industrial hygiene

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What is Industrial Hygiene? Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness. Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to control potential health hazards. There has been an awareness of industrial hygiene since antiquity. The environment and its relation to worker health was recognized as early as the fourth century BC when Hippocrates noted lead toxicity in the mining industry. In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes. In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists. In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis. Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen). The book contained accurate descriptions of the occupational diseases of most of the workers of his time. Ramazzini greatly affected the future of industrial hygiene because he asserted that occupational diseases should be studied in the work environment rather than in hospital wards. Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid. In England in the 18th century, Percival Pott, as a result of his findings on the insidious effects of soot on chimney sweepers, was a major force in getting the British Parliament to pass the Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788. The passage of the English Factory Acts beginning in 1833 marked the first effective legislative acts in the field of industrial safety. The Acts, however, were intended to provide compensation for 1

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Page 1: Industrial hygiene

What is Industrial Hygiene?

Industrial hygiene is the science of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace conditions that may cause workers' injury or illness. Industrial hygienists use environmental monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to control potential health hazards.

There has been an awareness of industrial hygiene since antiquity. The environment and its relation to worker health was recognized as early as the fourth century BC when Hippocrates noted lead toxicity in the mining industry. In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes. In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.

In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis.

Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen). The book contained accurate descriptions of the occupational diseases of most of the workers of his time. Ramazzini greatly affected the future of industrial hygiene because he asserted that occupational diseases should be studied in the work environment rather than in hospital wards.

Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid.

In England in the 18th century, Percival Pott, as a result of his findings on the insidious effects of soot on chimney sweepers, was a major force in getting the British Parliament to pass the Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788. The passage of the English Factory Acts beginning in 1833 marked the first effective legislative acts in the field of industrial safety. The Acts, however, were intended to provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes. Later, various other European nations developed workers' compensation acts, which stimulated the adoption of increased factory safety precautions and the establishment of medical services within industrial plants.

In the early 20th century in the U. S., Dr. Alice Hamilton, led efforts to improve industrial hygiene. She observed industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between worker illness and their exposure to toxins. She also presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions.

At about the same time, U.S. federal and state agencies began investigating health conditions in industry. In 1908, the public's awareness of occupationally related

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diseases stimulated the passage of compensation acts for certain civil employees. States passed the first workers' compensation laws in 1911. And in 1913, the New York Department of Labor and the Ohio Department of Health established the first state industrial hygiene programs. All states enacted such legislation by 1948. In most states, there is some compensation coverage for workers contracting occupational diseases.

The U.S. Congress has passed three landmark pieces of legislation relating to safeguarding workers' health: (1) the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966, (2) the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, and (3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act). Today, nearly every employer is required to implement the elements of an industrial hygiene and safety, occupational health, or hazard communication program and to be responsive to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Act and its regulations.

 

How Are OSHA and Industrial Hygiene Related?

Under the Act, OSHA develops and sets mandatory occupational safety and health requirements applicable to the more than 6 million workplaces in the U.S. OSHA relies on, among many others, industrial hygienists to evaluate jobs for potential health hazards. Developing and setting mandatory occupational safety and health standards involves determining the extent of employee exposure to hazards and deciding what is needed to control these hazards, thereby protecting the workers. Industrial hygienists, or IHs, are trained to anticipate, recognize, evaluate, and recommend controls for environmental and physical hazards that can affect the health and well-being of workers. More than 40 percent of the OSHA compliance officers who inspect America's workplaces are industrial hygienists. Industrial hygienists also play a major role in developing and issuing OSHA standards to protect workers from health hazards associated with toxic chemicals, biological hazards, and harmful physical agents. They also provide technical assistance and support to the agency's national and regional offices. OSHA also employs industrial hygienists who assist in setting up field enforcement procedures, and who issue technical interpretations of OSHA regulations and standards. Industrial hygienists analyze, identify, and measure workplace hazards or stressors that can cause sickness, impaired health, or significant discomfort in workers through chemical, physical, ergonomic, or biological exposures. Two roles of the OSHA industrial hygienist are to spot those conditions and help eliminate or control them through appropriate

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measures.

What is a Worksite Analysis?

A worksite analysis is an essential first step that helps an industrial hygienist determine what jobs and work stations are the sources of potential problems. During the worksite analysis, the industrial hygienist measures and identifies exposures, problem tasks, and risks. The most effective worksite analyses include all jobs, operations, and work activities. The industrial hygienist inspects, researches, or analyzes how the particular chemicals or physical hazards at that worksite affect worker health. If a situation hazardous to health is discovered, the industrial hygienist recommends the appropriate corrective actions.

How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards?

Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards.

Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals and replacing harmful toxic materials with less hazardous ones, enclosing work processes or confining work operations, and installing general and local ventilation systems.

Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. Some fundamental and easily implemented work practice controls include (1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures while operating production and control equipment; (2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good house-keeping procedures; (4) providing good supervision and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.

Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling

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production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present.

When effective work practices and/or engineering controls are not feasible to achieve the permissible exposure limit, or while such controls are being instituted, and in emergencies, appropriate respiratory equipment must be used. In addition, personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety goggles, helmets, safety shoes, and protective clothing may also be required. To be effective, personal protective equipment must be individually selected, properly fitted and periodically refitted; conscientiously and properly worn; regularly maintained; and replaced as necessary.

What Are Some Examples of Job Hazards?

To be effective in recognizing and evaluating on-the-job hazards and recommending controls, industrial hygienists must be familiar with the hazards' characteristics. Major job risks can include air contaminants, and chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic hazards.

Air Contaminants

These are commonly classified as either particulate or gas and vapor contaminants. The most common particulate contaminants include dusts, fumes, mists, aerosols, and fibers. Dusts are solid particles that are formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing their size through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading or blasting.

Fumes are formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air. In most cases, the solid particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide.

The term mist is applied to a finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere. Mists are generated by liquids condensing from a vapor back to a liquid or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state such as by splashing, foaming or atomizing. Aerosols are also a form of a mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid particles.

Fibers are solid particles whose length is several times greater than their diameter.

Gases are formless fluids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in which they are confined. Examples are welding gases such as acetylene, nitrogen, helium, and argon; and carbon monoxide generated from the operation of internal combustion engines or by its use as a reducing gas in a heat treating operation. Another example is hydrogen sulfide which is formed wherever there is decomposition of materials containing sulfur under reducing conditions.

Liquids change into vapors and mix with the surrounding atmosphere through evaporation. Vapors are the volatile form of substances that are normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. Vapors are the gaseous form of

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substances which are normally in the solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. They are formed by evaporation from a liquid or solid and can be found where parts cleaning and painting takes place and where solvents are used.

Chemical Hazards

Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts, fumes, and vapors exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing), absorption (through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or drinking). Airborne chemical hazards exist as concentrations of mists, vapors, gases, fumes, or solids. Some are toxic through inhalation and some of them irritate the skin on contact; some can be toxic by absorption through the skin or through ingestion, and some are corrosive to living tissue.

The degree of worker risk from exposure to any given substance depends on the nature and potency of the toxic effects and the magnitude and duration of exposure.

Information on the risk to workers from chemical hazards can be obtained from the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) that OSHA'S Hazard Communication Standardrequires be supplied by the manufacturer or importer to the purchaser of all hazardous materials. The MSDS is a summary of the important health, safety, and toxicological information on the chemical or the mixture's ingredients. Other provisions of the Hazard Communication Standard require that all containers of hazardous substances in the workplace have appropriate warning and identification labels.

Biological Hazards

These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms that can cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body either directly or through breaks in the skin. Occupations that deal with plants or animals or their products or with food and food processing may expose workers to biological hazards. Laboratory and medical personnel also can be exposed to biological hazards. Any occupations that result in contact with bodily fluids pose a risk to workers from biological hazards.

In occupations where animals are involved, biological hazards are dealt with by preventing and controlling diseases in the animal population as well as proper care and handling of infected animals. Also, effective personal hygiene, particularly proper attention to minor cuts and scratches, especially those on the hands and forearms, helps keep worker risks to a minimum.

In occupations where there is potential exposure to biological hazards, workers should practice proper personal hygiene, particularly hand washing. Hospitals should provide proper ventilation, proper personal protective equipment such as gloves and respirators, adequate infectious waste disposal systems, and appropriate controls including isolation in instances of particularly contagious diseases such as tuberculosis.

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Physical Hazards

These include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature.

In occupations where there is exposure to ionizing radiation, time, distance, and shielding are important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger from radiation increases with the amount of time one is exposed to it; hence, the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.

Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated by comparing the squares of the distances between the worker and the source. For example, at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radiation is 1/100 of the intensity at 1 foot from the source.

Shielding also is a way to protect against radiation. The greater the protective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the lower the radiation exposure.

Nonionizing radiation also is dealt with by shielding workers from the source. Sometimes limiting exposure times to nonionizing radiation or increasing the distance is not effective. Laser radiation, for example, cannot be controlled effectively by imposing time limits. An exposure can be hazardous that is faster than the blinking of an eye. Increasing the distance from a laser source may require miles before the energy level reaches a point where the exposure would not be harmful.

Noise, another significant physical hazard, can be controlled by various measures. Noise can be reduced by installing equipment and systems that have been engineered, designed, and built to operate quietly; by enclosing or shielding noisy equipment; by making certain that equipment is in good repair and properly maintained with all worn or unbalanced parts replaced; by mounting noisy equipment on special mounts to reduce vibration; and by installing silencers, mufflers, or baffles.

Substituting quiet work methods for noisy ones is another significant way to reduce noise, for example, welding parts rather than riveting them. Also, treating floors, ceilings, and walls with acoustical material can reduce reflected or reverberant noise. In addition, erecting sound barriers at adjacent work stations around noisy operations will reduce worker exposure to noise generated at adjacent work stations.

It is also possible to reduce noise exposure by increasing the distance between the source and the receiver, by isolating workers in acoustical booths, limiting workers' exposure time to noise, and by providing hearing protection. OSHA requires that workers in noisy surroundings be periodically tested as a precaution against hearing loss.

Another physical hazard, radiant heat exposure in factories such as steel mills, can be controlled by installing reflective shields and by providing protective clothing.

Ergonomic Hazards

The science of ergonomics studies and evaluates a full range of tasks including, but not limited to, lifting, holding, pushing, walking, and reaching. Many ergonomic problems result from technological changes such as increased assembly line speeds,

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adding specialized tasks, and increased repetition; some problems arise from poorly designed job tasks. Any of those conditions can cause ergonomic hazards such as excessive vibration and noise, eye strain, repetitive motion, and heavy lifting problems. Improperly designed tools or work areas also can be ergonomic hazards. Repetitive motions or repeated shocks over prolonged periods of time as in jobs involving sorting, assembling, and data entry can often cause irritation and inflammation of the tendon sheath of the hands and arms, a condition known as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Ergonomic hazards are avoided primarily by the effective design of a job or jobsite and better designed tools or equipment that meet workers' needs in terms of physical environment and job tasks. Through thorough worksite analyses, employers can set up procedures to correct or control ergonomic hazards by using the appropriate engineering controls (e.g., designing or re-designing work stations, lighting, tools, and equipment); teaching correct work practices (e.g., proper lifting methods); employing proper administrative controls (e.g., shifting workers among several different tasks, reducing production demand, and increasing rest breaks); and, if neces- sary, providing and mandating personal protective equipment. Evaluating working conditions from an ergonomics standpoint involves looking at the total physiological and psychological demands of the job on the worker.

Overall, industrial hygienists point out that the benefits of a well-designed, ergonomic work environment can include increased efficiency, fewer accidents, lower operating costs. and more effective use of personnel.

In sum, industrial hygiene encompasses a broad spectrum of the working environment. Early in its history OSHA recognized industrial hygiene as an integral part of a healthful work setting. OSHA places a high priority on using industrial hygiene concepts in its health standards and as a tool for effective enforcement of job safety and health regulations. By recognizing and applying the principles of industrial hygiene to the work environment, America's workplaces will become more healthful and safer.

What Help Can OSHA Provide?

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines

Effective management of worker safety and health protection is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assist employers and employees in developing effective safety and health programs, OSHA published recommended Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54(18):3908-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines apply to all places of employment covered by OSHA. The guidelines identify four general elements that are critical to the development of a successful safety and health management program:

management commitment and employee involvement,

worksite analysis,

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hazard prevention and control, and

safety and health training.

The guidelines recommend specific actions under each of these general elements to achieve an effective safety and health program. A single free copy of the guidelines can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor OSHA/OICA Publications. P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, by sending a self-addressed mailing label with your request.

State Programs

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages states to develop and operate their own job safety and health plans. States administering occupational safety and health programs through plans approved under section 18(b) of the Act, must adopt standards and enforce requirements that are "at least as effective" as federal requirements. There are currently 25 state plan states: 23 cover the private and public sectors (state and local governments) and 2 cover the public sector only. For more information on State Plan states, see the list of states with approved plans at the end of this publication.

Free Onsite Consultation Consultation assistance is available on request to employers who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is delivered by state government agencies or universities employing professional safety consultants and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an appraisal of all work practices and environmental hazards of the workplace and all aspects of the employer's present job safety and health program.

The program is separate from OSHA'S inspection efforts. No penalties are proposed or citations issued for any safety or health problems identified by the consultant. The service is confidential.

For more information concerning consultation assistance, see the list of consultation projects at the end of this publication.

Voluntary Protection Program (VPPs)

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) and onsite consultation services, when coupled with an effective enforcement program, expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the Act. The three VPPs--Star, Merit, and Demonstration--are designed to recognize outstanding achievement by companies that have successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and health programs into their total management system. They motivate others to achieve excellent safety and health results in the same outstanding way as they establish a cooperative relationship among employers, employees, and OSHA.

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For additional information on VPPs and how to apply, contact the OSHA area or regional offices listed at the end of this publication.

Training and Education

OSHA area offices offer a variety of information services, such as publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice, and speakers for special engagements. The OSHA Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advanced courses in safety and health for federal and state compliance officers, state consultants, federal agency personnel, and private sector employers, employees, and their representatives.

OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through grants to conduct workplace training and education in subjects where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training. Grants are awarded annually and grant recipients are expected to contribute 20 percent of the total grant cost. For more information on grants, training, and education, contact the OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018; telephone             (847) 297-4810      .

For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication.

Electronic Information

Internet--OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, technical advisors, compliance assistance, and additional information are now on the World Wide Web at http: //www.osha.gov/.

CD-ROM--A wide variety of OSHA materials, including standards, interpretations, directives, and more, can be purchased on CD-ROM from the U.S. Government Printing Office. To order, write to the Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 or telephone             (202)512-1800      . Specify OSHA Regulations, Documents, and Technical Information on CD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No. S/N 729-013-00000-5. The price is $38 per year ($47.50 foreign); $15 per single copy ($18.75 foreign).

Emergencies

For life-threatening situations, call             (800) 321-OSHA      . Complaints will go immediately to the nearest OSHA area or state office for help.

For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication.

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Related OSHA Publications

Single, free copies of the following publications can be obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA/OICA Publications, P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535. Send a Self-addressed mailing label with your request.

All About OSHA -- OSHA 2056

Employee Workplace Rights -- OSHA 3021

Consultation Services for the Employer -- OSHA 3047

How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies -- OSHA 2019

Chemical Hazard Communication -- OSHA 3084

The following publications are available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (202) 512-1800. Include GPO Order No. and make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents.

Ergonomics: The Study of work -- OSHA 3125. Order No. 029-016-00 124-7; cost $1.00

Framework for a Comprehensive Health and Safety Program in the Hospital Environment. Order No. 029-016- 00149-2; cost $3.50.

General Industry Digest -- OSHA 2201. Order No. 029-016-00155-2; cost $2.25.

Handbook for Small Business -- OSHA 2209. Order No. 029-016-00144- 1; cost $4.00.

Job HazardAnalysis -- OSHA 3071. Order No. 029-016-00142-5; cost $1.00.

Working Safely with Video Display Terminals -- OSHA 3092. Order No. 029-016-00123-9; cost $1.00.

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In malay

Apakah Higien Industri?

Kebersihan industri sains menjangkakan, mengiktiraf, menilai, dan mengawal keadaan tempat kerja yang boleh menyebabkan kecederaan atau penyakit pekerja. Inkoperasi menggunakan pemantauan alam sekitar dan kaedah analisis untuk mengesan tahap pendedahan pekerja dan menggaji kejuruteraan, kawalan kerja, amalan dan kaedah lain untuk mengawal bahaya kesihatan yang berpotensi.

Terdapat telah kesedaran kebersihan industri sejak zaman. Alam sekitar dan kaitannya dengan kesihatan pekerja telah diiktiraf seawal SM abad keempat apabila Hippocrates berkata keracunan plumbum dalam industri perlombongan. Dalam abad pertama Masihi, Penatua Pliny, seorang ulama Rom, dianggap risiko kesihatan kepada mereka yang

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bekerja dengan zink dan sulfur. Beliau mencipta topeng muka yang dibuat dari pundi kencing haiwan untuk melindungi pekerja daripada pendedahan kepada habuk dan asap plumbum. Dalam abad kedua Masihi, doktor Yunani, Galen, tepat digambarkan patologi keracunan plumbum dan juga diiktiraf pendedahan berbahaya pelombong tembaga untuk semburan asid.

Pada Zaman Pertengahan, persatuan bekerja untuk membantu pekerja dan keluarga mereka. Pada 1556 sarjana Jerman, Agricola, maju sains kebersihan industri lagi apabila, dalam bukunya De Re Metallica, beliau menyifatkan penyakit pelombong dan langkah-langkah pencegahan yang ditetapkan. Buku ini termasuk cadangan untuk pengudaraan dan perlindungan pekerja lombong, kemalangan perlombongan dibincangkan, dan diterangkan penyakit yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan perlombongan seperti silikosis.

Kebersihan industri mendapat kehormatan lagi dalam 1700 apabila Bernardo Ramazzini, yang dikenali sebagai "bapa perubatan perindustrian," yang diterbitkan di Itali buku pertama yang komprehensif mengenai perubatan perindustrian De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Penyakit Pekerja). Buku ini mengandungi penerangan tepat penyakit pekerjaan kebanyakan pekerja di zamannya. Ramazzini terjejas masa depan kebersihan industri kerana beliau menegaskan bahawa penyakit pekerjaan perlu dikaji dalam persekitaran kerja dan bukannya di wad hospital.

Kebersihan industri menerima satu lagi rangsangan utama dalam 1743 apabila Ulrich Ellenborg menerbitkan sebuah risalah mengenai kecederaan dan penyakit pekerjaan di kalangan penambang emas. Ellenborg juga menulis mengenai keracunan karbon monoksida, raksa, plumbum, dan asid nitrik.

Di England pada abad ke-18, Percival Pott, sebagai hasil daripada penemuan beliau mengenai kesan-kesan berbahaya jelaga pada cerobong sweepers, adalah satu kuasa utama dalam mendapatkan Parlimen British meluluskan Akta Chimney-Sweepers 1788. Petikan Kilang Inggeris Kisah bermula pada tahun 1833 menandakan pertama tindakan perundangan yang berkesan dalam bidang keselamatan perindustrian. Akta, bagaimanapun, telah bertujuan untuk memberikan pampasan bagi kemalangan dan bukannya untuk mengawal punca mereka. Kemudian, pelbagai negara-negara Eropah lain maju bertindak pampasan pekerja, yang merangsang penggunaan langkah-langkah keselamatan meningkat kilang dan penubuhan perkhidmatan perubatan dalam kilang industri.

Pada awal abad ke-20 di Amerika Syarikat, Dr Alice Hamilton, yang dipimpin usaha untuk meningkatkan kebersihan industri. Beliau diperhatikan keadaan perindustrian tangan pertama dan pemilik lombong terkejut, pengurus kilang, dan pegawai kerajaan negeri dengan bukti bahawa terdapat korelasi antara penyakit pekerja dan pendedahan mereka kepada toksin. Beliau juga menyampaikan cadangan muktamad untuk menghapuskan keadaan bekerja unhealthful.

Pada masa yang sama, AS agensi persekutuan dan negeri mula menyiasat keadaan kesihatan dalam industri. Pada tahun 1908, kesedaran awam penyakit pekerjaan yang

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berkaitan merangsang laluan perbuatan pampasan untuk pekerja tertentu sivil. Syarikat meluluskan undang-undang pampasan pekerja pertama pada tahun 1911. Dan pada tahun 1913, New York Jabatan Buruh dan Jabatan Kesihatan Ohio menubuhkan program negeri kebersihan perindustrian pertama. Semua negeri menggubal undang-undang sedemikian oleh 1948. Di kebanyakan negeri, terdapat beberapa liputan pampasan bagi pekerja-pekerja yang dijangkiti penyakit pekerjaan.

Kongres AS telah meluluskan tiga keping mercu tanda undang-undang berkaitan untuk melindungi kesihatan pekerja: (1) Logam dan Galian bukan logam Akta Keselamatan 1966, (2) Arang Persekutuan Mine Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Akta tahun 1969, dan (3) Pekerjaan Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan 1970 (Akta). Hari ini, hampir tiap-tiap majikan dikehendaki untuk melaksanakan unsur-unsur kebersihan industri dan keselamatan, kesihatan pekerjaan, atau program komunikasi bahaya dan untuk menjadi responsif kepada Keselamatan dan Pentadbiran Kesihatan (OSHA) dan Akta dan peraturan-peraturan.

  

Bagaimana Adakah Kebersihan diri OSHA dan Industri yang berkaitan?

Di bawah Akta tersebut, OSHA membangun dan menetapkan keselamatan mandatori pekerjaan dan keperluan kesihatan terpakai kepada tempat kerja lebih daripada 6 juta di Amerika Syarikat OSHA bergantung kepada, antara lain, Inkoperasi untuk menilai pekerjaan untuk bahaya kesihatan yang berpotensi. Membangunkan dan menetapkan mandatori pekerjaan piawaian keselamatan dan kesihatan melibatkan menentukan tahap pendedahan pekerja kepada bahaya dan memutuskan apa yang diperlukan untuk mengawal bahaya ini, sekali gus melindungi pekerja. Inkoperasi atau IHS, dilatih untuk menjangka, mengiktiraf, menilai, dan mencadangkan kawalan untuk bahaya alam sekitar dan fizikal yang boleh menjejaskan kesihatan dan kesejahteraan pekerja. Lebih daripada 40 peratus daripada pegawai pematuhan OSHA yang memeriksa tempat kerja Amerika Kebersihan Industri. Kebersihan Industri juga memainkan peranan utama dalam membangunkan dan mengeluarkan piawaian OSHA untuk melindungi pekerja daripada bahaya kesihatan yang dikaitkan dengan bahan kimia toksik, bahaya biologi, dan berbahaya agen fizikal. Mereka juga menyediakan bantuan teknikal dan sokongan kepada pejabat agensi nasional dan serantau. OSHA juga menggunakan Kebersihan Industri yang membantu dalam menubuhkan prosedur penguatkuasaan bidang, dan yang mengeluarkan tafsiran teknikal peraturan dan standard OSHA. Inkoperasi menganalisis, mengenal pasti dan mengukur bahaya di tempat kerja atau tekanan yang boleh menyebabkan penyakit, kesihatan yang terjejas, atau ketidakselesaan yang ketara dalam pekerja melalui kimia, fizikal, ergonomik, atau pendedahan biologi. Dua peranan kebersihan industri OSHA adalah untuk melihat syarat-syarat dan membantu menghapuskan atau mengawal mereka melalui langkah-langkah yang sesuai.

Apakah Analisis Kerja yang?

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Satu analisis tapak kerja adalah langkah pertama yang penting yang membantu kebersihan industri menentukan apa pekerjaan dan stesen kerja adalah sumber potensi masalah. Semasa analisis tapak kerja, langkah-langkah kebersihan industri dan mengenal pasti pendedahan, tugas masalah, dan risiko. Analisis tapak kerja yang paling berkesan termasuk semua pekerjaan, operasi, dan aktiviti kerja. The memeriksa kebersihan industri, penyelidikan, atau menganalisis bagaimana bahan kimia tertentu atau bahaya fizikal di tapak kerja yang memberi kesan kepada kesihatan pekerja. Jika keadaan yang berbahaya kepada kesihatan ditemui, kebersihan industri mencadangkan tindakan pembetulan yang sewajarnya.

 

Bagaimana IH Mengiktiraf dan Kawalan Bahaya?

Inkoperasi mengiktiraf bahawa kejuruteraan, amalan kerja, dan kawalan pentadbiran adalah cara utama mengurangkan pendedahan pekerja kepada bahaya pekerjaan. Kawalan kejuruteraan meminimumkan pendedahan pekerja dengan sama ada mengurangkan atau menghapuskan bahaya pada sumber atau mengasingkan pekerja daripada bahaya.

Kawalan kejuruteraan termasuk menghapuskan bahan kimia toksik dan menggantikan bahan-bahan toksik yang berbahaya dengan orang-orang yang kurang berbahaya, menutup proses kerja atau mengurung operasi kerja, dan memasang sistem pengudaraan am dan tempatan.

Kawalan amalan kerja mengubah cara di mana tugas dilakukan. Beberapa amalan asas dan mudah dilaksanakan kawalan kerja termasuk (1) berikut prosedur yang betul yang mengurangkan pendedahan semasa operasi pengeluaran dan peralatan kawalan; (2) memeriksa dan mengekalkan kawalan proses dan peralatan secara tetap; (3) melaksanakan prosedur baik penyimpanan rumah; (4) menyediakan penyeliaan yang baik dan (5) mandat bahawa makan, minum, merokok, tembakau mengunyah atau gusi, dan menggunakan kosmetik di kawasan yang dikawal selia dilarang.

Kawalan pentadbiran termasuk pendedahan oleh pengeluaran penjadualan dan pekerja pekerja mengawal tugas, atau kedua-duanya, dengan cara yang meminimumkan tahap pendedahan. Sebagai contoh, majikan mungkin jadual operasi dengan potensi pendedahan tertinggi semasa tempoh apabila pekerja-pekerja yang paling sedikit hadir.

Apabila amalan kerja yang berkesan dan / atau kawalan kejuruteraan tidak dapat dilaksanakan untuk mencapai had pendedahan yang dibenarkan, atau manakala kawalan itu sedang dimulakan, dan dalam kecemasan, kelengkapan pernafasan yang sesuai mesti digunakan. Di samping itu, peralatan perlindungan peribadi seperti sarung tangan, gogal keselamatan, topi keledar, kasut keselamatan, dan pakaian perlindungan juga mungkin diperlukan. Untuk lebih berkesan, peralatan perlindungan peribadi mesti individu dipilih,

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dipasang betul dan dipasang semula secara berkala; kepercayaan dan betul dipakai; sentiasa dijaga; dan digantikan seperti yang diperlukan.

Apakah Beberapa Contoh Bahaya Kerja?

Untuk menjadi berkesan dalam mengiktiraf dan menilai kerja bahaya dan mencadangkan kawalan-kawalan, Inkoperasi mesti biasa dengan ciri-ciri bahaya '. Risiko pekerjaan utama boleh termasuk pencemar udara, dan kimia, biologi, fizikal, dan bahaya ergonomik.

Udara Cemar

Ini biasanya diklasifikasikan sebagai zarah sama ada atau gas dan bahan cemar wap. Pencemaran zarah yang paling biasa termasuk habuk, asap, kabus, aerosol, dan serat. Debu zarah pepejal yang dibentuk atau dihasilkan dari bahan-bahan organik atau bukan organik pepejal dengan mengurangkan saiz mereka melalui proses mekanikal seperti penghancuran, pengisaran, penggerudian, abrading atau letupan.

Wasap terbentuk apabila bahan daripada memeluwap volatilized pepejal dalam udara sejuk. Dalam kebanyakan kes, zarah pepejal yang terhasil dari pemeluwapan bertindak balas dengan udara untuk membentuk oksida.

Kabus istilah digunakan untuk cecair yang halus terampai di atmosfera. Kabus yang dihasilkan oleh cecair terkondensasi dari belakang wap kepada cecair atau dengan berpecah cecair ke dalam negeri yang tersebar seperti oleh percikan, berbuih atau atomizing. Aerosol juga satu bentuk kabus dicirikan oleh sangat terhirup, zarah cecair.

Serat zarah pepejal yang panjang adalah beberapa kali lebih besar daripada diameter mereka.

Gas adalah berbentuk cecair yang berkembang untuk menduduki ruang atau kepungan di mana mereka adalah terhad. Contohnya gas kimpalan seperti asetilena, nitrogen, helium, dan argon; dan karbon monoksida yang dihasilkan dari operasi enjin pembakaran dalaman atau oleh digunakan sebagai gas mengurangkan dalam operasi haba merawat. Satu lagi contoh adalah hidrogen sulfida yang terbentuk di mana-mana jua terdapat penguraian bahan-bahan yang mengandungi sulfur bawah syarat mengurangkan.

Cecair berubah menjadi wap dan bercampur dengan suasana sekitarnya melalui penyejatan. Wap adalah bentuk yang tidak menentu bahan-bahan yang biasanya dalam keadaan pepejal atau cecair pada suhu dan tekanan bilik. Wap adalah bentuk gas bahan-bahan yang biasanya dalam keadaan pepejal atau cecair pada suhu dan tekanan bilik. Mereka dibentuk oleh penyejatan dari cecair atau pepejal dan boleh didapati mana bahagian pembersihan dan lukisan berlaku dan di mana pelarut digunakan.

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Kimia Bahaya

Sebatian kimia yang berbahaya dalam bentuk pepejal, cecair, gas, kabus, habuk, asap, dan wap mengenakan kesan toksik oleh penyedutan (pernafasan), penyerapan (melalui sentuhan langsung dengan kulit), atau pemakanan (makan atau minum). Bahaya kimia bawaan udara wujud sebagai kepekatan kabus, wap, gas, wasap, atau pepejal. Ada toksik melalui penyedutan dan sesetengah daripada mereka merengsakan kulit pada kenalan; beberapa boleh menjadi toksik oleh penyerapan melalui kulit atau melalui pemakanan, dan ada yang menghakis tisu hidup.

Tahap risiko pekerja dari pendedahan kepada apa-apa bahan yang diberikan bergantung kepada sifat dan potensi kesan-kesan toksik dan magnitud dan tempoh pendedahan.

Maklumat mengenai risiko kepada pekerja daripada bahaya kimia boleh diperolehi dari Helaian Data Keselamatan Bahan (MSDS) bahawa Standard Bahaya Komunikasi OSHA'S memerlukan dibekalkan oleh pengilang atau pengimport untuk pembeli semua bahan-bahan berbahaya. MSDS adalah ringkasan kesihatan penting, keselamatan, dan maklumat toksikologi kimia atau bahan campuran. Peruntukan lain Standard Bahaya Komunikasi memerlukan bahawa semua bekas bahan-bahan berbahaya di tempat kerja mempunyai amaran yang sesuai dan label pengenalan.

Bahaya Biologi

Ini termasuk bakteria, virus, kulat, dan organisma hidup lain yang boleh menyebabkan jangkitan akut dan kronik dengan memasuki badan sama ada secara langsung atau melalui rekahan pada kulit. Pekerjaan yang berurusan dengan tumbuh-tumbuhan atau haiwan atau produk mereka atau dengan pemprosesan makanan dan makanan mungkin mendedahkan pekerja kepada bahaya biologi. Kakitangan perubatan dan makmal juga boleh terdedah kepada bahaya biologi. Mana-mana pekerjaan yang hasil sentuhan dengan cecair badan menimbulkan risiko kepada pekerja daripada bahaya biologi.

Dalam pekerjaan di mana haiwan terlibat, bahaya biologi diuruskan dengan mencegah dan mengawal penyakit dalam populasi haiwan serta penjagaan yang betul dan pengendalian haiwan yang dijangkiti. Juga, kebersihan peribadi, perhatian terutamanya yang sesuai untuk luka kecil dan calar, terutamanya pada tangan dan lengan, membantu menyimpan risiko kepada pekerja minimum.

Dalam pekerjaan di mana terdapat potensi pendedahan kepada bahaya biologi, pekerja perlu mengamalkan kebersihan diri yang betul, khususnya membasuh tangan. Hospital perlu memberikan pengudaraan yang betul, yang betul peralatan perlindungan peribadi seperti sarung tangan dan alat pernafasan, mencukupi berjangkit sistem pelupusan sisa, dan kawalan yang sesuai termasuk pengasingan dalam keadaan terutamanya penyakit berjangkit seperti batuk kering.

Bahaya Fizikal

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Ini termasuk tahap berlebihan mengion dan sinaran elektromagnet nonionizing, bunyi bising, getaran, pencahayaan, dan suhu.

Dalam pekerjaan di mana terdapat pendedahan kepada sinaran mengion, masa, jarak, dan melindungi adalah alat penting dalam memastikan keselamatan pekerja. Bahaya daripada kenaikan radiasi dengan jumlah satu masa terdedah kepada, dengan itu, lebih pendek masa pendedahan yang lebih kecil bahaya radiasi.

Jarak juga adalah alat yang berharga dalam mengawal pendedahan kepada radiasi mengion dan tak mengion. Tahap radiasi dari beberapa sumber boleh dianggarkan dengan membandingkan kuasa dua jarak antara pekerja dan sumber. Sebagai contoh, pada titik rujukan 10 kaki dari sumber, radiasi adalah 1/100 daripada intensiti pada 1 kaki dari sumber.

Dinding juga adalah satu cara untuk melindungi terhadap radiasi. Semakin besar jisim pelindung antara sumber radioaktif dan pekerja, lebih rendah pendedahan radiasi.

Penyinaran Nonionizing juga diuruskan dengan melindungi pekerja daripada sumber. Kadang-kadang menghadkan masa pendedahan kepada radiasi nonionizing atau meningkatkan jarak tidak berkesan. Sinaran laser, misalnya, tidak boleh dikawal secara efektif dengan mengenakan had masa. Pendedahan boleh menjadi berbahaya yang lebih cepat daripada yang berkelip mata. Meningkatkan jarak dari sumber laser mungkin memerlukan batu sebelum tahap tenaga mencapai satu titik di mana pendedahan itu tidak akan berbahaya.

Bunyi, satu lagi bahaya fizikal yang ketara, boleh dikawal oleh pelbagai langkah. Bunyi boleh dikurangkan oleh peralatan memasang dan sistem yang telah direkayasa, direka, dan dibina untuk beroperasi secara senyap-senyap; dengan menutup atau melindungi peralatan bising; dengan membuat tertentu bahawa peralatan adalah dalam keadaan baik dan dijaga dengan baik dengan semua bahagian yang haus atau tidak seimbang digantikan; oleh pemasangan peralatan bising pada melekat khas untuk mengurangkan getaran, dan dengan memasang penyenyap, Mufflers, atau sesekat.

Menggantikan kaedah kerja tenang bagi orang-orang yang bising adalah satu lagi cara yang penting untuk mengurangkan bunyi bising, contohnya, bahagian kimpalan bukannya rivet mereka. Juga, merawat lantai, siling, dan dinding dengan bahan akustik boleh mengurangkan bunyi yang dicerminkan atau bergema. Di samping itu, mendirikan halangan bunyi di stesen kerja bersebelahan sekitar operasi bising akan mengurangkan pendedahan pekerja kepada bunyi bising yang dihasilkan di stesen kerja yang bersebelahan.

Ia juga mungkin untuk mengurangkan pendedahan bunyi dengan menambahkan jarak di antara sumber dan penerima, dengan mengasingkan pekerja di gerai akustik, menghadkan masa pendedahan pekerja kepada bunyi bising, dan dengan menyediakan perlindungan pendengaran. OSHA menghendaki bahawa pekerja-pekerja dalam persekitaran bising secara berkala diuji sebagai langkah berjaga-jaga terhadap kehilangan pendengaran.

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Satu lagi bahaya fizikal, pendedahan haba berseri di kilang-kilang seperti kilang keluli, boleh dikawal dengan memasang perisai reflektif dan dengan menyediakan pakaian perlindungan.

Bahaya Ergonomik

Sains kajian ergonomik dan menilai pelbagai tugas termasuk, tetapi tidak terhad kepada, mengangkat, memegang, menolak, berjalan, dan mencapai. Banyak masalah ergonomik akibat daripada perubahan teknologi seperti peningkatan kelajuan line perhimpunan, sambil menambah tugas khusus, dan pengulangan meningkat; beberapa masalah timbul dari tugas-tugas pekerjaan yang buruk direka. Mana-mana syarat-syarat itu boleh menyebabkan bahaya ergonomik seperti getaran dan bunyi bising yang berlebihan, ketegangan mata, gerakan berulang-ulang, dan masalah mengangkat berat. Alat yang tidak dirancang atau kawasan kerja juga boleh menjadi bahaya ergonomik. Gerakan berulang-ulang atau berulang kejutan dalam tempoh masa yang lama seperti dalam kerja-kerja yang melibatkan sorting, memasang, dan kemasukan data selalunya boleh menyebabkan kerengsaan dan keradangan sarung tendon tangan dan lengan, keadaan yang dikenali sebagai sindrom carpal tunnel.

Bahaya ergonomik dielakkan terutamanya oleh reka bentuk yang berkesan kerja atau jobsite dan lebih baik yang direka alat atau peralatan yang memenuhi keperluan pekerja dari segi persekitaran fizikal dan tugas kerja. Melalui analisis tapak kerja menyeluruh, majikan boleh menubuhkan prosedur untuk membetulkan atau mengawal bahaya ergonomik dengan menggunakan kawalan kejuruteraan yang sesuai (contohnya, bentuk atau mereka bentuk semula stesen kerja, lampu, alat, dan peralatan), mengajar amalan kerja yang betul (contohnya, mengangkat yang betul kaedah); menggunakan kawalan pentadbiran yang betul (contohnya, pekerja beralih antara tugas-tugas yang berlainan, mengurangkan permintaan pengeluaran, dan meningkatkan rehat rehat); dan, jika neces-Sary, menyediakan dan mandat peralatan perlindungan peribadi. Menilai keadaan bekerja dari sudut ergonomik yang melibatkan melihat permintaan fisiologi dan psikologi jumlah kerja pada pekerja.

Secara keseluruhan, Higiene Industri menunjukkan bahawa faedah yang direka dengan baik, persekitaran kerja yang ergonomik boleh termasuk peningkatan kecekapan, kurang kemalangan, kos operasi yang lebih rendah. dan penggunaan yang lebih berkesan kakitangan.

Kesimpulannya, kebersihan industri merangkumi spektrum luas persekitaran kerja. Awal dalam sejarah kebersihan OSHA yang diiktiraf industri sebagai sebahagian daripada persekitaran kerja yang sihat. Tempat OSHA keutamaan yang tinggi dalam menggunakan konsep kebersihan industri dalam piawaian kesihatan dan sebagai alat untuk penguatkuasaan yang berkesan keselamatan pekerjaan dan peraturan kesihatan. Dengan mengiktiraf dan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip kebersihan industri kepada persekitaran kerja, tempat kerja Amerika akan menjadi lebih sihat dan selamat.

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Apa Bantuan OSHA Bolehkah Memberi?

Program Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Garis Panduan Pengurusan

Berkesan pengurusan keselamatan pekerja dan perlindungan kesihatan adalah faktor penentu dalam mengurangkan tahap dan tahap kerja-kerja berkaitan kecederaan dan penyakit dan kos yang berkaitan dengan mereka. Untuk membantu majikan dan pekerja dalam membangunkan keselamatan yang berkesan dan program-program kesihatan, OSHA diterbitkan Keselamatan disyorkan dan Garis Panduan Program Pengurusan Kesihatan (Persekutuan Register 54 (18) :3908-3916, 26 Januari, 1989). Garis panduan ini sukarela memohon kepada semua tempat-tempat pekerjaan yang dilindungi oleh OSHA. Garis panduan mengenal pasti empat unsur umum yang kritikal kepada pembangunan program pengurusan keselamatan dan kesihatan yang berjaya:

komitmen pengurusan dan penglibatan pekerja,

analisis tapak kerja,

pencegahan bahaya dan kawalan, dan

latihan keselamatan dan kesihatan.

Garis panduan mengesyorkan tindakan khusus di bawah setiap elemen-elemen umum untuk mencapai keselamatan yang berkesan dan program kesihatan. Satu salinan tunggal bebas daripada garis panduan boleh diperolehi daripada Jabatan Negara AS Buruh OSHA / OICA Penerbitan. P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, dengan menghantar mel label beralamat sendiri dengan permintaan anda.

Negeri Program

Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1970 menggalakkan negeri untuk membangunkan dan mengendalikan keselamatan kerja mereka sendiri dan pelan kesihatan. Syarikat mentadbir program keselamatan dan kesihatan melalui pelan yang diluluskan di bawah seksyen 18 (b) Akta, mesti menerima pakai standard dan menguatkuasakan keperluan yang "sekurang-kurangnya sebagai berkesan" sebagai keperluan persekutuan. Terdapat 25 pelan negeri negeri: 23 meliputi sektor awam dan swasta (negeri dan kerajaan tempatan) dan 2 meliputi sektor awam sahaja. Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai negeri Rancangan Negeri, lihat senarai negeri-negeri dengan rancangan yang diluluskan pada akhir penerbitan ini.

Tapak Percuma Perundingan Perundingan bantuan disediakan atas permintaan dengan majikan yang ingin membantu dalam mewujudkan dan mengekalkan tempat kerja yang selamat dan sihat. Sebahagian besarnya dibiayai oleh OSHA, perkhidmatan disediakan tanpa sebarang kos kepada majikan. Terutamanya dibangunkan untuk majikan kecil dengan operasi yang lebih berbahaya, perkhidmatan perundingan dihantar oleh agensi-agensi kerajaan negeri atau universiti menggunakan perunding keselamatan profesional

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dan perunding kesihatan. Bantuan komprehensif termasuk penilaian semua amalan kerja dan bahaya alam sekitar tempat kerja dan semua aspek keselamatan pekerjaan sekarang dan program kesihatan majikan.

Program ini adalah berasingan daripada usaha pemeriksaan OSHA'S. Tiada penalti dicadangkan atau petikan dikeluarkan untuk keselamatan atau mana-mana masalah kesihatan yang dikenal pasti oleh perunding. Perkhidmatan adalah sulit.

Untuk maklumat lebih lanjut mengenai bantuan perundingan, lihat senarai projek-projek perundingan pada akhir penerbitan ini.

Sukarela Program Perlindungan (VPPs)

Perlindungan Program Sukarela (VPPs) dan perkhidmatan perundingan di lokasi, apabila digabungkan dengan program penguatkuasaan yang berkesan, mengembangkan perlindungan pekerja untuk membantu memenuhi matlamat Akta. Ketiga-tiga VPPs - Star, Merit, dan Demonstrasi - direka untuk mengiktiraf pencapaian cemerlang oleh syarikat-syarikat yang telah berjaya diperbadankan keselamatan yang komprehensif dan program kesihatan ke dalam sistem pengurusan mereka. Mereka mendorong orang lain untuk mencapai keselamatan yang cemerlang dan keputusan kesihatan dalam cara tertunggak yang sama seperti mereka mewujudkan hubungan kerjasama di kalangan majikan, pekerja, dan OSHA.

Untuk maklumat tambahan mengenai VPPs dan bagaimana untuk memohon, hubungi kawasan OSHA atau pejabat serantau yang disenaraikan di akhir penerbitan ini.

Latihan dan Pendidikan

Pejabat kawasan OSHA menawarkan pelbagai perkhidmatan maklumat, seperti penerbitan, audiovisual bantuan, nasihat teknikal, dan pembesar suara untuk penugasan khas. Institut Latihan OSHA di Des Plaines, IL, menyediakan kursus asas dan lanjutan dalam keselamatan dan kesihatan untuk pegawai pematuhan persekutuan dan negeri, perunding negeri, kakitangan agensi persekutuan dan majikan sektor swasta, pekerja, dan wakil mereka.

OSHA juga menyediakan dana untuk organisasi bukan untung, melalui geran untuk menjalankan latihan di tempat kerja dan pendidikan dalam mata pelajaran mana OSHA percaya terdapat kekurangan latihan di tempat kerja. Geran diberikan setiap tahun dan penerima geran dijangka menyumbang 20 peratus daripada jumlah kos pemberian. Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai geran, latihan dan pendidikan, hubungi Institut Latihan OSHA, Pejabat Latihan dan Pendidikan, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018; telefon (847) 297-4810.

Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai mana-mana program OSHA, hubungi kawasan OSHA terdekat anda atau pejabat serantau yang disenaraikan di akhir penerbitan ini.

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Maklumat Elektronik

Internet - piawaian OSHA, tafsiran, arahan, penasihat teknikal, bantuan pematuhan, dan maklumat tambahan kini pada World Wide Web di http://www.osha.gov/.

CD-ROM - Pelbagai bahan OSHA, termasuk piawaian, tafsiran, arahan, dan banyak lagi, boleh dibeli pada CD-ROM dari Pejabat Percetakan Kerajaan AS. Untuk order, menulis kepada Penguasa Dokumen, PO Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954 atau telefon (202) 512-1800. Tentukan Peraturan OSHA, Dokumen, dan Maklumat Teknikal pada CD-ROM (ORDT), GPO Order No S / N 729-013-00000-5. Harga adalah $ 38 setahun ($ 47,50 asing); $ 15 setiap salinan tunggal ($ 18,75 asing).

Kecemasan

Bagi situasi yang mengancam nyawa, hubungi (800) 321-OSHA. Aduan akan pergi segera ke kawasan yang terdekat OSHA atau pejabat negeri untuk bantuan.

Untuk maklumat lanjut mengenai mana-mana program OSHA, hubungi kawasan OSHA terdekat anda atau pejabat serantau yang disenaraikan di akhir penerbitan ini.

Penerbitan OSHA Berkaitan

Single, salinan percuma penerbitan berikut boleh diperolehi dari Jabatan Buruh AS, Penerbitan OSHA / OICA, PO Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535. Hantar mel label sendiri ditangani dengan permintaan anda.

Semua Tentang OSHA - 2056 OSHA

Tempat Kerja Hak Pekerja - OSHA 3021

Perkhidmatan Perundingan untuk Majikan - OSHA 3047

Bagaimana Bersedia untuk Kecemasan Tempat Kerja - 2019 OSHA

Kimia Bahaya Komunikasi - OSHA 3084

Penerbitan berikut boleh didapati dari Penguasa Dokumen, Pejabat Percetakan Kerajaan AS, Washington, DC 20402 (202) 512-1800. Termasuk GPO No Perintah dan membuat cek yang kena dibayar kepada Penguasa Dokumen.

Ergonomik: Kajian kerja - OSHA 3125. Perintah No. 029-016-00 124-7; kos $ 1,00

Rangka Kerja untuk Kesihatan Menyeluruh dan Program Keselamatan dalam Persekitaran Hospital. Perintah No 029-016 - 00149-2; $ kos 3,50.

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Ketua Industri Digest - OSHA 2201. Perintah No 029-016-00155-2; kos $ 2,25.

Buku Panduan untuk Perniagaan Kecil - OSHA 2209. Perintah No 029-016-00144 - 1; kos $ 4,00.

HazardAnalysis Kerja - OSHA 3071. Perintah No 029-016-00142-5; kos $ 1.00.

Bekerja dengan selamat Terminal Paparan Video - OSHA 3092. Perintah No 029-016-00123-9; kos $ 1.00.

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