indian wines

8/3/2019 Indian Wines

1/39

INTRODUCTIONWine is an alcoholic beverage, made of

fermented fruit juice, usually fromgrapes. The natural chemical balance

of grapes lets them ferment without

the addition ofsugars, acids, enzymes,

or other nutrients. Grape wine is

produced by fermenting crushed

grapes using various types of yeast.Yeast consumes the sugars in the

grapes and converts them into alcohol.

Different varieties of grapes and

strains of yeasts produce different

types of wine.

Wines made from other fruits, such as apples and berries, are normally

named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple

wine or elderberry wine) and are generically called fruit wine or country

wine. Others, such as

barley wine and rice

wine (i.e., sake), are

made from starch-based

materials and resemble

beer and spirit more

than wine, while ginger

wine is fortified with

brandy. In these cases,

the term "wine" refers to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelweinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage


2/39


3/39

Restaurants of every other nation offer wines from their own country. The

only exception up to now has been India whose restaurants offered their

excellent beer and wine from many other countries. Omar Khayam, a

methode champagnoise wine has been on the British market for ten years.

Now it is possible to find both a red and a white table wine in some shops

and restaurants.

The technical details of these wines are:-Grape varieties:The white wine is called Chhabri and it is made predominately from

Chardonnay with Ugni Blanc and Thompson Seedless blended together to

round out this quite attractive wine.

The red wine is called Anarkali and it is made from mostly Cabernet

Sauvignon with a touch of Bangalore Purple which increases the nose and

quite firm palate. You might well think you are drinking wine made from

Cabernet Franc.

LocationThe east facing one hundred acre vineyard is located in the Sahyadri Valley

inland from Bombay. The altitude is 2,475 feet which helps to cool off the

region's wonderfully hot, dry climate.

Soil Type:Light slightly sandy soil which helps the drainage, neutral in nature with

abundant quantities of micro nutrients including trace elements and metals

available in the soil.
http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265


4/39

Presses:Both Hydraulic and Pneumatic presses are used including a positive

displacement Pneumatic press with light pressure limiting the recovery to

a maximum 55 per cent.

FERMENTATION:WhiteThe Chhabri is made using controlled

temperature fermentation at 15C. with

specially cultured yeast, for a period of 18-

21 days. The lees are removed within two

days of the fermentation. Sophisticated

Cuno filters are used for the filtration. The

wine is put into 225 litre French Oak

Barrels for a short period. No malolactic

fermentation is required for the white.

RedThe Anarkali is fermented at a controlled

temperature of between 27-29C for 8-10

days in order to effect malolactic

fermentation. The wine is kept in 350 litre

French Oak barrels for between one and two

years.

Temperature controlThe winery is air conditioned and kept at a temperature of 12-13C. The

cellar temperature is between 8-10C. Vineyard temperature range is 33C to

16C in the summer and 25C to 10C in the winter.


5/39

The marriage of Indian wine and food Some people say that wine does not

go with curry. Well those of the British Raj used to drink a choata peg

(coktail) or two before dinner, Madeira with the curry followed by claret

then back on to the choata peg or Scottish wine. The very thought gives me

a hangover.

Although Madeira does go with curry one gets legless unless one paces

oneself with lots of water. Otherwise you cannot enjoy the food. Now we

can all enjoy a few glasses of jolly good Indian wine without spoiling either

our reputations or the delicious food.

With thousands of years experience of drinking wine with curry surely

they, the Indians must know which is better beer or wine. Beer as we know

it did not reach the sub Continent until the early to mid 19th century when

brewers made I.P.A. -Indian Pale Ale which was specially high in alcohol

and well hopped in order to stand the voyage from Britain. Before this

period rice beer was made in some areas.

Portuguese settlers improved the wine they found in the 16th century

when they came to Goa. This helped to keep up interest and continuity in

the wine industry which today is growing up into the 21st century from the

quantum leap of its rebirth in 1985.

The Portuguese also introduced Vindaloo to India. The sailors kept their

meat in barrels of wine laced with garlic to which they added the spices

they found in India. The word was originally Vin d'Ail.

Try drinking cool light red wine with meat curries, it is surprisingly

refreshing and works well.
http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265http://www.winedine.co.uk/page.php?pid=265


6/39

CLASSIFICATIONRegulations govern the classification and sale of wine in many regions of

the world. European wines tend to be classified by region (e.g. Bordeaux,

Rioja and Chianti), while non-European wines are most often classified by

grape (e.g. Pinot Noir and Merlot). More and more, however, market

recognition of particular regions is leading to their increased prominence

on non-European wine labels. Examples of non-European recognized

locales include Napa Valley in California, Willamette Valley in Oregon,

Columbia Valley in Washington, Barossa Valley and Hunter Valley in

Australia, Central Valley in Chile, Vale dos Vinhedos in Brazil, Hawke's Bay

and Marlborough in New Zealand, Okanagan Valley and Niagara Peninsula

in Canada.

Some blended wine names are marketing terms, and the use of these names

is governed by trademark law rather than by specific wine laws. For

example, Meritage (sounds like "heritage") is generally a Bordeaux-style

blend of Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and may also include Cabernet

Franc,Petit Verdot, and Malbec. Commercial use of the term "Meritage" is

allowed only via licensing agreements with an organization called the

"Meritage Association".

European classificationsFrance has various appellation systems based on the

concept of terroir, with classifications ranging from

Vin de Table ("table wine") at the bottom, through

Vin de Pays and Appellation d'Origine Vin Dlimit de
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Valley_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vale_dos_Vinhedos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moscato_d'Asti.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Payshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_de_Tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Verdothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Franchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vale_dos_Vinhedos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Valley_(wine)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barossa_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_Noirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiantihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rioja_(wine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine


7/39

Qualit Suprieure (AOVDQS) up to Appellation d'Origine Contrle (AOC)

or similar, depending on the region. Portugal has something similar and, in

fact, pioneered this technique in 1756 with a royal charter that created the

"Demarcated Douro Region" and regulated wine production and trade.

Germany did likewise in 2002, although their system has not yet achieved

the authority of those of the other countries'.Spain, Greece and Italy haveclassifications based on a dual system of region of origin and product

quality

Beyond EuropeNew World winewines from outside of the traditional wine growing

regions of Europe tend to be classified by grape rather than by terroiror

region of origin, although there have been non-official attempts to classify

them by quality

ProductionWine production by country 2006

Rank Country(with link to wine article) Production(tonnes)1 France 5,349,3302 Italy 4,963,3003 Spain 3,520,8704 United States 2,232,0005 Argentina 1,539,6006 Australia 1,410,4837 China (People's Republic) 1,400,0008 South Africa 1,012,9809 Chile 977,08710 Germany 891,600
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellation_d%27Origine_Vin_D%C3%A9limit%C3%A9_de_Qualit%C3%A9_Sup%C3%A9rieure


8/39

Wine production by country 2007Rank Country(with link to wine article) Production(tonnes)1 France 4,711,6002 Italy 4,251,3803 Spain 3,645,0004 United States 2,300,0005 Argentina 1,550,0006 China (People's Republic) 1,450,0007 South Africa 1,050,0008 Australia 961,9729 Germany 891,60010 Chile 827,746

Wine grapes grow almost exclusively between thirty and fifty degrees

north or south of the equator. The world's southernmost vineyards are in

the Central Otago region of New Zealand's South Island near the 45th

parallel south, and the northernmost are in Flen,Sweden, just north of the

59th parallel north.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_parallel_northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_southhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_grape_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnes


9/39

Exporting countries

Top ten wine exportingcountries in 2006[55]Rank Country 1000tonnes1 Italy* 1,7932 France 1,4623 Spain* 1,3374 Australia 7625 Chile* 4726 United

States369

7 Germany 3168 Argentina 3029 Portugal 28610 SouthAfrica 272World** 8,353

2006 export marketshares[55]

Rank CountryMarketshare(% ofvalue inUS$)

1 France 34.9%2 Italy 18.0%3 Australia 9.3%4 Spain 8.7%5 Chile 4.3%6 United

States3.6%

7 Germany 3.5%8 Portugal 3.0%9 South

Africa2.4%

10 NewZealand

1.8%

CONSUMPTIONWine consumption data from a list of countries by alcohol consumption

measured in liters of pure ethyl alcohol consumed per capita in a given

year, according to the most recent data from the World Health

Organization. The methodology used by the WHO counted use by persons

15 years of age or older
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine#cite_note-FAO535-54


10/39

WINE CONSUMPTION

Country Liters per capitaFrance 8.14Portugal 6.65Italy 6.38Croatia 5.80Andorra 5.69

Switzerland 5.10Slovenia 5.10Hungary 4.94Moldova 4.67Argentina 4.62

Wine vs. beer consumptionCountry Wine (l) Beer (l) Wine/beerratio

Equatorial Guinea 4.18 0.45 9.29Italy 6.38 1.73 3.69France 8.14 2.31 3.52Guatemala 3.92 1.12 3.50So Tom and Prncipe 3.40 1.12 3.04Uruguay 3.95 1.33 2.97Tonga 2.29 0.89 2.57Greece 4.51 2.20 2.05Argentina 4.62 2.49 1.86Portugal 6.65 3.75 1.77

Types of wineHere is a quick reference to wine varieties and how to pair wine with food.

This page describes the different types of wine per district and variety(riesling, pinot noir, etc.). It does not describe the styles of wines by colour,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guineahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France


11/39

sweetness, or fizz. Which wine types a cellar could hold is suggested in the

buying guide. Please find herebelow basic varietal descriptions and

pronunciations, tasting terms, plus suggestions on pairing the wines with

food.

A variety is the type of grape. It is written here with a lower-caseinitial. Ifonly variety is mentioned on the bottle label, then the wine is called varietaland is named after the grape with a capitalinitial (Riesling, Pinot Noir, etc.).

A varietal wine primarily shows the fruit: the grape variety dominates the

flavor.

MAJOR TYPES OF RED WINESCabernet SauvignonMost of the great red win es of Bordeaux and

some of the finest wines of the New World

are based on Cabernet Sauvignon. It is often

blended with Cabernet Franc and Merlot

and its flavor is reminiscent of blackcurrants

or cedarwood. It demands aging in small oak

barrels, and the best wines require several

years of bottle age to reach their peak.

MerlotThis variety takes second place to Cabernet Sauvignon in most premium

red wine blends. Merlot is fragrant and usually softer than Cabernet

Sauvignon. It also shows best with oak maturation, but usually requires less

bottle maturation before it is ready to drink. Merlot bottled as a varietal is

becoming popular in India.
http://www.frenchscout.com/buying-guidehttp://www.frenchscout.com/buying-guide


12/39

ShirazThis grape is also known as Syrah. It makes a soft and rich wine often

characterized by smoky and chocolaty aromas. It matures faster than

cabernet and is sometimes blended with it to speed accessibility.

ZinfandelThis variety probably originated in Southern Italy as the Primitivo grape. It

is planted by only a few Indian wineries. The quality of wines have been

very good, especially when they receive enough oak maturation.

Pinot NoirThe grape from which complex and elegant

wines are made in Burgundy. There are several

clones in pinot noir that show great promise.

The Pinot Noir wines in are clean and lively

with the flavor of ripe cherries.

Cabernet FrancThis variety possesses qualities similar to those of Cabernet Sauvignon,

although they are a little less pronounced in Cabernet Franc. It is an

important part of blends and is often blended with Cabernet Sauvignon.

Cinsaut (Cinsault)Formerly known as Hermitage in the Western Cape of

South Africa, it produces light wines and is most often


13/39

used as a blending wine to increase accessibility at an early age. Cinsaut is

one of the parents of Pinotage.

PinotageIt is a unique South African grape made from a

cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsaut. It was

developed locally in 1926. It is hardy in the

vineyard and generally produces a wine that is

full bodied with good fruit flavors and a

distinctive spiciness, but often referred to as

possessing a "sweetish acetone" flavor.

Previously thought to be early maturing, it is

now believed that Pinotage benefits from extended maturation.

MAJOR TYPES OF WHITE WINESChardonnayIt is currently one of the most popular if not

the most popular dry white wine variety in

the world. It is planted in almost every wine

producing country and is one of the easiestvarieties to grow. Chardonnay generally

benefits from oak and is especially complex

when it is barrel fermented as well as barrel

aged. However, over- oaking has been a

common fault of some the first Chardonnays.

Chenin Blanc


14/39

This grape is the Cape's most popular white variety with about thirty

percent of her vineyards producing Chenin Blanc. It produces a wide range

of wines from sweet to dry, including sparkling and still wines. Its dry

wines are fresh and fruity and Chenin Blanc's sweet wines and botrytis

dessert wines are becoming more fashionable.

Sauvignon BlancIndia now can produce international quality wines

of Sauvignon Blanc as evidenced at few wineries

located in Nashik and Pune district. These

microclimates in Maharashtra are suited to the

growing of this variety. The Sauvignon Blancs tend

to be dry and grassy. Its plantings have increased

though it is a moderate yielder

Performance of some prominent European wine varieties at NRC for

Grapes , Pune is given in Table

Performance of Prominent European wine varieties at NRCG, Pune.Sr. Variety

*Average Fruit

Yield tons ha-1.

Juice yield

hectoliter

ha-1

TSS

Brix

Acidity

g. l-1

Juice

pH

A.Red Wines1. Shiraz 17.87 1.197 20.60 5.40 3.35

2. Cabernet Sauvignon 13.65 0.951 22.20 5.70 3.54

3. Merlot 15.85 1.022 23.10 5.30 3.41

4. Zinfandel 14.87 1.007 21.20 5.37 3.42

5. Saperavi 11.38 0.696 19.60 6.40 3.34

6. Carignan 16.52 1.113 19.80 5.48 3.00


15/39

7. Grenache 18.87 1.169 19.70 5.62 3.18

8.Convent Large

Black18.47 1.035 19.00 4.80 3.67

9. Pinot Noir 7.80 0.413 24.80 4.25 3.57

B. White wines10. Chardonnay 6.64 0.408 18.00 3.65 3.52

11. Chenin Blanc 20.75 1.411 18.50 4.72 3.55

12. Sauvignon Blanc 12.19 0.780 20.80 5.10 3.63

13.

Ugni

Blanc(Trebbiano)22.63 1.448 19.80 3.75 3.33

14. Clairette 15.26 0.931 17.80 3.52 3.58

15. Vermantino 16.28 1.043 20.60 3.77 3.37

16. Garganega 15.84 0.926 19.60 5.48 3.07

* Average of 2 years on 4th & 5th year-old vineyard.

Shiraz Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot

Pinot Noir Chenin Blanc Sauvignon Blanc


16/39

Chardonnay

HISTORYArchaeological evidence suggests that the earliest known production of

wine, made by fermenting grapes, took place as early as 8,000 years ago in

Georgia and 6,100 years ago in Armenia. These locations are all within the

natural area of the European grapevineVitis vinifera.

[Pressing wine after the harvest; Tacuinum Sanitatis, 14th century]

Through an extensive gene-mapping project in 2006, Dr. McGovern and his

colleagues analyzed the heritage of more than 110 modern grape cultivars,

and narrowed their origin to a region in Georgia, where also wine residues

were discovered on the inner surfaces of 8,000-year-old ceramic storage

jars in Shulavari, Georgia. Other notable areas of wine production have

been discovered in Greece and date back to 4500 BC. The same sites also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:29-autunno,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:29-autunno,Taccuino_Sanitatis,_Casanatense_4182..jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGovernhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitis_viniferahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)


17/39

contain the world's earliest evidence of crushed grapes. On January 11,

2011 in one of Armenia's Vayots Dzor province cave was found a wine

making press dating to approximately 6,000 years ago. Literary references

to wine are abundant in Homer (9th century BC, but possibly composed

even earlier), Alkman (7th century BC), and others. In Ancient Egypt, six of

36 wine amphoras were found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun bearing

the name "Kha'y", a royal chief vintner. Five of these amphoras were

designated as from the King's personal estate with the sixth listed as from

the estate of the royal house ofAten. Traces of wine have also been found in

central Asian Xinjiang, dating from the second and first millennia BC.

The first known mentioning of grape-based wines in India was in the late

4th century BC writings of Chanakya who was the chief minister of

Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. In his writings, Chanakya condemns the

use of alcohol while chronicling the emperor and his court's frequent

indulgence of a style of grape wine known as Madhu.

A 2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were

mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the

early years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic

site of Jiahu, Henan contained traces of tartaric acid and other organic

compounds commonly found in wine. However, other fruits indigenous to

the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. If these beverages, which

seem to be the precursors of rice wine, included grapes rather than other

fruits, these grapes were of any of the several dozen indigenous wild

species of grape in China, rather than from Vitis vinifera, which were

introduced into China some 6000 years later.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayots_Dzorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Mauryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hawthornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hawthornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiahuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Mauryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjianghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamunhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayots_Dzor


18/39

One of the lasting legacies of the ancientRoman Empire was the viticulture

foundation the Romans laid in the lands that today are world renowned

wine regions. Areas with Roman garrison towns, like Bordeaux,Trier, and

Colchester, the Romans planted vineyards to supply local needs and limit

the cost of long distance trading. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic

Church staunchly supported wine, since they required it for the Mass.

Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English

recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for

refining white wine from bastardbad or taintedbastardowine.

VITICULTURE ASPECTS AFFECTING WINEPRODUCTIONNatural factors make wine from a particular region unique, known in the

wine industry as terroir, these factors include local climate (temperature,

rainfall, and sunlight), location of grapevines (altitude and slope) and soil

(structure, composition, and water drainage). In general, a grapevine

produces the best fruit when the moderate climate provides much sunshine

and cool nights without frost or hailstorms and the soil is well drained.

Grapevines grow best in sandy, chalky, or rocky soils.

A wine's character is strongly affected by vine growing, or viticultural

practices such as training, trellising, harvesting, and pruning. Training and

trellising enable the viticulturalist to control the sun exposure to ensure the

grapes ripen evenly. Grapes harvested when they are not ripe may be low

in sugar and may not ferment properly. Overly ripe grapes have very high

sugar content and produce wine high in alcohol. Tropical vines do not

show high dormant, the viticulturalist prunes the vines twice a year. First
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine_producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastardo_(grape)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist_(Catholic_Church)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wine_producing_regionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine


19/39

pruning is carried out during first fortnight of April every year to induce

vegetative growth and in this phase fruit bud formations occur in mature

canes. The second pruning of matured canes is done during late

September or early October to obtain fruits. As most of the wine varieties

have basal fruitfulness of the canes, pruning level is normally kept low

between 4-7 buds from the base depending upon varieties. Pruning

enables the grower to control the size and shape of the vines, as well as the

number of buds that will develop the next year. Too many buds on a vine

may stress nutrient availability, reducing the quality of the future harvest.

Grapevines have many natural enemies: insects, molds, bacteria, fungi,

viruses and animals such as birds that eat the sweet grapes. Certain soil-

borne pests, such as nematodes, phylloxera(wasp), phytophthora (fungus)

etc may destroy the roots of grapevines. To counter this problem,

vineyards use the rootstocks from resistant American vines .(Vitischampini, V.riparia, V.berlandieri, V.rupestris and their interspecific

hybrids etc.) and the scion cultivars from European species (V. vinifera).

Climate & SoilOverall performance in terms of growth, yield and quality of grapes for

wine making is greatly influenced by climate & soils.

I . ClimateIt is the summation of weather conditions throughout the year.

Factors : i) Temperature

ii) Solar radiation, sunshine hours


20/39

iii) Rainfall, Relative humidity

iv) Wind, Evaporation etc.

Vitis vinifera grape varieties grow under wide range of climaticconditions.

i) Temperature : Diurnal variation with cool nights (15-18o C) and warmdays (28-32oC) is essential for successful wine grape production .Degree

days that are available during September to March 2200-2750 (Nashik),

2750-3000 (Pune, Narayangaon) 3000-4000 (Sangli, Solapur) normally

influences which wine variety to grow and the type of wine to produce.

Table wine grapes are grown at 2200-2750 degree days. Dry table wines

require mild ripening period with average temperatures of 22-28oC and

low diurnal variations. Growing season length should be sufficiently long to

mature moderate to heavy crops of grapes. In areas where there is sudden

temperature drop and onset of wet weather, there are ripening problems

and crop losses. Each variety requires certain heat summation to bring its

fruit from full bloom to maturity or a given brix reading. Cool, mild

temperatures increase the production of acid (malic and tartaric )in the

berries, increase the sugar acid balance and enhances the colour in the red

varieties. By contrast hot conditions during ripening period increases the

sugar level, hastens maturity, lowers the acid level of grapes and inhibits

pigment formation in red varieties. The organic constituents of wine such

as alcohol, acids, esters, colour, tannins and aldehydes do have direct

bearing on the bouquet, taste and other qualities of individual wines. The

level and balance of these constituents in the musts and wines in turn are

largely determined by climate (heat summation). High temperatures cause

yield loss due to poor fruit set, moisture stress and reduces the rate of

photosynthesis. Optimum temperature for photosynthesis 25-30o C and


21/39

declines rapidly above and falling to zero at 45-50oC and also decreases

rapidly below 15oC.

ii) Solar Radiation : Optimum light intensity for photosynthesis variesbetween 700-1100 micro molar units (30,000-50,000 lux) depending

upon the location, topography, variety and training systems.

Both light intensity and temperature are involved in the formation of

fruitful buds during May-August. The number of bunch primordia increase

with higher light intensity and the fruitfulness of new buds depends on the

daily duration of high light intensity falling on the bud itself rather than on

whole plant.

High light intensity with high temperature(>36oC) are not conducive for

berry colour development, whereas with moderate temperature (28-32o

C) and high light intensity there will be good colour development between

veraison and ripening.

iii) Rain fall & relative humidity: Generally for economical wineproduction a reasonable rainfall amount of 55-65 cm annually is

desirable between June- October for recharging the subsoil with moisture.

For maximum yield, vines need at least 75 cm water with good

distribution throughout fruiting season. Avoid water stress during

flowering and early berry growth period till veraison, whereas slight

moisture stress during veraison to ripening enhances the quality of

berries.

iv) Evaporation :Evaporation is based on various climatic factors such astemperature, day length, wind, vapour pressure and solar radiation which

affects plant growth. The actual and potential evapotranspiration is based


22/39

on the amount of available water in the root zone and the evaporative

power of the air.

II . Soil requirements of vinesGrapes can adapt to a wide variety of soil types ranging from coarse

gravelly sands to heavy clays, shallow to very deep soils and soils of low to

high fertility. Best performance is however obtained in deep medium

textured soils (loams and sandy loams) which are low in salts and are well

drained. Wine Grapes are successfully grown under irrigation on soils that

Provide 45-60 cm of root zone. However mostV.viniferavarieties are deep

rooted and fully explore the soil to a depth of 6-10 feet or more if the

aeration is satisfactory and there is no obstruction to root zone.

Soil physical features such as soil colour affects the absorbance of

radiant heat. Soil texture influences water holding capacity, the nutrient

status, infiltration rate, permeability and aeration. Soil chemical properties

such as pH is a measure of degree of acidity or alkalinity where vines are

tolerant to wide range of pH conditions. The pH gives an indication of

nutritional status as it is related to cation exchange capacity(CEC). In

broad terms acid soils have low CEC broadly dominated by hydrogen,

whereas alkaline soils are dominated by calcium, magnesium and

potassium. Optimum pH range is 6-6.5 for wine grapes. The quality of

wine is related to grape variety, followed by climatic area and by soil

type.

Cultivation Aspects


23/39

i). Soil prepartion ; All types of soil require deep trench spaced 1.8 M-3.0 M apart and oriented towards north-south direction. Apply 2.5 tons

/ha Superphosphate along with 50 tons /ha of FYM. Copius watering of

the trench to get weathering & decay of the organic matter at least 15

days in advance before planting.

ii). Planting : Only Vitis vinifera varieties shall be used for newplantations. These varieties should be grafted on the recommended

rootstocks for wine varieties such as Salt creek, 110 R, 1103 P, 140 Ru,

99R, SO-4, DogRidge, etc which are salt tolerant, drought and nematodetolerant. Plant the rootstocks in the month of Feb-March in enriched soil

along the trenches. Graft the desirable scion variety in situ on rootstock

during September and October. Normally recommended spacing for most

wine varieties is 2.0 M between rows and 1.25 M between plants

accommodating 4000 plants per hectare.

iii).Training of young grafts/plants : Frame work establishment withsingle main stem, primary arms and cordons require proper training

system. For this recuts, topping , pinching and tipping are followed.

Training systems such as Kniffin, double cordon and trellis system are

mainly followed. Pendal system which is common for table grape is not

recommended for wine varieties. Drip irrigation / fertigation facilities will

compliment quick establishment of the vineyard.

iv). Manuring & fertilizer application : For one hectare vineyard 250 kgsulphate of ammonia, 250 kg superphospate and 250 kg sulphate of

potash , 75 kg magnesium sulphate should be given in 3 doses after

foundation pruning. The first half doses should be mixed with 40 tons

FYM just prior to pruning, second quarter dose should be given 30 days


24/39

after pruning and next quarter dose after 60 days of pruning.

Subsequent nutrient doses should be guided by soil and petiole analysis.

Optimum petiole concentrations of yielding wine grape varieties in

general, should have for N-0.632 %, P-0.25% and K-0.981%, Ca - 0.6 %,

Mg 0.4 %, S-0.1%, Zn-20 ppm,Cu-8 ppm, Mn 25 ppm, Fe- 75 ppm and B-

30 ppm.

v). Fore pruning : Early September is ideal for most of the wine varietiesas they take longer period for maturity and harvest. Most of the wine

varieties have basal fruitfulness hence the level of pruning is normallykept low; either spur pruning or short cane pruning are adopted.


25/39

[Different training systems for wine grape varieties] It is desirable to have trellis system among the various training systems for

most of the wine varieties grown in tropical climate with bright sunlight

that may get sun damaged on kniffin. Whereas bower system tends to

delay the ripening process and often fruits become highly acidic with

poor colour development.


26/39

Wine Manufacturing ProcessRaw MaterialsAs mentioned the wine grape itself contains all the necessary ingredients

for wine: pulp, juice, sugars, acids, tannins, and minerals. However, some

manufacturers add yeast to increase strength and cane or beet sugar to

increase alcoholic content. During fermentation, winemakers also usually

add sulfur dioxide to control the growth of wild yeasts.

The Manufacturing ProcessThe process of wine production has remained much the same throughout

the ages, but new sophisticated machinery and technology have helped

streamline and increase the output of wine. Whether such advances have

enhanced the quality of wine is, however, a subject of debate. These

advances include a variety of mechanical harvesters, grape crushers,

temperature-controlled tanks, and centrifuges.

The procedures involved in creating wine are often times dictated by the

grape and the amount and type of wine being produced. Recipes for certain

types of wine require the winemaker (the vintner) to monitor and regulate

the amount of yeast, the fermentation process, and other steps of the

process. While the manufacturing process is highly automated in medium-to large-sized wineries, small wineries still use hand operated presses and

store wine in musty wine cellars.

A universal factor in the production of fine wine is timing. This includes

picking grapes at the right time, removing the must at the right time,

monitoring and regulating fermentation, and storing the wine long enough.


27/39

The wine-making process can be divided into four distinct steps: harvesting

and crushing grapes; fermenting must; ageing the wine; and packaging.

Harvesting and crushing grapes 1 Vineyardists inspect sample clusters of wine grapes with a

refractometer to determine if the grapes are ready to be picked. The

refractometer is a small, hand-held device (the size of a miniature

telescope) that allows the vineyardist to accurately check the amount

of sugar in the grapes.

2 If the grapes are ready for picking, a mechanical harvester (usuallya suction picker) gathers and funnels the grapes into a field hopper,

or mobile storage container. Some mechanical harvesters have grape

crushers mounted on the machinery, allowing vineyard workers to

gather grapes and press them at the same time. The result is that

vineyards can deliver newly crushed grapes, called must, to wineries,

eliminating the need for crushing at the winery. This also prevents

oxidization of the juice through tears or splits in the grapes' skins.

Mechanical harvesters, or, in some cases, robots, are now used in

most medium to large vineyards, thereby eliminating the need for

hand-picking. First used in California vineyards in 1968, mechanical

harvesters have significantly decreased the time it takes to gather

grapes. The harvesters have also allowed grapes to be gathered at

night when they are cool, fresh, and ripe.

3 The field hoppers are transported to the winery where they areunloaded into a crusher-stemmer machine. Some crusher-stemmer

machines are hydraulic while others are driven by air pressure.


28/39

The grapes are crushed and the stems are removed, leaving liquid

must that flows either into a stainless steel fermentation tank or a

wooden vat (for fine wines).

Fermenting the must 4 For white wine, all the grape skins are separated from the "must"

by filters or centrifuges before the must undergoes fermentation. For

red wine, the whole crushed grape, including the skin, goes into the

fermentation tank or vat. (The pigment in the grape skins give red

wine its color. The amount of time the skins are left in the tank or vat

determines how dark or light the color will be. For rose, the skins

only stay in the tank or vat for a short time before they are filtered

out.)

5 During the fermentation process, wild yeast are fed into the tank orvat to turn the sugar in the must into alcohol. To add strength,

varying degrees of yeast may be added. In addition, cane or beet

sugar may be added to increase the alcoholic content. Adding sugar is

call chaptalization. Usually chaptalization is done because the grapes

have not received enough sun prior to harvesting. The winemaker

will use a handheld hydrometer to measure the sugar content in the

tank or vat. The wine must ferments in the tank or vat for

approximately seven to fourteen days, depending on the type of wine

being produced.

Ageing the wine 6 After crushing and fermentation, wine needs to be stored, filtered,

and properly aged. In some instances, the wine must also be blended

with other alcohol. Many wineries still store wine in damp,


29/39

subterranean wine cellars to keep the wine cool, but larger wineries

now store wine above ground in epoxylined and stainless steel tanks.

The tanks are temperature-controlled by water that circulates inside

the lining of the tank shell. Other similar tanks are used instead of the

old redwood and concrete vats when wine is temporarily stored

during the settling process.

After fermentation, certain wines (mainly red wine) will be crushed

again and pumped into another fermentation tank where the wine

will ferment again for approximately three to seven days. This isdone not only to extend the wine's shelf life but also to ensure clarity

and color stability.

The wine is then pumped into settling ("racking") tanks or vats. The

wine will remain in the tank for one to two months. Typically, racking

is done at 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit (10 to 16 degrees Celsius) for

red wine, and 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 degrees Celsius) for white

wine.

7 After the initial settling (racking) process, certain wines arepumped into another settling tank or vat where the wine remains for

another two to three months. During settling the weighty unwanted

debris (remaining stem pieces, etc.) settle to the bottom of the tankand are eliminated when the wine is pumped into another tank. The

settling process creates smoother wine. Additional settling may be

necessary for certain wines.

8 After the settling process, the wine passes through a number offilters or centrifuges where the wine is stored at low temperatures or

where clarifying substances trickle through the wine.


30/39

9 After various filtering processes, the wine is aged in stainless steeltanks or wooden vats. White and rose wines may age for a year to

four years, or far less than a year. Red wines may age for seven to ten

years. Most large wineries age their wine in large temperature-

controlled stainless steel tanks that are above ground, while smaller

wineries may still store their wine in wooden barrels in damp wine

cellars.

10 The wine is then filtered one last time to remove unwantedsediment.

The wine is now ready to be bottled, corked, sealed, crated, labeled,

and shipped to distributors.

Packaging 11 Most medium- to large-sized wineries I now use automated

bottling machines, and most moderately priced and expensive wine

bottles have corks made of a special oak. The corks are covered with

a peel-off aluminum foil or plastic seal. Cheaper wines have analuminum screw-off cap or plastic stopper. The corks and screw caps

keep the air from spoiling the wine. Wine is usually shipped in

wooden crates, though cheaper wines may be packaged in cardboard.

Quality ControlAll facets of wine production must be carefully controlled to create a

quality wine. Such variables as the speed with which harvested grapes are

crushed; the temperature and timing during both fermentation and ageing;

the percent of sugar and acid in the harvested grapes; and the amount of

sulfur dioxide added during fermentation all have a tremendous impact on

the quality of the finished wine.


31/39

Machineries and Accessories and other inputs for wineriesThe quality of the wine is decided in vineyards. But making appropriate

and good quality wine out of good grapes is more of a skill of a wine-maker

than pure science. Such skill can be better executed by the wine maker

consistently and hygienically, if the winery has good machineries, like

destemmer, crusher, pneumatic/ hydraulic press, screw pumps,

fermentation tanks with cooling jackets/ cooling system; filters & insulated

tanks for cold stabilization of the wine, vacuumized bottling plants and

water softeners are the major machineries required in wine Industry. Most

of these machineries in large old wineries, were imported from European

countries especially Italy. Makes of Della Toffola, Velo, Grotto Derfanceschi

etc are commonly seen in Indian wineries (Photo). However, Maharashtra

is the only state in the country given impetus to develop wine industry and

leads in winery machine manufacturers in India. Many of them have

developed prototypes of full range machineries suited to variable sizes of

wineries. Companies like M/s Winetech Engineers and Datacone Wine

machineries Pvt. Ltd. have displayed their prototypes with specifications

on their websites. Destemmer, crusher, press and screw pump are the

machineries which handle grapes when arrive at winery and prepare must

for fermentation. These machineries play very important role in deciding

wine quality and involve lots of sophistication. Most wineries in India, have

not opted to go for Indian machineries for preparing must for fermentation

and use imported units where destemmer, crusher, press and screw pumps

are integrated and the unit works on digitally programmed & sophisticated

software. Krishna wine park at Palus in Sangli district lends out such units


32/39

to the smaller wineries on hire. Fermentation tanks with cooling jackets

and cooling system in most new wineries are made in India. The tanks are

normally made by using medical grade stainless steel (SS-316L/304) and

have mirror finish from inside surface. Even old wineries are now opting

for Indian made fermentation tanks and cooling systems, which are of

international standards. It is also hoped that other Indian made

machineries like filtering units and bottling plants will be used especially

by small & newly established Indian wineries.

Oak wood vats and barrels are required to mature good wines. This is avery expensive input for any winery since such material can only be

imported from European continent and other countries. Use of large vats is

difficult due to high temperatures in tropical region. Hence small barrels

are used by some big wineries in temperature controlled rooms to mature

high value wines (Photo). Sparkling wines are prepared by only big

wineries so far. Special kind of bottles sustaining high pressure of trappedgas and special device to gradually tilt the bottles during secondary

fermentation are imported. Wine bottles, corks, labels and silver foils are

also imported from outside India


33/39

WINE TASTINGWine tasting is the sensoryexamination and evaluation ofwine.

While the practice of wine tasting is

as ancient as its production, a more

formalized methodology has slowly

become established from the 14th

century onwards. Modern,

professional wine tasters (such as

sommeliers or buyers for retailers)

use a constantly evolving formal terminology which is used to describe the

range of perceived flavors, aromas and general characteristics of a wine.

More informal, recreational tasting may use similar terminology, usually

involving a much less analytical process for a more general, personal

appreciationTasting stagesThe results of the four recognized stages to wine tasting:

appearance "in glass" the aroma of the wine "in mouth" sensations "finish" (aftertaste)

are combined in order to establish the following properties of a wine:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_of_the_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftertastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftertastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_of_the_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine


34/39

complexity and character potential (suitability for aging or drinking) possible faults

A wine's overall quality assessment, based on this examination, follows

further careful description and comparison with recognized standards,

both with respect to other wines in its price range and according to known

factors pertaining to the region or vintage; if it is typical of the region or

diverges in style; if it uses certain wine-making techniques, such as barrel

fermentation or malolactic fermentation, or any other remarkable orunusual characteristics.

Whereas wines are regularly tasted in isolation, a wine's quality

assessment is more objective when performed alongside several other

wines, in what are known as tasting "flights". Wines may be deliberately

selected for their vintage ("horizontal" tasting) or proceed from a single

winery ("vertical" tasting), to better compare vineyard and vintages,

respectively. Alternatively, in order to promote an unbiased analysis,

bottles and even glasses may be disguised in a "blind" tasting, to rule out

any prejudicial awareness of either vintage or winery

ProcessThere are five basic steps in tasting wine:

color, swirl, smell, taste, and savor.These are

also known as the "five S" steps: see, swirl,

sniff, sip, savor. During this process, a taster

must look for clarity, varietal character,

integration, expressiveness , complexity,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine-makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolactic_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_%28wine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine-makinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_faulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging_%28wine%29


35/39

and connectedness.

A wine's color is better judged by putting it against a white background.

The wine glass is put at an angle in order to see the colors. Colors can givethe taster clues to the grape variety, and whether the wine was aged in

wood.

SERVING WINEThere's really no mystery to serving wine asmost of us can manage to get the wine out of

the bottle and into our glass without too much

trouble, but here are a couple of things that

may help the wine show its best:

Temperature: In general, white wines shouldbe served chilled and red wine at room

temperature. For whites, a couple of hours in

the fridge will do just fine. If you're pushed for time, then put the bottle in

an ice bucket filled half with ice and half with cold water. This will bring the

wine down to the desired temperature in about twenty minutes. For most

reds, room temperature is ideal, unless the room is a balmy 80F, of course.

We've all had warm red wine served to us in restaurants and, frankly, it

does the wine no favors. Light, fruity reds, like Beaujolais, are best served a

little cool, especially on a warm summer day.

Champagne, dessert wine, most sherry and

ros should be treated as white. Red port
http://www.mywinesdirect.com/shop-wines/white-wineshttp://www.mywinesdirect.com/shop-wines/red-wineshttp://www.mywinesdirect.com/shop-wines/red-wineshttp://www.mywinesdirect.com/shop-wines/white-wines


36/39

should be served at room temperature but tawny port can be chilled.

Decanting: This is the process of pouring off any sediment that has beendeposited in the bottle over time to create 'clean wine'. It is frequently donewith vintage port or older red wines that have spent many years in a bottle.

The vast majority of wines do not need to be decanted at all, but if you do

need to do it, simply pour the wine slowly into a glass decanter or jug

keeping an eye on the neck of the bottle. When you see sediment in the

neck, it's time to stop. Decanting can also help the wine "breathe".

Breathing: If a wine has spent many years locked up in a bottle, away fromthe air, it will benefit from a little breathing time. This can take place in the

glass or in a decanter and twenty to thirty minutes should suffice. Even

young wines can benefit from a little breathing time as it allows the wine to

open up and really show what it's made of. You can test this by tasting a

wine immediately after opening it and then see how your second glass

tastes some twenty minutes later. There's often quite a difference. That's

also why, if you're opening several reds, open them all at once. You give

your next bottle a chance to breathe, while you are enjoying the current

one. On the other hand, whites generally don't need to be opened ahead of

time, as the goal is usually to retain their freshness.

Glassware: The bestglasses for appreciating

wine are made of plain,

thin, clear glass. Heavy,

cut glass makes it

difficult to see the wine

properly. The glass


37/39

should have a wide bowl tapering to a narrow opening;

indian wines

Documents