Industri minyak dan gas bumi

Motor gasoline Diesel fuel Heating oil Kerosene Jet fuel Bunker fuel oil (residual)Minor fuel products LNG Aviation gasoline Tractor fuelOthers Asphalt solvents

Ruang lingkup produk

country capacity Per cent of world capacity

Ref79inery through put as % cap

North America 982 25 84

Latin America 440 11.2 69

Western Europe

1.044 26.6 64

Middle East 174 4.4 72

Africa 88 2 69

South Asia 45 1 80

South East Asia

163 4.1 71

Japan 271 6.9 79

Australia 39 1 85

USSR.China 698 17.8 92

Separation of crude oil Conversion of hydrocarbon molecules Treating crude oil fractions Blending hydrocarbon products Auxiliary operating facilities Refinery offsite facilities Emission and effluent control

Tahapan refinery

Separating crude oil (fractional distillation) Process : atmospheric and vacuum

distillation

Separation

Cracking ; thermal, catalytic, viscosity breaking, hydro-cracking and coking

Combining ; alkylation and polymeration Rearranging : catalytic reforming and

isomeration

Conversion of hydrocarbon molecules

Impurities ; undesirable constituents , sulphur

Removed by hydrodesulphursing and chemical terating ( gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, libricants)

Treating crude oil fractions

Motor gasoline ; blend of various gasoline blending stocks, including reformat, alkylate, straight run naphta, thermally and catalytically cracked gasoline, and necessary additive.

The vast number of fuel oils, lubricants, and asphalt products are blend of refinery base stocks

Blending hydrocarbon product

Used to maintain normal operating procedure

Included; hydrogen production, light end recovery, acid gas treating, sulphur recovery, tail gas treating, sour water stripping, waste water treatment

Auxilliary operating facilities

To support refinery opartions Storage tanks, steam generating systems,

flare and blowdown system, cooling water system,

receiving and distribution system, refinery fire control system

In addition; garage, machine shops, storehouse, laboratories, office building

Refinery offsite facilities

Air emission, waste water, solid waste, noise, must be controlled required by government regulation

Emission and effluent control