PRESENTATION ON THE

INDO-EUROPEANFAMILY OF LANGUAGES

The most widely studied language family

More than half of the world's population speak one or more of these languages.

The term Indo-European was previously coined as Aryan, and later on Indo Germanic.

Members of The Indo-European Family of Languages

Note: Two other branches of Indo-European family Hittie and Tocharianare now extinct. These are not shown in the above diagram.

ArmenianFound in a small area south of the Caucasus

Mountains and the eastern end of the Black Sea.

Entrance, between the eighth and sixth centuries B.C.

Influences of some consonant shifting

Lack of grammatical gender

No link with any other Indo European languages.

The Phrygians

Limitations

Its rising

Armenian literature

Persian domination

Other languages in vocabulary.

IranianCovers the Northwest of India and the great plateau of Iran.

Linked with the Indian branch.

Expansion of the language carried as remote as southern Russia and central China.

Influence of Semitic languages

Pahlavi, a later formPahlavi to Persian, FarsiPersian vocabularyOther languages and dialects in the same region with Persian.Literature

Iranian

Avestan Persian

Pahlavi a later form

Pahlavi to Persian, Farsi

Persian vocabulary

Other languages and dialects

Literature

Balto-Slavic

Balto-Slavic

Baltic Slavic

Baltic

Prussian Latvian Lithuanian

Slavic

EastSlavic

WestSlavic

SouthSlavic

Bible and certain liturgical texts represents the Slavic language

East Slavic includes Russian, Belorussian, Ukrainian

West Slavic includes Polish, Czech, Slovak, Sorbian

South Slavic includes Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, and Modern Macedonia.

Hittie

The oldest recorded branch

The term taken from the translation of the Hebrew Bible

Records are on clay tablet

The Hittites were ancient Anatolian people

Gothic, is the principal language of East Germanic.

Burgundian and Vandalic.

North Germanic is found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

West Germanic divided into two branches: High German and Low German.High German divided into lot of dialects like Middle, Rhenish, East Franconian Bavarian and Alemannic.Low German languages are Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian and Old English.Old Frisian and Old English closely related and constitute Anglo-Frisian subgroup.Old Saxon has become the essential constituent of modern Low German.Old Low Franconian, with some mixture of Frisian and Saxon constitute Dutch and Flemish.

Germanic

East Germanic North GermanicWest Germanic

Germanic

West Germanic

High German Low German

Middle, Rhenish, East Franconian Bavarian and Alemannic dialects of HighGerman

Old Saxon, Old Low Franconian, Old Frisian and Old English.

Old Frisian and Old English constitute Anglo-Frisian

Old Low Franconian, with some mixture of Frisian and Saxon constitute Dutch and Flemish.

Vedas

The use of Sanskrit extended afterward

Panini and the transition of Vedic Sanskrit

Two epics, the Mahabharatha and the Ramayana

Prakrits and Pali

Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi and Marathi descendents of dialects

Indian

Hellenic

Geographical position

Five dialectal groups

Attic the mostly studied dialect

Place of greats’ assemblage

Attic, base of Koine

Local differentiation of Koine and Modern Greek.

Albanian

Modern remnant of Illyrian

Vocabulary is mixed

Slowly recognized

Formerly classed with Hellenic group

Now independent recognition

Added in the Indo-European language family in the 20th century.

Some fragmentary texts discovered Chinese king of seventh century.

Belongs to the Indo-European family along with the Hellenic, Italic, Germanic and Celtic groups.

Tocharian

Italic Branch

Derived from Latin

Settlements from different parts of the world.

Etruscan, Lingurian, Venetic, Messapian and Greek, spoken earlier.

Latin gradually getting dominant.

Latin declined

Italic

Latin Umbrian Oscan

Italic

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italic, prominent Romance language

Romanian, Catalon, Galician, Rhaeto-Romanic, Wallon- minor Romanian

Celtic Language of the Celts in Gaul is known as Gallic Goidelic or Gaelic Celts

Brythonic Celts

Cornish became extinct in the eighteenth century

Manx has died out since World War II

Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by 75,000 people.

Gaelic is found in the Highlands and spoken by 75,000 people.

Welsh is spoken about one-quarter of the people

Irish

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