nlkZrh gSaA lk>h ljdkjks osQ ;qx osQ vkxeu osQ ckn rks osQUnz esa Hkh cgqr&ls {ks=kh; ny ;k rks lÙkk:<+xBcUèku osQ Hkkxhnkj cus gSa ;k fiQj oqQN {ks=kh; nyksa us Hkh osQUnzh; ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsus (tSls

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1999&ebZ 2004 osQ nkSjku TDP us NDA dks) dh uhfr viukbZ ;k fiQj fojksèkh xBcUèku osQ Hkkxhnkj osQ :iesa Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA ;w-ih-,- osQ Hkkx osQ #i esa lÙkk esa gSA tSls fd us'kuy dkizsaQl (Nature Conference)

vkSj oqQN (NDA) osQ lkFk tqM+dj foi{k esa gSa tSls fd ts-Mh-;w- (JDU) A

okLro esa 1996 osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa jk"Vªh; vkSj {ks=kh; jktuhfrd nyksa esa ijLij rkyesyvkSj lg;ksx c<+us osQ y{k.k fn[kkbZ ns jgs gSaA vktdy iatkc esa chú tsú ihú vkSj f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dksxBcU/u dh ljdkj gS tcfd fcgkj esa ts-Mh-;w- vkSj Hkktik osQ xBca/u dh tEew&d'ehj esa us'kuy dkaizsQlvkSj dkaxzsl dh feyh tqyh ljdkj py jgh gSA vkt dkaxzsl osQ usr`Ro esa ;wú ihú ,ú xBcUèku ljdkj esa 17{ks=kh;@LFkkuh; ny Hkkxhnkj gSaA bl izdkj vkt Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj {ks=kh; vkSj jkT; Lrj osQjktuhfrd nyksa esa ,d lg;ksx dk okrkoj.k fo|eku~ gSa] tksfd Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh] fo'ks"kr% Hkkjrh;la?kh; O;oLFkk osQ LokLF; osQ fy, ,d ldkjkRed y{k.k gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa Hkkjr osQ jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;kvfèkd Js"B vkSj oqQ'ky gks ldrh gSA vkt Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa {ks=kh;@jkT; Lrj osQ nyksa dhldkjkRed Hkwfedk dks ,d ldkjkRed bdkbZ osQ :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk pqdk gS vkSj Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd {ks=kosQ :i us jk"Vªh; jk"Vªokn ;k jk"Vªokn dh vksj izxfr dh gS tksfd ,d vPNk laosQr gSA

14-4-1 f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (Shiromani Akali Dal)

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,d {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny gSa] tks lcls vfèkd iatkc esa lfØ; gSA bldk ,d xqV fnYyhrFkk ,d NksVh&lh bdkbZ gfj;k.kk dh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gSA iatkc esa Hkh dbZ vdkyh ny fo|eku gSa tSlk fdJh flejuthr lg eku osQ usr`Ro okyk vdkyh nyeku] f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ckny] iaFkd vdkyh ny vkfnAiatkc dh jktuhfr esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,d lfØ; {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny rks jgk gS ijUrq yxHkx lnSo gh;g dbZ xqVksa esa foHkkftr jgk gS ftlosQ dkj.k bldh Hkwfedk lhfer gksrh gSA ijUrq 1996 osQ i'pkr~ iatkc dhjktuhfr esa izdk'k ¯lg ckny osQ usr`Ro okyk f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny vfèkd izHkkoh cuk vkSj chú tsú ihú lsfeydj blus iatkc esa ljdkj dk xBu fd;k ijUrq 1999 esa tRFksnkj xqjpj.k ¯lg VksgM+k us vdkyh ny lsvyx gksdj ,d vyx vdkyh ny] loZ ¯gn vdkyh ny (SHSAD) dk xBu fd;k vkSj blosQ dkj.kvDVwcj] 1999 esa gq, yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ckny dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+k tgkafd 1998 esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us Hkktik ls feydj vkSj nks mEehnokjksa dk leFkZu djosQ iatkc esa ls yksdlHkk dh 13 lhVksa ij vfèkdkj fd;k Fkk vkSj dkaxsl dk liQk;k dj fn;k Fkk ogka 1999 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksaesa bl ny dks osQoy 2 lhVsa gh fey ldha vkSj dkaxzsl 8 lhVksa ij thr xbZA ,d lhV lhú ihú vkbZú dks feyh],d lhV chú tsú ihú us thrh vkSj ,d lhV ij f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny eku osQ usrk flejuthr ¯lg eku usfot; izkIr dhA bl izdkj 1999 esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dh yksdfiz;rk esa dkiQh deh vkbZA 1997 iQjojh2000 osQ nkSjku iatkc esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny rFkk Hkktik xBcUèku lÙkk esa jgkA iQjojh 2002 osQ iatkcfoèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny rFkk chú tsú ihú xBcUèku dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+k rFkkiatkc esa 'kklu lÙkk dkaxzsl osQ gkFk esa vk xbZA ysfdu 2007 osQ pqukoksa osQ ckn vdkyh ny Hkktik xBcaèkufiQj ls lÙkk esa vk x;kA

vdkyh ny dk bfrgkl (History of Akali Dal) : vdkyh ny dk tUe 1920 esa xq#}kjk vkUnksyuosQ vkjaHk gksus osQ lkFk gqvkA ;g vkUnksyu xq#}kjksa dks Hkz"V egUrksa osQ pqaxy ls eqDr djokus vkSj fl[k èkeZosQ ifo=k xq#}kjksa esa e;kZnk LFkkfir j[kus osQ fy, vkjaHk gqvkA egUr ^xq#}kjksa* dks viuh iSr`d laifÙk le>usyx iMs+ FksA fl[k èkeZ osQ vuq;k;h xqjèkkeksa esa xq:}kjksa dh ijEijkxr ifo=krk vkSj Jh xq: xzaFk lkfgc dh ifo=krkLFkkfir j[kuk pkgrs FksA fl[kksa us xq#}kjk vkanksyu vkjaHk fd;k] ftlesa bu mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, mudks vPNk

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leFkZu feyk ijUrq bl izfØ;k osQ nkSjku muosQ jkT; dh dbZ neudkjh uhfr;ksa dk f'kdkj gksuk iM+kA ijUrq fl[kksaosQ }kjk vkSj Hkkjrh; lekt osQ vU; oxks± osQ }kjk fj, x, cfynkuksa dk vPNk iQy izkIr gqvkA

iatkc ljdkj us dkuwu (fl[k xq#}kjk vfèkfu;e 1925) osQ }kjk xq#}kjksa osQ izcUèk osQ fy, f'kjksef.k xq#}kjkizcUèkd desVh (,lú thú ihú lhú) dk xBu fd;kA ,lú thú ihú lhú osQ vfLrRo esa vkus ls fl[kksa dksjktuhfrd igpku feyh vkSj blus gh 24 tuojh 1921 dks LFkkfir gksus okys f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ fy,ekxZ [kksykA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fl[kksa dk ,dek=k jktuhfrd laLFkk vkSj iaFkd ny cukA ,uú Mhú ikej(N.D. Palmer) osQ vuqlkj] ,lú thú ihú lhú ¶,d izeq[k fl[k jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd laxBu gSA¸bldh LFkkiuk us fl[kksa osQ meaxksa vkSj Hkkoukvksa dks izLrqr djus dk mfpr ekxZ crk;kA

Lora=krk izkIr gksus osQ i'pkr~] vdkyh ny us iatkc dh jktuhfr esa fo'ks"k :i esa lfØ; Hkkx ysuk vkjaHk djfn;kA 1952 esa gksus okys igys vke pqukoksa esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dks iatkc foèkkulHkk esa egÙoiw.kZ liQyrk(14 lhVsa) izkIr gqbZA mlosQ i'pkr~ ;g lnSo gh iatkc dh jktuhfr esa ,d lfØ; ny jgk gSA ijUrq blosQusrkvksa esa lÙkk osQ fy, vkarfjd xqVcUnh vkSj vuko';d la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k] bldh Hkwfedk lnSo lhfer rFkkmrkj&p<+ko okyh jgh gSA

Lora=krk osQ igys o"kks± osQ nkSjku vdkyh ny dk usr`Ro ekLVj rkjk ¯lg osQ gkFk esa Fkk vkSj bl ny dk eq[;eqík ;g Fkk fd bldks cgqla[;d lekt dk ,d vax gh u cuus fn;k tk, vkSj bldk Lora=k vfLrRo LFkkfirj[kk tk,A blosQ fy, vdkyh ny us iatkch lwcs osQ fy, vfHk;ku vkjaHk fd;k ijUrq ;g iz;kl vliQy jgkA1956 esa usg:&rkjk ¯lg le>kSrs osQ i'pkr~ ;g vkUnksyu okil ys fy;k x;kA ijUrq 1960&61 esa egkjk"Vª vkSjxqtjkr osQ vfLrRo esa vkus osQ i'pkr~] vdkyh ny us blls mRlkfgr gksdj iqu% iatkch lwcs osQ xBu osQ fy,tu&vfHk;ku vkjaHk fd;kA ijUrq bl le; vdkyh ny osQ nks pksVh osQ usrkvksa] ekLVj rkjk ¯lg vkSj lar iQrsg¯lg osQ chp xgjs erHksn iSnk gks x,A ekLVj rkjk ¯lg us fl[kksa osQ fy, fl[k ekr`&Hkwfe dh LFkkiuk osQ fy,dk;Z djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k vkSj lar iQrsg ¯lg iatkch Hkk"kk;h {ks=k dk ,d iatkch lwck cukuk pkgrs Fks vkSjos jkT; osQ fy, vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk vkSj 'kfDr izkIr djus osQ bPNqd FksA 1966 esa iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk esa iqu%xfBr dj fn;k x;k] ftlesa iatkc eq[; :i esa iatkch Hkk"kk;h fl[k cgqla[;k okyk jkT; cukA 1967 esa gksusokys pkSFks pqukoksa esa] vdkyh ny (lar iQrsg ¯lg) dks fo'ks"k liQyrk feyh tcfd ekLVj rkjk ¯lg xqV dksijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA lar iQrsg ¯lg us èkeZ&fujis{k vfLrRo vkSj jkT; dh vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk ij cyfn;k vkSj ;gh ckr mudh vke turk osQ fudV ys xbZA mudh bl fu"i{k jktuhfr dks Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh:ijs[kk esa vklkuh ls 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk Fkk vkSj blh dkj.k lar iQrsg ¯lg osQ usr`Ro esa vdkyh ny dksvPNk tu&leFkZu izkIr gqvkA ijUrq paMhx<+ vkSj nwljs iatkch Hkk"kk;h {ks=kksa dks iatkc esa 'kkfey djus rFkk osQUnzljdkj ls lEcUèkksa osQ eqís ij ,d Vdjko okyh fLFkfr iSnk gks xbZA 1972 esa osQUnz ljdkj us paMhx<+ iatkc dksnsus dh ekax Lohdkj dj yh ijUrq lkFk gh blus iatkc osQ oqQN bykosQ (vcksgj Hkkx) gfj;k.kk dks nsus dk fu.kZ;fd;kA bl ifjorZu us lEiw.kZ eqís dks vkSj vfèkd tfVy vkSj dfBu cuk fn;kA 1972 esa lar iQrg ¯lg dhe`R;q ls vdkyh ny dh 'kfDr dks Hkkjh pksV igq¡phA

ijUrq èkhjs&èkhjs vdkyh ny dh uhfr;k¡ jkT; dks vfèkdkj nsus dks ekax ij osQfUnzr gks xbZA ;g ekax lkiQ&lkiQ'kCnksa esa vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko esa izLrqr dh xbZ ftldks vdkyh ny dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr us 17 vDVwcj] 1973dks ikl dj fn;kA vdkyh ny dh vke cSBd us bl izLrko dks 28 vxLr] 1978 dks viuh LohÑfr ns nhAvUr esa 29 vDVwcj] 1978 dks bldh vky bafM;k vdkyh dkUizsaQl osQ }kjk iqf"V dj nh xbZA

vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko esa eq[; :i esa vdkyh ny osQ eq[; fl¼kUrksa] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk gh C;kSjkfeyrk gSA ijUrq] blosQ ewy esa eqíksa osQ vfLrRo osQ dkj.k] ;g ,d >xM+s dk fo"k; Hkh vkt rd cuk jgk gSA

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MkW- iznhi oqQekj osQ vuqlkj] ¶izLrko dh :ijs[kk xqjeq[kh fyfi esa rS;kj dh x;h Fkh vkSj iatkch Hkk"kk osQ dbZ'kCnksa osQ vFkks± vkSj ukeksa dk vaxzsth esa iw.kZ :ikarj ugha gSA blosQ vfrfjDr oqQN 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vfèkd vFkZfudkys tk ldrs gSaA¸ (The resolution was drafted in the Gurmukhi script and the meaningand names of various words of the Punjabi language do not have the exact counter-parts in English. Moreover, some words were capable of being interpreted in morethan one ways.) bl dfBukbZ dks vyx&vyx jktuhfrd nyksa osQ usrkvksa vkSj dbZ ckj vdkyh ny osQvius usrkvksa osQ }kjk vyx&vyx vFkZ nsdj vkSj Hkh tfVy cuk fn;k x;kA tcfd ujeiaFkh bldks iatkc osQfy, vfèkd vfèkdkjksa dh ekax le>rs gSa] oqQN vU; usrk bldks iatkc dh izHkqlÙkk izkIr djus dk vkèkkj le>rsjgs gSaA

fo'ks"kKksa dh ;g vke lgefr gS fd vdkyh Lok;Ùkrk dh izkfIr osQ fy, osQoy rc gh yM+rs gSa tc os lÙkkesa ugha gksrs ijUrq jkT; esa lÙkk gkFk vkus osQ i'pkr~ ls bl ekax ij vfèkd è;ku ugha nsrs gSaA vdkyh ny dhuhfr;ksa dk ,d fLFkj igyw ;g gS fd og fl[kksa dh èkk£ed vkSj lkekftd Hkkoukvksa dks izdV djus dk ekxZcrykrk gS rFkk vius vkidks fl[k iaFk dh jktuhfrd ikVhZ osQ :i esa izdV djrk gSA

vdkyh ny esa le;≤ ij dbZ njkjsa iM+haA orZeku le; esa Hkh] ,d ugha cfYd nks izeq[k vdkyh nyvfLrRo esa gSaµf'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (ckny)] f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (eku)A

1947 osQ i'pkr~ vdkyh ny osQ izn'kZu dh leh{kk(Review of the Performance of Akali Dal since 1947)

1947 esa] ekLVj rkjk ¯lg osQ usr`Ro esa vdkyh ny us fl[kksa osQ HkkX; dk fu.kZ; 'ks"k ns'k osQ gkFk NksM+ djvkSj Hkkjr dk i{k ysdj ,d lPps jk"Vªoknh gksus dk izek.k fn;kA Hkkjr osQ vU; jktuhfrd nyksa osQ lekuf'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us Hkh Hkkjrh; pquko jktuhfr esa Hkkx ysuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA

igys vke pqukoksa esa] vdkyh ny dks iatkc foèkkulHkk esa 14 lhVsa izkIr gqb±] 1955 esa vdkyh ny us iatkchlwcs osQ eqís ij izFke ekspkZ vkjEHk fd;kA ijUrq iatkc ljdkj us bl ij izfrcUèk yxk fn;kA blosQ fojksèk esa12000 vdkfy;ksa us fxjÝrkfj;k¡ nha rFkk ifj.kkeLo:i ljdkj dks ;g izfrcaèk gVkuk iM+kA 1956 esa iafMr usg:us vdkyh usrkvksa dks okrkZyki osQ fy, cqyk;kA ,d le>kSrk fd;k x;k] ftl osQ vuqlkj ljdkj osQ }kjk {ks=kh;iQkewZys osQ }kjk {ks=kh; iQkewZys dh ;kstuk viukbZ xbZ vkSj ekLVj rkjk ¯lg us jktuhfr ls laU;kl ysuk eku fy;kAblosQ vuqlkj vdkyh ny osQ foèkkudkjksa dks dkaxzsl esa 'kkfey gksus osQ fy, dgk x;k vkSj vdkyh ny usosQoy ,d èkk£ed vkSj lkekftd laxBu osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk eku fy;kA 1957 osQ vke pqukoksa esa vdkyhny osQ usrkvksa us dkaxzsl dh fVdVksa ij pquko yM+k] ijUrq ;g vuqHko vliQy jgk vkSj ekLVj rkjk ¯lg usvdkyh usrkvksa rFkk tu izfrfufèk;ksa dks dkaxzsl ls vyx gks tkus osQ fy, dgkA vkB lnL;ksa us ml vihy dksLohdkj dj dkaxzsl dks Bqdjk fn;kA

1960&61 esa Hkk"kk;h vkèkkj ij egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr osQ vfLrRo esa vkus ls mRlkfgr gksdj] vdkyh ny usiatkch lwcs osQ xBu osQ fy, ,d tu&ekspkZ vkjEHk fd;kA blosQ nks usrkvksa] ekLVj rkjk ¯lg vkSj lar iQrg¯lg us ej.k ozr j[kkA ijUrq bu nksuksa usrkvksa esa xgjs erHksn iSnk gks tkus osQ dkj.k ekspkZ okil ysuk iM+kA 1962osQ vke pqukoksa esa vdkyh ny dks iatkc foèkkulHkk esa 19 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr gqbZA 1965 esa vdkyh nynks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr gks x;k vkSj lar iQrsg ¯lg us ,d u;k nyµvdkyh ny (lar) cuk fy;k rFkk vdkyhny dks vdkyh ny (ekLVj rkjk ¯lg) dk uke feykA 1965 esa gksus okyh ,l-th-lh- pqukoksa esa lar vdkyhny dks 138 esa ls 95 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr gqbZA bl liQyrk us vdkyh ny (lar) dks fl[kksa dk izeq[k yksdfiz;ny cuk fn;k vkSj ekLVj rkjk ¯lg osQ usr`Ro okys vdkyh ny dks Hkkjh ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA

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vxLr] 1965 esa vdkyh ny (lar) us ljdkj dks 10 flrEcj] 1965 rd iatkch lwcs dh ekax dks Lohdkjdjus dk vYVhesVe fn;k vkSj dgk fd ,slk u djus ij os ozr j[ksaxs vkSj 10 flrEcj] 1965 dks vkRe&cfynkuns nsaxsA ijUrq flrEcj] 1965 esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku eas fNM+s ;q¼ us lar iQrsg ¯lg dks viuh ;kstuk okil ysusosQ fy, foo'k dj fn;kA 1965 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us iatkc iquxZBu vfèkfu;e 1965 ikl fd;k] ftlosQ vuqlkjuoEcj 1] 1966 dks ,d u;k iatkch lwck (iatkc) cuk;k x;kA vdkyh ny bl vfèkfu;e ls lUrq"V ugha FkkD;ksafd blosQ vuqlkj paMhx<+ dks osQUnz 'kkflr izns'k cuk fn;k x;k vkSj oqQN iatkch Hkk"kk;h {ks=k gfj;k.kk esa'kkfey dj fn, x, FksA

1967 osQ pkSFks vke pqukoksa esa] vdkyh ny (lar) dks 24 lhVsa izkIr gqb±A ;g tu la?k] ,-Mh- (,e)] lh-ih-vkbZ-] lh-ih-,e-] ,l-,l-ih- vkSj oqQN Lora=k mEehnokjksa ls feydj viuh ljdkj cukus esa liQy jgkA ijUrq;g lk>s ekspsZ* dh ljdkj osQoy uoEcj] 1967 rd gh py ldhA Jh y{e.k lg fxy vkSj 16 vU; vdkyhusrkvksa us vyx gksdj viuk fxy eaf=k&e.My cuk fy;kA ijUrq fxy ljdkj Hkh T;knk nsj rd u py ldhvkSj bldks R;kx&i=k nsuk iM+kA 1969 osQ eè;dkyhu pqukoksa esa] vdkyh ny dks 43 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr gqbZvkSj iatkc foèkkulHkk esa blus viuh fLFkfr etcwr dj yhA blus vdkyh&tu la?k la;qDr efU=ke.My cuk;kftlus eq[;ea=kh xqjuke lg osQ usr`Ro esa 17 iQjojh] 1069 ls 27 ekpZ] 1970 rd vkSj ljnkj izdk'k lg cknyosQ usr`Ro esa 27 ekpZ] 1970 ls 14 twu] 1971 rd 'kklu lÙkk dk miHkksx fd;kA

1970 esa] xq# ukud nso fo'ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk osQ eqn~ns ij tula?k us dBksj #[k viuk;k vkSj xBcUèku dksrksM+us dh èkedh nhA bl le; vdkyh ny us dkaxzsl ls le>kSrk djus dk iz;kl fd;kA vdkyh ny osQ izèkkular iQrsg lg] dkaxzasl osQ }kjk j[kh oqQN 'krsZ Hkh ekuus osQ fy, rS;kj gks x,A mUgksaus 20 twu] 1970 dks vdkyhny dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk C;kSjk tkjh fd;kA blosQ vuqlkj] ¶f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny] lkekftd] vkfFkZdvkSj jktuhfrd U;k; ij vkèkkfjr lekt dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, opuc¼ ,d jktuhfrd ny gS vkSj blosQ fy,bldk mís'; lektoknh vkèkkj ij lekt dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, opuc¼ ,d jktuhfrd ny gS vkSj vYila[;dksaosQ vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, opuc¼ gSA bldh ;g ekU;rk gS fd oqQN ^vèkZ&lSfud laxBu] yksdra=k osQ fy, [krjkiSnk dj jgs gSa vkSj ;g osQUnz ljdkj dks ,sls laxBuksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij izfrcUèk yxkus osQ fy, ncko MkysxkA¸(Shiromani Akali Dal was a political party pledged to the establishment of a societybased on social, economic and political party pledged to the establishment of a societybased on social, economic and political justice, and therefore, is committed to socialis-tic pattern of society. It stands for secularism and defence of interests of minorities. Itfeels that certain paramilitary organisation have become a danger to democracy andwould, therefore, press the central government that the activities of such organisationsshould be curbed.) ny osQ bl uhfr dFku osQ vuqlkj] ny Hkwfe lqèkkjksa] vukt esa jkT; O;kikj] lekt osQvehj yksxksa ij dj yxkus vkSj lekt osQ detksj oxks±] fo'ks"kdj gfjtuksa vkSj Hkwfeghu Jfedksa dh lgk;rk osQfy, opuc¼ gSA¸ ijUrq dkaxszl vdkfy;ksa esa izLrkfor le>kSrk iw.kZ u gks ldkA 14 twu] 1971 dks iatkcfoèkkulHkk Hkax gks xbZ vkSj ckny efU=ke.My VwV x;kA

1971 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa] vdkyh ny dks osQoy nks lhVsa izkIr gqb±A 1971 esa vdkyh ny us Hkkjr ljdkjosQ }kjk fnYyh osQ xq:}kjksa vkSj fl[k ekeyksa esa gLr{ksi djus osQ fo#¼ ,d u;k ekspkZ vkjaHk fd;kA ijUrq 1971esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q¼ vkjaHk gksus osQ dkj.k vdkyh ny us fnlEcj] 1971 esa ;g vkUnksyu okil ys fy;kAbl le; vdkyh jktuhfr esa foHkktu iM+us vkSj xqVcanh gksus osQ dkj.k rhu vdkyh ny vfLrRo esa vk x,vdkyh ny (lar)] vdkyh ny (xqjuke)] vdkyh ny (ekLVj)A iatkc esa 1972 esa gksus okys pqukoksa esavdkyh ny (lar)] iatkc esa 24 lhVsa izkIr djosQ vkSj 27-65 izfr'kr er izkIr djosQ rhuksa nyksa esa ls lclsvfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh ny osQ :i esa mHkjkA

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1974&75 osQ nkSjku vdkyh ny us ^lEiw.kZ ØkfUr* osQ fy, ts-ih- osQ vkUnksyu dks gkfnZd lg;ksx fn;kA mlusbykgkckn mPp U;k;ky; esa bfUnjk xkaèkh osQ fo#¼ lquk, x, fu.kZ; osQ i{k esa mldks gVkus osQ fy, Hkh fojks/hnyksa dks Hkh iw.kZ leFkZu fn;kA 25 twu] 1975 esa ns'k esa ladVdkyhu fLFkfr ?kksf"kr fd, tkus ij vdkyh nyus bldk Hkjiwj fojksèk fd;kA iatkc esa tula?k] lhú ihú ,eú vkfn nyksa osQ lg;ksx ls] blus ladVdky osQfo#¼ ,d ekspkZ vkjaHk fd;k vkSj blosQ dk;Z&drkZvksa vkSj usrkvksa us iatkc vkSj lHkh fojksèk djus dh uhfr usiatkc dh jktuhfr esa vdkyh ny dh yksdfiz;rk esa dkiQh o`f¼ dhA

tc 8 tuojh 1977 dks yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa dh ?kks"k.kk gqbZ vkSj vdkyh dk;Z&drkZvksa vkSj usrkvksa dks fjgkdj fn;k x;k] vdkyh ny us turk ny ls ckr djosQ blls vkSj lhú ihú ,eú ls laiw.kZ pquko le>kSrk fd;kApquko xBcUèku osQ vèkhu blus yksd lHkk dh rsjg lhVksa esa ls 9 ij pquko yM+k vkSj bu lHkh 9 lhVksa ij fot;izkIr dhA

iatkc foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa (twu] 1977) esa] vdkyh ny us turk ikVhZ dk leFkZu fd;k rFkk dkaxzsl osQ fo#¼

bls jk"Vªh; fodYi osQ :i esa leFkZu fn;kA pquko yM+us osQ turk ikVhZ] vdkyh ny vkSj lhú ihú ,eú us

,d pquko xBcUèku fd;kA vdkyh ny us vius 70 mEehnokj pquko eSnku esa mrkjs vkSj blls foèkkulHkk dh

116 lhVksa esa ls 58 ij fot; izkIr dhA vdkyh turk ikVhZ lhú ihú vkbZú (,e) xBcUèku dks bu pqukoksa

esa oqQy 50-3» oksVsa feyhaA izdk'k ¯lg ckny osQ usr`Ro esa vdkyh&turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj cukbZ xbZA vdkfy;ksa

osQ fy, ;g ,d Hkkjh liQyrk FkhA ijUrq ;g ljdkj yxHkx rhu o"kZ gh py ldhA

ekpZ] 1980 esa osQUnz ljdkj us iatkc lfgr ukS jkT;ksa esa xSj&dkaxzslh ljdkjsa Hkax dj nhaA ebZ] 1980 esa fiQj iatkc

foèkkulHkk osQ pquko djok, x,A vdkyh ny us 78 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k ftuesa ls ;g osQoy 37 lhVksa ij

gh fot;h jgkA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) 63 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr djosQ ,d cgqer ny cukA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) us eq[;eU=kh

njckjk ¯lg osQ usr`Ro esa viuh ljdkj cukbZ ;g ljdkj 1983 rd pyh vkSj fiQj ljdkj osQ }kjk dkuwu

O;oLFkk LFkkfir j[kus esa vleFkZ jgus osQ dkj.k iatkc esa jk"Vªifr jkT; ykxw dj fn;k x;kA bl le; osQ nkSjku

vdkyh ny us iatkc dh vfèkd Lok;Ùkrk osQ fy,] paMhx<+ iatkc dks nsus osQ fy, vkSj iatkc dks jkoh&O;kl

ufn;ksa osQ ikuh esa ls vfèkd Hkkx nsus dk fy, la?k"kZ vkajHk fd;kA blus iatkc {ks=k esa ,lú okbZú ,yú (SYL)

ugj osQ fuekZ.k dk Hkh fojksèk fd;kA bl vkanksyu dks èkeZ ;q¼ dk uke nsdj vdkfy;ksa osQ lHkh xqVksa vkSj fl[kksa

dks ,d eap ij ,df=kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA vdkfy;ksa us ekax dh fd lafoèkku osQ 25 osa vuqPNsn esa

la'kksèku fd;k tk, tks ^fgUnw* 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS tks ^fl[kksa* dks Hkh bl ifjHkk"kk esa 'kfkey djrk gSA

twu] 1984 esa vkdfy;ksa us uhyk rkjk ?kVuk (Operation Blue Star) dk n`<+ rFkk mxz fojksèk fd;kA

uoEcj] 1984 esa izèkkuea=kh bfUnjk xkaèkh dh gR;k osQ ckn ns'k osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksa esa iSQys fl[k&fojks/h naxksa

dh vdkyh ny us dBksj vkykspuk dhA ijUrq bl le; osQ nkSjku vdkyh ny eas njkjsa iM+ xb±A ifj.kkeLo:i

vdkyh ny (ckny)] vdkyh ny (ykSaxksoky)] vdkyh ny (ckcw tksfxUnz ¯lg) vkSj vdkyh ny (ryoaMh)

vfLrRo esa vk x,A bu nyksa esa ,drk LFkkfir djus osQ vyx&vyx iz;kl vliQy fl¼ gq, vkSj ifj.kke osQ

:i esa nks eq[; ny&vdkyh ny (ykSaxksoky) vkSj vdkyh ny (ryoaMh) vfLrRo esa vk,A vdkyh ny

(ryoaMh) dks fl[kksa osQ oqQN xqVksa dk leFkZu izkIr Fkk tcfd vdkyh ny (ykSaxksoky) ,d yksdfiz; vdkyh

ny osQ :i esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;kA

24 tqykbZ] 1985 dks vdkyh ny (ykSaxksoky) osQ eqf[k;k lar gjpan ¯lg ykSaxksoky vkSj izèkkuea=kh jktho xk¡èkh

us iatkc le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A blus 26 tuojh] 1986 rd paMhx<+ iatkc dks nsus dk ok;nk fd;k vkSj

cnys esa oqQN fgUnh Hkk"kk;h {ks=k gfj;k.kk dks nsus osQ fy, le>kSrk fd;k x;kA iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk osQ eè; lhek

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fuf'pr djus osQ fy, ,d vk;ksx laxfBr fd;k x;kA ijUrq nwljs vdkyh usrkvksa tSlk fd izdk'k ¯lg ckny

vkSj xqjpj.k ¯lg VkSgM+k osQ }kjk bldk fojksèk fd;k x;kA

iatkc le>kSrs ij fd, gLrk{kj izkar esa ml le; yksdrU=kh; izfØ;k dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, ,d cf<+;k ckr FkhD;ksafd blosQ i'pkr~ ;g vk'kk cuh fd vDrwcj 1983 esa dkaxszl (vkbZ) dh ljdkj osQ Hkax gksus osQ i'pkr~tks jktuhfrd izfØ;k VwV xbZ Fkh og iqu% LFkkfir gks losQxh ijUrq bl izfØ;k dks vkSj Hkh xgjh pksV igqaphtc 20 vxLr 1986 dks lar gjpan ¯lg ykSaxksoky dh gR;k dj nh xbZA vdkyh ny (ykSaxksoky) dks Hk;kud=kklnh dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ijUrq ckn esa lqjthr ¯lg cjukyk osQ usr`Ro esa ;g ny iatkc esa tkjh vkradoknhnkSj osQ ncko esa mHkjus osQ oqQN lhek rd liQy gqvkA

iatkc esa vkradokn osQ dkj.k mRiUu xM+cM+ okyh fLFkfr osQ dkj.k vkSj osQUnz osQ }kjk iatkc leL;k osQ lekèkkudjus osQ fy, fdlh Bksl ;kstuk dks cukus dh vliQyrk osQ dkj.k ;gk¡ yksdrU=kh; izfØ;k yEcs le; rdiVjh ls mrjh jghA uoEcj] 1989 esa ;gk¡ yksdrU=k dh leL;k dh ,d fdj.k fn[kkbZ nh tc ukSosa yksd lHkkpquko esa vdkyh ny (eku) us 6 lhVksa ij izR;{k :i esa fot; izkIr dhA pkj vU; mEehnokj] ftUgksaus viuhlhVsa thrh Fkha] dks bl ny dk leFkZu izkIr FkkA izrhr gksrk Fkk fd vdkyh ny (eku) osQ iatkc esa jktuhfrdn`"; ij izHkkoh gksus dh laHkkouk iSnk gks xbZ Fkh tcfd vyx&vyx vdkyh xqVksa us flejuthr ¯lg eku osQusr`Ro esa ,dtqV gks tkus dk fu.kZ; fd;k FkkA ijUrq vdkyh jktuhfr esa xqVcUnh] vdkyh ny (eku) osQ izèkkuflejthr ¯lg eku osQ oqQN Hkk"k.kksa ,oa dFkuksa vkSj osQUnz esa jk"Vªh; iazQV dh vYila[;d ljdkj gksus osQ dkj.k;g ifjorZu ,d laxfBr jktuhfrd Lo:i izkIr djus esa vliQy jgkA vdkyh ny ,drk Hkjiwj ,dtqV nyosQ :i esa mHkjus esa vliQy jgkA okLro esa ik¡p vdkyh ny vfLrRo esa vk x,µvdkyh ny (ckny)]vdkyh ny (cjukyk)] vdkyh ny (eku)] vdkyh ny (vefjUnz) vkSj vdkyh ny (iaFkd)A dbZ vU;vdkyh xqV Hkh vfLrRo esa vk x,A

bu lHkh vdkyh nyksa rFkk xqVksa us iatkc esa twu] 1991 osQ pquko yM+us dk fu.kZ; fd;kA ijUrq ernku ls osQoy

24 ?k.Vs iwoZ ;g pquko flrEcj] 1991 rd LFkfxr dj fn, x,A flrEcj] 1991 esa pquko fiQj jí dj fn,

x, vkSj ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd vc pquko iQjojh 1992 esa djok, tk,¡xsA iQjojh] 1992 esa tc iatkc

foèkkulHkk osQ pquko gq, rks vdkyh ny osQ dbZ xqVksa us budk ck;dkV fd;kA bl fu.kZ; ls dkaxszl vkbZ dks

cgqr cM+h fot; izkIr djus dk volj fey x;kA ijUrq oSQIVu vefjUnz lg osQ usr`Ro esa vdkyh ny (dkcqy)

us dbZ lhVksa dk pquko yM+s ijUrq ;g iatkc foèkkulHkk esa nks ls vfèkd lhVsa izkIr djus esa vliQy jgkA okLro

esa blus osQoy ,d lhV thrh tcfd nwljh lhV ij vdkyh ny (dkcqy) dk mEehnokj fcuk eqdkcyk thr

x;k FkkA iatkc esa 13 yksd lHkk lhVksa osQ pquko esa vdkyh ny ,d Hkh lhV thrus esa vliQy jgkA vdkyh

ny us foèkkulHkk pquko u yM+us dh xyrh dh vkSj bl izdkj viuh izfr"Bk de dj yhA ijUrq blosQ i'pkr~

vdkyh ny (ckny) us eè;orhZ pquko yM+s tksfd 1993 esa gq, vkSj ,d lhV ij fot; izkIr dhA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (ve`rlj) dk xBu [Formation of Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]

µfl[kksa osQ loksZPp jktuhfrd LFkku Jh vdky r[kr lkfgc osQ fn'kk&funsZ'k vèkhu pyrs gq, dbZ vdkyh nyksa@

xqVksa us ,d u;k jktuhfrd ny LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA 1 ebZ] 1994 dks ,sls 6 lewgksa us viuh laxBu

Hkax dj fn, vkSj viuh vyx igpku lekIr dj nh vkSj bdV~Bs gksdj ,d u;k jktuhfrd ny&f'kjksef.k

vdkyh ny ve`rlj (,l-,-Mh-&,-) [Shiromani Akali Dal—Amritsar)] LFkkfir dj fy;kA

tks ny f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (v) esa 'kkfey gq, Fks % vdkyh ny (dkcqy)] vdkyh ny (eku)] vdkyh

ny (euthr)] iaFkd vdkyh ny] cCcj vdkyh ny vkSj vdkyh ny (ryoaMh)A 25 viSzy] 1994 osQ fudV

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bu lHkh vdkyh nyksa us vius&vki dks Jh vdky r[kr osQ lkeus le£ir dj fn;k vkSj vdky r[kr osQ

vkns'k osQ vuqlkj ,drk osQ fy, okrkZyki vkjEHk dj fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i mUgksaus f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny

(ve`rlj) LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA ijUrq f'kjksef.k xq#}kjk izcUèkd desVh osQ izèkku tRFksnkj xqjpju lg

VksgM+k ls lEcUèk j[kus okys vdkyh ny (ckny) osQ ,d xqV osQ vyx gksus dh ?kks"k.kk dj nh vkSj ;g

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (v) esa 'kkfey gks x;kA blosQ fo#¼ l- izdk'k ¯lg ckny us vius xqV dh vyx

igpku LFkkfir j[kus dk fu.kZ; fd;k vkSj vdkyh ny (v) esa 'kkfey gksus ls budkj dj fn;kA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (v) us viuh LFkkiuk osQ le; ,d ?kks"k.kk&i=kµve`rlj ?kks"k.kki=k tkjh fd;k vkSj blusvdkyh ny dh iqjkuh ekax dks cjdjkj j[kk fd fl[kksa osQ fy, vyx {ks=k (jkT;) fn;k tk;s ftlesa dkSeLora=krk dk vkuUn ys losQ vkSj vius èkk£ed n`f"Vdks.k dks LorU=krk ls izpkj losQ ijUrq lkFk gh iatkchlaLÑfr dks iziqQfYyr dj losQA bl ?kks"k.kki=k esa vkuUniqj lkfgc osQ izLrko dh fo'ks"krk,¡ 'kkfey dh xb± vkSjekax dh xbZ fd Hkkjr dk jkT;ksa osQ egkla?k (Confederation of States) osQ :i esa iquxZBu fd;k tk, tgk¡fd izR;sd èkeZ vkSj lEiznk; viuh laLÑfr dk Lora=krk ls fodkl dj losQ vkSj bldk izlkj dj losQA bl?kks"k.kki=k esa psrkouh nh xbZ fd ;fn laoSèkkfud ifjorZuksa dh ekax Lohdkj u dh xbZ rks vdkyh usrkvksa osQ }kjkizHkqlÙkk lEiUu fl[k jkT; osQ fy, la?k"kZ vkjEHk djus osQ fcuk dksbZ fodYi ugha jg tk,xkA

blosQ lkFk gh iatkc osQ HkwriwoZ eq[;ea=kh lqjthr ¯lg cjukyk us ny dh dk;Z&iz.kkyh dks pykus osQ fy, 6lnL;h; lfefr osQ xBu dh ?kks"k.kk dhA vdkyh ny (ckny) us f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (v) ls vyx jgusdk fu.kZ; fd;k rFkk viuh vyx igpku] 'kfDr vkSj yksdfiz;rk dk izn'kZu djus osQ fy, blus iatkcfoèkkulHkk dh nks lhVksaµudksnj vkSj vtukyk ls eè;orhZ pquko yM+us dk fu.kZ; fd;kA ;g vtukyk dh lhVthrus esa liQy jgk tcfd udksnj ls blosQ mEehnokj dks gkj dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA blosQ ckotwn vdkyh ny(ckny) iatkc osQ yksxksa esa viuh yksdfiz;rk dk izn'kZu djus esa liQy jgkA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (v) dh LFkkiuk osQ i'pkr~ vdkyh ny (ckny) dks Hkh blesa 'kkfey djus osQ iz;kl

vkjEHk fd, x,A vizSy] 1995 esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (ve`rlj) vkSj vdkyh ny (ckny) dks feykdj

izdk'k ¯lg ckny dh vè;{krk esa la;qDr vdkyh ny (,l-,-Mh-) LFkkfir djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;kA bl

vH;kl dks iw.kZ djus osQ fy, vkSj ve`rlj ?kks"k.kki=k esa 'kkfey fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk ekaxksa ij erHksnksa dks nwj djus

osQ fy, ,d rhu lnL;h; iSuy LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

la;qDr vdkyh ny dh LFkkiuk osQ i'pkr~ Hkh dbZ xqVksa us dbZ vyx&vyx voljksa ij vyx&vyx ckrsa dguh

tkjh j[khaA eku lewg us dbZ pfdr djus okys ?kks"k.kki=k tkjh djus dk flyflyk tkjh j[kk vkSj ;g flyflyk

dkiQh le; rd pyrk jgkA 22 vizSy] 1995 dks vdkyh ny (v) vkSj vdkyh ny (iatkc) dks vkSipkfjd

:i esa Hkax dj fn;k x;k vkSj l- izdk'k ¯lg ckny osQ usr`Ro esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ

ftlus fd ,d mnkjoknh vdkyh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z djuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA iatkc osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djrs

le; Hkkjr dh ,drk vkSj 'kfDr dks cuk, j[kus dh uhfr ij pyus dk fu.kZ; fd;k x;kA 1996 osQ pqukoksa

esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us yksd lHkk dh 8 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh tcfd dkaxszl dks nks lhVsa gh feyh vkSj

3 lhVsa ch-,l-ih- dks izkIr gqb±A iQjojh 1997 esa iatkc foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa osQ le; f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny

us ch-ts-ih- ls xBcUèku fd;k vkSj lk>s :i esa pquko yM+kA blus iatkc foèkkulHkk esa 75 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr

dh vkSj ch-ts-ihus 18 lhVsa thrhaA bl pquko esa dkaxzsl dks 14] lh-ih-vkbZ- dks 2] ch-,l-ih- dks 1] f'kjksef.k

vdkyh ny eku dks 1 vkSj LorU=k mEehnokjksa dks 8 lhVsa feyhaA iatkc esa vdkyh ny ch-ts-ih- dh lk>h

ljdkj dk xBu gqvkA 19 iQjojh] 1997 esa iatkc esa vdkyh ny&Hkktik xBcUèku dh ljdkj lÙkk:<+ gks xbZ

tksfd iQjojh 2002 rd 'kklu djrh jghA

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1997 esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (ckny) dh yksdfiz;rk cgqr c<+ xbZ] ijUrq 1999 rd igq¡prs&igq¡prs vdkyhny esa ,d ckj fiQj njkj iM+ xbZ tc xqjpj.k ¯lg rksgM+k osQ usr`Ro esa oqQN vdkyh lnL;ksa us vyx gksdj,d u;k ny loZ fgUn f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (SHSAD) dh LFkkiuk dj yhA bl iwQV osQ dkj.k f'kjksef.kvdkyh ny dh yksdfiz;rk vkSj 'kfDr esa deh vkbZ vkSj vDVwcj] 1999 esa gq, yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa vdkyhny 2 mEehnokj gh liQy gq, tcfd ch-ts-ih- osQoy 1 lhV gh thr ldhA ijUrq iQjojh 2002 esa iatkcfoèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa esa vdkyh ny dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA vdkyh ny ckny 116 lhVksa esa lsosQoy 42 lhVsa thr ldk tcfd dkaxszl dks blosQ eqdkcys 62 lhVsa izkIr gqb±A bu pqukoksa esa loZ&fgUn vdkyhny (VksgM+k) rFkk vdkyh ny (eku) dk izn'kZu vR;Ur [kjkc jgkA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny (ckny) osQ fojksèkhny dh Hkwfedk izkIr gqbZ rFkk iatkc esa dkaxzsl dh ljdkj dk xBu gqvkA bl ijkt; osQ ckn f'kjksef.k vdkyhny dh yksdfiz;rk oqQN de gks xbZA ysfdu oqQN le; osQ i'pkr~ bldh fLFkfr esa oqQN lqèkkj gqvk tcfdloZfgUn vdkyh ny VksgM+k lewg fiQj ls vdkyh ny esa 'kkfey gks x;kA ekpZ&vizSy 2004 osQ yksd lHkkpqukoksa esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny viuh c<+ jgh yksdfiz;rk fn[kkus esa oqQN lhek rd liQy jgk tc blus 14ohayksd lHkk esa 8 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dhA tcfd dkaxzsl dks osQoy 2 lhVsa gh feyhaA vktdy fiQj izdk'k ¯lgckny rFkk lq[kchj ckny osQ usr`Ro esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dk leFkZu vkèkkj foLr`r gks jgk gS rFkk viuhyksdfiz;rk c<+k jgk gSA ,l-th-ih-lh- ij ckny vdkyh ny dk gh fu;U=k.k gS] ;|fi fl[k U;kf;d vk;ksxosQ tqykbZ 2005 osQ fu.kZ; osQ ckn ,l-th-ih-lh- vè;{krk chch txhj dkSj dh yksdfiz;rk rFkk mlosQ usr`Rodh fo'oluh;rk dks Bsl igqaph gSA iatkc esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dks fofHkUu vdkyh nyksa rFkk vdkyh xqVksaosQ dkj.k cgqr ckj gkfu igqaph gS vkt Hkh igq¡p jgh gSA vdkyh ny eku] vdkyh ny pUnwektjk xqV vkfndk vfLrRo f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ fy, detksjh dk ,d Ïksr cuk gqvk gSA ysfdu ch-ts-ih- osQ lkFkxBcUèku us 1996 ls ysdj vkt rd iatkc dh jktuhfr esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dh fLFkfr dks n`<+rk gh iznkudh gSA ysfdu Hkfo"; esa Hkh ,slk gh gksxk] bldk mÙkj vkt ldkjkRed :i esa ugha fn;k tk ldrkA

vdkyh ny dh uhfr;k¡ vkSj dk;ZØe (Policies and Programmes of the Akali Dal)

vdkyh ny izxfr'khy ilan vk£Fkd uhfr;k¡] nwljksa osQ èkk£ed eqíksa esa gLr{ksi u djus] lekt osQ detksj oxks±osQ yksxksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk] L=kh vkSj iq#"k dh lekurk] ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa dk lEeku] euq"; osQ }kjk euq"; dk'kks"k.k lekIr djus] Nwr&Nkr dks fcyoqQy gh lekIr djus] lektokn] ;kstukc¼ vk£Fkd fodkl] u'kksa dkiz;ksx can djus] iapk;rh jkt dk izlkj ;k vfèkdkjksa osQ foosQUnzhdj.k] jkT;ksa dks vfèkdkj Lok;Ùkrk vkSj foÙkh;foosQUnzhdj.k dk leFkZd gSA vdkyh ny ,d iaFkd ny gS vkSj ;g fl[kksa dks lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSjèkk£ed meaxksa dh iw£r dk izeq[k leFkZd gSA

pqukoksa osQ le; f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny viuk pquko ?kks"k.kki=k tkjh djrk jgk gS ftuesa bl ny dh uhfr;ksa vkSjdk;ZØeksa dk C;kSjk fn;k tkrk FkkA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us yksxksa ls iaFkd ,drk] jktuhfrd fLFkjrk] vk£Fkdle`f¼ vkSj lkekftd lg;ksx vkSj ,dLojrk osQ uke ij er ekaxas vkSj ;g ekax dh fd mu fl¼kUrksa vkSjO;fDr;ksa dks gkj nsuh pkfg, tks fd fons'kh ewy osQ gSa vkSj ns'k osQ usr`Ro ij vfèkdkj djus dk iz;kl dj jgsgSaA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ;g ekax djrk jgk gS fd ns'k esa ,d lPpk la?kh; <k¡pk LFkkfir fd;k tk, ftlesa jkT;ksadks vfèkd foÙkh; vkSj dkuwuh 'kfDr;k¡ nh tk,¡ rkfd ns'k dk larqfyr vkSj loZi{kh; fodkl fd;k tk losQAvdkyh ny us ;g Hkh dgk gS fd dkaxzslh ljdkjksa osQ }kjk cuk;k x;k la?k vkSj jkT;ksa esa >xM+s okys okrkoj.kdk ;qx vc lekIr gks pqdk gS vkSj blosQ LFkku ij vko';d gS fd vc lg;ksxh la?kokn dks iw.kZ :i ls

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vfLrRo esa yk;k tk,A gekjs egku~ ns'k osQ fy, ,slk djuk vko';d gS D;ksafd blh <ax ls gh ns'k dh le`¼lkaLÑfrd] Hkk"kk;h] èkk£ed vkSj lektd fofHkUurk okyh fojklr dks cuk, j[kk tk ldrk gSA

vc pquko ?kks"k.kkvksa esa vkuUniqj lkfgc osQ izLrko dk dksbZ o.kZu ugha gksrk rks Hkh okLrfodrk ;g gS fdf'kjksef.k vdkyh ny bl izLrko osQ izfr opuc¼ gSaA okLrfod la?kokn vkSj jkT;ksa dks vfèkdrj Lok;Ùkrk lnSovdkyh ny osQ pquko ?kks"k.kki=k dh Hkh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk jgrh gSA

1997 osQ pquko ?kks"k.kki=k esa bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k x;k fd vdkyh ny iatkc esa 'kkafr dh O;oLFkk dks

fujUrj cuk, j[kus osQ fy, opuc¼ gS vkSj fdlh Hkh dher ij iatkc dh 'kkfUr dks [kjkc djus okys rRoksa

dks dksbZ volj ugha nsxkA bl pquko ?kks"k.kki=k esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ fd ns'k esa tks jk"Vªoknh ygj py jgh Fkh mlosQ

}kjk udkjkRedokn] voljokfnrk vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dh 'kfDr;k¡ lekIr gks tk,¡xhA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us dkaxzsl

ij ;g nks"k yxk;k fd ;g ns'k dks voljoknh jktuhfr osQ }kjk jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk dh vksj èkosQyus dk iz;kl

dj jgh gSA

1997 osQ pquko ?kks"k.kki=k esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us iatkc esa fo|eku vdkyh&Hkktik xBcUèku ljdkj dh

izkfIr;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k vkSj ;g ekax dh fd iatkch ,drk dks n`<+ djus osQ fy,] ftldk fd izrhd f'kjksef.k

vdkyh ny&Hkktik xBcUèku gS] dks vkSj Hkh 'kDr'kkyh djus dh vko';drk gSA okLro eska vdkyh ny us ;g

?kks"k.kk dh fd f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkktik xBcUèku dh lcls cM+h izkfIr gS iatkfc;ksa dh ,drk vkSj iatkc

esa 'kkfUr dh LFkkiukA iatkch ,drk us jk"Vªh; ,drk dh izfØ;k dks fn'kk nh gSA jk"Vªh; yksdrU=kh; xBcUèku

(,uú Mhú ,ú) osQ }kjk tkjh fd, x, lk>s pquko ?kks"k.kki=k dh f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us iz'kalk dh vkSj Jh

vVy fcgkjh oktis;h osQ usr`Ro dks etcwr djus osQ fy, yksxksa dks iatkc esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkktik

xBcUèku osQ mEehnokjksa dks fot; fnyokus dh vihy dhA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ pquko eSuhiSQLVks esa ckj&ckj

dkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa dh vkykspuk dh xbZ vkSj yksdrU=kh; ekspkZ dh uhfr;ksa dk Lokxr fd;k x;kA vdkyh ny

us bl ?kks"k.kki=k esa ;g izfrKk dh fd vdkyh ny yacs le; ls pys vk jgh iatkc osQ yksxksa dh ekaxksa dks iw.kZ

djokus dk iz;Ru djsxkA nfj;kvksa osQ ikuh osQ >xM+s dk lekèkku djok,xk vkSj paMhx<+ vkSj vU; iatkch cksyus

okys {ks=kksa dks iatkc esa 'kkfey djok,xkA iatkch Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr dks lkjs ns'k vkSj fo'ks"kr% gfj;k.kk]

jktLFkku] fgekpy izns'k vkSj fnYyh esa izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkjiwj iz;Ru djsxkA

1997 osQ ?kks"k.kki=k esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us nfyrksa vkSj lekt osQ vU; detksj oxks± dh HkykbZ dh vkSj

viuh opuc¼rk dks nksgjk;k vkSj ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k fd f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,slk igyk og ny gS ftlus

nfyrksa osQ lEeku dh iSjoh dh FkhA f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us ;g Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k fd og fdlkuksa dh HkykbZ

osQ fy, iw.kZ iz;Ru djsxk vkSj iatkc esa Ñf"k ij vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk djus dh izkFkfedrk nsxkA [ksrh

mRiknksa osQ lacaèk esa [kqys fons'kh O;kikj dh uhfr dks euok, tkus dk leFkZu djsxk vkSj ;g fo'oluh; cuk,xk

fd fdlkuksa dks vius [ksrh mRikn dk ykHkizn ewY; feysA fdlkuksa dh HkykbZ osQ fy, vkSj ;qokvksa vkSj efgykvksa

dh HkykbZ osQ fy, f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fo'ks"k dne mBk,xkA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny iatkc dh vFkZ&O;oLFkk dks csgrj cukus osQ fy, fo|qr] lM+dksa vkSj vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ

izkjafHkd <kaps dks etcwr cukus osQ fy, Hkjiwj iz;kl djsxkA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ bl ?kks"k.kki=k esa 5 eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa ij cy fn;k x;k%

1- okLrfod la?kh; <kaps dks viuk, tkus dk iz;klA

2- jkT;ksa osQ fy, vfèkd foÙkh; 'kfDr;ka izkIr djus dk iz;klA

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3- vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko osQ izfr opuc¼rkA

4- fdlkuksa dks eqÝr fctyh vkSj ty vkiwfrZ dh O;oLFkk tkjh j[kukA

5- Hkz"Vkpkjh dks lekIr djukA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ leFkZu dk eq[; lkeftd vkèkkj gS fl[k iaFk osQ iSjksdkj fo'ks"kr% fdlku vkSj xzkeh.kyksxA vdkyh ny dh uhfr;ksa esa lnSo ;g iz;Ru jgk gS fd xzkeh.k lqèkkj dk;ZØeksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tk,AokLro esa vdkyh ny osQ jktuhfrd dk;ZØe esa lnSo gh fuEufyf[kr uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØe 'kkfey jgs gSa%

(i) Hkwfe lqèkkj dkuwuksa dks ykxw djukA

(ii) Ñf"k osQ mRiknu dks c<+kukA

(iii) xzkeh.k fuèkZurk ij fu;U=k.k ikukA

(iv) fdlkuksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuh vkSj mudks eqÝr fctyh&ikuh dk izcaèk djokukA

(v) Ñf"k dks ykHkizn cukus osQ fy, bldk rsth ls fodkl djukA

(vi) gksf'k;kjiqj] jksiM+ vkSj xqjnkliqj osQ daMh {ks=kksa dk rsth ls fodkl djukA

(vii) iQkyrw Hkwfe dks gfjtuksa vkSj jk, fl[kksa esa ckaVukA

(viii) Ñf"k dk vkèkqfudhdj.k djukA

(ix) [kqjkd osQ Lora=k O;kikj osQ ekxZ esa fo|eku izfrcUèkksa dks lekIr djokukA

(x) iQly chek ;kstuk dks O;kid Lrj ij ykxw djukA

(xi) Ñf"k ij vkèkkfjr m|ksxksa dk fodkl djukA

(xii) xzkeh.k jkstxkj osQ volj c<+kusA

(xiii) 'kgjksa esa edkuksa dh deh nwj djus ij cy nsukA

(xiv) vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj detksj oxZ osQ yksxksa dks Lo&jkstxkj osQ fy, fcuk C;kt ls ½.k nsukA

(xv) Ñf"k osQ fy, vko';d ¯lpkbZ lqfoèkkvksa dk fodkl djukA

(xvi) lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fo|eku Hkz"Vkpkj dks lekIr djukA

(xvii) iatkc esa ls fuj{kjrk dks lekIr djukA

(xviii) iatkcokfl;ksa osQ fy, lsuk esa HkrhZ gksus osQ dksVs dh O;oLFkk dks lekIr djukA

(xix) nfyrksa vkSj vYila[;dksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djukA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,d iaFkd vkSj {ks=kh; ny gh gSA LokHkkfod :i esa ;g ny lnSo vius&vki dks iatkc

dh mUufr vkSj le`f¼ ls tksM+rk gS vkSj bl mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, viuh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk l`tu

djrk gSA 1996 osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyh esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dh Hkwfedk esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA iatkc

esa vkSj osQUnzh; Lrj ij Hkktik ls xBcUèku djus ls f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dks yksdfiz;rk c<+h gS vkSj bldks

lÙkk iz;ksx djus dk volj Hkh feyk gSA vkt dy vdkyh ny dh ;g uhfr gS fd og iatkc dh jktuhfr

vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj dh jktuhfr esa chú tsú ihú ls lka> cukdj gh Hkkx ysxkA iatkc dh jktuhfr esa f'kjksef.k

vdkyh ny dkaxzsl dk izcy fojksèkh jgk gSA iatkc esa pqukoksa esa lkèkkj.k :i esa eqdkcyk f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny

rFkk dkaxzsl osQ eè; gh gksrk gSA

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vkuUniqj lkfgc dk izLrko(The Anandpur Sahib Resolution)

D;ksafd f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny lnSo gh vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko osQ izfr viuh opuc¼rk izdV djrk gS vkSj;g vko';d gks tkrk gS fd ge vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko dks i<+sa] pkgs vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko osQ vyx&vyxelkSns fo|eku gSa ijUrq ge lar gjpan ¯lg ykSaxksoky osQ }kjk vius gLrk{kjksa esa izekf.kr fd, x, izLrko dhfo'ks"krkvksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa%

(d) fl¼kar

1- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fl[k iaFk dh loksZPp laLFkk gS] blfy, mldks mudk usr`Ro djus dk iw.kZvfèkdkj gSA bl laLFkk dk vkèkkj ijLij lacaèkksa] euq"; dh bPNkvksa vkSj mlosQ l`tugkj ls lacaèkksa ijfuHkZj gSA

2- ;g fl¼kUr xq# ukud nso th dh f'k{kkvksa] tSls uke tiks] fdjr djks vkSj ckaV dj [kkvks ij vk/kfjrgSA

([k) mís';

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fuEufyf[kr mís';ksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, Hkjiwj iz;Ru djsxk%

1- fl[k èkeZ vkSj ijEijkvksa dk izpkj djuk vkSj ukfLrdrk dk fojksèk djukA

2- iaFk dh LFkkfir Lora=k igpku dks cuk, j[kuk vkSj ,slk okrkoj.k cukuk ftlesa fl[k viuh Hkkoukvksadks iw.kZ :i ls izdV dj losaQA

3- lekurk okys vkfFkZd <kaps dh LFkkiuk osQ }kjk fuèkZurk vkSj Hkq[kejh nwj djuk lEifÙk esa o`f¼ djukvkSj izR;sd izdkj dk 'kks"k.k lekIr djukA

4- fuj{kjrk] NqvkNwr vkSj tkfrokn dks lekIr djuk tSlk fd fl[kksa dh ikou f'k{kkvksa esa ntZ gSA

5- chekfj;ksa vkSj jksxksa dks nwj djuk] u'khyh oLrqvksa dk iz;ksx jksduk rkfd dkSe dks jk"Vª dh j{kk djusosQ fy, mRlkfgr fd;k tk losQA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny fl[kksa esa nSoh 'kfDr] bZ'oj esa fo'okl j[kus dh Hkkouk dks mRlkfgr djuk viuk izeq[kdk;Z le>rk gS rkfd os fl[k gksus ij xoZ dj losaQA

bldks izkIr djus osQ fy, vdkyh ny fuEufyf[kr dk;ZØe vkjaHk djsxk%

1- ijekRek ,d gS] dk izpkj djsxk] nl xq#vksa vkSj ifo=k Jh xq# xzaFk lkfgc th dh iwtk vkSj mlesafo'okl vkSj fl[kksa dks mudh f'k{kk ij pykus osQ fy, bu f'k{kkvksa osQ ckjs tkudkjh dks iw.kZ izksRlkguns fn;k tk,xkA

2- fl[k èkeZ] n'kZu] fl¼kUrksa vkSj yaxj oxSjg osQ izpkj osQ fy, fl[k fe'kujh dkfytksa ls vPNs cf<+;kizpkjd] xk;d] <kMh vkSj 'kk;j rS;kj djuk rkfd izpkjd Hkkjr vkSj fons'kksa esa] xkaoksa vkSj 'kgjksa esa]LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa iw.kZ Lora=krk esa fl[k èkeZ dk izpkj dj losaQA

3- ve`r izpkj dk dk;Z] fo'ks"k :i esa LowQyksa vkSj dkWystksa esa O;kid iSekus ij vkjaHk djukA dkWystksaizksisQljksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl mís'; osQ fy, laxfBr djus osQ fy, muosQ vè;;u osQUnz cukusA

4- fl[kksa esa nloaèk dh jLe iqu% vkjaHk djuh vFkkZr~ dekbZ osQ nlosa Hkkx osQ nku dh O;oLFkkA

5- fl[k bfrgkldkjksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa] ys[kdksa] izpkjdksa] xzafFk;ksa vkfn dk lEeku djuk vkSj muosQ thou Lrj]izf'k{k.k vkSj muosQ dk;Z&iz.kkyh osQ Lrj dks mQapk mBkus osQ fy, lqfoèkk,a miyCèk djokukA

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6- xq:}kjk iz'kklu dks lfØ; cukus osQ fy, lsoknkjksa dks izf'k{k.k nsus] xq#}kjksa osQ j[k&j[kok osQ fy,izf'k{k.k nsus dk izcaèk djuk vkSj bl lacaèk esa f'kjksef.k xq#}kjk izcaèkd lfefr osQ lnL;kas dhfn'kk&funsZ'k nsusA

7- Jh xq: xzaFk lkfgc vkSj xzaFkksa dh mfpr NikbZ] iqjkus vkSj u, fl[k bfrgkl dh 'kksèk djuh vkSj fl[kèkkkfeZd xzaFkksa dk vuqokn djuk vkSj fl[k fl¼karksa dk LoPN lkfgR; dh l`tuk djuhA

8- u;k vf[ky Hkkjrh; xq:}kjk vfèkfu;e cukus osQ fy, Hkjiwj iz;Ru djus ftlosQ vèkhu ns'k Hkj osQ lHkhxq#}kjksa dk izcUèk dk;Z&oqQ'kyrk lfgr pyk;k tk losQ vkSj ,sls iz;Ru djus ftuls fl[kksa osQ iqjkus] tSlsmnklh (Udasis) vkSj fueZy (Nirmala) fl[k bfrgkl dk vfHkUu vax cu losaQA

9- èkkfeZd izpkj osQ fy, lk>s lkèkuksa osQ izHkko'kkyh ykHk ysus osQ fy, fo'o Hkj osQ lHkh xq#}kjksa osQeSutjksa dks ,d Js.kh rFkk O;oLFkk esa tksM+ukA

10- Jh ukudkuk lkfgc vkSj vU; lHkh xqjèkkeksa] ftuls iaFk dks fcNksM+k x;k gS] osQ [kqys n'kZu izkIr djokukA

iaFk dk jktuhfrd mís'; fu'p; gh n'kes'k firk (xq# xks on ¯lg) osQ vkns'kksa ij vkèkkfjr gS tksfd fl[kbfrgkl osQ iUuksa ij vafdr gS vkSj tks [kkylk iaFk dk efLr"d gSA bldk mís'; gS [kkylk th dk cksyckykA

bl mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny iz;Ru djsxk vkSj fuEufyf[kr {ks=kksa esa la?k"kZ djsxk%

1- (d) tks iatkch Hkk"kk;h {ks=k iatkc ls ckgj j[ks x, os tku&cw> dj j[ks x, gSa tSlk fd MygkSth xqjnkliqjfty ls] paMhx<+] ¯itkSj] dkydk vkSj vackyk 'kfgj vackyk ftys ls] laiw.kZ muk rglhy gksf'k;kjiqj ftys ls]ukykx<+ dk xkao ns'k] djuky ftys dh 'kkgckn rglhy] xwgyk vkSj Vksgk.kk dh mi&rglhysa] ftyk fglkj dkjfr;k CykWd] jktLFkku osQ xaxkuxj ftys dh 6 rglhysa vkSj lkFk yxrs iatkch Hkk"kk;h fl[k tula[;k okys {ks=kiatkc ls feykdj ,d iz'kklfud ;wfuV esa rqjar 'kkfey fd, tkus pkfg,A

([k) bl u, iatkc esa vkSj vU; jkT;ksa esa osQUnz dk vfèkdkj j{kk] fons'k ekeys] Mkd vkSj rkj] djalh vkSj jsyosrd gh lhfer j[kk tkuk pkfg,A 'ks"k lHkh foHkkx iatkc osQ izR;{k fu;a=k.k vèkhu gksus pkfg,A

(x) iatkc ls ckgj jgrs vYi&la[; fl[k HkkbZpkjs osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk osQ fo'ks"k izcUèk fd, tkus pkfg, rkfdos fdlh i{kikr dk f'kdkj u gks losaQA

2- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ;g Hkh iz;Ru djsxk fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks la?kkRed <kaps osQ vuqowQy cuk;k tk,vkSj izR;sd izkUr dks osQUnz esa ,d leku izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk,A

3- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dk ;g fo'okl gS fd dkaxzsl dh fons'k uhfr csdkj gS vkSj ns'k vkSj lewps jk"Vª osQfy, gkfudkjd gSA vdkyh ny lHkh iM+kslh ns'kksa ls] fo'ks"k :i esa mu ns'kksa ls tgka fl[k fuokl djrs gSa ;ktgka muosQ èkkfeZd LFkku gSa] vPNs lacaèk cukus osQ fy, iz;Ru djsxkA gekjh fons'k uhfr fdlh vU; ns'k dhdBiqryh ugha gksuh pkfg,A

4- osQUnz vkSj jkT; esa fl[k deZpkfj;ksa dks U;k; fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, vkSj mu ls fd, tk jgs vU;k; osQfo#¼ izHkko'kkyh <ax ls vkokt mruh f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ dk;ZØe dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA fo'ks"k :iesa j{kk lsokvksa esa fl[k ijaijk, LFkkfir djuk vkSj fl[k lSfudksa dh ekaxksa dks fujUrj è;ku esa j[kk tk,xkAf'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ;g Hkh iz;kl djsxk fd Ñik.k fl[k lSfudksa dh onhZ dk ,d vfHkUu vax cu tk,A

5- HkwriwoZ lSfudksa osQ iquokZl osQ fy, mfpr okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djuk] vko';d lqfoèkk,a miyCèk djuk vkSjmuosQ fgrksa dh j{kk djuk rkfd os lEekuiwoZ thou O;rhr dj losaQA

6- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny vuqHko djrk gS fd izR;sd iq#"k vFkok L=kh ftldks dkuwu dh fdlh U;k;ky; us n.Mu fn;k gks] dks fcuk ykblsal canwd] fiLrkSy] fjokYoj vkfn tSls vkXus; 'kL=k j[kus dh Lora=krk gksuh pkfg,]

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7- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny u'kkcanh osQ i{k esa gS vkSj pkgrk gS fd lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij rEckowQuks'kh ij izfrcUèkyxk;k tk,A

vkuUniqj lkfgc osQ izLrko osQ vkèkkj ij f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us osQUnz osQ le{k 45 ekaxsa j[khaA ;s ekaxas nydh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØe dks mHkkjrh gSaA uhps ge mu ekaxksa dk o.kZu dj jgs gSa%

VkLd vdkyh ny dh uhfr;ksa ij vius er O;Dr dhft,A

vdkyh ny dh ek¡xsa

(Demands of the Akali Dal)

1- fl[kksa osQ èkkfeZd eqíksa esa gLr{ksi can fd;k tk,A

2- ikfdLrku esa jg x, xq#}kjksa dk fu;a=k.k vkSj izcUèk fl[kksa dks lkSaik tk,A

3- Hkkjr osQ nwljs Hkkxksa vkSj fons'kksa esa cls fl[kksa dh tku&eky vkSj èkeZ dh j{kk dh tk,A

4- fnYyh vfèkfu;e 1971 osQ vèkhu fnYyh osQ xq#}kjksa dk pquko djok;k tk, vkSj fnYyh osQ xq#}kjksaij tcju fd, x, dCts lekIr djok, tk,aA

5- gfj;k.kk esa xq#}kjksa ij Hkwfe lhekcUnh vfèkfu;e (Land Ceiling Act) ykxw u fd;k tk,A

6- ve`rlj dks tkrh fdlh xkM+h dk uke xksYMu VsEiy ,Dlizsl j[kk tk,A

7- gfj}kj] dk'kh vkSj oqQ#{ks=k osQ leku ve`rlj dks ifo=k 'kgj dk ntkZ fn;k tk,A

8- Jh gfjefUnj lkfgc osQ vanj VªkalehVj yxkus dh vkKk nh tk,A

9- vky bafM;k xq#}kjk vfèkfu;e ikfjr fd;k tk,A

10- f'kjksef.k xq:}kjk izcUèkd desVh (SGPC) dks fl[kksa dh ,dek=k izfrfufèk laLFkk osQ :i esa Lohdkjfd;k tk,A

11- f'kjksef.k xq#}kjk izcUèku desVh (SGPC) dks ikfdLrku dks J¼kyq Hkstus okyh ,dek=k lÙkk Lohdkjfd;k tk,A

12- fl[k ijaijkvksa esa gLr{ksi can fd;k tk, vkSj fl[kksa dh ijaijkvksa dk mYya?ku djuk can fd;k tk,A

13- fl[kksa osQ fy, Lok;Ùk {ks=k osQ ok;ns dks iw.kZ fd;k tk,A

14- jkT;ksa dks vfèkd vfèkdkj nsdj mfpr vkSj vFkZ Hkjiwj la?kkRed fl¼kUrksa osQ O;kogkfjd :i ls ns'kdks laoSèkkfud <kapk ifjofrZr fd;k tk,A

15- iatkch lwck uxjksa ij yxk, izfrcUèk dks lekIr fd;k tk,A

16- xkao dks ,d bdkbZ eku dj] Hkk"kkfonksa ls lR;kiu djok dj iatkch Hkk"kk;h {ks=k iatkc esa 'kkfey fd;ktk,a vkSj gSMoDlZ dk fu;U=k.k iatkc dks fn;k tk,A

17- iM+kslh jkT;ksa esa iatkch dks nwljh Hkk"kk dk ntkZ fn;k tk,A

18- l'kL=k lsukvksa esa fl[kksa dh HkrhZ dk dksVk 2 izfr'kr ls ?kVkdj 1-5 izfr'kr u fd;k tk,A

19- fl[kksa osQ ,dek=k cSad iatkc ,aM ¯lèk cSad dk jk"Vªh;dj.k lekIr fd;k tk,A

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20- fl[k ukxfjd dkuwu dks ekU;rk nh tk,A

21- fiQYeksa vkSj Vhú ohú esa fl[kksa dks xyr <ax ls is'k djuk can fd;k tk, vkSj fl[k laLÑfr osQ izpkjosQ fy, Vsyhfotu vkSj jsfM;ksa esa vfèkd le; fn;k tk,A

22- jk"Vªh; ok;q lsokvksa esa fl[kksa osQ Ñik.k ys tkus ij yxk, izfrcUèk dks lekIr fd;k tk,A

23- ve`rlj dks 'kq"d canjxkg (Dry Port) ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,A

24- iatkc dks osQUnz ls mnkj osQUnzh; lgk;rk nh tk,A

25- xSj&dkuwuh vkSj Hkz"V <axksa osQ }kjk vdkyh ljdkjksa dks Hkax djuk can fd;k tk,A

26- ykblSal okys 'kL=k okil ysdj iatkfc;ksa dks 'kL=k jfgr djosQ iatkfc;ksa esa fo'okl dh deh dks izdVdjuk can fd;k tk,A

27- osQoy 5 izfr'kr yksxksa osQ ikl vkfFkZd 'kfDr osaQfnzr gksus osQ dkj.k mRiUu gqbZ vehjksa vkSj xjhcksa esavkfFkZd [kkbZ dh osQUnzh; uhfr lekIr dh tk,A

28- ns'k esa fuèkZurk nwj dh tk,A

29- iatkc dk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k can fd;k tk,A

30- dherksa esa o`f¼ dks jksdk tk,A

31- iatkc dks Hkkjh m|ksx vykV fd, tk,A

32- ;w-ih- esa ls iatkch fdlkuksa dk mRihM+u jksdk tk,A

33- Hkwfe lhekcUnh osQ vèkhu Hkwfe dh lhek 7 gSDVs;j fuèkkZfjr dh tk,A

34- iatkc esa fdlkuksa osQ fy, chek ;kstuk dh O;oLFkk dh tk,A

35- fdlkuksa dks Hkh mrus C;kt ij ½.k ij fn, tk,a ftruh nj ij m|ksxifr;ksa dks fn, tkrs gSaA

36- Ñf"k mRiknksa osQ ykHkizn ewY; fn, tk,aA

37- Ñf"k oLrq,a lLrs nke [kjhn dj egaxs nkeksa ij miHkksDrkvksa dks cspus dk pyu can fd;k tk,A

38- nfyrksa vkSj lekt osQ vU; detksj oxks± osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh tk,A

39- iatkc esa Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ;q¼ osQ ihfM+rksa osQ fgrksa dh lqj{kk dh tk,A

40- csjkstxkj uo;qodksa dks csjkstxkjh HkÙkk fn;k tk,A

41- mRiknu dks dherksa ls tksM+k tk,A

42- iSQDVjh Jfedksa dks eSfMdy lqfoèkk,a miyCèk djokbZ tk,aA

43- 'kgjh Hkwfe lLrs nke ij vfuok;Z :i esa vfèkÑr djuh can dh tk,A

44- uxj fuxe dh lhekvksa ls ik¡p fdyksehVj nwj rd osQ ?ksjs esa xzkeh.k Hkwfe dh fcØh ij izfrcU/ yxk;ktk,A

45- vkuUniqj lkfgc dk izLrko Lohdkj fd;k tk, vkSj lkaiznkf;d ruko HkM+dk dj ^ckaVks vkSj jkT; djks*dh uhfr can dh tk,A

ekaxksa dk ;g eka=k&i=k osQUnz ljdkj dks flrEcj] 1981 esa Hkstk x;kA 1981 ls ysdj 1996 rd vdkyh nybu ekaxksa ij gh jktuhfr esa lfØ; jgkA iatkc esa vkradokn osQ nkSj osQ le; f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny us bu ekaxksadks izLrqr djosQ gh osQUnz ljdkj dk fojksèk djus dh uhfr viukbZ j[kh ijUrq bl dkys nkSj ls vdkyh ny Lo;a

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Hkh vkradokn dh ijNkbZ vèkhu lhfer :i esa dk;Z dj ldkA vkuUniqj lkfgc izLrko dh iSjoh vdkyh nyus lnSo dh gS ijUrq ,slh iSjoh lS¼kfUrd vfèkd jgh gS] O;kogkfjd deA okLro esa izdk'k lg ckny osQ usr`RoosQ vèkhu f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny&Hkktik osQ de&ls&de lk>s dk;ZØe esa Li"V fn[kkbZ fn;kA

f'kjksef.k vdkyh&ny&Hkktik % de&ls&de lk>k dk;ZØe(SAD-BJP : CMP)

1- vdkyh&Hkktik xBcUèku Hkz"Vkpkj jfgr iz'kklu miyCèk djk,xk] Hk; ls eqfDr fnyok,xk vkSj iatkcosQ yksxksa dh lHkh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, dkuwu dk jkT; ykxw djsxkA

2- lhú,eúihú esa vkuUniqj lkfgc osQ izLrko dks dksbZ o.kZu ugha fd;k x;k] tcfd vdkyh ny (ckny)osQ pquko ?kks"k.kki=k esa bl izLrko dk leFkZu fd;k x;k FkkA

3- iatkc esa 5 o"kks± osQ dkaxzsl 'kklu esa jkT; dh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku djus esa mi;qDr iz;kl ugha fd,x,A

4- fgUnw&fl[k ,drk vkSj ln~Hkkouk dks c<+kok nsukA

5- xBcaèku osQ eq[; mís';ksa esa lEeku esa 'kkfUr] lHkh osQ fy, le`f¼ vkSj lHkh dh HkykbZ 'kkfey gSA

6- Hkwrdky esa ;g tkuus osQ fy, fd iatkfc;ksa osQ }kjk Hkksxs larki dk dkj.k cuus esa glk osQ ihNs dkSu&lsyksxksa dk gkFk Fkk] lsok&fuo`Ùk U;k;kèkh'k osQ usr`Ro esa ,d vk;ksx LFkkfir djukA

7- lÙkk esa vkus ij f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny Hkktik foèkk;d 90 fnuksa esa viuh iwath vkSj tk;nkn dh ?kks"k.kkdj nsaxsA lEifÙk ls gksus okyh vk; dh le;≤ ij ?kks"k.kk dh tk,xkA

8- yksdiky dks iw.kZ vfèkdkj fn, tk,axs vkSj eq[;eU=kh dk in blosQ vfèkdkj&{ks=k esa gksxkA yksdikyosQ ikl mPp inksa ij fu;qfDr;ksa osQ lHkh eqíksa vkSj efU=k;ksa osQ fo#¼ Hkz"Vkpkj osQ nks"kksa dh tkap djkusdk vfèkdkj gksxkA

9- fu.kZ; djus esa ikjnf'kZrk cukbZ tk,xhA

10- fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k osQ fy, eqÝr fctyh vkSj ty vkiwfrZ djuk izkFkfed :i esa fo'oluh; cuk;ktk,xkA

11- [ksrh m|ksxksa vkSj Ñf"k mRiknu dh fu;kZr dks c<+kok fn;k tk,xkA

12- baLiSDVjh jkt iz.kkyh lekIr dh tk,xh vkSj jkT; dk rsth ls fodkl fo'oluh; cukus osQ fy, ubZvkfFkZd uhfr cukbZ vkSj ykxw dh tk,xhA

13- jkT; esa iwath fuos'k dks c<+kus osQ fy, vuqowQy okrkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tk,xkA

14- y?kq m|ksx vkSj ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dh iw.kZ :i esa j{kk dh tk,xhA

15- jkT; esa vkSj vfèkd iwath fuos'k osQ fy, vuqowQy gkykr cuk, tk,axsA

16- Jfedksa dks de&ls&de dher lwpd vad ls tksM+s tk,axsA

17- pqaxh lekIr dh tk,xh vkSj fcØh dj iz.kkyh vklku cukbZ tk,xhA

18- lM+dksa vkSj ;krk;kr usVooZQ (Network) dk foLrkj fd;k tk,xk vkSj bldks oqQ'ky cuk;k tk,xkA

19- lkoZtfud ifjogu iz.kkyh dks oqQ'ky cuk;k tk,xkA

20- deZpkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr;ksa vkSj mUufr;ksa esa HkkbZ&Hkrhtkokn dks lekIr fd;k tk,xkA

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21- gkbZ LowQy rd yM+dksa dks vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks Lukrd d{kkvksa rd eqÝr f'k{kk nssus dh ;kstuk ykxw dhtk,xhA

22- fo|k dks O;olk; eq[kh cukus osQ fy, vkSj f'k{kk dks jkstxkj eq[kh cukus osQ fy, vkbZú Vhú vkbZtdh ifjikVh ij O;kolkf;d izf'k{k.k osQUnz [kksys tk,axsA

23- LowQyksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk nsus dh O;oLFkk dh tk,xhA

24- lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh dks 'kfDr'kkyh cuk;k tk,xkA

25- osQUnz ls jkT;ksa osQ fy, vfèkd vfèkdkjksa vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dh ekax dh tk,xhA

26- ljdkfj;k vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'ksa ykxw dkjokbZ tk,xhA

27- ufn;ksa vkSj vU; iatkch Hkk"kh bykosQ iatkc esa 'kkfey djok, tk,axsA

28- paMhx<+ vkSj vU; iatkch Hkk"kh bykosQ iatkc esa 'kkfey djok, tk,axsA

29- jkstxkj ;kstuk vkSj Lo&jkstxkj ;kstuk,a ykxw dh tk,axhA

30- nfyrksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa ls lacafèkr yM+fd;ksa dh 'kknh osQ le; vdkyh&Hkktik ljdkj 5000#i, ml ifjokj dks 'kxqu osQ :i esa nsxhA

jktuhfrd ny osQ :i esa vdkyh ny dk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, ge dg ldrs gSa fd vdkyh ny ,d {ks=kh;ny gS vkSj bldk iatkc esa O;kid leFkZu vkèkkj gSA ;g lnSo gh vius&vki dks fl[kksa osQ izfrfufèk ny osQ:i esa izLrqr djrk gSA ;g ,d ,slk iaFkd ny gS tks fl[kksa dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd vkSj èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksadh j{kk djus vkSj budh izkfIr osQ fy, opuc¼ gSA bldk ;g ekuuk gS fd lÙkk vkSj jktuhfr lkFk&lkFk pyrsgSa vkSj èkeZ dh j{kk osQ fy, lÙkk vko';d gSA bl izdkj èkeZ vkSj jktuhfr dks feykuk vdkyh jktuhfr esatfVyrk,¡ vkSj nqfoèkk,a iSnk djrk gSA

vdkyh ny lnSo gh ,d izdkj dh nqfoèkk esa jgk gSA 'kfDr osQ fy, ;g vius èkkfeZd Hkkr`Ro ij fuHkZj jgkgSA tcfd ,d vksj rks ;g ckr Bksl leFkZu dk vkèkkj jgh gS] ijUrq nwljh vksj vdkyh ny osQ fy, ;g Mhú,eú osQú vkSj ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú (DMK and AIADMK) osQ leku fo'kky vkèkkj okyh {ks=kh;ny cuus osQ ekxZ esa ckèkk curk jgk gSA blosQ }kjk nwljs nyksa ls xBcUèku djus osQ ;Ruksa dks fl[kksa osQ }kjk lnSogh Hkwrdky esa vfèkd ilan ugha fd;k x;kA ijUrq 1996 osQ i'pkr~ f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny iatkc esa Hkktik lsxBcU/u cuk dj ,d 'kfDr'kkyh Hkwfedk vnk djus esa liQy jgk gSA 1997 ls iatkc esa f'kjksef.k vdkyhny&Hkktik xBcUèku lÙkkèkkjh Fkk vkSj 1998 esa yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa bl xBcUèku dks iatkfc;ksa dk HkjiwjleFkZu feyk ijUrq 1999 esa vdkyh ny esa iwQV iM+us osQ dkj.k (xqjpj.k ¯lg VkSgM+k osQ usr`Ro esa ,d vxyloZ gn f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny dh LFkkiuk) vkSj vdkyh ny&Hkktik xBcUèku osQ }kjk ,d oqQ'ky iz'kklu uns ldus osQ dkj.k bl xBcUèku dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA bu pqukoksa esa f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQoy2 yksd lHkk lhVsa vkSj chú tsú ihú 1 lhV gh thr ldh tcfd 1998 dh yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa f'kjksef.kvdkyh ny dks 8] chú tsú ihú dks 3 vkSj bl xBcUèku osQ leFkZu ls pquko yM+s turk ny osQ mEehnokjvkbZú osQú xqtjky vkSj cgqtu lekt ekspkZ osQ Jh lruke ¯lg oSaQFk us fot; izkIr dh FkhA

1999 dh yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa gkj osQ i'pkr~ f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny&Hkktik xBcUèku us viuh yksdfiz;rk iqu%izkIr djus dk iz;kl rks fd;k ijUrq liQy ugha gks ldkA ijUrq iQjojh 2002 esa gq, iatkc foèkkulHkk pqukoksaesa vdkyh ny ckny vkSj chú tsú ihú osQ xBcUèku dks ijkt; dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA dkaxzsl us 117 esa ls 62lhVsa izkIr dh vkSj vdkyh ny us 41 lhVsa izkIr dh vkSj vdkyh ny vc fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z djukiM+kA ysfdu 2007 osQ pquko esa ;g fiQj ls vdkyh Hkktik ljdkj esa eq[; Hkkxhnkj cu x;k gSA

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14-4-2 bf.M;u us'kuy yksdny (Indian National Lok Dal)

bf.M;u us'kuy yksdny ftls yksdfiz; :i esa buSyks dgk tkrk gS] gfj;k.kk dh og {ks=kh; ikVhZ gSA buSyks osQvè;{k iwoZ mi&izèkkuea=kh pkSèkjh nsoh yky vkSj blosQ orZeku vè;{k pkSèkjh vkse izdk'k pkSVkyk osQ uke lspyus okyh bl ikVhZ dk bfrgkl dkiQh mrjko&p<+ko okyk jgk gSA ;g ikVhZ ntZuksa ckj VwVh gS vkSj gj ckju, uke] u, >.Ms vkSj u, fu'kku osQ lkFk eSnku esa vkbZ gSA pkSèkjh nsoh yky vkSj vkse izdk'k pkSVkyk osQ ckjsesa e'kgwj gS fd mUgksaus dksbZ Hkh pquko nksckjk ,d ikVhZ] ,d >.Ms rFkk ,d fu'kku osQ lkFk ugha yM+kA gfj;k.kkosQ xBu rd tks pkSèkjh nsoh yky dkaxszl esa gh Fks ysfdu ckn esa os dkaxzsl osQ dV~Vj fojksèkh cu x,A

1972 osQ foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa pkSèkjh nsoh yky funZyh; izR;k'kh osQ :i esa pquko yM+s Fks ftlesa mUgsa gkj dk

lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA blosQ ckn os Hkkjrh; ØkfUr ny esa 'kkfey gq, tks ckn esa Hkkjrh; yksdny esa cny x;k

ftldk fu'kku pØ osQ vUnj gyèkj FkkA 1977 esa yksdny dk turk ikVhZ esa foy; gks x;k rks pkSèkjh nsoh

yky Hkh mlesa 'kkfey gks x,A ckn esa os iqu% yksdny esa pys x,A blosQ ckn yksdny (c)] nfyr Jfed

fdlku ikVhZ ls gksrs gq, mUgksaus fiQj yksdny cuk fy;kA lu~ 1987 osQ pquko esa yksdny us Hkkjh liQyrk izkIr

dh vkSj 90 ls 85 lhVsa thr dj pkSú nsoh yky gfj;k.kk osQ egku~ usrk cu x, ysfdu 1989 esa yksdny dk

^turk ny* esa foy; gqvk rFkk yksd lHkk pquko ^pØ* osQ fu'kku ij iM+kA blosQ ckn 1991 osQ vkrs&tkrs

turk ny ls Hkh bldk eksg Hkax gks x;k vkSj Jh nsoh yky us lektoknh turk ny dk xBu dj fy;kA ijUrq

lektoknh turk ny dh ekU;rk u gksus osQ dkj.k mUgsa foèkkulHkk dk pquko lqczã.;e Lokeh dh turk ikVhZ

osQ fu'kku pØ gy/j ij yM+uk iM+kA blosQ ckn Lokeh ls Hkh vucu gks tkus ij mUgksaus lektoknh turk ikVhZ

dk xBu fd;k] fiQj jk"Vªh; lektoknh ikVhZ cukbZA fdUrq 1996 dk foèkkulHkk pquko tktZ iQuk±Mht dks lerk

ikVhZ osQ fu'kku ij yM+kA 1999 osQ vkrs&tkrs bf.M;u us'kuy yksdny vfLrRo esa vk x;kA gfj;k.kk esa iQjojh]

2000 esa gksus okys fo/kulHkk pquko esa bf.M;u us'kuy yksdny us p'ek osQ fu'kku ij pquk yM+kA bl pquko

us vius bldh uhfr;ksa ,oa dk;ZØeksa osQ }kjk viuk pquko ?kks"k.kki=k tkjh fd;k] ftlesa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa 'kkfey

Fkha%

1. fctyh rFkk ikuh vkiwfrZ (Electricity and Water Supply)–?kks"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k fd gfj;k.kk esa

miHkksDrkvksa dks eqÝr fctyh&ikuh miyCèk djkus dk loky bl pquko esa dksbZ eqík ugha gSA ?kks"k.kki=k esa osQoy

miHkksDrkvksa dks 24 ?k.Vs i;kZIr fctyh vkiwfrZ djkus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA ?kks"k.kki=k esa buSyks (bf.M;u us'kuy

yksdny) us lryqt&;equk ¯yd ugj dk fuekZ.k rFkk iatkc osQ lkFk vius vUrjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dks lqy>kus osQ

fy, osQUnz ij ncko Mkyus dh ckr dghaA blesa dgk fd xzkeh.k rFkk 'kgjh {ks=kksa esa i;kZIr ek=kk esa ihus dk ikuh

miyCèk djok;k tk,xkA

2. f'k{kk (Education)–?kks"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k fd %

(i) izns'k esa igyh d{kk osQ cPpksa dks vaxzsth i<+kus osQ vfrfjDr f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa dbZ lqèkkjksa ij è;ku

fn;k tk,xkA [ksyksa dks ikB~;Øe dk Hkkx cuk;k tk,xkA

(ii) yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy, xzkeh.k LowQyksa dk ntkZ c<+k;k tk,xk rFkk vko';drkuqlkjyM+fd;ksa osQ fy, u, dkWyst Hkh [kksys tk,axsA

(iii) vkS|ksfxd izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa ,sls u, dkslZ 'kq: fd, tk,axs ftlls fd Nk=k vius O;olk;ksa(Trades) esa vklkuh ls jkstxkj izkIr dj losaQA

(iv) xSj&ljdkjh LowQyksa rFkk dkWystksa osQ deZpkfj;ksa dks osru lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,xkA

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3. fodkl (Development)–?kks"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k fd jkT; osQ lexz fodkl osQ fy, ^vkfFkZd fodkldks"k* dh LFkkiuk dh tk,xhA jk"Vªh; jktèkkuh {ks=k esa 4]000 ,dM+ {ks=k ij ,d Hkwfe&fodkl cSad cuk;k tk,xkAiQly&chek ;kstuk 'kq: dh tk,xh rFkk NksVs nLrdkjksa osQ ykHk osQ fy, dukZVd dh i¼fr ij ,d gLrdkjfodkl cksMZ xfBr fd;k tk,xkA

4. fo|qr~ forj.k iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj (Improvement in Electricity Transmission System)–

?kks"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k fd fo|qr forj.k iz.kkyh esa lqèkkj fd, tk,axs ftlls izns'k esa lHkh miHkksDrkvksa dksleqfpr ek=kk esa fctyh fey losQA fctyh dh pksjh djus okyksa osQ fo#¼ dBksj dne mBk, tk,axs] tys gq,VªkaliQkeZjksa (Transfarmers) dkss 24 ?kaVs esa cnyk tk,xkA

5. csjkstxkjh (Unemployment)–csjkstxkjh dh leL;k dks gy djus osQ fy, csjkstxkj ;qodksa dks viusvkVks okgu tSls frifg;k] pkSifg;k] Vªd] cl] VSDlh] thi vkfn [kjhnus osQ fy, lLrs C;kt dh njksa ij ½.knsus rFkk fnYyh osQ lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa O;kikfjd osQUnz [kksyus dh ckr dh xbZA

6. fo'o fo|ky;ksa esa ihBksa dh LFkkiuk (University Chairs)–?kks"k.kki=k esa gfj;k.kk osQ fo'ofo|ky;ksaesa ykyk yktir jk;] pkSú NksVw jke] 'kghn mQèke ¯lg] Hkxr ¯lg] enu yky <haxjk] MkWú vEcsMdj] Hkxoku~okYehfd] xq# jfonkl] egkjktk izrki rFkk nknk y{eh tSls egkiq#"kksa dh ihB LFkkfir djus osQ fy, mudhthofu;ksa ls lacafèkr ys[k Hkh LowQyh ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey djus dh ckr dgh xbZA

7. mi&lfefr (Sub-Committee)–?kks"k.kki=k tkjh djrs gq, Jh vkse izdk'k pkSVkyk us dgk fd buSyks(INLD) dh gfj;k.kk 'kk[kk }kjk o"kZ 2000 osQ foèkkulHkk pqukoksa osQ fy, tkjh fd, x, ?kks"k.kki=k fd, x,ok;nksa dks fØ;kUo;u dk ijh{k.k djus osQ fy, ,d mi&lfefr xfBr dh tk,xh ftlesa ljdkjh rFkkxSj&ljdkjh lnL; gksaxsA mUgksaus dgk fd ;fn dksbZ ok;nk vèkwjk jg tkrk gS rks lacafèkr foHkkx dks rqjUr iwjkdjus dk vkns'k fn;k tk,xkA iQjojh 2005 esa buSyks us gfj;k.kk foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa lryqt&;equk ¯yd ugjrFkk iatkc osQ lkFk ufn;ksa osQ ikuh osQ caVokjs osQ eqís dks izeq[krk nh rFkk gfj;k.kk osQ i{k esa gq, fu.kZ; ykxwdjokus dk fo'okl fnyk;kA fiQj blus 2004&05 esa viuh ljdkj dh miyfCèk;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij turk ls iqu%tukns'k izkIr djus dk iz;kl fd;k] ijUrq bldk iz;kl vliQy jgkA vke turk us pkSVkyk ljdkj osQ 'kkluosQ nkSjku mRiUu gq, iz'kklfud rFkk jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj osQ fo#¼ ernku fn;k rFkk dkaxzsl us cgqer izkIr fd;kA

iQjojh] 2000 esa laiUu gfj;k.kk foèkkulHkk dk pquko buSyks us Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ osQ lkFk fey dj yM+k vkSjbuSyks vosQys gh iw.kZ cgqer (90 esa ls 47 LFkku) izkIr djus esa liQy gqbZA 2 ekpZ] 2000 dks ikVhZ osQ usrkJh vkse izdk'k pkSVkyk }kjk gfj;k.kk osQ eq[;eU=kh osQ :i esa 'kiFk yh xbZA bl fnu ls ysdj 2005 iQjojhrd buSyks lÙkk esa jghA ijUrq ekpZ&vizSy 2005 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa us ;g Li"V fn[kk;k fld buSyks dhyksdfiz;rk cgqr de gks jgh FkhA fiQj iQjojh 2005 esa gfj;k.kk foèkkulHkk pqukoksa us rks ;g fl¼ Hkh dj fn;kAbu pqukoksa esa buSyks dks osQoy 9 lhVsa feyha tcfd dkaxzsl dks 90 lhVksa esa ls 67 ij fot; izkIr gqbZA Jh HkwisUnz¯lg gqM~Mk osQ usr`Ro esa ekpZ 2005 esa gfj;k.kk esa dkaxzsl us lÙkk laHkky yh rFkk vHkh rd lÙkk esa gSA fdUrq2009 osQ fo|k u lHkk pqukoksa esa blus viuk [kks;k vk/kj fdlh lhek rd izkIr dj fy;k lÙkk esa ugha vk ik;kAbuSyks gfj;k.kk dk ,d 'kq¼ LFkkuh; jktuhfrd ny gSA

14-4-3 nzfoM+ equs=k dM+xeµMhú ,eú osQú (Dravida Munnetra Karagam – DMK)

Mhú ,eú osQú (DMK) vkSj ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú (AIADMK) nks {ks=kh; ny gS tksfd rfeyukMwdh jktuhfr esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys nyksa osQ :i esa mHkjs gSaA orZeku le; esa bu nyksa us jk"Vªh; Lrj ij

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pqukoksa dh jktuhfr dks lfØ;rk ls izHkkfor djuk vkjaHk fd;k gSA bu nks nyksa osQ bfrgkl vkSj izn'kZu dkfo'ys"k.k djuk vius fy, ,d ykHk okyh ckr gS D;ksafd blesa vè;;u 'kkfey gS fd vyxkookn esa fo'oklj[krk ,d {ks=kh; ny oSQls jk"Vªh; fgrksa vkSj mís';ksa osQ ?ksjs esa jgdj Hkh vius {ks=kh; fgrksa dh izkfIr osQ fy,opuc¼ ny esa cny ldrk gSA vkjaHk esa Mhú ,eú osQú iw.kZ :i ls {ks=kh; ifjos'k okyk ny Fkk vkSj bldkn`f"Vdks.k vyxkookn ls iw.kZr% izsfjr FkkA ijUrq] èkhjs&èkhjs ;g ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú (AIADMK) tks1970 osQ n'kd esa mHkj dj lkeus vk;k] osQ lkFk&lkFk {ks=kh; fgrksa vkSj jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dhvko';drk chp vPNh ln~Hkkouk dh lksp esa cnyus esa liQy jgkA Mhú ,eú osQú jk"Vªh; yksdrU=kh; xBcUèkudk ,d Hkkx gS vkSj jk"Vªh; Lrj ij Hkh ljdkj dk ,d vax cuk jgk ijarq ekpZ&vizSy 2004 osQ yksd lHkkpqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk xBcUèku dj fy;k rFkk bl u;s xBcUèku osQ }kjk gh Mhú ,eúosQú dks 14oha yksd lHkk esa vfèkd liQyrk izkIr gqbZA bldks 15 lhVksa ij liQyrk izkIr gqbZA

Mhú ,eú osQú dh LFkkiuk vkSj Mhú ,eú osQú esa iwQV osQ }kjk ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dk tUe

(The rise of the DMK and The Emergence of the AIADMK through a split inthe DMK)

Mhú ,eú osQú ny fiNys yxHkx N% n'kdksa ls rfeyukMw jkT; dh jktuhfr esa ,d cgqr cM+h jktuhfrd 'kfDrcudj mHkjk gS vkSj #>ku laosQr nsrs gSa fd blus ,d ,slh Hkwfedk Lohdkj dj yh gS tksfd Hkkjr osQ laiw.kZjktuhfrd n`'; ij nwjxkeh izHkko Mky ldrk gSA Mhú ,eú osQú dh mRifÙk] dk;Z vkSj bldk ,d jktuhfrdny osQ :i esa fodflr gksuk vius&vki esa ,d #fpdj bfrgkl gSA

Mhú ,eú osQú ny dh mRifÙk esa vkus osQ bfrgkl dh tkudkjh izkIr djus osQ fy, gesa laf{kIr :i esa rfeyukMwosQ bfrgkl dk tk;tk ysuk iM+sxk vkSj mu fLFkfr;ksa vkSj dkjdksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk iM+sxk tksfd Mhú ,eúosQú dh LFkkiuk dk dkj.k cusA igyh 'krkCnh osQ le; ls gh rfey 'kkld ?kjkus Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkrs jgs gSaA ;g vkarfjd jktuhfr esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ 'kfDr jgs gSaA nf{k.k osQ 'kkld oa'k] tSls pksyk]psjk vkSj ikafn;k oa'kksa dk o.kZu bZlk elhg osQ tUe ls pkj 'krkfCn;ksa igys mÙkj osQ gLrys[kksa esa feyrk gS] ijUrq;s igys lkezkT;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha gksrs jgsA bl izdkj jktuhfrd Lora=krk ls thfor jguk rfeyukMw dh ,d izkphuijaijk jgh gSA 17oha 'krkCnh esa rfeyukMw dk oqQN ratkowj rd c<+ x;k vkSj oqQN lhekorhZ pkSfd;kaA 18oha'krkCnh osQ vUr rd eqfLye gkFkksa esa jghaA ijUrq 'ks"k Hkkjr osQ foijhr rfeyukMw] bLyke ls dksbZ jktuhfrd ;klkaLÑfrd Vdjko dh dksbZ tksjnkj ijEijk LFkkfir ugha dj ldkA

nwljh vkSj rfeyukMw esa viuh gh izdkj dk ,d lkaLÑfrd Vdjko dk fo|eku gS tks fd Hkkjr esa vkSj dghaHkh fn[kkbZ ugha nsrkA ,sls O;fDr tks oqQN èkkfeZd ewY;ksa osQ ewy ikB osQ fy, laLÑfr dk iz;ksx djus dksizkFkfedrk nsrs gSa vkSj muosQ vkSj rfey Hkk"kk dks izkFkfedrk nsus okyksa esa >xM+s 'krkfCn;ksa ls pys vkrs jgs gSavkSj ;s erHksn laLÑfr osQ chp Vdjko dh fLFkfr dk jgk gSA rfeyukMw esa tks yksx laLÑr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa]muesa eq[; :i esa czkã.k vkrs gSaA 19oha 'krkCnh osQ var rd lEiw.kZ nf{k.k Hkkjr esa czkã.kksa vkSj xSj&czkã.kksaosQ eè; ,d fojksèk vFkok Vdjko vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA xSj&czkã.k tkfr;ksa osQ yksx] pkgs fd la[;k esa vfèkdFks] ijUrq lekt osQ misf{kr yksx FksA vYila[;d esa gksus osQ ckotwn czkã.k xSj&czkã.kksa ls dkiQh vkxs Fks blfy,xSj&czkã.kksa esa ;g Hkkouk vkbZ fd os fodkl vkSj mUufr ls vius&vki dks laxfBr dj ysaA czkã.kksa ls Hk; vkSjbZ";kZ osQ dkj.k gh ,d xSj&czkã.k vkUnksyu iSnk gqvk ftldk usr`Ro lj lhú 'kadj.k uk;j] lj ihú R;kxjks;k'kSVh] vkSj Mk_ Vhú ,eú uk;j us fd;kA bl vkanksyu osQ iQyLo:i 1916 esa tfLVl ny dh LFkkiuk gqbZA

bZú ohú jkekLokeh uk;dj tfLVl ny osQ izHkko'kkyh usrk FksA tfLVl ny us enzkl izSthMSalh vkSj 1920 ls 1932chp 12 o"kZ rd 'kklu fd;kA ;g le; nksgjh 'kklu iz.kkyh (Dyarchy) dk le; Fkk vkSj blus de&ls&de

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enzkl jkT; ij rks viuk fo'ks"k izHkko NksM+kA ftu tkfr;ksa u tfLVl ny cuk;k Fkk os mQaph xSj&czkã.k tkfr;kaFkha tksfd ,lú ljLorh osQ vuqeku osQ vuqlkj rfeyukMw dh oqQy tula[;k dk yxHkx 19» Hkkx curh gSaAizksú vkjú HkkLdju dk fopkj gS fd] ¶tfLVl ny osQ mís'; vfèkdrj okLrfodrk ij vkèkkfjr Fks vkSj ,slsfgrksa ls lacafèkr Fks fd jktuhfrd <kapk bl <ax ls cuk;k tk, fd jkT; osQ iSr`d ukxfjdksa dks lÙkk vksj izHkkookyh fuokZfpr Lo:i osQ inksa ij fuokZfpr fd;k tk,A¸ tfLVl ny dh ,d eq[; fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh fd ;glkekftd lqèkkjksa dh vksj izsfjr FkkA ,d mnkj 'kfDr gksus osQ dkj.k tfLVl ny dgrk Fkk fd Hkkjr esa fczfV'kjkT; ,d bZ'ojh ojnku gSA tfLVl ny dh Hkkjrh; dkaxzsl osQ izfr izo`fÙk fuèkkZfjr gqbZA mudk fo'okl Fkk fddkaxzsl czkã.kksa osQ izHkko okyk ny FkkA eqfLye yhx osQ leku tfLVl ny us Hkh xSj&czkã.kksa osQ fy, vyxpquko&e.My cukus osQ fy, vkUnksyu fd;k vkSj 1920 esa gq, dkaxzsl osQ rh:usyosyh vfèkos'ku esa ;g eqíkmBk;kA ijUrq bldks jí dj fn;k x;k D;ksafd dkaxzsl osQ lhú jktk xksikypk;Z osQ usr`Ro okys czkã.k ox us bldkfojksèk fd;kA

1925 osQ izkarh; dkaxzsl osQ dkaphiqje~ vfèkos'ku us uk;dj us ,d ckj fiQj viuh ;g ekax mBkbZ] ijUrq og

izLrko ikl djokus esa vliQy jgsA uk;dj vkSj muosQ leFkZd vfèkos'ku esa ls mBdj ckgj pys x, vkSj mUgksaus

lnSo osQ fy, dkaxzsl ls lacaèk rksM+ fy,A bl ?kVuk us fczfV'k e;kZnk fo;kdke (vkRe&lEeku ygj) vkjaHk dhA

usrkvksa us tkfr&ikfr vkSj NqvkNwr dks lekIr djus dh ekax mBkbZ vkSj lkekftd thou esa roZQlaxrrk dk izpkj

fd;kA tfLVl ny vkSj vkRe&lEeku ygj] ftUgksaus fgUnh fojksèkh vkUnksyu osQ dkj.k dkiQh 'kfDr vftZr dj

yh Fkh] us bdV~Bs feydj dk;Z djuk vkjaHk fd;kA 1939 esa nksuksa laxBuksa us Hkkjr ljdkj osQ }kjk rS;kj dh

xbZ ;q¼ dh uhfr dk iw.kZ leFkZu fd;k vkSj ,d vyx rfeyukMw jkT; dh LFkkiuk dh ekax dh tksfd Hkkjr

lfpo osQ lhèkk vèkhu gksuk FkkA tfLVl ny vkSj vkRe&lEeku ygj us ikfdLrku dh LFkkiuk dh ekax dk Hkh

leFkZu fd;kA bl le; osQ nkSjku tfLVl ny osQ eap ij Jhú lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ osQ :i esa ,d ,slk usrk

lkeus vk;k tks vfèkd rst] O;kogkfjd vkSj lksp esa jk"Vªoknh FkkA

1944 esa ny dh lyse dkaizsaQl osQ le; Jh lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ us ,d ,slk izLrko j[kk] tks vfèkdrj :i

esa jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvksa osQ vuqlkj FkkA bl uhfr esa ;g fu.kZ; fd;k x;k fd fczVsu osQ }kjk nh xbZ mikfèk;ka NksM+

nsuh pkfg, vkSj tfLVl ny dk uke cny dj nzkfoM+ dM+xe (D.K.) ;k nzkfoM+ ,lksfl,'ku j[k nsuk pkfg,A

nzkfoM+ dM+xe us vkjaHk esa czkã.kksa] osnksa] ikSjkf.kd fgUnqokn vkSj mu lHkh èkkfeZd jhfr;ksa dk fojksèk djuk vkjaHk

fd;k tksfd czkã.kksa osQ }kjk pykbZ tk jgh FkhA FkksM+s 'kCnksa esa] ;g ,d czkã.k fojksèkh laLFkk FkhA Mhú osQú us

u osQoy czkã.kksa osQ fo#¼ viuk la?k"kZ tkjh j[kk cfYd mÙkj Hkkjr osQ nf{k.k ij lkezkT;okn dh ckr djuh

vkjaHk dh vkSj ?kks"k.kk dh fd os nzkfoM+ksa dks mÙkj ls cpkus osQ fy, n`<+ ladYi FkhA Mhú osQú us isfj;kj

(uk;dj) osQ usr`Ro esa yksdfiz;rk izkIr djuh tkjh j[khA 1945 esa f=kpukiyh dkaizsaQl esa Mhú osQú us 'kiFk yh

fd izHkqlÙkk laiUu Lora=k nzkfoM+ x.kjkT; dh LFkkiuk bldk mís'; gSA Mhú osQú vius lyse ?kks"k.kk ij n`<+ Fkk

fd og pqukoksa esa nwj jgsxk vkSj viuk mís'; tu lewg dks tkx:d djosQ vkSj vlg;ksx vkUnksyu dks vkSj

rst djosQ izkIr djsxkA Mhú osQú us Lora=krk fnol dks ekre fnol osQ :i esa euk;k vkSj dbZ LFkkuksa ij jk"Vªh;

>aMk tyk;kA blls Mhú osQú lnL;ksa esa njkjsa iM+uh vkjaHk gks xbZA Mhú osQú vfèkdrj O;kogkfjd] cM+h bPNkvksa

vkSj fojklr okys xqV us uk;dj osQ eq[; lkFkh lhú ,yú vUuknqjkbZ osQ usr`Ro esa vius&vki dks ,dtqV dj

fn;k vkSj vius usrk osQ fo#¼ fonzksg dj fn;kA isfj;kj ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha Fkk] mlus rkuk'kkg <ax

ls dk;Z djuk vkjaHk dj fn;kA tcfd uk;dj us jk"Vªh; >aMs dk lEeku djus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSj lhú ,uú

vUuknqjkbZ us Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dks ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA

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vUuknqjkbZ us Lora=krk dk Hkkjrh;ksa osQ fy, fczfV'k lkezkT; osQ tqM+s ls eksrh osQ :i esa ns[kuk vkjaHk dj fn;kAny esa Hkh usr`Ro osQ yksdrU=khdj.k dh vkokt vUuknqjkbZ us mBkbZA ijUrq uk;dj us bldk fojksèk fd;kA uk;djus tc vius ls 40 o"kZ NksVh ,d yM+dh ls fookg dj fy;k rks uk;dj ij rh{.k izgkj vkjaHk gks x, vkSj MhúosQú osQ inkèkkjh lUnsg djus yx iM+s fd og ny fufèk;ksa dk nq#i;ksx djrk jgk FkkA vUuknqjkbZ (vUuk) ,slhcqjh fLFkfr dks cnkZ'r ugha dj losQ vkSj ny dk cM+k Hkkx muosQ lkFk FkkA 17 flracj] 1949 dks Mhú osQúesa njkj iM+ xbZ tc vUuk vkSj mlosQ leFkZdksa us Mhú osQú dh eq[;èkkjk dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj vius&vkidksvfèkd izHkko'kkyh jktuhfrd laLFkk Mhú ,eú osQú vFkkZr~ nzkfoM+ equs=k dM+xe osQ :i esa laxfBr dj fy;k]ftlus ,d o"kZ osQ chp viuk ,d vyx lafoèkku viuk fy;k (Mhú ,eú osQú dk vFkZ gS rfey fodklikVhZ)A bl izdkj Mhú ,eú osQú dk xBu gqvk ftlus fd rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa izHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkuhvkjaHk dj nhA

(d) Mhú ,eú osQú ny osQ mís'; (Objectives of DMK Party)–Mhú ,eú osQú eq[; mís';ksa dk o.kZufuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS%

1. izkjafHkd jktuhfrd mís'; (Initial Political Objective)–tc Mhú osQú ls ckgj vkdj Mhú ,eúosQú vfLrRo esa vk;k rks bldk jktuhfrd vkn'kZ vyx nzfoM+ jkT; izkIr djus dk Fkk] tks Hkkjrh; la?k ls vyxgksuk FkkA Mhú ,eú osQú dks fo'okl Fkk] D;ksafd ;g le>rk Fkk fd Hkkjr osQ oqQN Hkkx] ftuesa rfeyukMq] vkaèkz]osQjy vkSj dukZVd 'kkfey gSa] ewy vkSj laLÑfr osQ :i esa nzkfoM+ yksx FksA Mhú ,eú osQú us ;g y{; viuk;kfd nzfoM+ laLÑfr dh j{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj mldks mUur djuk pkfg,A blosQ fy, pkj Hkk"kk;h ;wfuVksa ijvkèkkfjr ,d la?kjkT; gksuk pkfg, ftldks nzfoM+ la?kjkT; dgk tkuk pkfg, vkSj ftldks viuk HkkX; Lo;afufeZr djus dk volj feysA ysfdu izèkkuea=kh tokgj yky usg: us vius dbZ Hkk"k.kksa esa dgk Fkk fd ;fn dksbZHkkjr ls vyx gksuk pkgrk gS vkSj ;fn yksx muosQ lkFk gSa rks mlosQ Hkkjr ls vyx gksus dk ekxZ viukus dhNwV nsaxs vkSj blus Mhú ,eú osQú dks bu js[kkvksa ij lkspus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;kA

bl vkèkkj ij Mhú ,eú osQ ;g ekax djus yxh fd bu pkj Hkk"kk;h ;wfuVksa dks Hkkjr ls ckgj gks tkuk pkfg,vkSj ,d izHkqlÙkk laiUu jkT; LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A ijUrq

uksV~l tc phu us 1962 esa Hkkjr ij vkØe.k fd;k rks lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ us Lo;a gh i`Fkdrk osQ

fy, leLr izpkj can dj fn;k vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj dks iw.kZ leFkZu ns fn;kA

blosQ i'pkr~ Mhú ,eú osQú us vyx jkT; nzfoM+Lrku dh ekax dks R;kx fn;k rFkk ,d jktuhfrd ny dhgSfl;r ls Hkkjrh; jktuhfr O;oLFkk esa Hkxhnkjh xzg.k dj yhA

2. ,drk ij ,d:irk ugha (Unitys and not Uniformity)–lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ us cy nsdj dgk fdMhú ,eú osQú ny ,drk esa fo'okl j[krk gSA ijUrq ,drk dk vFkZ ,d:irk ughaA vUuknqjkbZ ^vusdrk esa,drk* osQ fl¼kar esa fo'okl j[krs FksA ¶;fn vki vusdrk esa ,drk izkIr dj ysrs gks rks ;g ,dtqV jgsxh]'krkfCn;ksa dh pqukSrh vkSj Hkfo"; esa leLr le; gekjs lkFk jgsxhA¸ blosQ fy, Mhú ,eú osQú us viuk u;kmís'; vusdrk esa ,drk j[kkA vusdrk esa ,drk dks izkFkfedrk izkIr jguh pkfg, D;ksafd gekjs jkT; dh laLÑfrfHkUu gSA gekjh laLÑfr D;k gS vkidks ;g le>uk pkfg, vkSj vkidh laLÑfr D;k gS eq>s ;g le>uk pkfg,vkSj nwljs ,d nwljs jkT;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vknku&iznku ls bl laLÑfr dks le>k tk ldrk gSA ;fn ,d jkT;ls nwljs jkT;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk gLrkarj.k gksrk gS rks cgqr&ls Hkze nwj gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d izdkj dh ijLij,drk LFkkfir gks ldrh gSA

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3. ljdkjh Hkk"kk uhfr (Official Language Policy)–1962 osQ i'pkr~ izkIr viuh izfr"Bk ls Mhú ,eúosQú us jk"Vªh; v[k.Mrk esa fo'okl izdV fd;k vkSj ?kks"k.kk dh fd jk"Vªh; v[k.Mrk Hkkjr dks ,d Hkk"kk;hjkT; cukdj izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh cfYd lHkh Hkk"kkvksa] tksfd jkT; Lrj ij ekU;rk izkIr dj pqdh gSa] dksljdkjh Hkk"kk,a cukdj dh th ldrh gSA Mhú ,eú osQú us ;g uhfr viukbZ fd lHkh eq[; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksadks ljdkjh Hkk"kk,a ekuk tkuk pkfg, vkSj laln esa izR;sd lnL; dks viuh ilan dh Hkk"kk esa Hkk"k.k nsus dkvf/dkj gsuk pkfg, vkSj ,sls Hkk"k.kksa dk vaxzsth vkSj fgUnh vuqokn gksuk pkfg,A ijUrq blosQ lkFk gh Mhú ,eúosQú us fgUnh Hkk"kk osQ fo#¼ viuh vkokt mBkbZ vkSj vaxzsth Hkk"kk dks ljdkjh Hkk"kk cuk, j[kus dk cy nsdjleFkZu fd;kA

4. jkT;ksa dks vfèkd 'kfDr;ka lkSais tkus dk leFkZu (Support for grant of More Powers and

autonomy to the states)–Mhú ,eú osQ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku osQ vèkhu ,dkRed la?koknh O;oLFkk dh fojksèkhgSA Mhú ,eú osQú dh ;g uhfr gS fd jkT;ksa dh vfèkd 'kfDr;ka vkSj Lok;Ùkrk lkSai dj Hkkjrh; la?k dks 'kq¼la?koknh Lo:i fn;k tkuk pkfg,A

(b) 1952&67 rd pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú dk izn'kZu (Performance of D.M.K. in Elec-

tions 1952-67)–1951&52 osQ vke pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us vius mEehnokj [kM+s u fd, ijUrq ,slsmEehnokjksa dk leFkZu dk ok;nk fd;k tksfd nzkfoM+Lrku dh ekax ls lger FksA blus lkE;oknh ny osQmEehnokjksa dh Hkh leFkZu dk ok;nk fd;kA lkE;okfn;ksa us ?kks"k.kk dh fd pkgs vyxkooknh ekax dh vkSj czkã.kksaosQ fo#¼ vfHk;ku ls lger ugha gSa rks Hkh os nzfoM+ dkaxzsl dk fojksèk u djus osQ fy,] ukxfjd Lora=krkvksaosQ fy, vkSj :l&phu ls fe=krk osQ fy, lger gq, gSa vkSj ;g le>kSrk lg;ksx osQ fy, lUrqf"Vtud vkèkkjmiyCèk djokrk gSA

ijUrq pqukoksa ls fcYoqQy igys Mhú ,eú osQú xBcUèku ls ihNs gV xbZA lhú vUuknqjkbZ us dgk fd] ¶Mhú ,eúosQú gh okLrfod :i esa lkE;oknh Fkk ijUrq ;g Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny dk leFkZu ugha dj ldrk D;ksafd^nzkfoM+Lrku* osQ eqís ij ;g lger ugha FkkA¸ blosQ ckotwn nzkfoM+ksa us lkE;okfn;ksa dks izHkko'kkyh leFkZu fn;kArfeyukMw osQ pqukoksa esa 15 lhVkas esa ls lkE;okfn;kas us 13 ij fot; izkIr dh vkSj ,slk le>k x;k fd mudks;g fot; Mhú ,eú osQú leFkZu osQ dkj.k feyh FkhA Mhú ,eú osQú osQ leFkZu okys dbZ Lora=k mEehnokjksadk izn'kZu Hkh bu pqukoksa esa cgqr vPNk jgkA

1954 esa nzfoM+ukFk osQ leFkZd Jh lhú jktxksikypkjh] tks enzkl (psUubZ) osQ czkã.k eq[;eU=kh Fks] dks lÙkk lsvyx djus esa liQy jgsA eq[;eU=kh Jh jktxksikypkjh osQ LFkku ij dkejkt ukMj eq[;eU=kh cusA 10 o"kZ rdeq[;eU=kh osQ in ij jgus osQ nkSjku os fuEu tkfr;ksa osQ yksxksa osQ usrkvksas dks dkaxszl esa yk, vkSj nzfoM+ ygj lsoqQN lEioZQ LFkkfir fd;kA vUur% Jh uk;dj us dkaxzsl ljdkj dk [kqy dj leFkZu fd;k fo'ks"k :i esa blfy,fd Jh dkejkt blosQ eqf[k;k Fks ftudks os ,d ¶lPps rfey¸ dgrs FksA ;g leFkZu dbZ ckj ykHkizn jgk vkSjdbZ ckj ijs'kkuh okykA ;g leFkZu Jh dkejkt dks blfy, fn;k x;k Fkk D;ksafd Jh uk;dj Mhú ,eú osQúdks ukilan djrs Fks vkSj bldks lÙkk esa ugha vkus nsuk pkgrs FksA Mhú ,eú osQú fojksèkh i{k cuh jgh vkSj 1956esa Jh dkejkt us bldks pquko yM+us dh pqukSrh nh vkSj 1957 osQ pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us ;g pqukSrh Lohdkjdj yhA

1957 osQ pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú dk dk;ZØe dkaxszl osQ ukjksas okyk Fkk % lektokn] jk"Vªh;dj.k] HkwfelhekcUnh vkSj tkfrokn vkSj Js.khokn jfgr lektA ijUrq bldh vyx fo'ks"krk,a Fkha fgUnw vkSj mÙkj osQ nf{k.kij izHkkoh gksus dk fojksèkA blus ;kstukvksa esa nf{k.k osQ izfr fd, tkus okys HksnHkko dk Hkh fojksèk fd;k vkSjU;k; dh ekax dhA nwljs vke pqukoksa (1957) esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks lhfer liQyrk izkIr gqbZ vkSj foèkkulHkk

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dh 205 lhVksa esa ls Mhú ,eú osQú us 110 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k vkSj 15 lhVsa thrha tcfd dkaxzsl us 151lhVsathrhaA ijarq gkjus osQ ckotwn cgqr&lh Mhú ,eú osQú mEehnokjksa dks vPNs er feys vkSj oqQy feykdj bl nydks oqQy oksVksa esa ls 14-2» er fey] tcfd dkaxzsl dks 45-3» er feys Fks ftlus fd lHkh lhVksa ij pqukoyM+k FkkA blosQ i'pkr~ Mhú ,eú osQú us 1959 esa enzkl flVh dkWjiksjsu'ku osQ pqukoksa esa cgqer izkIr dj 'kgjh{ks=kksa esa viuk izHkko fl¼ dj fn;k ijUrq uxjikfydk iz'kklu ij bldk vfèkdkj bldh izfr"Bk dks c<+k uldkA 1957 osQ i'pkr~ osQ le; esa Jh dkejkt osQ usr`Ro esa rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa dkaxzsl lÙkkèkkjh rks jghijUrq bldh yksdfiz;rk ?kVrh xbZA 1959 esa Jh jktxksikypk;Z us Lora=k ny dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj rfeyukMw dhjktuhfr esa ,d vukSipkfjd xBcU/u Mhú ,eú osQú osQ lkFk cuk fy;kA ijUrq ;g xBcUèku 1962 rdigqaprs&igqaprs VwV x;kA 1962 osQ pqukoksa esa ,d ckj fiQj Jh dkejkt osQ usr`Ro esa dkaxzsl us fot; izkIr dhtcfd blus rfey foèkkulHkk dh 139 lhVsa thrha vkSj 46-1» er izkIr fd,A

dkaxzsl us yksd lHkk dh 31 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh ijUrq blosQ lkFk&lkFk Mhú ,eú osQú us Hkh viuh fLFkfresa lqèkkj fd;kA blus 27-1» er izkIr djosQ rfey foèkkulHkk dh 50 lhVsa thrha vkSj ;g rhljh yksd lHkkesa Hkh 7 lhVsa thrus esa liQy jghA bu pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ Mhú ,eú osQú us ,d ckj fiQj vyxkooknh fl¼kUrdh iSjoh vkjaHk dj nh vkSj Hkkjrh; la?k esa ls rfeyukMw dh i`Fkdrk dh ekax dks iqu% mBkuk vkjaHk dj fn;kAijUrq 1962 esa tc Hkkjr ij phu dk vkØe.k gqvk rks Mhú ,eú osQú us viuh vyx gksus dh ekax dk R;kxdj fn;kA 1963 esa Mhú ,eú osQú us Li"V :i esa vyxkooknh uhfr dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj v[k.M Hkkjrh; jk"Vªokndh uhfr dks viuk fy;kA bl izdkj 1967 rd igqaprs&igqaprs Mhú ,eú osQú Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa ,d 'kq¼{ks=kh; ny cu x;k ftlus rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr vkSj Hkkjr dh jktuhfr esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djuh vkjaHkdj nhA

(x) 1967&72 osQ chp Mhú ,eú osQú dh fLFkfr (Position of DMK between 1967-72)–1967 osQvkjaHk esa fojksèkh nyksa us dkaxzsl osQ fo#¼ ,d lk>k fojksèkh xqV [kM+k djus osQ fy, ,d le>kSrk fd;kA Mhú,eú osQú osQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèku esa Lora=k ikVhZ] lhú ihú vkbZú ,eú] eqfLye yhx] ,lú ,lú ihú rfeyvjklw dM+xe vkSj oqQN vU; rfey ny 'kkfey gq,A bl pquko xBcUèku esa Mhú ,eú osQú us ,drk djus okyhHkwfedk fuHkkbZA 1967 esa vius pquko ?kks"k.kk i=k esa Mhú ,eú osQ us ,d ckj fiQj nf{k.k osQ Hkk"kk;h vkSjlkaLÑfrd fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dh j{kk djus osQ mís'; dk o.kZu fd;kA mlesa ny us ekax dh fd lafoèkku esala'kksèku fd;k tk, rkfd jkT;ksa dks vfèkd 'kfDr;ka vkSj Lok;Ùkrk fey losQA

pkSFks vke pqukoksa osQ ifj.kke cM+s gh vk'p;Ztud Fks vkSj bUgksaus rfeyukMw osQ bfrgkl dk #[k gh cny fn;kAbu pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us 234 lnL;h; foèkkulHkk esa 173 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k vkSj 138 lhVksa ij fot;izkIr dh vkSj bldks oqQy erksa esa ls 41-2 izfr'kr er feysA Mhú ,eú osQú rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk esa lcls cM+sny osQ :i esa mHkjhA yksd lHkk dh 39 lhVksa esa ls dkaxszl us lHkh lhVksa ij pquko yM+k ijUrq osQoy rhu lhVsagh thr ldhA nwljh vksj Mhú ,eú osQú us 25 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k vkSj lHkh lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dhA Mhú,eú osQú us lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ osQ usr`Ro esa 9 lnL;h; efU=ke.My LFkkfir fd;kA bl efU=ke.My usvius&vki dks cf<+;k iz'kkld fl¼ fd;k vkSj yksdfiz;rk izkIr dhA

ijUrq nqHkkZX; ls osQoy nks o"kZ ckn rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa ,d xaHkhj nq[kkar ?kfVr gqvk tc 20oha 'krkCnhosQ mHkjrs jktuhfrK lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ dk iQjojh] 1969 esa nsgkar gks x;kA blls ny dk usr`Ro osQ fy, JhvUuknqjkbZ osQ nks izeq[k lgk;dksa dh d:.kkfufèk vkSj ohú vkjú usnwpsfx;u osQ eè; Vdjko vkjaHk gks x;kA ijUrqviuh lesfdr le> osQ iQyLo:i d#.kkfufèk ny ij fu;a=k.k LFkkfir djus esa liQy gks x, vkSj rfeyukMwosQ eq[;eU=kh cu x,A

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Mhú ,eú osQú u, usrk us Hkkjr dh ljdkj dk leFkZu djuk vkjaHk fd;k vkSj viuh ,slh uhfr dk ykHk mBkdjrfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa Jh dkejkt dh fLFkfr dks detksj cuk, j[kkA 1977 osQ pqukosa esa Mhú ,eú osQúdh Hkwfedk dkiQh lqn`<+ gks xbZA

Mhú ,eú osQú dk foHkktu (Split in D.M.K.) % 1972 esa Mhú ,eú osQú esa vkarfjd iwQV iM+ xbZ vkSjbl iwQV dk dkj.k Fkk Mhú ,eú osQú osQ nks cM+s usrkvksa ,eú thú jkekpUnzu (MGR) vkSj d#.kkfufèk esaerHksnA vDrwcj] 1972 esa Jh d#.kkfufèk us ,eú thú jkekpUnzu (MGR) dks ny dh lnL;rk ls vyx djfn;k vkSj mudks ,d dkj.k crkvks uksfVl tkjh dj fn;kA ijUrq ,eú thú vkjú ,d vfèkd yksdfiz; usrkcudj lkeus vk, D;ksafd fiQYeksa esa viuh Hkwfedkvksa osQ dkj.k os lkèkkj.k yksxksa esa dkiQh yksdfiz; FksA 17vDrwcj] 1972 dks mUgksaus ,d vyx ny cukus dk ?kks"k.kk dh vkSj 18 vDrwcj] 1972 dks ,d u;k ny vf[kyHkkjrh; vUuk nzkfoM+ equs=k dM+xe (AIADMK) dh LFkkiuk gqbZA 'kh?kz gh vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú ls vfèkdizHkko'kkyh fLFkfr cuk yh vkSj iQjojh 1974 esa Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxzsl (vks) vkSj dkaxzsl (,u) ls feydjbl efU=ke.My dks fxjk fn;kA bl izdkj rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa Mhú ,eú osQú vkSj ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú nksijLij fojksèkh ny cu x,A ckn esa vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú dk uke vf[ky Hkkjrh; vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú nks ijLijfojksèkh ny cu x,A ckn esa vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú dk uke vf[ky Hkkjrh; vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú (AIADMK)

iM+ x;k vkSj vkt rd ,slh gh fLFkfr tkjh gSA rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa dHkh rks Mhú ,eú osQú dk iyM+kHkkjh gks tkrk gS vkSj dHkh ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dkA

Mhú ,eú osQú dk izn'kZu (Performance of D.M.K.) % ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dh LFkkiukosQ i'pkr~ rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa Mhú ,eú osQú dh Hkwfedk ?kVrh&c<+rh jgh gSA Mhú ,eú osQú us] 1974dh iwQV osQ i'pkr~ 1977 osQ pqukoksa esa Hkkx fy;kA ijUrq ekpZ] 1977 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa vkSj twu] 1970 osQfoèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks fo'ks"k liQyrk ugha feyhA Mhú ,eú osQú dks yksd lHkk esa osQoy1 lhV feyh vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk esa bldks osQoy 49 lhVsa feyh tcfd bldh fojksèkh AIADMK dksyksd lHkk dh 19 lhVsa vkSj foèkkulHkk dh 29 lhVksa ij liQyrk feyhA ikafMpsjh esa Hkh tcfd Mhú ,eú osQúdks 30 lhVksa esa ls osQoy 3 lhVsa feyha] AIADMK dks 14 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr gqbZA bl izdkj rfeyukMw easMhú ,eú osQú dh Hkwfedk dkiQh de xbZA tuojh 1980 esa Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxszl ls feydj pquko yM+kvkSj yksd lHkk dh 14 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh ijUrq ebZ] 1980 esa rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk esaA Mhú ,eú osQúdks osQoy 38 lhVsa feyha vkSj AIADMK dks 128 lhVsa feyhA bl izdkj 1977 ls ysdj 1989 rd rfeyukMwdh jktuhfr esa Mhú ,eú osQú dh fLFkfr vfèkd vPNh u jghA fnlEcj] 1984 esa dkaxzsl vkSj ,ú vkbZú ,úMhú ,eú osQú us xBcUèku cuk cukdj yksd lHkk osQ pquko yM+s tcfd Mhú ,eú osQú us turk ikVhZ] lhúihú vkbZú vkSj lhú ihú ,eú ls feydj pquko yM+sA bu pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks osQoy 1 lhV gh feyhvkSj jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks 20 lhVsa gh izkIr gks ldhaA bl izdkj Mhú ,eú osQú dhfLFkfr vkSj Hkh detksj gks xbZA ijUrq tuojh 1989 esa Mhú ,eú osQú us 147 lhVsa thrdj 13 o"kZ i'pkr~rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk Hkax dj nh xbZA Mhú ,eú osQú ljdkj ij ;g nks"k yxk fd mlus ,yú Vhú Vhú bZú(LITE) dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij izfrcUèk yxkus esa dksrkgh dh FkhA

ebZ&twu] 1991 esa 10oha yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk osQ pquko gq, ijUrq buesa Mhú ,eúosQú dks Hkkjh ijkt; dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA ;g yksd lHkk esa ,d Hkh lhV u thr ldh vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkkesa bldks osQoy 7 lhVsa gh feyhaA

bu pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ Mhú ,eú osQú vkSj Hkh detksj gks xbZ tcfd blesa iwQV iM+ xbZ vkSj ,d u;k ny] ftlusfd vius&vki dks okLrfod Mhú ,eú osQú dgk] vfLrRo esa vk x;kA ijUrq Jh d#.kkfufèk osQ usr`Ro okyk

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Mhú ,eú osQú 'kh?kz gh viuk izHkko iqu% LFkkfir djus esa liQy gks x;kA ebZ&twu] 1996 osQ pqukoksa esa Mhú,eú osQú us yksd lHkk dks 17 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk esa Hkh 235 lhVksa esa ls 172lhVsa thrdj ljdkj cukbZA ,d ckj fiQj Mhú ,eú osQú rfeyukMq dh jktuhfr esa izHko'kkyh fLFkfr esa vk xbZAijUrq 1998 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr esa izHkko'kkyh fLFkfr esa vk xbZA ijUrq1998 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú osQoy 6 lhVsa gh izkIr dj ldh tcfd bldh fojksèkh ,ú vkbZú,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dksA 18 lhVsa feyhaA Mhú ,eú osQú dh fLFkfr ,d ckj fiQj detksj gksrh fn[kkbZ nh] ijUrq1999 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us viuh fLFkfr fiQj Js"B cuk yhA ;g pquko Mhú ,eú osQúus chú tsú ihú ls xBcUèku djosQ yM+s vkSj yksd lHkk dh 12 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh tcfd fojksèkh ,úvkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dks 10 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr gqbZA rfeyukMw esa fojksèkh ny osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgkgS vkSj A.I.A.D.M.K. dh usrk oqQekjh t;yfyrk ogka dh eq[;eU=kh osQ :i esa ljdkj pyk jgh gSA D.M.K.

us vizSy] 17] 1999 esa yksd lHkk esa gq, 'kfDr ijh{k.k osQ nkSjku oktis;h ljdkj osQ i{k esa er fn;k] vkSj1999&2003 osQ nkSjku ;g ny N.D.A. ljdkj dk ,d Hkkxhnkj cuk jgk gSA fiQj ekpZ&vizSy 2004 esa laiUugq, yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk fey dj Hkkx fy;k rFkk vPNh liQyrk izkIr dhAbls 14 oha yksd lHkk esa 16 lhVsa izkIr gqbZA

vkt rfeyukMw jktuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Mhú ,eú osQú dh fLFkfr dkiQh izHkko'kkyh gS ijUrq fiNykbfrgkl ;g crkrk gS fd Mhú ,eú osQú dh fLFkfr esa fujUrj mrkj&p<+ko vkrs jgs gSaA blh dkj.k le;≤ij Mhú ,eú osQú dkaxzsl vFkok chú tsú ihú rFkk vU; nyksa osQ lkFk pqukoh xBcUèku cukus dk iz;kl djrkjgk gSA 1999&2003 osQ nkSjku Mhú ,eú osQú us ,uú Mhú ,ú dk lkFk fn;k ijUrq fiQj 2004 esa ;g dkaxzslhdh vksj >qd x;k vkSj 200 esa xfBr dkaxzsl usr`Ro okyh ;wú ihú ,ú ljdkj dks blus viuk leFkZu ns fn;kA14 oha yksd lHkk esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks 16 lhVsa izkIr gSa rFkk ;wú ihú ,ú osQ cgqer dks cukus esa bl ny dkvPNk ;ksxnku jgk gSA vktdy rfeyukMw esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQ lÙkk esa gS rFkk Jh d#.kkfufèk osQusr`Ro esa Mhú ,eú osQú ,d fojksèkh ny dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA 2011 osQ fo/kulHkk pquko esa Hkz"Vkpkj vkSjifjokj okn osQ vkjksi bldh gkj dk dkj.k cusaA ijUrq rfeyukMw dh jktuhfr dkiQh 'kh?kzrk ls cny ldrh gS],slk ge blosQ 1947&2004 osQ bfrgkl osQ vk/kj ij dg ldrs gSaA

14-4-4 vky bafM;k vUuk nzkfoM+ equs=k dM+xe (AIADMK)

rfeyukMw esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú 1972 esa Mhú ,eú osQú esa foHkktu gksus osQ dkj.k vfLrRo esa vkbZApeRdkjh izHkko okys usrk lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ] ftudks lEekuiw.kZ ^vUuk* dgk tkrk Fkk fd e`R;q osQ i'pkr~usr`Ro osQ fy, la?k"kZ vkjaHk gks x;k FkkA igys Jh d#.kkfufèk vkSj uspwpsfx;ku osQ chp vkSj fiQj d#.kkfufèk vkSj,eú thú jkekpUnzu osQ chpA

1971 osQ pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ Jh d#.kkfufèk vkSj Jh jkekpUnzu osQ chp lÙkk la?k"kZ vkSj rhoz gks x;kA nksuksa ,d;k nwljs <ax ls fiQYe m|ksx ls tqM+s gq, Fks vkSj oqQN dkj.kksa ls bl Hkwrdky ls mRiUu fojksèk bl lanHkZ osQ ihNs,d dkj.k cuk FkkA ,eú thú jkekpUnzu Jh d#.kkfufèk osQ vius ny osQ lkfFk;ksa ls O;ogkj osQ <axksa dk fojksèkdjrs Fks vksj ny fufèk;ksa dk nq#i;ksx vkSj ny osQ inkèkkfj;ksa esa rsth ls iSQy jgs Hkz"Vkpkj dh dBksj vkykspukdjrs FksA Jh jkekpUnzu ny dks cgqr vfèkd nku nsrs Fks] fo'ks"k :i esa blosQ ladV osQ fnuksa esaA lSdM+ksa eujex(Dyc ;k iQksje) jkT;Hkj esa muosQ uke ij cus gq, FksA mUgksaus Jh d#.kkfufèk ij rkuk'kkg gksus dk nks"k yxk;kvkSj ekax dh fd efU=k;ksa lfgr Mhú ,eú osQú osQ lHkh foèkk;dksa dh lEifÙk dh Lora=k :i ls tkap djokbZtkuh pkfg,A

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10 vDVwcj] 1972 dks d#.kkfufèk osQ dgus ij Mhú ,eú osQú osQ }kjk Jh ,eú lhú jkekpUnzu dks ny lsckgj fudky fn;k x;k vkSj dkj.k crkvks uksfVl tkjh fd;k x;k fd 15 fnuksa osQ vUnj&vUnj ;g cryk;k tk,fd D;ksafd u mudks ny ls fudky fn;k tk,A ijUrq ,sls fu.kZ; osQ dkj.k fojksèk esa Jh jkekpUnzu osQ fo'kkytu&vkèkkj osQ dkj.k muosQ fudky fn, tkus osQ dkj.k cgqr&ls yksxksa dh gennhZ muls gks xbZA yksx vius uk;dosQ fo#¼ dh xbZ dk;Zokgh ls cgqr ukjkt Fks vkSj os vius usrk osQ vkns'k ij dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh djus osQ fy,rS;kj FksA Mhú ,eú osQú dbZ egÙoiw.kZ usrk Hkh Jh jkekpUnzu osQ leFkZu esa lkeus vk x,A dk;Zokgh lfefr osQlHkkifr Jh lhú jkek¯yxe us Hkh Jh jkepUnzu osQ fo#¼ izLrkfor dk;Zokgh dk fojksèk djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kvkSj 17 vDVwcj] 1972 dh ?kks"k.kk dh fd Jh jkekpUnzu osQ izfr oiQknkj Mhú ,eú osQú osQ ;wfuV feydjviuk ,d ubZ ny vUuk Mhú ,eú osQú cuk,axsA mUgksaus budk leFkZu djrs fo|kFkhZ ¯oxksa ij cy fn;k fd osvUuk nzkfoM+g equkoj (fo|kFkhZ) equs=kk dM+xe osQ uke vèkhu dk;Z djsaA mUgksaus ,eú thú vkjú eujek vkSjoiQknkj ny dh bdkb;ksa dh u;s ny dh ^nks vka[kksa* osQ :i esa o.kZu fd;kA 18 vDVwcj] 1972 dks vUuk Mhú,eú osQú vfLrRo esa vk x;kA Jh jkekpUnzu us ?kks"k.kk dh fd mudk ny LoxhZ; Jh lhú ,uú vUuknqjkbZ osQfl¼kUrksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ij pysxkA mUgksaus nkok fd;k fd rfeyukMw esa 20000 ,eú thú vkjú eujek fo|eku~Fks vkSj muosQ ny dh lnL;rk 10 yk[k ls vfèkd FkhA u, ny dh LFkkiuk dk rfeyukMw osQ tulewg ij cgqrcM+k izHkko gqvkA

iQjojh] 1974 esa ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú ('kq: esa ,ú vkbZú ,eú Mhú ,eú osQú dks ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú osQ ukels tkuk tkrk Fkk) us ikafMpsjh foèkkulHkk dk pquko yM+k vkSj ,sls ny osQ :i esa mHkjk ftldks lnu esa lclscM+k ny gksus dk ntkZ feykA lhú ihú vkbZú osQ leFkZu ls ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us 6 ekpZ] 1974 dks ikafMpsjhesa Jh ,ú jkekLokeh osQ usr`Ro esa viuh igyh ljdkj cukbZ ijUrq bl ljdkj dks dkaxzsl (vkbZ)] dkaxzsl (,u)vkSj Mhú ,eú osQú ij vkèkkfjr xBcUèku us 6 ekpZ] 1974 dks ctV ij ernku osQ nkSjku fxjk fn;kA ,ú Mhú,eú osQú dh ljdkj VwVus osQ rqjUr i'pkr~ Mhú ,eú osQú us Jh ,eú thú jkekpUnzu dk lkoZtfud vkèkkjde djus osQ fy, muosQ ey;kye ewy osQ gksus osQ izpkj osQ }kjk ,d O;kid vfHk;ku vkjaHk dj fn;k vkSjbl O;ogkj esa ny] tksfd nf{k.k osQ fgrksa osQ laj{kd ny osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk] cqf¼©thfo;ksa vkSj cM+sjktuhfrd usrkvksa osQ cgqr mQaps ntsZ okys ny ls O;fDrxr LokFkZ okys Lrj ij vk x;k vkSj ;g iw.kZ nf{k.k dkizfrfufèkRo djus dh uSfrd lÙkk dkiQh lhek rd xaok cSBkA

ekpZ] 1977 esa rfeyukMw esa pquko Mhú ,eú osQú osQ nks lewgksa osQ chp yM+s x,A ,d lewg dk usr`Ro 1969ls 1976 rd jkT; osQ eq[;eU=kh jgs Jh ,eú d#.kkfufèk us fd;k] ftUgksaus Mhú ,eú osQú dk viuk, j[kk vkSjnwljs lewg dk usr`Ro Jh jkekpUnu dj jgs Fks] tksfd 1972 esa ny osQ foHkkftr gksus ij u, ny ,úMhú,eúosQú osQ usrk cus Fks vkSj vc mUgksaus ny dk uke ^vky bafM;k vaUuk Mhú ,eú osQú* j[k fy;k FkkA Mhú ,eúosQú us turk ny dks ;g ckr mfpr yxh fd og dkaxzsl ls feydj pquko yM+sA pqukoksa dk ifj.kke ;g gqvkfd turk ny dk leFkZu gksus osQ ckotwn Mhú ,eú osQú yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa vliQy jgkA Mhú ,eú osQújkT; esa ls osQoy ,d yksd lHkk lhV gh thr ldkA ,ú vkbZú ,eú osQú vkSj bldh Hkkxhnkj dkaxzsl us 'kkunkjfot; izkIr dh vkSj jkT; dh yksd lHkk dh oqQy lhVksa esa ls yxHkx vkèkh lhVksa ij fot;h gq,A mlus 39 esals 18 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh tcfd dkaxzsl osQ HkkX; esa 14 lhVsa vkbZA

twu] 1977 esa rfeyukMw jkT; foèkkulHkk osQ pquko gq,A bl le; ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dk xBcU/uturk ny ls Fkk vkSj Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxzsl ls xBcaèku fd;kA ijUrq ,d ckj fiQj Mhú ,eú osQú vliQyjgh vkSj foèkkulHkk esa osQoy 49 lhVsa gh thr ldh tcfd ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us oqQy 234 lhVsaesa ls 143 lhVsa izkIr dha vkSj viuh ljdkj laxfBr dh ftlosQ eq[;eU=kh ,eú thú jkekpUnzu cusA

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1980 osQ pqukoksa esa fLFkfr ,d ckj fiQj cny xbZA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) vkSj blosQ pquko Hkkxhnkj Mhú ,eú osQúvkSj eqfLye yhx osQ lg;ksx ls ,ú vkbZú Mhú ,eú osQú osQ 6 o"kZ ls rfeyukMw esa pys vkrs 'kklu dks ijkt;dk eqag ns[kuk iM+k vkSj yksd lHkk dh 39 lhVksa esa ls 37 ij 'kkunkj fot; izkIr dhA ,ú vkbZú Mhú ,eúosQú ftlosQ fd Hkax gqbZ yksd lHkk esa 18 lnL; Fks] osQ ikl vc osQoy nks lhVsa jg xb±A ijUrq jkT; foèkkulHkkosQ pqukoksa esa Jh d#.kkfufèk osQ usr`Ro esa Mhú ,eú osQú] ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dk x<+ rksM+us esa vliQyjghA bu pqukoksa esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú laxBu us 234 easa ls 162 lhVsa thrha vkSj Mhú ,eú osQú dkaxzsllaxBu dks osQoy 69 lhVsa feyhA ifj.kkeLo:i pqukoksa osQ i'pkr~ eq[;eU=kh ,eú thú vkjú osQ usr`Ro esa ,úvkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us viuh ljdkj LFkkfir dhA

Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh dh 1984 esa gR;k dj fn, tkus osQ i'pkr~ Hkkjr esa 8oha yksd lHkk osQ fy, fnlEcj] 1984esa pquko gq,A bu pqukoksa esa dkaxzsl (vkbZ) vkSj ,uú vkbZú vUukú Mhú ,eú osQú xBcUèku dk 38 yksd lHkklhVksa ij fojksèkh izaQV ls lhèkk eqdkcyk FkkA ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us osQoy 12 lhVksa ij pquko yM+ktcfd blus 'ks"k lhVsa vius twfu;j Hkkxhnkjksa dkaxzsl (vkbZ)] xkaèkh dkaxzsl vkSj us'kuy dkaxzsl osQ fy, NksM+ nhaAfojks/h izaQV dk usr`Ro Mhú ,eú osQú dj jgh Fkh vkSj blesa turk ny vkSj nksuksa lkE;oknh ny 'kkfey FksA Mhú,eú osQú us 26 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k ijUrq osQoy ,d lhV gh fot;h jghA nwljh vksj ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eúosQú dkaxzsl (vkbZ) dks Jherh bfUnjk xkaèkh dh gR;k vkSj Jh ,eú thú jkekpUnzu ls chekj iM+ tkus osQ dkj.kiSnk gqbZ ^gennhZ dh ygj* dk ykHk feykA ifj.kke osQ :i esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us 12 dh 12 lhVsathr yha ftu ij blus vius mEehnokj [kMs+ fd, FksA

lkFk&lkFk jkT; esa foèkkulHkk osQ fy, Hkh pquko gq,A ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us dakxzsl ls xBcU/u djosQpquko yM+s vkSj 235 lhVsa ftuosQ fy, pquko gq, Fks] esa ls ,ú vkbZú Mhú ,eú osQú us 133 lhVsa thrha vkSjdkaxzsl (vkbZ) us 62 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dhA Mhú ,eú osQú dk liQk;k gks x;kA bldks osQoy 20 lhVsa feyhaAJh ,eú thú jkekpUnzu us rfeyukMw esa viuh ljdkj cukbZA

ijUrq tuojh 1989 esa rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk osQ fy, gq, pquko esa ,ú vkbZú Mhú ,eú osQú dks Mhú ,eú osQúosQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèku gkFkksa ijkt; dk eqag ns[kuk iM+kA blus 200 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k Fkk ijUrq ;g osQoy27 lhVsa gh thr ldhA blosQ eqdkcys esa Mhú ,eú osQú us 202 lhVksa ij pquko yM+k vkSj 151 lhVksa ij fot;izkIr dhA ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dks yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa 17-12 izfr'kr vkSj foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa 21-63 izfr'kr er feysA Mhú ,eú osQú yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa 26-66 izfr'kr vkSj foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa 33-42izfr'kr er izkIr fd,A ijUrq fiQj uoEcj] 1989 dh yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us 11lhVsa thrha tcfd Mhú ,eú osQú osQoy ,d lhV gh thr ldhA

ebZ&twu] 1991 osQ pqukoksa esa vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us 10oha yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ lkFk gh rfeyukMwfoèkkulHkk osQ pquko esa O;kid fot; izkIr djosQ Mhú ,eú osQú ls viuk fglkc cjkcj dj fy;kA ,ú vkbZú,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dkaxzsl xBcUèku us lHkh dh lHkh yksd lHkk dh 39 lhVsa thr yhaA ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eúosQú us 11 vkSj dkaxzsl (vkbZ) us 28 lhVsa thrhaA Mhú ,eú osQú dks ,d Hkh lhV u feyhA rfeyukMw foèkkulHkkosQ pqukoksa esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us 234 esa ls 163 lhVsa thr dj 'kkunkj liQyrk izkIr dhA blosQHkkxhnkj dkaxzsl (vkbZ) ny us 61 lhVsa thrhaA Mhú ,eú osQú osQoy ,d lhV gh thr pqdhA bu pqukoksa esa ,úvkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dks foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa 44-37 izfr'kr vkSj yksd lHkk pqukoksa esa 18-03 izfr'kr erfeysA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) dks Øe'k% 15-43 izfr'kr vkSj 42-15 izfr'kr er feysA ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQúdkaxzsl xBcUèku dks oqQy feyk dj foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa Mkys gq, erksa esa ls 59-80» vkSj yksd lHkk pqukoksaesa 60-18» er fudysA blosQ eqdkcys esa Mhú ,eú osQú dks foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa 22-34» vkSj yksd lHkk

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pqukoksa esa 22-60» er feysA Mhú ,eú osQú osQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèku dks foèkkulHkk esa 29-67» vkSj yksd lHkkpqukoksa esa 29-92» er feysA ;g ml Mhú ,eú osQú osQ fy, fujk'kktud ijkt; Fkh ftlus fd 1989 osQ pqukoksaesa nks&frgkbZ ls vfèkd lhVsa thr dj cgqer izkIr fd;k FkkA ;g ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú osQ fy, vkSjfo'ks"k :i esa bldh usrk oqQekjh t;yfyrk osQ fy, ,d cgqr cM+h vkSj 'kkunkj thr FkhA

ftu ekSfyd rÙoksa us ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQúµdkaxzsl (vkbZ) dks Mhú ,eú osQú osQ usr`Ro okys xBcUèkudh rqyuk esa vfèkd leFkZu fd;k] os Fks% (d) pquko fglkc&fdrkc ([k) Mhú ,eú osQú laxBu osQ er vkèkkjdk iru (x) Mhú ,eú osQú dh fyVs i{kh; #fp] vkSj (M+) Jh jktho xkaèkh dh gR;k osQ i'pkr~ iSnk gqbZlgkuqHkwfr ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dkaxzsl (vkbZ) xBcUèku osQ i{k esa xbZA

bl izdkj ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú ebZ&twu 1991 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksa vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk pqukoksaesa 'kkunkj fot; izkIr djus dh fLFkfr esa vk xbZA 24 twu] 1991 dks oqQekjh t;yfyrk dks eq[;eU=kh cuk dj,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us viuh ljdkj cukbZA ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú 1991&1996 rd lÙkk esacuh jgh vkSj blosQ i'pkr~ bldks ,d cMs+ iru dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA vizSy&ekpZ] 1996 dh yksd lHkk pqukoksaesa ;g ,d Hkh lhV izkIr ugha dj ldh vkSj rfeyukMw foèkkulHkk osQ pqukoksa esa ;g osQoy 4 lhVsa izkIr djldhA rfeyukMw esa bldh 'kfDr vkSj er dk vkèkkj dks Mhú ,eú osQú vkSj Vhú ,eú lhú us fu;fer fd;kAijUrq iQjojh&ekpZ] 1998 esa 12oha yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us chú tsú ihú lsHkkxhnkjh djosQ yksd lHkk pquko yM+s vkSj 18 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mh ,eú osQú us chútsú ihú xBcU/u dh ljdkj esa Hkkxhnku cuus dk fu.kZ; fd;k ijUrq 'kh?kz gh chú tsú ihú vkSj vkbZú ,úMhú ,eú osQú osQ eè; xgjs erHksn iSnk gks x, D;ksafd t;yfyrk ;g pkgrh Fkh fd osQUnzh; ljdkj rfeyukMwesa lÙkk:<+ Mhú ,eú osQú ljdkj osQ fo#¼ dk;Zokgh djs vkSj oqQekjh t;yfyrk vkSj muosQ lkfFk;ksa osQ fo#¼rfeyukMw esa py jgs eqdneksa osQ izfr ,d vklku izo`fÙk viukus osQ fy, Mhú ,eú osQú dks foo'k djsA vizSy]1999 esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú dh usrk oqQekjh t;yfyrk us chú tsú ihú ljdkj ls vius lacaèk rksM+fy, vkSj yksd lHkk esa chú tsú ihú dh ljdkj dks ijkftr djus esa ,d cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dhA 12oha yksdlHkk blh osQ dkj.k Hkax gks xbZ FkhA

13oha yksd lHkk osQ pquko flrEcj] 1999 esa gq, vkSj bu pqukoksa esa ,ú vkbZú ,ú Mhú ,eú osQú us dkaxzslls pquko rkyesy fd;k tcfd Mhú ,eú osQú us chú tsú ihú ls pquko xBcaèku fd;kA bu pqukoksa esa ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- dh ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+k D;ksafd ;g osQoy 10 lhVsa gh izkIr dj ldhA Mh-,e-osQ- us 12lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh vkSj 'ks"k lhVksa ij Mh-,e-osQ- osQ leFkZd vU; nyksa dh fot; gqbZA bu pqukoksa esa rfeyeuhyh dk¡xzsl dk Hkh liQk;k gks x;kA rfeyukMq dh jktuhfr esa ,d ckj fiQj Mh-,e-osQ- dh izHkkoh fLFkfr cuxbZA

,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- rfeyukMq dh jktuhfr esa ,d izHkkoh ny gS vkSj fiNys yxHkx 10 o"kks± ls ;g osQUnzh;jktuhfr esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA flrEcj] 1999 osQ pqukoksa esa ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ-dk lkoZtfud leFkZu de gqvk] ijUrq 2001 osQ vkl&ikl ,d ckj fiQj bl ny dh izfr"Bk esa o`f¼ gqbZAvktdy ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- rfeyukMw esa lÙkkèkkjh ny (Ruling Party) gS vkSj bldh usrk oqQekjh t;yfyrk eq[;ea=kh osQ :i esa dk;Z dj jgh gSA ysfdu ekpZ&viSzy 2004 esa gq, yksd lHkk pukoksa us ;g Li"Vfn[kyk;k fd ,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- dh fLFkfr dkiQh detksj gks xbZ FkhA bu pqukoksa esa Mh-,e-osQ- us dkaxzsl osQlkFk xBcUèku cukdj AIADMK rFkk NDA osQ fo#¼ pquko yM+kA pquko ifj.kkeksa us ;g Li"V fn[kyk;k fd;gk¡ Mh-,e-osQ- dh fLFkfr igys ls csgrj gqbZ Fkh ogk¡ AIADMK dh fLFkfr detksj gks xbZA 14oha yksd lHkkesa tgk¡ Mh-,e-osQ- dks 16 lhVksa ij liQyrk izkIr gqbZ rFkk dkaxzsl okys xBcUèku dks 35 lhVsa izkIr gqb±A 15oha

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yksd lHkk esa bls DMK osQ ls dgh vf/d liQyrk feyhA 2011 osQ fo/ku lHkk pquko esa AIADM lÙkkesa fiQj ls vk xbZ gSA bl pquko esa mls DMK dh [kjkc Nfo dk ykHk feyk gSA

14-4-5 rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ (Telgu Desam Party)

rsyqxq ns'ke] ,d {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny gS ftldk vkèkkj vkaèkz izns'k esa gSA vfèkdrj fiQYe LVkj ,u-Vh-jkekjko]th-,u-Vh-vkj- osQ :i esa izfl¼ gq,] osQ iz;klksa osQ iQyLo:i gh ;g ikVhZ vfLrRo esa vkbZ vkSj ,d {ks=kh;ny osQ :i esa liQy gqbZA 1956&83 rd dkaxzsl dk vkaèkz izns'k esa fujUrj 'kklu] dkaxzsl esa fujUrj fo|ekuxqVcUnh] rsyaxkuk ygj] iz'kklu esa Hkz"Vkpkj] dkaxzsl ikVhZ osQ }kjk pqukoksa esa fd, ok;ns vkSj uhfr;k¡ ykxw djusesa vliQyrk] vkaèkz dh jktuhfr esa tkfrokn (jSM~Mh HkkbZpkjs dh osQoy 12-2% tula[;k osQ eqdkcys vko';drkls vfèkd izHkkoh fLFkfr)] vkaèkz dh jktuhfr esa osQUnz osQ vfu;fer gLr{ksi vkfn us feydj dkaxzsl 'kklu osQfo#¼ ,d izfrfØ;k iSnk dh vkSj ,sls okrkoj.k esa ,d vU; ekxZ rFkk <wa<k x;k tc 29 ekpZ] 1982 dks ,uúVhú vkjú us ,d {ks=kh; ikVhZµrsyqxq ns'ke LFkkfir dhA ny osQ xBu osQ le; ,uú Vhú vkjú us ?kks"k.kk dhfd mudk ny osQUnz esa lÙkkèkkjh ny dks iw.kZ leFkZu nsxk vkSj tgka rd vkaèkz izns'k jkT; osQ vanj dh uhfr;ksadk lacaèk gS] ny mu ij Lora=k <ax ls pysxkA ijarq èkhjs&èkhjs rsyqxq ns'ke ny dkaxzsl fojksèkh izo`fÙk viukrk x;kD;ksafd ;g ogh ny Fkk tks rsyqxq ns'ke dh fnuksa&fnu c<+rh yksdfiz;rk dks bl izpkj osQ }kjk jksdus dk iz;kldj jgk Fkk fd og dkekl dk ny gS (,uú Vhú vkjú vkSj uansyk nksuksa dkekl Fks) vkSj tksfd tkxhjnkjh fgrksadks c<+kus dk iz;kl dj jgs FksA

blfy, ,uú Vhú vkjú us 31 ekpZ] 1982 dks ,d ?kks"k.kk tkjh dh fd mudk ny Hkwfe lqèkkjksa] 'kgjh vk;ij lhekcUnh ykxw djus osQ leFkZu djsxk vkSj jkT; Hkj esa m|ksx yxkus dks izkFkfedrk nsxkA blls ny dk ;qokvksavkSj lekt osQ fiNM+s oxks± ls Hkjiwj leFkZu feyuk vkjaHk gks x;kA bldks ^,uú Vhú vkjú iz'kald* lewgksa dkn`<+ leFkZu Hkh izkIr gks x;kA uoEcj] 1983 esa ny us nkok fd;k fd bldh oqQy lnL;rk 14 yk[k Fkh] ftlesals 2 yk[k lfØ; lnL; FksA

bl {ks=kh; ny vkjaHk djus dh vko';drk dsk Li"V djrs gq, Jh ,uú Vhú jko us dgk fd vkaèkz izns'k osQvfLrRo esa vkus osQ i'pkr~ blosQ fiNys bfrgkl dks ns[krs og bl ifj.kke ij igqaps gSa fd rsyqxq yksxksa dhleL;k,a lekèkku djus dk ;gh ,dek=k <ax gSA ,d jk"Vªh; Lrj dk ny jkT; osQ lkeus fo|eku~ tfVyleL;kvksa dk lekèkku ugha dj ldrk FkkA

1- mís';] uhfr;ka vkSj dk;ZØe (Objectives Policies and Programmes) : Vhú Mhú ihú osQeq[; mís'; gSa % rsyqxq Hkk"kkbZ yksxksa dks ,dtqV djuk] Hkz"Vkpkj dks jksduk] efgykvksa osQ lEeku dh j{kk djuk]izR;sd xkao dks ihus okys ty dh vkiwfrZ fo'oluh; cukuk] iqufuZekZ.k osQ dk;ZØe vkjaHk djuk] rkfd xzkeh.kyksxksa osQ thou Lrj dks mQapk mBk;k tk losQ] ny&cnfy;ksa ij izfrcUèk yxkuk] izsl dh Lora=krk cuk, j[kuhlarqfyr vkS|ksxhdj.k dks fo'oluh; cukuk] fdlkuksa dh lgk;rk djus osQ fy, Hkwfe lqèkkj vkjaHk djuk] HkwfeghuJfedksa dks thou fuokZg osQ fy, vkthfodk miyCèk djokuk] vkaèkz izns'k osQ lHkh yksxksa osQ thou Lrj dks mQapkmBkuk] iapk;rh jkT; laLFkkvksas dks vkSj vfèkd vfèkdkj nsus vkSj izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dk lkeuk djus osQ fy,mfpr lqfoèkkvksa dks miyCèk djokuk vkSj yksxksa osQ fy, lHkh ukxfjd lqfoèkkvksa dk izcUèk djukA blus ;g Hkhfopkj fn;k fd rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ iqfyl iQkslZ osQ iquxZBu djus dh leFkZd gSa rkfd bldh dk;Z&iz.kkyh esa lqèkkjgks losQ] lekt fojksèkh rÙoksa ij fu;a=k.k ikus osQ fy, fo'ks"k dne mBk, tk losaQ] Hkz"V vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ fo#¼dk;Zokgh dh tk losQ] 'kkfUr vkSj dkuwu dh fLFkfr izHkko'kkyh <ax ls cuk, j[kh tk losQ vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa dkspquko [kpZ osQ fy, ljdkjh èku miyCèk djok dj pqukoksa esa iSls dh Hkwfedk vkSj cy osQ rÙo dks de fd;ktk losQA

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rsyqxq ns'ke osQ usrkvksa us vkSj Li"V fd;k fd pkgs fd ny us vius uke esa 'kCn ns'ke 'kkfey fd;k gS] ijUrqbldk vFkZ vyxkookn ugha FkkA rsyqxq ns'ke jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[k.Mrk dk n`<+ leFkZd gS vkSj Hkkjrh;x.kjkT; ls iw.kZ :i esa tqM+k gqvk gSA lkFk&gh&lkFk ;g ny Hkkjrh; la?kjkT; esa jkT;ksa osQ fy, vfèkd Lok;Ùkrkpkgrk gSA blls vkxs rsyqxq ns'ke u rks czkã.k fojksèkh gS vkSj u gh cqf¼thfo;ksa osQ fo#¼ gSA ijUrq fiQj Hkh nyrsyqxw Hkk"kk dh vko';d mUufr osQ izfr opuc¼ gS] ijUrq ,slk djrs gq, ;g vkaèkz izns'k esa jgrs vU; Hkk"kk;hvYila[;dksa osQ mfpr dkuwuh fgrksa dks dksbZ gkfu ugha igqapkus nsxhA

8 tuojh 1983 dks ,uú Vhú jkek jko us vkaèkz foèkkulHkk osQ fy, u,&u, pqus x, vius ny osQ lnL;ksa osQfy, 10 fcUnq lafgrk tkjh dhA bldks ,uú Vhú vkjú dh 10 mins'kksa osQ :i esa tkuk x;k] tks fuEufyf[krosQ vuqlkj gSa%

1- rsyqxq ns'ke osQ foèkk;dksa dks yksxksa ls fudV vkSj fujUrj lacèk cuk, j[kus pkfg,A

2- mudks ljdkjh vfèkdkfj;ksa osQ gLrkarj.kksa vkSj inksUufr;ksa tSls iz'kkldh; eqíksa esa gLr{ksi ugha nsukpkfg,A

3- mudks pkfg, fd os Hkz"Vkpkj dks lekIr djus vkSj LoPN vkSj bZekunkj iz'kklu miyCèk djus esa ljdkjdks iw.kZ leFkZu nsaA

4- tc eq[;eU=kh ;k eU=kh fdlh nkSjkas ij tk,a rks muosQ fy, fo'ks"k izcUèk u fd, tk,a] u gh [kkus dkfuea=k.k fn;k tk,A foèkk;dksa dks pkfg, fd os yksxksa dh leL;k,a efU=k;ksa rd igqapkus esa lgk;rk djsaA

5- foèkk;dksa dks pkfg, fd os LokFkhZ rÙoksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks lekIr djus esa lgk;rk djsa D;ksafd xjhcksavkSj fiNM+s oxks± osQ yksxksa dh lgk;rk djuk rsyqxq ns'ke dk fl¼kUr gSaA

6- foèkk;dksa dks dkyk&cktkjh] tek[kksjh vkSj vU; lekt fojksèkh rÙoksa dks lkeus ykus vkSj muosQ dk;ks±dks lacafèkr vfèkdkfj;ksa dks uksfVl esa ykuk pkfg,A

7- mudks foèkkulHkk dh dk;Zokgh esa lfØ;rk ls Hkkx ysuk pkfg, vkSj yksxksa dh leL;k,a lnu osQ lkeusykuh pkfg,aA

8- eq[; lpsrd osQ }kjk tkjh vkns'kksa dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djuk pkfg,A

9- mudks ny dk;Z&drkZvksa ls xgjs :i esaa tqM+s jguk pkfg, vkSj ny dk;ZØe ij iw.kZ mRlkg ls O;ogkjdjuk pkfg,A

10- foèkk;dksa dks vuq'kklu dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djuk pkfg, vkSj lknxh vkSj bZekunkjh ls jguk pkfg,Amudks pkfg, fd os Lo;a 'kiFk ysa fd os pqukoksa osQ le; yksxksa ls fd, x, ok;nksa dks ykxw djus osQfy, dk;Z djsaxsA

tuojh] 1983 esa Jh ,uú Vhú jkekjko (,uú Vhú vkjú) osQ usr`Ro esa Vhú Mhú ihú ljdkj vfLrRo esa vkbZAijUrq vxLr] 1984 esa jkT; osQ jkT;iky Jh jke yky us ,uú Vhú vkjú dks in ls gVk fn;k vkSj Jh HkkLdjjko dks eq[;eU=kh fu;qDr dj fn;kA ijUrq u;k eq[;eU=kh foèkkulHkk esa viuk cgqer fl¼ u dj ldk vkSjflrEcj] 1984 esa Jh ,uú Vhú jkekjko iqu% eq[;eU=kh cu x,A bl dkaM us fu'p; gh Vhú Mhú ihú vkSj blosQusrk ,uú Vhú vkjú dh izfr"Bk esa o`f¼ dhA

uoEcj] 1984 esa vkaèkz izns'k dh foèkkulHkk Hkax dj nh xbZ vkSj ,d u;k tukns'k ysus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ekpZ]1985 esa gq, pqukoksa esa rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ us cgqr cM+h fot; izkIr dh vkSj bldh lkoZtfud&leFkZu f'k[kj NwusyxkA fnlEcj] 1984 esa ;g 28 lnL;ksa osQ lkFk yksd lHkk esa ,d cM+s fojksèkh i{k osQ :i esa mHkjhA Vhú Mhú

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ihú vkaèkz izns'k esa ,d cM+k ny cudj mHkjh vkSj blus jk"Vªh; Lrj dh jktuhfr esa Hkh lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkukvkjaHk fd;kA

ijUrq 10 o"kZ osQ dk;Z osQ i'pkr~ rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ 13 ekpZ] 1992 dks nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr gks xbZµlaln esa HkhvkSj laxBu Lrj ij HkhA laln osQ Lrj ij 13 yksd lHkk lnL;ksa eas ls 5 lnL;ksa us Jh chú fots oqQekj jktwosQ usr`Ro esa ,d vyx u;k laxBu cuk y;kA HkwriwoZ osQUnzh; eU=kh vkSj jkT; lHkk osQ lnL; Jh ihú misUnz vkSj6 vU; yksd lHkk lnL;ksa dks 6 o"kZ osQ fy, ny dh izkjafHkd lnL;rk ls fu"dkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj blus rsyqxqns'ke osQ laxBu esa Jh ,uú Vhú jkekjko osQ usr`Ro dh l'kDr fLFkfr dks izdV fd;kA twu] 1991 osQ pqukoksaosQ i'pkr~ turk ny esa njkj iM+ xbZA blus Vhú Mhú ihú dks Hkh >Vdk fn;kA dkaxzsl (vkbZ) osQ izèkku vkSjHkkjr osQ iz/kuea=kh ihú ohú ujflEgk jko dh vkaèkz izns'k osQ ukafn;y yksd lHkk {ks=k ls pquko esa leFkZu dksVhú Mhú ihú vkSj jk"Vªh; izQaV osQ usrkvksa dh vkykspuk djus osQ dkj.k js.kqdk pkSèkjh ,eú ihú dks ny dhizkjafHkd lnL;rk ls eqDr dj fn;kA

vxLr 1995 esa ,d ckj fiQj Vhú Mhú ihú dks ,d vkSj foHkktu dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ,d xqV us Jh ,uú

Vhú jkekjko osQ tekrk pUnz ckcw uk;Mw dks viuk usrk eku fy;k tcfd nwljs xqV us ,uú Vhú vkjú dks leFkZu

nsuk tkjh j[kkA flrEcj] 1995 esa Jh pUnz ckcw uk;Mw vkaèkz izns'k osQ eq[;eU=kh cu x, vkSj os jkT; fo/kulHkk

esa fo'okl dk er izkIr djosQ viuh fLFkfr vkSj lqn`<+ cukus esa liQy gq,A Vhú Mhú ihú nks xqVksa esa foHkkftr

gks xbZA Vhú Mhú ihú (,uú Vhú vkjú) vkSj Vhú Mhú ihú (uk;Mw)A tuojh 1996 esa Jh ,uú Vhú jkekjko

dh vpkud e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj mudh iRuh Jherh y{eh ikoZrh Vhú Mhú ihú (,uú Vhú vkjú) dh izèkku cu

xbZA ijUrq ;g ny vko';d leFkZu izkIr djus esa vliQy jgk vksj bldh rqyuk esa Vhú Mhú ihú (uk;Mw)

viuh 'kfDr dk izn'kZu djus esa liQy jgkA ekpZ] 1996 esa fuokZpu vk;ksx us Vhú Mhú ihú (uk;Mw) dks

okLrfod Vhú Mhú ihú osQ :i esa ekU;rk ns nhA ekpZ&vizSy] 1996 esa 11 oha yksd lHkk osQ fy, gqbZ pqukoksa

esa Vh-Mh-ih- (uk;Mw) us 16 lhVsa thrha tcfd Vh-Mh-ih- (,u-Vh-vkj-) ,d Hkh lhV u thr ldhA bl izdkj

Vh-Mh-ih- (uk;Mw) okLro esa Vh-Mh-ih- cuh vkSj vkaèkz izns'k dh jktuhfr esa ,d n`<+ jktuhfrd ny osQ :i esa

mHkj dj lkeus vkbZA

ebZ] 1996 osQ ckn Vh-Mh-ih- jk"Vªh; Lrj dh jktuhfr esa Hkh ,d lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxhA ;g lk>k ekspkZ

ljdkj dh ,d Hkkxhnkj ikVhZ cuhA vizSy] 1997 esa rsyqxq ns'ke ikVhZ osQ usrk Jh pUnzckcw uk;Mw us Jh vkbZ-

osQ- xqtjky osQ fy, ns'k dk izèkkuea=kh cuus dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks x;kA Vh-Mh-ihus Mh-,e-osQ-] ,-th-ih- vkSj Vh-

,e-lh- ls feydj lk>k laxBu cuk;k vkSj blus lk>s izaQV esa viuh izfr"Bk vkSj c<+k;hA Jherh y{eh ikoZrh

osQ usr`Ro esa Vh-Mh-ih- (,u-Vh-vkj-) us vkaèkz izns'k esa lkoZtfud vkèkkj izkIr djus osQ fy, iwjk tksj yxk;k ijUrq

viuh fLFkfr dks n`<+rk iznku djus esa ;g ikVhZ vliQy jghA Vh-Mh-ih- (uk;Mw) gh okLro esa Vh-Mh-ih- cu xbZ

gSA jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Hkh Vh-Mh-ih- dh Hkwfedk dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ cu xbZA 12oha yksd lHkk osQ pqukoksa esa Vh-Mh-

ihus 12 lhVsa thrhaA blosQ i'pkr~ Vh-Mh-ihus lk>s ekspsZ ls vius vkidks vyx dj fy;k vkSj ch-ts-ih- osQ

usr`Ro esa cuh osQUnzh; ljdkj dks ckgj ls leFkZu nsus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA blosQ ,d egÙoiw.kZ usrk cky;ksxh dks

12oha yksd lHkk dk Lihdj cuus dk Hkh lEeku izkIr gqvkA flrEcj] 1999 esa 13oha yksd lHkk osQ pquko osQ

lkFk&lkFk vkaèkz izns'k foèkkulHkk osQ pquko Hkh gq,A bu pqukoksa esa Vh-Mh-ihus cM+h liQyrk,¡ izkIr dhaA yksd

lHkk dh 29 lhVsa thr dj blus ch-ts-ih- vkSj dkaxzsl osQ i'pkr~ rhljk LFkku izkIr fd;kA vkaèkz izns'k foèkkulHkk

esa Hkh blus cgqr cM+h izkfIr;k¡ dha vkSj vosQys gh 294 esa ls 180 lhVksa ij fot; izkIr dh vkSj ,d ckj fiQj

Jh pUnzckcw uk;Mw vkaèkz izns'k osQ eq[;ea=kh cu x,A

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vkaèkz izns'k dh jktuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Vh-Mh-ih- cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djus osQ ;ksX; gks xbZA13 vDVwcj] 1999 dks cuh ch-ts-ih- osQ usr`Ro okyh ,u-Mh-,- xBcUèku ljdkj dks Vh-Mh-ihus fcuk 'krZ ckgjhleFkZu fn;kA blosQ usrk Jh cky;ksxh dh ,d ckj fiQj 13oha yksd lHkk dk Lihdj cuus dk lEeku izkIr gqvkAebZ] 2002 esa Vh-Mh-ihus yksd lHkk osQ Lihdj osQ fy, viuk mEehnokj ?kksf"kr u djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k tksfdJh cky;ksxh osQ nsgkUr osQ :i esa [kkyh gqvk FkkA Vh-Mh-ihus twu] 2002 esa Jh ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dkjk"Vªifr in osQ fy, leFkZu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;k tks tqykbZ] 2002 esa Hkkjr osQ jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa fuokZfprgq,A bl izdkj 1999&ebZ 2004 rd vkaèkz izns'k dh jktuhfr rFkk jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Vh-Mh-ih- ,d lfØ; rFkk'kfDr'kkyh {ks=kh; ikVhZ osQ :i esa dk;Z djrh jgh rFkk blosQ usrk Jh panzckcw uk;Mw ,d yksdfiz; usrk dh NfoizkIr djus esa liQy gq,A ijUrq ekpZ&vizSy 2004 esa gq, yksd lHkk pqukoksa rFkk vkUèkz izns'k dh foèkkulHkk osQpqukoksa osQ le; Vh-Mh-ih- dh yksdfiz;rk cgqr gh de gks xbZ rFkk bu pqukoksa esa bls ,d Hkkjh ijkt; dk lkeukdjuk iM+kA vkaèkz izns'k foèkku lHkk esa Vh-Mh-ih-&,u-Mh-,- xBcUèku osQ fo#¼ dkaxzsl&Vh-vkj-,l- xBcUèku usHkkjh liQyrk izkIr dh rFkk bls 2@3 ls Hkh vfèkd lhVksa ij liQyrk izkIr gqbZA vkaèkz izns'k foèkkulHkk dh oqQy294 lhVksa esa ls Vh-Mh-ih- dks ek=k 49 lhVsa feyha tcfd 1999 esa bldks 192 lhVsa feyh Fkha] blosQ foijhrdkaxzsl dks 226 lhVsa izkIr gqb± tcfd 1999 esa bls 63 lhVsa gh feyh FkhaA Vh-Mh-ih- ,d foi{kh ikVh gh cudjjg xbZA 14oha yksd lHkk esa Hkh Vh-Mh-ih- dks osQoy 5 lhVsa gh feyha tcfd dkaxzsl&Vh-vkj-,l- dks 34 lhVsarFkk vU; nyksa dks 3 lhVsa gh izkIr gqb±A orZeku le; esa Vh-Mh-ih- dh fLFkfr dkiQh detksj cuh jghA vc blusvius vki dks ,u-Mh-,- ls vyx j[kus dk fu.kZ; fd;k gSA oSls ,d {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny gksus osQ dkj.k vkUèkzizns'k dh jktuhfr esa Vh-Mh-ih- viuh fLFkfr vfèkd n`<+ cuk ldrh gSA tqykbZ 2005 ea Vh-vkj-,l- vkSj dkaxzslxBcUèku VwV x;kA ysfdu bl osQ ckotwn Vh-Mh-ih- 15osa yksd lHkk pquko (2009) esa vfèkd liQyrk izkIrugha dj ikbZA Hkfo"; eas dkaxsl ls txuukFk jsM~Mh osQ vyx gksus dk ykHk bls fey ldrk gSA vyx ryaxkukosQ fy, vkUnksyu dk bl osQ Hkfo"; ij D;k izHkko iMs+xk ;g dguk dfBu gS fiQj Hkh geVh-Mh-ih- osQ egy dks udkj ugha ldrsA


••••• vkèkqfud yksdra=kh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh osQ fy, jktuSfrd nyksa dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA jktuSfrd ny ns'k esa

jk"Vªh; egÙo osQ fo"k;ksa ij tuer rS;kj djrs gSa] yksxksa dks jktuSfrd f'k{kk iznku djrs gSa rFkk LFkkbZ

ljdkj dh LFkkiuk djrs gSaA

••••• Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny vkjaHk esa Jfedksa] ;qodksa] cqf¼thfo;ksa vkSj Nk=kksa esa cM+k yksdfiz; FkkA ikVhZ dh

LFkkiuk ls ysdj yxHkx 1936 esa lkE;okfn;ksa us dkaxzsl osQ lkFk feydj dke djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA

••••• f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,d {ks=kh; jktuhfrd ny gSa] tks lcls vfèkd iatkc esa lfØ; gSA bldk ,d

xqV fnYyh rFkk ,d NksVh&lh bdkbZ gfj;k.kk dh jktuhfr esa lfØ; gSA iatkc esa Hkh dbZ vdkyh ny

fo|eku gSa tSlk fd Jh flejuthr ¯lg eku osQ usr`Ro okyk vdkyh nyeku] f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny

ckny] iaFkd vdkyh ny vkfnA

••••• f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny ,d iaFkd vkSj {ks=kh; ny gh gSA LokHkkfod :i esa ;g ny lnSo vius&vki

dks iatkc dh mUufr vkSj le`f¼ ls tksM+rk gS vkSj bl mís'; dh izkfIr osQ fy, viuh uhfr;ksa vkSj

dk;ZØeksa dk l`tu djrk gSA

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••••• 1972 osQ foèkkulHkk pqukoksa esa pkSèkjh nsoh yky funZyh; izR;k'kh osQ :i esa pquko yM+s Fks ftlesa mUgsagkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+k FkkA blosQ ckn os Hkkjrh; ØkfUr ny esa 'kkfey gq, tks ckn esa Hkkjrh;yksdny esa cny x;k ftldk fu'kku pØ osQ vUnj gyèkj FkkA

••••• foèkk;dksa dks vuq'kklu dk dBksjrk ls ikyu djuk pkfg, vkSj lknxh vkSj bZekunkjh ls jguk pkfg,Amudks pkfg, fd os Lo;a 'kiFk ysa fd os pqukoksa osQ le; yksxksa ls fd, x, ok;nksa dks ykxw djus osQfy, dk;Z djsaxsA

••••• vkaèkz izns'k dh jktuhfr vkSj jk"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Vh-Mh-ih- cgqr egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djus osQ ;ksX;gks xbZA


••••• Hkz"Vkpkj (Corruption): nwf"kr vkSj fuanuh; vkpkj&fopkj

••••• {ks=kh; (Regional): {ks=k laca/h


1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ny dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,¡ D;k gSa\

2- Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl dh uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk la{ksi esa mYys[k dhft,A

3- Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny osQ laxBu vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- {ks=kh; ny fdls dgrs gSa\ Hkkjr esa {ks=kh; nyksa dh mRifÙk osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\

5- f'kjksef.k vdkyh ny osQ uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk o.kZu dhft,A


1- cgq&nyh; 2- dkaxzsl 3- ljdkj

4- (a) 5- (c) 6- (a)

7- (b)

14-8 lanHkZ iqLroasQ (Further Readings)

iqLrdsa 1- Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd iz.kkyhµ ;w-vkj-?kbZA


Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1)Phagwara, Punjab (India)-144411For Enquiry: +91-1824-300360Fax.: +91-1824-506111Email: [email protected]

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