INDUS RIVER SYSTEM AUTHORITY(IRSA)

“1) Historical Perspectives on Indus Water Treaty 2) Water Availability, Conservation and Distribution

in Pakistan”

Rao Irshad Ali KhanMember IRSA (Punjab)November 07, 2016

S.N: 01

Presentation at LUMS, Lahore

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE

S.N: 02

► On emergence of Pakistan in August 1947 the

International Border cut across the Irrigation

System of United Punjab in such a way that

the Headworks of some Pakistan Canals

off-taking from Ravi and Sutlej Rivers went in to

Indian control.

► Taking advantage of its geographical position

India stopped water on 1st April, 1948 in those

Pakistan Canals whose Head Works were located

in India.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE

S.N: 03

► The affected Canals were:-

i) Upper Bari Doab Canal off taking from

Modhupur Headworks on Ravi River.

ii) Depalpur Canal off taking from

Ferozepur Headworks on Sutlej River.

iii) Release of water below Ferozepur

Head works for Sulemanki and Islam

Canals.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE

S.N: 04

► Issue being of a very serious nature was

discussed between India and Pakistan and an

adhoc Agreement was signed on 4th May, 1948

to:-

i) Resume supply in Pakistan Canals

as per sharing arrangements of

pre-1947.

ii) Arrive at a permanent solution to

resolve the issue of water sharing of

Indus Basin Rivers.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:IN PERSPECTIVE

S.N: 05

► In view of the seriousness of the problem

World Bank offered its good offices in 1951 to

help resolve this issue.

► As a result of prolonged negotiations sharing of

waters of the Indus Basin System was

agreed and Indus Waters Treaty was signed

in September, 1960.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES

S.N: 06

1. All waters of Eastern Rivers namely Ravi, Beas

and Sutlej were allocated to India.

2. All waters of Western Rivers namely Indus,

Jhelum and Chenab were allocated to

Pakistan except some specified uses in

Occupied Kashmir.

3. Pakistan was to meet the requirements of its

Eastern River canals from Western Rivers by

constructing suitable replacement works.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES

S.N: 07

4. Safeguards were incorporated in the Treaty to

ensure unrestricted flow of water in the Western

Rivers.

5. Permanent Indus Commission was constituted

to watch implementation of the Treaty and resolve

by negotiations any problem arising thereof.

6. The Commission is also to inspect works in the

whole of Indus Basin both in India and Pakistan

once in every five years.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960:SALIENT FEATURES

S.N: 08

7. Procedure for settlement of differences and

disputes was outlined in the Treaty provisions.

8. Differences and disputes are first to be resolved by

negotiations in the Permanent Indus Commission

failing which procedure for settling such disputes

through International Arbitration is set out.

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960: S.N: 09

Specified uses allowed to India from the Western Rivers

(Pakistan Rivers)

a) Domestic uses.

b) Non Consumptive Uses

c) Agriculture Uses

d) Generation of Hydro power

• India is allowed to irrigate additional 200,000 acresfrom flow of the Western Rivers.[Annexure C para (7)]

• The upper limit of additional area India is allowed toirrigate using water from flow of the river andstorages is of 701,000 acres.[Annexure C para (5)]

• India is allowed to construct storage of 2.85 millionacre-ft in the basins of the Western Rivers.[Annexurepara (7)]

INDUS WATERS TREATY- 1960: S.N: 10

INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS

S.N: 11

DAMS

i) Tarbela on River Indus.

ii) Mangla on River Jhelum.

NEW BARRAGES

i) Chashma Barrage on River Indus.

ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhelum.

iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab.

iv) Qadirabad Barrage on River Chenab.

v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi.

vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej.

INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS

S.N: 12

OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED

i). Trimmu Barrage

ii). Balloki Barrage

NEW LINK CANALS

Capacity (Cs)

i). Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link) 21,700

ii).Taunsa Punjnad Link (T-P Link) 12,000

iii).Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link) 19,000

iv).Qadirabad Balloki Link (Q-B Link) 25,000

v).Balloki Sulemanki Link – II (B-S Link–II) 9,000

vi).Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link) 11,000

vii)Sidhnai–Mailsi–Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link) 11,300

INDUS WATERS TREATYREPLACEMENT WORKS

S.N: 13

OLD LINK CANALS

Capacity

(Cs)

i). Marala Ravi Link (M.R Link) 22,000

ii). Bombanwala Ravi Badian Depalpur 7,300

Link (BRBD Link)

iii). Balloki Sulemanki Link (I) (B.S Link-I) 15,000

iv). Montgomery Pakpattan Link (M.P Link ) 1,500

v). Pakpattan Islam Link (P.I Link) 1,000

The Water Agreements

Indus Waters Treaty 1960

Water Apportionment Accord 1991

S.N: 14

Inter-provincial Water Dispute

The Inter-provincial dispute on WaterDistribution was initiated during theconstruction of two mega IrrigationProjects i.e.

Sutlej Valley Canal Project 1932

Sukkur Barrage 1935

S.N: 15

Committees / commissions

1937 Anderson Committee

1945 Rau Commission

1968 Akhtar Hussain Committee

1970 Fazal-e-Akbar Committee

1976 Indus Waters Commission (Anwar-ul-Haq

Commission)

1983 Haleem Commission

1991 Water Accord

S.N: 16

INDUS BASIN RIVERS AVAILABILITY S.N: 17

PRE TREATY PERIOD

Annual Average River Flows

(MAF)

Western Rivers 142.0

Eastern Rivers 33.0

175.0

Uses by India from Eastern Rivers 9.0

Net Balance Eastern Rivers 24.0

availability for Pakistan

INDUS BASIN RIVERS AVAILABILITY S.N: 18

POST TREATY PERIOD

Annual Average River Flows

(MAF)

Western Rivers 140.8

Eastern Rivers 8.5

TOTAL 149.3

Water AccountPost Tarbela Average (1976.77 to 2015.16)

(MAF)

Western River 138.50

Eastern River 6.53

Total Western & Eastern River 145.03

Provincial Utilization 97.08

System Losses -18.46

* D/S Kotri 29.48

* Required D/S Kotri 8.6 MAF

S.N: 19

Western & Eastern River Post Tarbela (1976.77 to 2015.16)

(MAF)

RiversIndus @

Kalabagh

Jhelum @

Mangla

Chenab @

Marala

Eastern

RiversTotal

Maximum112.18

(1991-92)

32.00

(1992.93)

32.69

(1988-89)

19.98

(1978-79)

183.45

(1978-79)

Minimum66.81

(2001-02)

11.85

(2001-02)

17.85

(2009-10)

0.30

(2009-10)

99.05

(2001-02)

Average 89.94 22.72 25.84 6.53 145.03

S.N: 20

1. Cusec = Cubic foot per second

2. 1 Cusec day = 1 Cusec discharge for 24 hours

3. Acre foot = one foot height of water

over one acre

4. 1 Cusec day = 2 acre feet

5. 1 MAF = One million acre feet

6. 1 watering = 3 inches water over 1 acre area

S.N: 21

Comparison of Para 14 (b) vs Para 2(MAF)

Province Para 14 (b) % Para 2 %Difference

(4-2)% Increase

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Punjab 54.51 53.1 55.94 48.9 1.43 12

Sindh 43.53 42.4 48.76 42.6 5.23 45

Balochistan 1.63 1.6 3.87 3.4 2.24 19

KPK 3.06 3.0 5.78 5.1 2.72 24

Total 102.73 100 114.35 100 11.62 100

S.N: 22

Comparison of Para 14 (b), 2 & 4(Percentages)

Province Para 14 (b) Para 2 Para 4

1 2 3 4

Punjab 53.1 48.9 37

Sindh 42.4 42.6 37

Balochistan 1.6 3.4 12

KPK 3.0 5.1 14

Total 100.0 100.0 100

S.N: 23

25

Para 6

The need for storages, whereverfeasible on the Indus and other riverswas admitted and recognised by theparticipants for planned futureagricultural development.

S.N: 24

Reservoir Sedimentation S.N: 25

Reservoir Designed Present Sedimentation

Tarbela

Level 1550.00 1550.00 MAF %

Live

Storage9.68 6.33 -3.35 -35

Mangla

Level 1202.00 1202.00

Live

Storage5.34 4.50 -0.84 -16

Chashma

Level 649.00 649.00

Live

Storage0.72 0.28 -0.44 -61

Total Storage 15.74 11.11 -4.63 -29%

Mangla

Raising

2013

Live

Storage

1242.00

2.90

1242.00

2.900.0 0.0

Total 18.64 14.01 -4.63 -25

Provincial Allocationswith Additional Storage

(MAF)

Province

Pre

Mangla

1960-66

Post

Mangla

1967-76

Post

Tarbela

1977-82

Post

Kalabagh

Post

Bhasha &

Akhori

Punjab 48.35 49.86 54.51 55.94 61.49

Sindh *36.12 40.67 43.53 48.76 54.31

KPK 1.67 2.43 3.06 5.78 7.88

Balochistan - 0.49 1.63 3.87 5.67

Total 86.14 93.45 102.73 114.35 129.35

* Includes Balochistan

S.N: 26

Sr. # River Basin

Average

Annual

flow (MAF)

No. of Dams

Storage

Capacity

(MAF)

% age

Storage

1 Colorado 12 3 59.62 497

2 Nile 47 1 132 281

3Sutlej Bias

India (Total)

32

750

5

4,636

11.32

245

35

33

4 Yellow River 345 7 68.95 20

5 Columbia 179 3 34 19

6Indus & others

Rivers145 3

11.50

*14.01

8

10

7 World 20,000 - 8,000 40

* After Raising of Mangla

AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW AND STORAGE CAPACITY OF DAMS OF SOME MAJOR RIVER BASINS

Source: Wapda

S.N: 27

Para 7

The need for certain minimum escapage to sea,

below Kotri, to check sea intrusion was

recognised. Sindh held the view, that the

optimum level was 10 M.A.F., which was

discussed at length, while other studies

indicated lower/higher figures. It was, therefore,

decided that further studies would be undertaken

to establish the minimal escapge needs downstream Kotri.

29

S.N: 28

Recommended Escapage below Kotri

Kharif

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Total

Cfs 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

MAF >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 >=0.3 1.8 +**)

Rabi *)

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Total

cfs 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

MAF 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.8

Annual 3.6 +**)

*)In a dry year the amount can be proportionally reduced in relation to

the reductions in irrigation water supply

**)

A total volume of 25 MAF in any 5 years period (an annual equivalent

of 5 MAF) to be released in a concentrated way as flood flow (Kharif

period), to be adjusted according to the ruling storage in the reservoirs

and the volume discharged in the four previous years.

S.N: 29

31

WATER AVAILABILITY Vs POPULATION GROWTH

3888

2751

2129

1555

1282

1066915

858

34

46

65

84

115

139.5

195.5

167.72

208.4

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2002 2010 2020 2025

YEAR

PE

R C

AP

ITA

AV

AIL

AB

ILIT

Y (

M)

3

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

PER CAPITA

AVAILIBILITY

POPULATION

GROWTH

WA

TE

R A

VA

ILA

BIL

ITY

(M

AF

)

PO

PU

LA

TIO

N (

Millio

n)

182 Million

(2015)

991 m3

2015

5650

S.N: 30

PER UNIT COST

Source Rs./kWh

Hydel 2.62

Gas 7.43

Coal 12.91

Baggase 12.98

Furnace Oil 17.58

Diesel (HSD) 23.43

Nuclear 5.98

Wind 11.62

Source: Wapda news item dated: April 04, 2015.

S.N: 31

1. Storages of 22 MAF presently flowing

annually D/S Kotri unutilized.

2. Assured minimum Escapages D/S

Kotri of 8.6 MAF per annum to check

sea water intrusion and ensure

sustainable environment.

3. Prevention/Mitigation of floods

4. Cheap Hydel electricity.

BENEFITS S.N: 32