Indoor&Environmental&Quality&(IEQ)&

&

Performance&v&Produc7vity&

Owner&Occupier&Expecta7ons&

&

Gary&Middlehurst&C.Eng&MIET&MCIBSE&MASHRAE&

&

&

Research&Ques7on?&

“Do$we$today$really$understand$the$impacts$the$modern$commercial$office$environment$has$upon$occupant$performance,$and$how$effec:vely$can$we$predict$these$impacts$during$the$design$of$new$and$refurbished$workplace$environments$to$efficiently$and$effec:vley$design,$construct$and$operate$Intelligent$Buildings,$conscious$of$our$reducing$

natural$resources?”$&

The$answer$*$“Well$yes$we$do$to$an$extent!$

What&are&the&Issues&

!  Sa7sfying&mul7ple&stakeholder&needs&

!  Managing&a&sustainable&commercial&outlook&

!  Acknowledge&short&term&strategies&are&not&sustainable&

!  Revolu7onary&change&is&approaching&

!  Technology&is&driving&alterna7ve&workplace&designs&

!  Environmental&Management&is&No.2&on&many&agendas&

!  Regula7ons&–&Local;&Regional;&Global&

&

Defini7ons&

Performance&–&measured&

values&of&achievement&

against&known&defined&

values.&

Produc:vity&–&average&measure&of&the&efficiency&of&

produc7on&expressed&as&the&

ra7o&of&output&to&inputs&

used&in&a&produc7on&

process.&V&Performance$=$Mo>va>on$x$Ability$x$Opportunity$

What&Clients&or&End&Users&Want?&

Client&or&Customer&is&their&a&difference&

" Client:$a&person,&company&or&

organisa7on&that&seeks&the&advice&

of&a&professional&specialist&

"  Customer:$A&person&of&a&specified&kind&with&whom&one&has&to&deal.&

Encapsula7ng&our&Research&

!  Occupant&wellYbeing&at&the&core&

!  Workplace&1st&the&building&2nd&&

!  Performance&ahead&of&Produc7vity&

!  Life&Cycle&Opex&v&Short&term&Capex&

!  Strategic&&&Sustainable&TLC&modelling&

!  Energy,&Carbon&and&Property&efficiencies&

&

&

Building&Simula7on&&&Performance&Tools&

Building Study •  Exis7ng&Civic&Centre&Building&

•  &30%&Glazed&and&Concrete&Façade.&•  &Centre&of&Reading&•  &Limited&Facili7es&

•  &1970’s&Design&–&Energy&Inefficient&

&

•  New&Loca7on&–&Sueon&Business&Park&–&Woodley&–&Reading.&

•  Preferred&Architectural&Building&Design&Op7on:&

•  &Ground&Y&Atrium&Recep7on;&Auditorium;&Mee7ng&&&Media&Rooms&

•  &Level&1&Y&Open&Plan&Office;&Mee7ng,&AV&and&Media&Rooms.&

•  &Level&2&Y&&Open&Plan&Office;&Mee7ng,&AV&and&Media&Rooms.&

•  &Level&3&Y&Plant&Room&

&

•  Client&Brief&–&HVAC&Set&Points &Hea7ng&16&Y&Cooling&21o&

Building Orientation

•  8 separate simulations were conducted at 45o horizontal angular interval.

•  Weather Data based upon London Heathrow.

•  Building orientation performance achieved at 270o or 315o

Simulations •  24 separate simulations were conducted using IES Software Tool.

•  Building design assessed for; Energy Consumption; orientation; carbon

emissions; Financial Impacts

•  Energy Consumption ranged from 565Mwhrs to 611Mwhrs (46Mwhrs)

•  Glazing Options at 30%; 50%; 100%

•  Orientation developed using 30% base building model

Proposed Façade Types •  Façade Construction developed against 2006 Building Regulations database.

•  Wall construction common throughout all simulations.

•  Glazing options using Double(base) and Triple(preferred) glazed window sections.

Proposed Façade Performance Criteria

•  Triple Glazed option utilised to meet energy consumption target of base building model.

U$–$value&Y&A&U&value&is&a&measure&of&heat&loss&in&a&building&element&such&

as&a&wall,&floor&or&roof.&It&can&also&be&referred&to&as&an&overall&heat&

transfer&coYefficient’&and&measures&how&well&parts&of&a&building&transfer&

heat.&This&means&that&the&higher&the&U&value&the&worse&the&thermal&

performance&of&the&building&envelope.&A&low&U&value&indicates&high&

levels&of&insula7on.&It&is&a&way&of&predic7ng&the&composite&behavior&of&an&

en7re&building&element&rather&than&relying&on&the&proper7es&of&

individual&materials.&

&&

R*value&Y&is&a&measure&of&resistance&to&heat&flow&through&a&given&

thickness&of&material.&In&theory,&the&higher&the&RYvalue,&the&greater&that&

resistance.&Thermal&resistance&provides&a&barrier&to&heat&loss&through&

conduc7on&and&heat&gain&from&the&external&environment.&

&&

Emissivity&Y&is&a&measurement&of&how&well&something&radiates&absorbed&

energy&either&inwards&or&outwards&from&a&building&from&a&material.&

&

g*$value&Y&The&ideal&g&value&for&a&window&is&one&that&is&high&enough&to&allow&solar&radia7on&gains&to&heat&a&room&effec7vely&in&winter,&reducing&

the&need&for&conven7onal&space&hea7ng,&but&low&enough&to&avoid&

overhea7ng&in&summer.&&

&

Glazing$TransmiJance,&or&daylight&transmieance,&is&the&percentage&of&

visible&light&striking&the&glazing&that&will&pass&through&the&glass.&&

Building Emissions •  Target&Emissions&Ra7o&(TER);&the&minimum&performance&requirements&specified&

within&Regula7on&17B&of&the&2006&Building&Regula7ons,&and&is&the&amount&CO2&

emieed&per&year&per&square&meter&of&useable&(Net)&floor&area.&

&

& &TER&=&Cno7onal

&x&(1YImprovement&Factor)&x&(1YLZC&benchmark)&

& & & &&&&&&&&Net&m2&&

•  Improvement&Factor&=&expected&%&emissions&improvement&

•  LZC&Benchmark&=&benchmark&provision&for&low&or&zero&carbon&energy&sources&&

Financial Impacts

•  £ 32k differential

•  15Mwhrs difference between best case and preferred option.

•  £ 303k differential

Recommendation •  30% glazing option provides best solution.

•  Preferred Architectural option meets building regulations requirements.

•  Typical Industry Energy Performance = 226kwhrs/m2typical

•  30%Glazing Option = 201kwhrs/m2

•  Preferred Option = 207kwhrs/m2

•  Additional funding to offset life cycle costs could meet base build target.

•  Further simulations required to resolve occupant PMV and PPD figures.

•  Façade and occupation times to be developed to secure preferred design

Research&Content&&

What$are$we$inves>ga>ng:$&

•  Indoor$Environmental$Quality$(IEQ)$Factors$•  Workplace&Temperature&

•  Air&velocity&

•  Humidity&

•  Illumina7on&–&ver7cal&

•  Indoor&Air&Quality&–&CO2;&VOC’s;&Par7culates&

•  Bacterial&Analysis&

&

•  Physiological$Factors$•  Respiratory&and&Heart&rates&

•  Blood&O2&levels&

•  Skin&temperature&

•  Galvanic&Skin&Response&(GSR)&

•  Metabolic&exchange&

Research&Methodology&

!  Automa7c&IEQ&monitoring&Equipment&

!  Manual&hand&held&monitoring&equipment&

!  Physiological&measurements&

!  Electronic&Ques7onnaire's&7&&&9&point&scales&

!  Structured&Interviews&–&POE&Analysis&

!  Analy7cal&Hierarchical&Process&modeling&

!  Sta7s7cal&Analysis&–&regression;&probability&

Fig.&1.&Previous&researchers‟&aeempts&at&ranking&(higher&number&

indicates&higher&ranking)&of&importance&of&IEQ&factors&for&overall&

sa7sfac7on&(Frontczak&and&Wargocki,&2011)&

!"

Numbers&in&Perspec7ve&

Building$ Net$Internal$

Area$(NIA)$m2$

Annual$Building$Opera>ng$Cost$(£m)$

Staff$Density$Ra>o/m2$

Staff$Density$

Cost$Ra>o$$£/m2$

Comments$

135&Bishopsgate& 29,500& £47.5m& 1&:&8.1& £1,615& Occupancy&ra7o&is&

dependent&upon&

the&&GIA/NIA&

efficiency&

rela7onship&an&

IMPORTANT&factor&

to&consider&when&

comparing&

performance&

ra7o’s&

250&Bishopsgate& 25,300& £27.5m& 1&:&6.9& £1,070&

280&Bishopsgate& 23,100& £32.8m& 1&:&7.2& £1,414&

1&Princess&St& 6,200& £6.6m& 1&:&7.1& £921&

Thanet&Grange& 10,800& £8.5m& 1&:&5.1& £532&

440&Strand& 10,800& £14.0m& 1&:&8.1& £1,287&

Premier&Place& 18,400& £26.5m& 1&:&7.5& £1,401&

£163.4m&

Research&Ques7on&&&Output?&

Indoor&

Environmental&

Quality&(IEQ)&Indoor&Air&Quality&

Ligh7ng&&&Visuals&

Acous7cs&

Thermal&Comfort&

Space&(5th&dimension)&

PreYOccupa7on&

Survey&Tool&to&

inform&the&&

Client&Brief&

&

Empirical&

Physiological&

Research&within&

workplace&

&

Occupant&

sa7sfac7on&a&

template&for&IEQ&

factors&

&

UK&IEQ&Standard&

based&upon&new&

empirical&

measurements&

&

Financial&Modeling&

linked&to&Occupant&

Scoring&matrix&of&

IEQ&Factors&&

&

Energy&ra7ng&linked&

directly&to&occupant&

sa7sfac7on&

requirements&

&

Op7misa7on&&

£&=&m2&

Performance&v&Produc7vity&!&$$

Thank&you&for&Listening……&&

Ques4ons&?&&

Gary&Middlehurst&Research&Engineer&