industrial instrumentation-lec-04.ppt

7/27/2019 Industrial Instrumentation-Lec-04.ppt

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Task


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It is time to turn up the heat but firstyou must learn how to measure it

Temperature Sensor


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Relative Scales

Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C)

Absolute Scales

Rankine (R) Kelvin (K)

Temperature Measurement Scales


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100:C373:K

273:K

255:K

0:C

-18:C

-273:C 0:K-460:F 0:R

0:F

32:F

460:R

492:R

672:R212:FFahrenheit

[F] = [C] 9/5 + 32

Celsius[C] = ([F] 32) 5/9

Kelvin

[K] = [C] + 273.15

Rankine

[R] = [F] + 459.67

Imperial

Fahrenheit (F) / Rankine (R)

+/- 460

Metric

Celsius (C) / Kelvin (K)

+/- 273

Temperature Measurement Scales


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(F) = 9/5*(C) +32

(C) = 5/9*[(F)

32]

(F) = (R) 459.67

(C) = (K) 273.15

Relationship of Temperature Measurement Scales


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Methods of Temperature Measurement

1. Mechanical Methods

2. Electrical Methods


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Methods of Temperature Measurement

1. Thermocouples

2. Thermistors

3. Electrical resistance change (RTD)

4. Pyrometers

5. Expansion of materials


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Seebeck Effect:

The generation of

current in a circuit

comprising of two wires

of dissimilar metals in

the presence of

temperature difference

Thermocouples

When 2 dissimilar metals are joined together toform a junction, an emf is produced which is

proportional to the temperature being sensed.

The magnitude of emf depends on the junctiontemperature.


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Typical Industrial Thermocouple Assembly


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TCs are identified by a single letter type and

grouped according to their temperature range Base Metals up to 1000 C

Type J, Type E, Type T, Type K

Noble Metals up to 2000 C

Type R, Type S, Type B

Refractory Metals up to 2600 C

Type C, Type D, Type G

Thermocouple Types


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TC

Type

Colours Range C Positive Lead

(Coloured)

Negative Lead

(all Red)

J White/Red -210 to 1200 Iron Constantan

E Purple/Red -270 to1000 Chromel Constantan

T Blue/Red 0 to 400 Copper Constantan

K Yellow/Red -270 to1372 Chromel Alumel

R Black/Red -50 to 1768 Platinum-13%

rhodium

Platinum

S Black/Red -50 to 1768 Platinum-10%

rhodium

Platinum

B Grey/Red 0 to 1700 Platinum-30%

rhodium

Platinum-6% rhodium

C White-Red/Red

0 to 2320 Tungsten/5%rhenium

Tungsten 26% rhenium

Chromel = Nickel-chromiumAlumel = Nickel-aluminumConstantan = Copper-nickel

Metal Combinations


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Type T Thermocouple (Blue & Red) Reference Junction 0 C

C 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 0.000 0.039 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.195 0.234 0.273 0.312 0.352

10 0.391 0.431 0.470 0.510 0.549 0.589 0.629 0.669 0.709 0.749

20 0.790 0.830 0.870 0.911 0.951 0.992 1.033 1.074 1.114 1.155

30 1.196 1.238 1.279 1.320 1.362 1.403 1.445 1.486 1.528 1.570

40 1.612 1.654 1.696 1.738 1.780 1.823 1.865 1.908 1.950 1.993

Thermocouple Tables

Voltage to Temperature Conversion

1.445 mV equal to temperature ..


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Thermocouple Callibration Charts

Voltage to Temperature Conversion


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Thermistor, a word formed by combining thermal with

resistor, is a temperature-sensitive resistor fabricatedfrom semiconducting materials.

The resistance of thermistors decreases proportionally

with increases in temperature.

The operating range can be -200C to + 1000C

Thermistors

Th i t


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Thermistors

The thermistors can be in the shape of a rod,bead or disc.

Manufactured from oxides of nickel, manganese,iron, cobalt, magnesium, titanium and othermetals.


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erm s ors

The word that best describes the thermistors issensitive

Th i t Ch t


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Thermistor Charts

Resistance to Temperature Conversion


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Advantages:

Small sizes and fast response

Low cost

Suitability for narrow spans

Disadvantages:

More susceptible to permanent decalibration at high

temperatures.

Use is limited to a few hundred degrees Celsius. Respond quickly to temperature changes, thus,

especially susceptible to self-heating errors.

Very fragile

erm s ors

El t i l R i t Ch (RTD)


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Electrical Resistance Change (RTD)

Resistance Temperature

Detector- RTD RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a temperature

sensitive resistor.

It is a positive temperature coefficient device, which means

that the resistance increases with temperature.

The resistive property of the metal is called its resistivity.The industry standard is the platinum wire RTD(Pt100) whose base resistance is exactly 100.00

ohms at 0.0 C.

El t i l R i t Ch (RTD)


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Platinum Wire RTDs (PRTs)

PRTs have established themselves as the de-facto industrystandard for temperature measurement, and for many reasons:

linear temperature sensors

Resistance vs temperaturecharacteristics are stable andreproducible

linear positive temperaturecoefficient (-200 to 800 C)

very accurate and suitable for use asa secondary standard



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Platinum Scale ( 0 to 100 C )



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International Practical scale for Temperature

(0 to 650. 30 C)



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(Below 0 C)



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Other RTDs

10 ohms CopperRTD - .00427 coefficients

100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00385 coefficients

(new IEC)

100 ohms Platinum RTD - .00392 coefficients (old)

120 ohms Nickel RTD - .00672 coefficient

604 ohms Nickel-Iron RTD - .00518 coefficientsAll base resistances are specified at a temperature of 0 degrees C

A Pt1000 will have a base resistance of 1000 ohms at 0 deg. C


RTDs with a bridge circuit


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Only practical if the RTD lead wires are short.

In many applications the RTD is located far from the conditioning

circuit adding extra resistance because the length of the copperlead wire.

Cu = 0.0302 per ft.

How much error will 100 ft length of Cu lead wire introduce?

RTDs with a bridge circuit

Most RTDs have an extra

wire to compensate for

the length of lead wire.

RTD Colour Code


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Not standardized but this is common colourarrangement. Some (like in the lab) will useBLK-BLK-RED

RTD Colour Code

Pyrometer


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Pyrometry is a technique for measuring temperature

without physical contact

An apparatus for measuring high temperatures that usesthe radiation emitted by a hot body as a basis for

measurement.

Radiation pyrometers ( measurement of radiant energy)

Pyrometer

Radiation Pyrometer


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Radiation pyrometers

Radiation Pyrometer

Radiation Pyrometer


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Optical pyrometers (600 to 3000 C)

Radiation Pyrometer

basic principle of using the human eye to match the brightness

of the hot object to the brightness of a calibrated lamp

filament inside the instrument

Compare incident radiation to internal filament radiation

Expansion Thermometers


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Bimetallic Thermometer

(Expansion of solids)


Effect of unequal expansion of a bimetallic strip

Bimetallic thermometer

-Different metals have difference coefficient.

-Configured as spiral or helix for compactness

- Can be used with a pointer to make aninexpensive compact rugged thermometer.



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Thermal expansion methods: Bimetallic sensors




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Filled Thermal Systems(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)


Similar operation as the liquid in glass

Bulb

Capillary tube

Pressure element Scale

Spiral TypeBourdon Tube



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Filled Thermal System Classes(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)


Class l A,B Liquid filled

Class ll A,B,C,D Vapour filled

Class lll A,B Gas filled

Class V A,B Mercury Filled



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Filled Thermal System Classes(Filled System Thermometer, Filled Bulb Thermometer)


Temperature Range Response

Class l: -125 F to + 600 F Slowest

Class ll: -40 to 32 or 32 to 600 F Fastest

Class lll: -450 F to +1400 F Fast

Class V: -40 F to +1200 F Fast

Data Required to Provide Measurement of Process


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Data Required to Provide Measurement of ProcessTemperature



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qTemperature



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qTemperature



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qTemperature

Criteria for Selecting a Suitable Temperature Measuring


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g p gInstrument

Summary of Temperature Sensor Characteristics


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y p

Summary of Temperature Sensor Characteristics


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industrial instrumentation-lec-04.ppt

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