indo-aryan inherited lexicon [lubotsky]...1 al. lubotsky indo-aryan inherited lexicon new query...

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Al. Lubotsky Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon

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Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hѓia-

Avestan: YAv. aЊm /aiam/ [n] ègg' ( Yt 13.2) (< *ѓiam)

Khotanese: ѓhaa- ègg' - яйце

Middle Persian: xѓyak ègg'

New Persian: xѓya ègg'

Ossetic: ajk / ajk? ègg'

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y'k /yѓk/ ègg'; Pash. hѓ [f] ègg', hagЌґy [f, pl.] ègg(s)'

IE form: h2Ўuiom

IE meaning: egg

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 783 - 784

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)ijґaina-

Avestan: YAv. –ўzaЊna- [adj.] `leathern' - кожен

IE form: aig- {1}

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: -

Cognates in other languages: Gr. a‡x [f.] `goat', Alb. edh [m.] 'kid', Arm. ayc [i] `(she-)goat'

Notes: {1} [AL] Related to ajaґ- (q.v.) in some way, but the absence of initial h- in Arm. and Alb., as

well as the *-i- make a direct connection impossible. Probably an early LW.

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: kamp-

Sogdian: (Buddh.) pk'np- [verb] `to turn away, deflect' (+ *apa-), nk'np- [verb] `to bend; subdue' (+

*ni-)

Parthian: nkmb- [verb] `to bend' (+ *ni-) - навеждам (се); превивам (се), прегъвам

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'kfs- [verb] `to be(come) bend, curved; to be lowered' (+ *ѓ-),

m|nknby- [verb] `to sink down' (+ *ni-)

IE form: kemp

Certainty: ?

Page in Pokorny: 525

Cognates in other languages: Gr. kЈmptw [verb] `bend, bow, curve' (Il.), Lith. kam~pas `corner'

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: kѓra-

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Old Persian: kѓra- [m] àrmy, people' – армия, народ

Middle Persian: kѓr–k `warrior', kѓrЊ‰ѓr `battlefield', kѓravѓn `travelling troop, caravan'

New Persian: kѓr `fighting', kѓr-zѓr `battlefield'

Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. karo `people', aza‹okaro `freeman' – свободев човек

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. ko…ranoj [m.] `ruler, commander, lord'; OIr. cuire `troop, tribe'; Go.

harjis àrmy'; Lith. ka~ras `war, army'

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghad

h- / j№

had

h-

Page in EWAia: -

Avestan: Av. jad- [verb] `to ask (urgently), demand': - питам, искам YAv. jai‹iiѓmi [1sg.pres.act.],

jai‹iian·t- [ptc.pres.act.], jai‹iiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Y 9.23, Y 68.21), auua.jast–- [f] `request' ( Y

65.10) - питам, искам.

Old Persian: jad- [verb] `to pray, ask': jadiyѓmiy [1sg.pres.act.]

Khotanese: paj„d- [verb] `to ask for' (+ *pati-)

Sogdian: (Buddh.) ''‘'y‹, (Man.) ''‘y‹ [verb] `to wish, desire' (+ *ѓ-); (Buddh.)'p‘'‹w `praise, fame'

(+ *upa-); (Chr.) n‘'d' [f], (Man.) n‘'‹' `request, entreaty' (+ *ni-)

Middle Persian: zd- /zay-/ [verb] `to ask, demand, implore'; nyd'd«n /niyѓyi«n/ `prayer, praise,

worship'

Parthian: ng'y- [verb] `to pray, supplicate', ng'd `prayer, obeisance'; nyz'y- [verb] `to entreat; honour'

(LW from MP); hw-jstg `blessed'

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'‘'zy- [verb] `to wish, desire' (+ *ѓ-); Bactr. zi?- [pret] `to request

(as a bride)'; agalgo `wish' (+ *ѓ-), borrowed into ToA ѓkѓl, ToB akѓlk `wish'; Wa. pы‰(ы)z- /

po‰ost-, po‰ozd- [verb] `to ask, wish; to give back'

IE form: gwh

edh-

IE meaning: `to ask, wish'

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. poqљw [verb] `to long for, miss (someone)', qљssasqai [aor]; OIr.

guidiu [verb] `to ask', Lith. gedu° [verb] `to desire, long for'; Goth. bidjan [verb' `to bid'

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hras-

Avestan: Av. rah- [verb] `to be disloyal, unfaithful': OAv. rѓrЌ«ґiiein·t– [3pl.intens.] ( Y 47.3),

rѓrЌ«ґiia§n [3pl.intens.subj.] ( Y 32.11); LAv. rѓrЌ«ґiian·t- [ptc.intens.] ( Yt 11.6), OAv. rѓ†џhaiiЌn

[3pl.caus.inj.] ( Y 32.12) `to deflect'; OAv. rѓrЌ«a- [adj.] ùnfaithful' ( Y 49.2); YAv. raџha- [m]

èpileptic (?)' ( Yt 5.93)

IE form: *h2res-

IE meaning: to be unfaithful, decline – нелоялен, неверен, двуличен, изаммен

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 62

Cognates in other languages: Gr. ўrnљomai [verb] `to deny, refuse, decline' (Il.)

Sanskrit: -

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: raitH-

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Avestan: YAv. iri±- [verb] `to die, pass away': iri±iieiti [3sg.pres.act.], ir–rai±iiѓt~ [3sg.pf.opt.act.]

(ViD 17), ir–ri±ѓna- [ptc.pf.med.], irista- [ppp] - умирам, свършвам

Ossetic: ævrityn / ærvetun [verb] `to send, lead' (+ *apa- or *abi-) – изпращам вести

IE form: leit(H)-

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: ToAB lit- [verb] `to pass on, move', Goth. ga-lei?an [verb] `to go' –

отивам, пътувам

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraug-

Page in EWAia: -

Khotanese: rіjai `bursting, ejecting, belch' – изхвърляне, изригване, уригване, бълване

New Persian: ѓrЎg№–dan / ѓrЎg№- [verb] `to belch' - изригвам

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|wzrzy- [verb] `to belch' (+ *uz-); Sariq. re(w)‘ `hiccup'; Pash.

arј·ai [m] èructation' (< *ѓ-rux-« І); Yi. ararЎґ‘, M. yЎґru‘a, Sangl. arЌk èructation'

IE form: h1reug-

IE meaning: `to belch, vomit' - повръщам

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 871- 872

Cognates in other languages: Gr. ™reЪgomai [verb] `to vomit'; Lat. Њ-rіgЎ [verb] `to burp' - отпадък;

OCS rygajo§ se§ [verb] `to belch'; OLith. raugmi, Lith. riaґugiu (riaґuge†ti) [verb] `to belch'; OHG ita-

rucken [verb] `to ruminate'

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: uag(h)

-/ uaj№(h)

-

Old Persian: avajam [1sg.impf.] `to gouge, put out (eyes)' – длето, дразня

Khotanese: pyіj- [verb] `to remove, draw out' (+ *pati-) – отстранявам, дълбая

Other Iranian cognates: Bal. gwaht, gwatk/gwaj№- [verb] `to root out, pull out, dig, take off', Zaz.

veti«/veјen- [verb] `to take, bring out'

IE form: h2/3ueg(h)

-

Certainty: ?

Page in Pokorny: -

Cognates in other languages: Hitt. huek-zi / huk- [v.] `slaughter, butcher'

Sanskrit: -

Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar(u)-

Page in EWAia: -

Avestan: YAv. har- [verb] `to guard, observe' – охранявам, наблюдавам: pairi ... haraite

[3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 19.10), ni«aџharatі /ni«haratu/ [3sg.pres.impv.act.] ( Y 58.4) {1}, ni«hauruuaiti

[3sg.pres.act.], ni«aџharЌtaiiaЊ(-ca) /ni«hartaiiai/ [inf]; pasu«-hauruua- [adj] `protecting the cattle (of a

dog)' – пазя стадото (за куче-пазач); harЌtar- [m] `guardian'; - пазач, опекун, настойник, harЌ±ra-

[n] `care'- грижа, внимание; hѓra- [adj] `caring for'; hi«ѓra- [adj.] `caring for' ( Y 57.17)

New Persian: z–ўnhѓr `beware!, mind!' – внимавам, пазя се (= z-–n hѓr [2sg.impv.] `beware of this')

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. hrd І- in comp. + І‘wsy- `to hear': hrd‘ws- `to warn' (< 2pl.impv.

*harata àttention, gebt acht'); - предупреждавам, внимавам, Pash. arwЊdЌl [verb] `to hear' –

ослушвам се; Arm. veher `vacillating; unsturdy; fearing' (+ *auёa-) (Iranian LW)

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IE form: ser-

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. servus [m. o] `slave' - роб, serv–re [verb] `to serve as a slave, be

subject'

Notes: {1} [AL] For the spelling -«h- see Lubotsky 1999.


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Sanskrit: Іaktiґ-

First attestation: AV (only in sґ–rs·-aktiґ- `headache')

Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: `pain' – болка, страдания

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)akti-

Page in EWAia: 39

See also: aґka-

Avestan: Av. axti- [m] `suffering' - страдание; YAv. Axtiia- [m] N. of a sorcerer - чародей( Yt 5.82)

IE form: IIR

Certainty: -

Page in Pokorny: 23

Sanskrit: І(d)hiti-

First attestation: RV+

Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: `layer, ordinance' – закон, мярка

Link to RV concordance: asmeґhiti-; puroґhiti-; devaґhiti-; nemaґdhiti-; mitraґdhiti-; vanaґdhiti-; vaґsudhiti-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhH-ti-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Only in compounds: asmeґhiti-, puroґhiti-, devaґhiti- vs. nemaґdhiti-,

mitraґdhiti-,vanaґdhiti-, vaґsudhiti- (for the distribution see Lubotsky 1995a)

Page in EWAia: 783

See also: dhѓ

Avestan: YAv. ni‹aЇiti- [f] `laying down (of clothes)' {1}

IE form: dh(e)h1-ti-

IE meaning: position

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. qљsij [f] `setting, situation, position, adoption, custom'; Go. ga-deds

[f] `setting down, adoption'; OCS blago-de№tь `benediction'

Notes: {1} [AL] In Iranian, full grade has been introduced into the root in accordance with the usual

procedure (cf. Insler 1971).

Sanskrit: a- [2]


Part of speech: [prondem]

Gramm. forms: nom.sg.m. ayaґm, dat.sg.m./n. aґsmai; abl.sg.m./n. asmѓґt; gen.sg.m./n. aґsya {1}

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5

Meaning: `this here, he' – Това, тук, той

Link to RV concordance: ayaґm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha-

Page in EWAia: 35, 103

See also: anaґ-; ay- [2]; aґtrѓў; aґthѓў; adyaґ; aґdha; ѓґt; adaґs

Avestan: Av. aЊm [nom.sg.m.]; OAv. aiiЌЇm [nom.sg.m.]; ahmѓi [dat.sg.m.]; ahmѓt_ [abl.sg.m.]; ahiiѓ,

axґiiѓcѓ [gen.sg.m./n.]; YAv. ahe [gen.sg.m./n.]

IE form: h1e-

IE meaning: anaphoric pronoun - анафорическо местоимение

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Umb. ere(c) [nom.sg.m.], esmei [dat.sg.m.] `this'; esmik [dat.sg.m.] `he'

- той; Lat. is [nom.sg.m.] `he' {2}; Lat. ecce [adv] `behold!'

Notes: {1} Forms a suppletive paradigm with ay- [2]. [AL] The PIE nom.sg.m. was *h1e, to which -i-

(+ PIIr. *-am) was secondarily added. For the reconstruction of the PIE paradigm see Beekes 1982-3:

208ff. {2} With i- from the acc. im.

Sanskrit: a- [3]


Part of speech: [augment] {1}

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha-

Page in EWAia: 35

Avestan: OAv. as /aЂas/ [3simpf] `he was' – той беше

Old Persian: abr /abara/ [3simpf] `he brought' – той донесе, причини

IE form: h1e-

IE meaning: augment – увеличавам, прибавям

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. њbh `he went'; Arm. eber `he carried' – той носи

Notes: {1} The so-called long augment is due to the initial laryngeal of the root, cf. ѓґvr•n·ak < *h1e-

h2uёr•-.

Sanskrit: abhiґ


Part of speech: [adv, prev]

Meaning: `to, towards, against, upon' - към, срещу, на

Link to RV concordance: abhiґ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhi І `surrounded by, directed to, very' – към, много (e.g. abhiґ-v–ra- (RV

10.103.05) `surrounded by men', abhiґ-dyu- (RV+) `directed to heaven', abhy-alpa- (AitB) `very

small') {2}

Page in EWAia: 91

See also: abhiґgіrti-; abhiґtas; abh–ґka-; abh–pataґs

Avestan: OAv. aib– [adv, prev] `towards, against, upon'; YAv. aibi [adv, prev] `towards, against,

upon'; auui І [pref] `directed to' (e.g. auui.mi±raniia-, auui.mi±ri-, derivatives of *auui.mi±ra-

`directed towards Mithra')

Old Persian: abiy [adv, prev] `towards, against, upon'

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6

Khotanese: by І [pref]

Sogdian: (Buddh.) by І [pref]

IE form: h2mbhi {1}

IE meaning: around - около

Certainty: +


Idioms: às far as we are concerned': Skt. asmaґd abhiґ (RV) ¬ OAv. ahmat_ ... aib– {3}; `to harness':

Skt. abhiґ-dhѓ- (RV+), Skt. abhi-dhѓґn–- `halter' (AV+) ¬ YAv. aibi‹ѓiti- `bridle', YAv.

zaraniiЎ.aibi‹ѓna- `with a golden halter', Sogd. by‹'n, b‹''nh `bridle'; `to study': Skt. abhi-as- (Mn.+)

¬ YAv. aibi-ah-; Skt. abhyѓsa- `reading, study' (RPr., Mn+) ¬ YAv. aibi«ti- `study, reading (aloud)'

Cognates in other languages: Umb. amb- [pref] àround'; Gall. ambi- [pref] àround'; OIr. imb- [pref]

àround'; OHG umbi [prep] àround'; Gr. ўmf… [adv, prep] òn both sides, around'; Lat. amb(i)-, am-,

an- [pref] àround'

Notes: {1} Maybe, from *h2nt-bhi, instr. of *h2ent- `front'. {2} [AL] On the basis of these compounds,

it is often assumed that IIr. *Habhi partly continues PIE *Heb

hi, related to OCS o(b)- (Pok. 287),

which is rather doubtful. {3} Cf. the discussion in Narten 1986a: 272.

Sanskrit: abhicѓraґ-

First attestation: AV+

Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `witchcraft' - магия{1}

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-‰ara- {2}

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhicara- (Lex) `servant, companion' – слуга, другар


See also: abhiґ; cari

Old Persian: abicri« /ѓbicar–«/ [acc.pl.] `place inhabited/tilled by servants/slaves' {3}

IE form: h2mbhi-k

wol(H)-o-

IE meaning: servant - слуга

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 639 - 640

Cognates in other languages: Gr. ўmf…poloj [mf] àttendant'; Lat. anculus [m] `servant'

Notes: {1} Cf. for the meaning RV paґri-car- `to serve'. {2} With secondary І‰-. {3} Presumably, a

vr•ddhi-derivative in -i- from OP *abicara- `servant'.

Sanskrit: abhiґgіrti-

First attestation: RV 01.162.06, 01.162.12

Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: `praise, approval' – похвала, одобрение

Link to RV concordance: abhiґgіrti-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-grHti-

Page in EWAia: 92

See also: abhiґ; gari

Avestan: YAv. aibi-jarЌiti- {1} [f] `song of praise' – песен за възхвала, ода

IE form: h2mbhiґ

IE meaning: around

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 478

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7

Notes: {1} With secondary (palatalized) Іj-, taken from aibi-jarЌtar-.

Sanskrit: abhiґtas


Part of speech: [adv]

Meaning: àround, all round, from all sides' – около, от всички страни

Link to RV concordance: abhiґtas

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhitas

Page in EWAia: 91

See also: abhiґ

Avestan: YAv. aibito [adv] àll around' – около, от всички старани

IE form: h2mbhi

IE meaning: around - около

Certainty: +


Sanskrit: abh–ґka-

First attestation: RV

Part of speech: [n]

Meaning: `nearness, meeting, closeness' – близост, среща

Link to RV concordance: abh–ґka-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: HabhiHka-

Page in EWAia: 93

See also: abhiґ

IE form: h2mbhi-h3k

w-o-

IE meaning: nearness - близост

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 775 - 777

Sanskrit: abh–pataґs



Meaning: òn both sides (of the water), on all sides' – от две страни, от всички страни

Link to RV concordance: abh–pataґs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-Hpa-

Page in EWAia: 93

See also: abhiґ; aґp- {1}

IE form: h2mbhi-h2p-o-

IE meaning: having water on both sides

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 51

Notes: {1} Formed from *abh–paґ- (cf. anіpaґ-, dv–paґ-, prat–paґ-) with the ablative suffix -taґs.


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8

Sanskrit: abhraґ-


Part of speech: [n]

Meaning: `thunder-cloud, rain-cloud, blanket of clouds' – облачно време, буря с дъжд.

Link to RV concordance: abhraґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: abhra-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhriґya- [adj] `coming from the thunder-cloud, thundering' (RV+;

10.068.12 abhriyaґ-); aґmbhas- [n] `water' (RV X+; possibly, with secondary full grade)

Page in EWAia: 94

See also: naґbhas-

Avestan: YAv. abra- [n] `rain, rain-cloud'; - дъжд, буря с дъжд, порой, aipi-abra- [adj] `covered with

clouds'

Khotanese: ora- `sky' - небе

Sogdian: (Man.) bry' `air, space between two heavens' - небеса, (Buddh.) par'yb'k `cloud' - облак

Middle Persian: 'bl /abr/ `(thunder-)cloud'

Parthian: (Man.) bybr'n `clouds' - облаци

Ossetic: arv `sky'

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. byrb(y)k, byrfyk `cloud' - обалк

IE form: nbh-ro-

IE meaning: cloud - обалк

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. imber `rain, downpour'; Arm. amb, amp `cloud'; Gr. ўfrТj [m] `foam,

saliva' {1}

Notes: {1} [AL] Frisk I: 197 is opposed to this connection. Gr. Фmbroj `rain, downpour, thundery

shower' cannot be connected for formal reasons (no initial laryngeal, -b-). Also Alb. avull `smoke' is

most probably unrelated, see Demiraj s.v.

Sanskrit: aґchѓ


Part of speech: [adv, prev]

Meaning: `to, towards' – към, по отношение на, относно

Link to RV concordance: aґchѓ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: HascґaH

Page in EWAia: 50

IE form: h1eskwe(h1)

IE meaning: towards

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: -

Cognates in other languages: OCS e«te [adv] `њti, oЬpw'; Russ. e«‰eЁ [adv] `again, yet'; Arm. c`-

[prep] `to' {1}

Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether Lat. іsque belongs here. For a discussion of the etymology see

Lubotsky 2001a: 41f.

Sanskrit: ad


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9

Part of speech: [verb]

Gramm. forms: Present II {1}: aґtti [3sg.act.] (RV+), adaґnti [3pl.act.] (RV+), adaґnt- [ptc.act.] (RV+)

{2}; Passive: adyaґte [3sg.] (Br.+); Fut: atsyaґti [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: ѓdayati `to feed, breed' (SґB+);

Inf: aґttave (RV+)

Meaning: `to eat, consume' – изяждам, поглъщам

Link to RV concordance: ad-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Had-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: madhuv-aґd- [adj] èating sweet things' (RV+); havir-aґd- [adj] èating the

oblation' (RV); aґnna- [n] `food' (RV+); aґtra- (= at-tra-) [n] `food' (RV 10.079.02); aґdana- [n] `fodder'

(RV+); aґdman- [n] `food, meal' – храна, ядене, (RV 01.058.02); adma-saґd- [f] `fly' (RV) (=*`sitting

on the food'); (havir-)aґdya- [n] èating (of the oblation)' (RV+); (agra-)advan- [adj] èating (first)'

(RV); vy-advaraґ- [m] `rodent' (SґB); vy-aґdvar–- [f] `rodent' (AV); ѓdya°- [adj] èdible', [n] `food'

(AV+); ѓdyіna- [adj] `gluttonous, greedy' (Pѓn·+)

Page in EWAia: 61

See also: daґnt- (?)

Middle Persian: aspast `lucerne (Medicago sativa)' {3}

IE meaning: to eat - ям

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-id-mi [verb] `to eat'; Gr. њdmenai [verb] `to eat'; Lat. edЎ [verb]

`to eat'; Lith. e†ґsti [verb] `to eat (of animals)'; OCS jasti [verb] `to eat'; Go. itan [verb] `to eat'

Notes: {1} ad- is suppleted by ѓґvaya- in 2 and 3sg. impf., by ghas- in the aor., pf., des. and ppp. {2}

Active tantum, except for the hapax RV 04.019.09 adѓnaґ- [ptc.med.] èaten'. {3} If from PIIr.

*Hacґva-(H)dti- `horse-fodder'. Connection of Sogd. ''dwk `grain, corn', possibly also found in the

YAv. hapax ѓdі.frѓdana§m ( Y 65.1), an epithet of ArЌduu– Sіrѓ, with ad- is doubtful.

Sanskrit: adaґs {1}


Part of speech: [prondem n]

Meaning: `that' – този, онзи

Link to RV concordance: asauґ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadas

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adaґs [adv] `there, then' (RV+)

Page in EWAia: 62

See also: amuґ-

Certainty: +


Notes: {1} [AL] adaґs is due to hypercorrection of adoґ < *Hadau (cf. RV 01.187.07 adoґ pito). In spite

of Klingenschmitt 1972: 99, followed by Mayrhofer, it remains very attractive to assume with Tedesco

(Language 23 [1947] 118ff.) that adoґ contains the same element *-au (PIIr. *Had-au), which is also

present in asaґu [nom.sg.m.f.] < PIIr. *Ha-sa(H)-au, YAv. hѓu < PIIr. *sa(H)-au.

Sanskrit: addhѓґ



Meaning: `certainly, truly' – безспорно вярно, истина

Link to RV concordance: addhѓґ

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10

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haddhѓ {1}

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: addhѓ-tiґ- [m] `sage' (RV+); aґn-addhѓ [adv] `not clearly, not truly' (SґB)

Page in EWAia: 64

See also: ah

Avestan: OAv. azdѓ [adv] `known' – известен ( Y 50.1)

Old Persian: azdѓ [adv] `known'

Sogdian: (Chr.) 'zd' `known, informed' – известен, информиран, известен; 'zd'qry' `announcement'

- съобщение

IE form: IIR

Certainty: -

Page in Pokorny: -

Idioms: `to announce': OP azdѓ kar- {2} ¬ Skt. addhѓ kar- (Gan·apѓt·ha); `to become known': OP

azdѓ bі- ¬ Skt. (aґn)addhѓ bhі- (SґB)

Notes: {1} Most probably, an original instr.sg. of *Hadh-ta- or *Had

h-tHa- `notice, announcement'.

{2} Cf. OP *azdѓ-kara- `herald', attested by the Elephantine papyri ('zdkr'), Turfan MP azdЊgar, etc.

Sanskrit: aґdga-

First attestation: AV 1.27.3

Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `knot, sprout (of bamboo)' – пъпка, растеж за бамбук

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadsga-

Page in EWAia: 63

Middle Persian: 'zg `twig, branch' – клон, вейка

New Persian: azg `twig, branch'

Other Iranian cognates: Arm. azg `nation, race, kind, age, manner' (Iran. LW)

IE form: Hodsgwo- / h3edsg

wo-

IE meaning: knot – възел, израстък, пъпка (за дърво)

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: OIr. odb [m] `knot in a tree, branch'; MW oddf `knot, hump' – възел,

гърбица{1}

Notes: {1} [AL] The Celtic forms reflect *osbos < *Ho(d)sgwo-. The -e- in Lith. uodega° `tail' is

problematic (uo- may be due to lengthening in accordance with Winter-Kortlandt's Law). Gr. Фsch f.

`vine with grapes' cannot reflect *Hodsg(w)

eh2- and is likely to be a Mediterranian LW. It is tempting

to connect another IE family for `branch, twig', viz. Arm. ost, Gr. Фzoj, Go. asts, etc. (Pok. 785 - 786)

< *Hosdo-.

Sanskrit: aґdha



Meaning: `then, therefore, now' – тогава, за това, сега

Link to RV concordance: aґdha

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadha

Page in EWAia: 66

See also: a- [2]

Avestan: OAv. adѓ [adv] `then'; YAv. ada [adv] `then' - тогава

Old Persian: ada І [adv] `then'; ada-kaiy [adv] `then, at that time' – тогава, по това време

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11

Certainty: +


Idioms: `only then, exactly then': OAv. adѓ z– ( Y 30.10) ¬ Skt. aґdhѓ hiґ (RV+)

Sanskrit: adhamaґ-


Part of speech: [sup]

Meaning: `lowest, worst' – лош, низък, низкокачествен, болен.

Link to RV concordance: adhamaґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhama-

Page in EWAia: 66

See also: aґdhara-; adhaґs

Other Iranian cognates: Orm. jЊm `below' (< PIr. *adama-)

IE form: (H)ndhmHo-

IE meaning: lowest – лош, нискокачествен

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. –nfimus [sup] `lowest'

Sanskrit: aґdhara-


Part of speech: [comp]

Meaning: `lower' – понижавам, снижавам, влошавам

Link to RV concordance: aґdhara-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhara-

Page in EWAia: 66

See also: adhamaґ-; adhaґs

Avestan: YAv. adara- [comp] `lower, more to the West'

Middle Persian: 'dl /Њr/ [adj] `low'

IE form: (H)ndhero-

IE meaning: lower

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. –nfer(us) [adj] `low'

Sanskrit: adhaґs



Meaning: `below, downwards, under' – долу, ниско, под

Link to RV concordance: adhaґs

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhas

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhaґstѓt [adv] `below' (RV+)

Page in EWAia: 66

See also: adhamaґ-; aґdhara-

Avestan: OAv. adЌЇ [adv] `below' ( Y 44.4)

Khotanese: d– [adv] `under' (< PIr. *adas)

IE form: (H)ndheґs

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12

IE meaning: below - долу

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Go. undar [prep] ùnder' (with -ar from ufar òver')


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Sanskrit: aґdhrigu-


Part of speech: [adj]

Meaning: èxalted (epithet of various gods)' – въздигам, пръвъзнасям

Link to RV concordance: aґdhrigu-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: adhrigu-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aґdhrigu- [m] N of a sacrificial formula (SґB+); adhriґjas [gen.sg.m.] `?'

(RV 05.007.10) {1}


Avestan: OAv. drigu- [adj] `poor, needy'; YAv. dri‘u- [adj] `poor, needy'; - слаб, беден

draЊji«tЎ.tЌma- [sup] `most needy' – много беден{2}

IE form: IIR

Certainty: -

Page in Pokorny: -

Notes: {1} Stem adhriґj-. Looks as an analogical formation to r•tviґj-, usґiґj- (NB the accent). {2} [AL]

An old idea that Iran. *drigu- is a Zarathustrian formation to IIr. adhri-gu- `having castrated (=

domesticated) cattle', which was falsely analyzed as a-dhrigu-, is improbable (cf. Narten 1986a:

238ff.).

Sanskrit: aґdhvan-


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `road' - път

Link to RV concordance: aґdhvan-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadhuan-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhunѓґ [adv] `nowadays' (AVP+) {2}; adhunѓtaґna- [adj] òf the present

time' (SґB)

Page in EWAia: 68

See also: adhvaraґ-

Avestan: OAv. aduuan- [m] `road'; YAv. adban- [m] `road'

IE form: h1ndh-uen-

IE meaning: road

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 41 {1}

Cognates in other languages: ON o§ndurr `snow-shoe' (< PIE *h1ondh-ur-o-); Gr. ™nqei~n [aor] `come'

(< PIE *h1ndh-e/o-)

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13

Notes: {1} [AL] NB: Pok.'s analysis is wrong. {2} Accent uncertain. Presumably, an original Instr.sg.

of aґdhvan-.

Sanskrit: adhvaraґ-


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `(Soma-)sacrifice, ceremony' – Сома, церемония с жертвоприношение.

Link to RV concordance: adhvaraґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadhuar-(a-) {1}

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhvar–yaґ І [denom] `to perform the sacrifice' (RV); adhvaryaґ І [denom]

`to perform the sacrifice' (RV+); adhvaryuґ- [m] `title of an officiating priest' (RV+)

Page in EWAia: 68

See also: aґdhvan-

IE form: h1ndh-uer-

IE meaning: road (?) - път

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 41

Notes: {1} Probably, an original heteroclitic noun *Hadhuar- / Had

huan- `(holy) road'.

Sanskrit: aґdri-


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `stone, sling-stone, rock, mountain range' – къмък, скала, планина.

Link to RV concordance: aґdri-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adri-

Page in EWAia: 65

Old Persian: arkdri- /ar(a)k-adri- (?)/ N. of a mountain - планински

Other Iranian cognates: Gr. Фroj ParuЈdrhj, a place name (= `rich in rocks' ?) {1}

IE form: IIR

Certainty: -


Cognates in other languages: {2}

Notes: {1} If standing for Iran. *Paru-adri- `rich in mountains' – планински Париадр (планински,

скарлист район). {2} All etymological connections, proposed in the literature, are extremely

doubtful. a-dr-i- `nicht zersplitternd' is improbable term for a `rock' (-i- derivatives are typically

nomina agentis). MIr. oґnd, onn [n] `stone, rock' is late attested and provides at best only a root

etymology.

Sanskrit: adyaґ {1}



Meaning: `today' - днес

Link to RV concordance: adyaґ

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadia

Page in EWAia: 65

See also: dyaґv-; a- [2]

IE form: h1edie

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14

IE meaning: today - днес

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. hodiЊ [adv] `today' (?) {2}

Notes: {1} adyѓґ must be due to metrical lengthening. Cf. sa-dyaґs òn one day, on the same day,

immediately' (RV+), but the formation of adyaґ is unclear. {2} Hardly the same formation.

Sanskrit: aghaґ-


Part of speech: [adj]

Meaning: èvil, bad, dangerous' – дявол, лош, опасен [n] èvil, harm, mourning, bereavement' - зло,

беда, загуба, смърт на близък,

Link to RV concordance: aghaґ-; aghѓy-; aghѓyuґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hagha-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aghѓy І [verb] `to want to harm, threaten' (RV+); aghѓyuґ- [adj] `malicious'

(RV+)

Page in EWAia: 46

See also: aґghrѓ-; ѓґgas-

Avestan: YAv. a‘a- [adj] `bad, evil' – лошо, зло, беда

IE form: h2egho-

IE meaning: evil

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Go. aglaitei [f] `licentiousness'; Go. agls* [adj] `disgraceful, shameful';

Gr. Ґcoj [n] `mourning, grief'

Sanskrit: aґghnyѓ-, aghnyѓґ-


Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: `dairy cow' – дойна крава

Link to RV concordance: aґghnya-; aghnyaґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: aghni(H)aH-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aґghnya-, aghnyaґ- [m] `bull (kept for breeding)' – говедо за разплод

(RV+)

Page in EWAia: 46

See also: a(n)- [1]; han

Avestan: OAv. agЌniiѓ- [f] `dairy cow'

Certainty: +


Idioms: `waters [as] the dairy cows': Skt. ѓґpo aґghnyѓs (AV+) ¬ OAv. apascѓ...agЌniiѓІ

Sanskrit: aґghrѓ- {1}

First attestation: TAЇ

Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: èvil, distress' – беда, дявол, нещастие

Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaghraH-

Page in EWAia: 47

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15

See also: aghaґ-

Avestan: YAv. a‘rѓ- [f] `name of an illness' – име на болсет

IE form: h2egh-lo-

IE meaning: distress - болест

Certainty: +

Page in Pokorny: 8

Cognates in other languages: Go. aglo [f] `tribulation'

Notes: {1} [AL] The accentuation is uncertain because the accents in the TAЇ are often corrupt.

Sanskrit: agniґ-


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `fire, god Agni' – огън, свещен огън, бог Агни

Link to RV concordance: agniґ-; agnѓґy–-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hagni-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agnѓґy–- [f] Àgni's wife' (RV+)

Page in EWAia: 44

See also: aґn†gѓra-

Avestan: YAv. Dѓ«tѓ‘ni- [m] PN

Other Iranian cognates: Akk.-Iran. Ag-nu-par-nu PN (?)

IE form: h1ngwni- {1}

IE meaning: fire

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Lat. ignis [m] `fire'; Lith. ugni°s [m] `fire'; OCS ognь [m] `fire'; Hitt. da-

ak-ni-i« [GN]

Notes: {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal depends on the connection with the family of aґn†gѓra- `coal'.

Sanskrit: aґgra-


Part of speech: [n]

Meaning: `tip, summit, the beginning, best part' – край, връх, връхна точка, начало, част, дял

Link to RV concordance: aґgra-; agrataґs; agriyaґ-; agrimaґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)agra-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agrataґs [adv] ìn the beginning, in front' (RV, AV+); agriyaґ- [adj]

`foremost, first' (RV+); agrimaґ- [adj] `foremost, preceding' (RV+) {1}

Page in EWAia: 45

Avestan: YAv. a‘ra- [adj] `first, topmost'; a‘riia- [adj] òf the first quality'

IE form: Hegro-

IE meaning: top – край, наконечник

Certainty: ?


Idioms: àt the head of the chariots': Skt. aґgre raґthѓnѓm (RV) ¬ Av. A‘raЊra±a-; `honey(-drink) of the

best quality': Skt. maґdhvo agriyaґm (RV) ¬ Av. a‘riia- madu-

Cognates in other languages: {2}

Notes: {1} agrimaґ- is a contamination of agriyaґ- and prathamaґ-. {2} [AL] Latv. agrs èarly', etc.

cannot be related because of Winter's Law (pace EWAia).

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Sanskrit: agrіґ-


Part of speech: [f]

Meaning: `virgin, unmarried woman' – млада, неомъжена жена

Link to RV concordance: agrіґ-; aґgru-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: agruH-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aґgru- [adj] ùnmarried (of a man)' (RV+) {1}

Page in EWAia: 46

See also: guruґ-

Avestan: YAv. a‘rі- [adj] ùnmarried (of a girl)'

IE form: n-gwru-h2- {2}

Certainty: +


Notes: {1} The masculine is clearly a secondary formation. {2} [AL] The form is usually explained by

loss of the laryngeal in the root due to compositional shortening, but there are other ways to account

for it. First, we may be dealing with dissimilation *ngwrh2u-h2- > *ng

wru-h2-. Secondly, we may

assume laryngeal metathesis in this position (*ngwrh2u-h2- > *ng

wruh2-h2- > *ng

wru-h2-).

Sanskrit: ah



Gramm. forms: Perfect: ѓґha [3sg.act.] (RV+), ѓhuґr [3pl.act.] (RV+), ѓґttha [2sg.act.] (Br.+)

Meaning: `to say, speak' – казвам, говоря

Link to RV concordance: ah-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadh-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nir-ѓha- [m] èxclamation' (PB) - възклицаване

Page in EWAia: 153

See also: addhѓґ

Avestan: OAv. ѓdarЌЇ [3pl.pf.act.] `to call'; YAv. ѓdarЌ [3pl.pf.act.] `to call'; ѓide [3sg.pf.med.] `be

called' {1}; paiti ... ѓdaiiЎit_ `he should answer'

Khotanese: p„tѓy- [verb] `to speak, say' (+ *pati-), n„tѓ'y- [verb] `to command'(+ *niј-)

IE form: IIR

Certainty: -

Page in Pokorny: -

Notes: {1} [AL] The form ѓidi ( Yt 8.48) edited so by Geldner and taken by Bartholomae as 3sg.

pass.aor. must be emended to ѓide (thus ms. J10), cf. adaЊca uiti `thus is said (to him)' ( V 4.47, N 37).

See Kellens 1984: 45; Panaino 1990: 136f. pace EWAia.

Sanskrit: ahaґm


Part of speech: [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.)

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Meaning: Ì' - аз

Link to RV concordance: ahaґm

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajґham (Skt. -h- < *-gґ- plus laryngeal, or, less probably, analogical from

maґhyam)

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aham-pіrvaґ- [adj] `desirous of being first' (RV+) (< ahaґm· pіrvaґh· syѓm);

aham-uttaraґ- [n] `contest for pre-eminence' (AV+); aham·sana [voc.sg.] `claiming for oneself' (RV);

aham·kѓra- [m] `self-conciousness' (Up.+)

Page in EWAia: 155

See also: maґ-

Avestan: OAv. azЌЇm [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' (the interpretation of GAv. as-c–t_ ( Y 46.18) as Ì

truly', thus representing IE *h1egґ without the extension *-om, is uncertain); YAv. azЌm

[nom.sg.pron.] Ì'

Old Persian: adam [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' - аз

Khotanese: aysu [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' -аз

Sogdian: (Chr.) zu [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' -аз

Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zЌ [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì'; Mun. zЌ [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.)

Ì' –аз

IE form: h1egґh2om

IE meaning: I

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. ™gи [nom.sg.pron.] Ì'; Lat. egЎў [nom.sg.pron.]Ì' (< PIE *h1egґ-

oґh(2)); Go. ik [nom.sg.pron.] Ì'

Sanskrit: aґhar / aґhan-


Part of speech: [n]

Gramm. forms: nom.acc.sg. aґhar (RV+); loc.sg. aґhan, aґhani (RV, aґhni AV+), instr.sg. aґhnѓ (RV+),

dat.sg. aґhne (RV+), gen.abl.sg. aґhnas (RV+), dat.pl. aґhabhyas (RV+), nom.acc.du. aґhan– (RV+),

nom.acc.pl. aґhѓ (RV), aґhѓni (RV+), gen.pl. aґhnѓm (RV+), loc.pl. aґhasu; on the basis of the latter form

(analysed as < *ahas-su), other s-stem forms have arisen: aґhobhyas [dat.pl.] (RV I,X+), aґhah·su

[loc.pl.] (Br.+); secondary a-stem form gen.pl. aґhѓnѓm (RV 08.022.13)

Meaning: `day, light of the day' – ден, дневна светлина

Link to RV concordance: aґhar / aґhan-; ahorѓtraґ-; aґhardivi; ahardr•ґsґ-; ahanya°-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajґh-r/n-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aho-rѓtraґ- [n] `day and night' (RV+); aґhar-divi [adv] `day by day' (RV+);

ahar-dr•ґsґ- [adj] `seeing the day, alive' (RV); aparѓhn·aґ- [m] àfternoon' (AV+); pіrvѓhn·aґ- [m]

`forenoon' (RV+); sarvѓhn·aґm [adv] `the whole day' (MS+); sѓhnaґ- [adj] `lasting a day' (AV+);

s·ad·-ahaґ- [m] `period of six days' (AV+); dvy-ahaґ- [adj] `lasting two days' (SґB); possibly ahanya°-

[adj] `pertaining to the day' (RV). The analysis of ahanѓґ ( 01.123.04), an epithet of Us·as, is uncerain.

Page in EWAia: 154

Avestan: OAv. asna§m [gen.pl.] `day'; YAv. asni [loc.sg.] `day' –ден, (the strong stem has been

replaced by Av. aiiar- [n] `day'), also thematic asne [loc.sg.], asnѓat_ca [abl.sg.]

Ossetic: az / anz `year' - година(< PIr. gen.pl. *aznѓm ?)

Other Iranian cognates: Pash. parіn `yesterday'- утре (< PIr. *pѓra-azn-a-)

IE form: h2egґh-r/n-?

IE meaning: day

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Certainty: ?

Page in Pokorny: 7

Cognates in other languages: OHG tag [m] `day'; ON d?gr, d?gn' [n] `half day'

Sanskrit: aґhi-


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `snake, adder' – змия, змей

Link to RV concordance: aґhi-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haj№hi-

Page in EWAia: 156

Avestan: YAv. aјi- [m] `snake, dragon'

Middle Persian: aј `dragon' (LW from Avestan), '‰' /az/ `id.'

Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. yyz `snake', Mun. yiј, –ј `snake'

IE form: h3egwh

i-

IE meaning: snake

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. Фfij `snake'

Sanskrit: ah–ґ-


Part of speech: [f]

Gramm. forms: vr•k–-inflexion

Meaning: `cow, female of an animal' – женско животно, крава

Link to RV concordance: ah–ґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: HajґhiH-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ah–sґіґ- [m] `N of a demon' (RV) (ah–sґuґvam [acc.sg.], ah–sґuґvas [acc.pl.?]

(RV 10.144.03))

Page in EWAia: 156

Avestan: Av. az–- [adj.f.] `milking (of cows and mares)' (az–m acc.sg., aziiѓІ gen.sg., az– nom.du. =

dev–-inflexion)

IE form: h2egґh- / h1egґ

h-

IE meaning: cow - крава

Certainty: ?

Page in Pokorny: 7

Cognates in other languages: OIr. ag [n] `cow, cattle' or Arm. ezn `bovine' ?

Sanskrit: aj



Gramm. forms: Present I: aґjati [3sg.act.] (RV+), aґjate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present Ia: –ґjate [3sg.med.]

(< *h2i-h2gґ-e-toi) (RV); Inf: nir-aґj-e `to drive out' (RV 03.030.10)

Meaning: `to drive, sling' – гоня, пъдя

Link to RV concordance: aj-; –j-; ajiraґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajґ-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ajiraґ- [adj] `quick, agile' (RV+)

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Page in EWAia: 50

See also: aґks·a-; ajaґ-; aґjma-; aґjman-; aґjra-; aґs·t·rѓ-; ѓjiґ-; nѓvѓjaґ-

Avestan: YAv. az- [verb] `to drive (away)': azaiti [3sg.pres.act.], azaite [3sg.pres.med.]

Khotanese: hays- [verb] `to drive'

Other Iranian cognates: Pash. aor. bЎz-, inf. bЎtlЌl `to lead away', Sh. bЎz- / bЎx№t (+ *apa-), Yagh.

piraґyј-, pareґј- [verb] `to run away' (+ *pari-)

IE form: h2egґ

Certainty: +


Idioms: `to fight a battle, be engaged in a battle': Skt. pr•tanѓґj- [adj] (RV) ¬ Av. pЌ«·anѓІ az-; `to drive

cattle': Skt. go-aґjana- [n] (RV 07.033.06) ¬ YAv. gauuѓza- m. `whip, stick for driving cattle', MoP

gavѓz, Arm. gawazan (LW from Iranian) `id.'.

Cognates in other languages: Arm. acem [verb] `to lead'; Gr. Ґgw [verb] `to drive, to lead, to go'; Lat.

agЎ [verb] `to drive, to lead, to commit'; OIr. agid [verb] `to drive'; ON aka [verb] `to ride'; To. ѓk-

[verb] `to lead'

Sanskrit: ajaґ- [1]

First attestation: RV, AV

Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `driver' – колар, кочиаш

Link to RV concordance: ajaґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajґa-

Page in EWAia: 50

See also: aj

IE form: h2egґo-

IE meaning: leader

Certainty: +


Cognates in other languages: Gr. ўgТj [m] `leader'

Sanskrit: ajaґ- [2]


Part of speech: [m]

Meaning: `billy-goat' - козел

Link to RV concordance: ajaґ-; ajѓґ-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajґa-

Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ajѓґ- [f] `she-goat' (RV+)

Page in EWAia: 51

See also: ajiґna- {1}

Avestan: YAv. aza- [m] `billy-goat'

Middle Persian: 'z(g) `goat'

IE form: h2egґ-o-

IE meaning: (billy-)goat

Ce

indo-aryan inherited lexicon [lubotsky]...1 al. lubotsky indo-aryan inherited lexicon new query...

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