industrial city

Town planning Industrial cities

Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Great Britain

1760 AD – 1840 AD in England1800s-1900s in France and Germany

1840s -1920s in United States

That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

How did the world go from this?

To this?

Before the Industrial Revolution: Cottage Industry

After industrial revolution

Definitions of Industrial Revolution and Industrialization

• Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions; a series of dramatic changes in the way work was done

• Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods that led to a better quality of life for people and also caused immense suffering

Location

• Industrial revolution started specifically in Britain in 18th century.

• It swept across Western Europe and much of North America.

• Late to Asian country's

Origins---Why England?• Agricultural Revolution

– Horse and steel plow– Fertilizer use– Yields improved 300% 1700-1850

• Growth of foreign trade for manufactured goods– Foreign colonies– Increase in ships and size

• Successful wars and foreign conquest

Origins – Why England?• Factors in England

– No civil strife– Government favored trade– Laissez-faire capitalism– Large middle class– Island geography– Mobile population – Everyone lived within 20 miles of

navigable river– Tradition of experimental science– Weak guilds

Life in England Before the Industrial Revolution?• 8 out of 10 worked in countryside• Subsistence farming• Cottage industries - factories rarely employed

more than 50 people• Handmade – buttons, needles, cloth, bricks,

pottery, bread etc.• Developing towns – Liverpool,

Birmingham, GlasgowHow many objects do you have about you or can you see in the

room that are handmade?

A technological revolutionA series of inventions that built on principles of mass production, mechanization and interchangeable parts

Josiah Wedgwood developed a mold for pottery that replaced the potters wheel, making mass production possible

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:JosiahWedgwood.jpeg

INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS• CAST IRON, AN ESSENTIALLY BRITTLE MATERIAL, IS APPROXIMATELY

FOUR TIMES AS RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION AS STONE.• WROUGHT IRON, WHICH IS FORTY TIMES AS RESISTANT TO TENSION

AND BENDING AS STONE, IS ONLY FOUR TIMES HEAVIER. IT CAN BE FORM AND MOLDED INTO ANY SHAPE.

• GLASS CAN BE MANUFACTURED IN LARGER SIZES AND VOLUMES. • SOLID STRUCTURES COULD BE REPLACED BY SKELETON

STRUCTURES, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO ERECT BUILDINGS OF ALMOST UNRESTRICTED HEIGHT.

• BUILDINGS COULD BE CONSTRUCTED INTO ANY SHAPE AND IN SHORT TIME.

Crystal palace

Eiffel tower

The iron bridges

• Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn, New York 1869-1883 • Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol, England 1836-1864 • Tower Bridge London

BROOKLYN BRIDGE, BROOKLYN, NEW YORK 1869-1883; JOHN AUGUSTUS ROEBLING Length - 5,989 feet Distance of roadbed above water - 135 feet Bridge Style - Suspension Bridge. Tower Structure - Stone masonry

Conclusions

• Style=Gothic piers, Structural Expressionist cables and bridge deck

• Date=1869 to 1883 • Location=East River. Park Row, Manhattan to

Adams Street, Brooklyn. • Architect=John Augustus Roebling, completed by

son, Washington Augustus Roebling

TOWER BRIDGE, LONDON, 1886-1894, SIR HORACE JONES

Conclusions• It was opened by Edward 7th when he was Prince

of Wales • 8 years in construction, using 5 major contractors

and over 400 labourers. • completed and opened in the year 1894. • two piers were sunk into the river bed to support

the weight of the bridge. • A massive 11,000 tons of steel used for the

walkways and towers.

the iron railroad station

Central Railroad Station, New Castle on tyne, England, 1846-55

St. Pancreas Station, London

• CENTRAL RAILROAD STATION, NEW CASTLE ON TYNE, ENGLAND, 1846-55; JOHN DOBSON

• The National Rail station has 12 platforms

• ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON, 1864-68; WILLIAM H. BARLOW, • R.M. ORDISH • Height (architectural) = 82.30 m • Floors above ground = 6

Conclusions • It was designed by William Henry Barlow and

building work started in 1863 • The station which has a single span roof of 243

feet • length of 689 ft • 100 ft above ground • four Type AF High Friction Clamps fixing is used

for roof

The iron market place

Covered Market , Berlin 1865-1868 City Market Hall, Paris Galleria Vittoro Emmanuel II, Milan

GALLERIA VITTOROEMMANUEL II MILAN, 1865-67, GUISEPPE MEGONI

• GALLERIA VITTORO, EMMANUEL II MILAN, 1865-67, GUISEPPE MEGNONI

Conclusions• it was originally designed in 1861 and built by

Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877.• The street is covered over by an arching glass and

cast iron roof, a popular design for nineteenth-century arcades

• The central octagonal space is topped with a glass dome

The iron commercial buildings

MchierFactory, Noisel-sur-marneBradbury Building, Los Angles, CaliforniaCommodities Exchange, Amsterdam

• MENIER FACTORY, NOISEL-SUR-MARNE , FRANCE, 1871-1872, JULES SAULNIER

• THE BRADBURY BUILDING, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, 1889-93; GEORGE H WYMAN

Conclusions• The Bradbury Buildingis an architectural landmark in Los

Angeles, California• Built:1893• Architect:George H. Wyman• Architecturalstyle(s):Italian Renaissance Revival,

Romanesque Revival

By 1850: Zones of Industrialization

on the European Continent• Northeast France.• Belgium.• The Netherlands.• Western German states.• Northern Italy• East Germany Saxony

TRANSPORT

Canal barges pulled by mules

Ships powered by sails

Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

Trains

Steamships

Automobiles

TRANSPORT•Rivers played a major role in the transportation of finished products from the factories to the coast.•The Severn, Thames, and the Trent were the most navigable rivers in England.

• RIVER- • CANAL-•The main international seaports of England were London, Bristol, and

Liverpool•The British began to build canals in the late 18th Century.•In 1720, roads gained importance for the Industrial Revolution.

•ROADS-

•RAILWAYS-

•Railways meant the end for canals .Railways were to transform Britain in the nineteenth century.

Geography/natural resources• Wood was the main source of energy which was replaced by coal (more

potent)

• Coal mines were available near the sea.

Culture and it‘s impact on Architecture and City Planning

• Small industries and farming having very small amount of royal people• After banks etc the lifestyle improved dramatically• Middle class increased and this section also consumed most of the products and lived a

royal life style• mass of the people to achieve the income, education and leisure time necessary to enjoy

fine books, good music, and beautiful sculptures and paintings.• inventions such as the printing press, radio and television that enabled works of culture to

reach more people at lower cost, enabled men to acquire great wealth, part of which they returned to society by financing libraries, symphony orchestras, museums and scholarships for promising writers and artists, and encouraged the growth of democracy, thus providing the atmosphere of freedom so necessary for writers and artists to produce great works.

Living Standards•Houses had to be in direct vicinity to factories•Lodging of workers inovercrowded houses.

Formation of Slums:•Lack of sanitation gave way to unhealthy living conditions

Increased work hours

Insecure workingConditions

PLANNING FOR HOUSES

•They are built in courts the principle is that 3 walls are shared with other houses reducing the amount of materials used,.

•it was very compact and streets were very tight and would not allow for light or sufficient air to enter the house.

•A lobby/living space and an upstairs room, the kitchen and toilets were communal and often shared between 16 households.

•Each house could have from 1 to 3 families living insideand even possible animals.

•The courtyards had privies (outdoor toilets) cooking, storage areas and wastepool (hole to receive waste from the house).

Back-back houses•BUILT IN DOUBLE ROWS

•NO WINDOWS AT FRONT• NO BACKYARDS• A SEWER DOWN

MIDDLE OF STREET•BUILT CRAMMED CLOSE TOGETHER VERY NARROW STREETS BETWEEN THEM.

The “Dark Days” of Industrialization

EVOLUTION OF PLANNING

The Middle ClassAs the Working class struggled for a livelihood in the slums, the middleclass factory owners lived in detached houses near the countryside

City centre: Shops andservices

Inner City: Factories andrun down houses

Suburbs: Parks &houses

LAND USE PATTERN

Pattern of land-use changed radically: It was determined by radial transport route beginning at town centre

•Low rent residential area is near to industrial district (heavy and low industries and warehouses)

•High rent residential areas are in the outskirts of cities (suburbs)

CITY PLANNING

Housing for worker with garden in front

1000 houses 20 feet

wide Arcades for

workshops 560 houses

28 feet wideRetail shops

296 houses 38 feet wideWinter promenade arcade120 houses 54 feet wide

Public buildings,

churches24 mansions 80 feet wideCentral square

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

•Character A distinct sense of place responding to the local context

•Continuity and enclosure Continuity of frontages, defined public &private spaces

•Quality of public realm safe, attractive, lively and functional public space

•Ease of movement An accessible, well connected, pedestrian friendly

•legilibility A readily understandable, easily navigable environment

•Adaptability flexible & adaptable public & private environment

•diversity A varied environment offering a range of experiences

URBAN DESIGN OBJECTIVES

•The steel city of Jamshedpur originated in a small company town in the backwaters of eastern India as a new experiment in urbanism in 1907.

•When Delhi was being conceived in 1911 as imperial capital, an industrial town with modern town planning principles, new modes of spatiality and lifestyle associated with industrialization was taking shape.

•Unlike Delhi and Chandigarh, Jamshedpur was an indigenous industrial development initiated, financed and built by Indians using local resources albeit foreign expertise.

Jamshetji Nusserwanji Tata(3rd Mar’1839- 19th May’ 1904)

Industrial city jamshedpur

•J.N.Tata conceived the dream of this industrial township. He travelled to many of the industrial towns of North America in pursuit of technology for setting up a steel plant.

•His efforts set in motion the search of sites rich in Iron ore and coal mines. Though he did not live to see his dream come true, but his efforts culminated in the discovery of iron ore mines in GURUMAHISINI HILLS of Mayurbhanj (presently a district of Odisha).

•Thus an iron and steel plant was perceived in Sakchi village (72 km from the hills).

•The site of the steel plant was well connected by Railways through the KALIMATI railway station on the BOMBAY-CALCUTTA route.

•Sound business management policy, philanthropic motives and the desire to make Industrial township an envied and emulated concept throughout India gave birth to JAMSHEDPUR.

origin

Sahlin and Kennedy Plan 1912 Small industrial town

Temple Plan 1920 Full fledged industrial townshipStoke’s Plan 1936 Expansion of Temple plan with

emphasis on housingKoenigsberger’s Plan 1944-45 Garden city+ neighbourhood unit

in planning circles.

•Unlike the planning of Delhi and Chandigarh, which were planned and conceived all at a single time, this town was planned in various stages.

•The reason behind these several stages was growth in the production of the steel plant due to World War I and World War II and hence growth in population of workers.

STAGES OF PLANNING

SAHLIN AND KENNEDY PLAN

•The Pittsburgh firm of Julian Kennedy and Axel Sahlin was awarded the contract for the designing and engineering works of Tata Steel Plant. They built the original colony between 1909-12 for housing managers and skilled workers.

•There is a little influence of the garden city/suburb ideal of the ‘new’ American company.

•Site exigencies dictated the stratified pattern of housing on high groundon the ridge spurs on the north-west and western fringes of the steel plant to ensure protection from the factory dust carried by the prevailing western winds.

•The colony was laid out in the grid-iron (North American settlement pattern) with alphabetically named ‘roads’ running east-west and numbered ‘avenues’ running north-south.

•There is no evidence of a planned town centre or public park system


TOWNSHIP

NORTHERN TOWN(covenanted

officers)

SOUTHERN TOWN(Skilled

workers)

G TOWN (middle income group )

R.N TOWN (workers)

•The plan ignored the acute need for housing laborers with the result that clusters of mud huts sprang up around the towns and close to the factory gates.


FREDRICK C. TEMPLE PLAN

•As the Steel production of the plant grew (due to World War I), population of the township increased and the old Kennedy plan became obsolete.

•Fredrick C. Temple, sanitary officer for Orissa and Bihar states was appointed as the Chief Engineer for planning of Jamshedpur.

•Temple’s work was influenced by : • Study of lifestyle of local tribal people.• Concept of Garden city of Letchworth. • Design of industrial village of New Earswick.

•The fact that “A township already existed around the steel plant” played a detrimental factor in the planning thus making it somewhat different from other industrial townships of its time.


•The principles of Temple’s planning were:• Gravitational Sewerage system.• Street system adapted to contours.• Parkway system in natural drains.

•Temple proposed housing of 12 units per acre, balancing it with 1-1 ½ acre plots of bungalows and ¼ acre plots quarters.

•He designed the quarters in 3 blocks with the 4th one serving as open space.

•He advocated that the problem of housing could be solved by improving the sanitation and preserving the infrastructure of the squatter settlements and the lifestyle of the tribal people respectively.


MAJOR P.G.W.STOKES PLAN

•Due to the further expansion of Tata Steel in 1930, the township was in immediate need of housing.

•Stokes strived a lot to propose an effective plan for this growing township.

•According to his report his work was very much influenced by Earnest Burges (1925) who proposed that cities develop outward from central business and manufacturing districts with working class population nearest to the core.

•Stokes did not have much to do beyond Temple’s plan. His main work was to quench the shortage of housing.



•Constrained by the existing mixed and stratified housing of Jamshedpur, Stoke had to conform to Homer Hoyt’s wedge shaped urban model that stipulated segmented growth along transport arteries.

•Officers’ bungalows were made in North town along the E-W straight mile road.

•Workers’ housing was provided in north and west in Sakchi and Kadma respectively.

•To further satisfy the need, he had to provide workers’ housing in Burma mines (S-E of the steel plant) but this exposed the residents to the smoke and dust of the plant.

OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN

• The primary motive of Keonigsberger was to implement GARDEN CITY concepts in his Master plan for Jamshedpur, but his motive was partially satisfied.

• He was reluctant to give up and endeavoured to put in GARDEN CITY principles wherever space permitted.

• The major problem was that Jamshedpur did not develop as a Garden city. BUSTEES had developed on the periphery of the industrial area.

•His contention was that linear growth along transportation arteries was the best solution to the problems posed by the concentric growth around the place of employment.

OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN

OTTO KEONIGSBERGER’S PLAN• Massive urban surgery was untenable, so Keonigsberger proposed for a garden suburb on the forested slopes of Dalma Hills for 200 medium income families who could do the daily commute 7miles to the Steel Plant.

• This was All the bungalows and cottages disappeared behind tree foliage and gardens.

• The only public building besides the club/rest house would be theInspection Bungalow overlooking the Dam on one side and terraced hill-garden with a bandstand on the other.

• Intention was to build a leafy suburb at a suitable distance from industrialpollution and haphazard urban growth.

• This unbuilt proposal represented what Tata Steel desired all of Jamshedpur to be.

PRESENT DAY JAMSHEDPURJAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

•Tata Steel remained the largest employer and the physical core of Jamshedpur. New industries and their settlements were built first towards the east and later after independence in 1947 across the river Kharkai on the west.

•A multinucleated pattern emerged with industries as the nuclei of settlement growth that minimized the distance between residence and workplace.

•Some of these industries were established by the Tatas, others were acquired and became subsidiaries.

•Tinplate, Cable, Steel and Wire Industries built their housing in a grid iron pattern on a ridge parallel to the main NW-SE ridge.

•The tribal villages that had deteriorated into bustees were now transformed into planned housing colonies.

•The Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company (TELCO) built housing for its employees in the village Jojobera.

JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

•Golmuri was developed by Tinplate Company

• Sidhgora by Indian Oxygen and Tata Steel.

•Baridih was developed by Tube Company. •The satellite township of Adityapur came up in the 1960’s across the river Kharkhai as a result of state government initiative in planning an industrial complex which incorporated 83 villages and is spread over 53 square miles with much of the development concentrated along the main artery—Tata- Kandra Road.

• About 700 industries provide goods and services to Tata Steel although serviced by poorly planned residential and commercial development.

• JUA 2027 Master Plan was drawn up by Superior Global Infrastructure of New Delhi in collaboration with the Philadelphia based landscape planning firm of WallaceRoberts &Todd at the behest of state govt.

•The scope of planning covered the core of Jamshedpur, Adityapur, Mango, Jugsalai and seven villages, altogether covering an area of 149.23 sq. kms.

JAMSHEDPUR URBAN AGGLOMERATION (JUA)

• Journal of Planning History of Jamshedpur (2011) - Prof. Amita Sinha ( Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois)

Jatinder Singh (Chief Architect, JUSCO)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

THANKYOU . . . .

- Shruti gavankar- Pillai hoc college of architecture

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