FORUMon the

INDUSTRIAL MINERALSGEOLOGY of

37th

MAY 23-25, 2001 VICTORIA, BC, CANADA

Editors:George J. Simandl,William J. McMillan andNicole D. Robinson

Industrial Mineralswith emphasis on

Western North America

Industrial Mineralswith emphasis on

Western North America

Ministry of Energy and MinesGeological Survey Branch Paper 2004-2

Cover photo: Curved, grey magnesite crystals in a black dolomitematrix. Mount Brussilof magnesite mine, British Columbia, Canada

Recommended reference style for individual papers:

Nelson, J. (2004): The Geology of Western North America (Abridged Version); G.J. Simandl,W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, Editors, 37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings,Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America,

, Paper 2004-2, pages 1-2.

in

British Columbia Ministry of Energy andMines, Geological Survey Branch

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data

Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals (37th : 2001 :

Victoria, B.C.)

Industrial mineral with emphasis on western North America

(Paper / Geological Survey Branch) ; 2004-2)

"37th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals,

May 23-25, 2001, Victoria, B.C. Canada."

Includes bibliographical references: p.

ISBN 0-7726-5270-8

1. Industrial minerals - Geology - North America - Congresses.

2. Ore deposits - North America - Congresses. 3. Geology,

Economic - North America - Congresses. I. Simandl, George J.

(George Jiri), 1953- . II. McMillan, W. J. (William John).

III. Robinson, Nicole D. IV. British Columbia. Ministry of

Energy and Mines. V. British Columbia. Geological Survey Branch.

VI. Title. VII. Series: Paper (British Columbia. Geological

Survey Branch) ; 2004-2.

TN22.F67 2005 553.6'097 C2005-960004-7

Cover photo: Curved, grey magnesite crystals in a black dolomitematrix. Mount Brussilof magnesite mine, British Columbia, Canada

Recommended reference style for individual papers:

Nelson, J. (2004): The Geology of Western North America (Abridged Version); G.J. Simandl,W.J. McMillan and N.D. Robinson, Editors, 37th Annual Forum on Industrial Minerals Proceedings,Industrial Minerals with emphasis on Western North America,

, Paper 2004-2, pages 1-2.

in

British Columbia Ministry of Energy andMines, Geological Survey Branch

iii

Preface The 37th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals was held at the Victoria Conference Centre from May 23 -25, 2001. The Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals has a long tradition. It was initiated by the late Professor Robert Bates of the Ohio State University and has been held on an annual basis for the last 37 years. Thirty-one meetings have been held in the USA, one in Bath, England, and five in Canada including the 37th Forum, here in Victoria. The 37th Forum in Victoria was organized by the British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines (Geological Survey Branch), Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, and University of Victoria’s Centre for Earth and Ocean Research. The Forum was co-sponsored by: Baymag Mines Co. Ltd, Lafarge Canada Inc., Imasco, Industrial Minerals Journal, Canmark International Resources Inc., Yorkton Securities and BHP. Westroc, Cominco, DeBeers Canada, and Diavik Mines helped keep the cost of field trips affordable. The technical sessions focused on aggregates and transportation; value-added industrial minerals; diamonds in Canada; dimension stone; magnesite, magnesia, and magnesium metal; and exploration for and evaluation of industrial mineral deposits. There were 48 oral presentations and over 40 poster displays. As part of the 37th Forum, eight field trips were planned. Six of these took place in southwestern BC, one trip transected the Cordillera from Calgary to Victoria, and the other visited the new diamond mines in the Northwest Territories. There were at least 50 companies that agreed to show us their operations and to share their knowledge. The field trip leaders spent a lot of time and effort to make it possible for participants to appreciate the industrial minerals wealth and potential of British Columbia. These leaders are Stan Krukowski of Graymont, Don Gunning and Dan Hora - consultants, Roger Paulen, Amy Boulton and Melissa Rotella - students of the School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, UVic, and Victor Levson of the British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines. Susan Dunlop and Kathy Watson of UVic’s Centre for Earth and Ocean Research efficiently handled the administrative part of the conference with assistance from UVic SEOS student Michelle Landry. Janet Holland of the BC Geological Survey formatted the extended abstract book and expertly handled the accompanying guest program. On site co-ordination of the poster session was handled by Mike Fournier of the BC Geological Survey. Support of the Forum through corporate and commercial displays by Homegold Resources, Crystal Graphite Corporation, Electra Gold Ltd., Bondar Clegg, XRAL Laboratories, Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Driftwood Creek Magnesite, and Blubber Bay Quarry (Ash Grove Cement Co.) is also appreciated.

George Simandl May 10, 2001

FIELD TRIP SPONSORSThe following companies have helped offset the cost of the field trips:

BHPAshgrove Cement Company, Blubber Bay QuarryImperial Limestone Co. Ltd.Pacific Coastal Airlines Ltd.Texada Quarrying Ltd.Graymont Western Canada Inc.Cominco Ltd.Westroc Ltd.

EXHIBITORS

1. Bondar Clegg Mineral Laboratories, Vancouver, BC

2. Homegold Resources, Port Coquitlam, BC

3. Electra Gold Ltd., Vancouver, BC

4. XRAL Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario

5. British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines

6. BC Geological Survey - The Map Place

7. BC & Yukon Chamber of Mines/Mining Association of BC

8. Centre for Earth and Ocean Research, University of Victoria

9. Jade West Resources Ltd., South Surrey, BC and

BC Geological Survey, Victoria, BC

10.Driftwood Creek Magnesite, Kimberley, BC

11. “Industrial Minerals”, England

12. Blubber Bay Quarry, Blubber Bay, BC

13. Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines

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MAJOR SPONSORS

Ministry of Energy and Mines

v

Date Location Publication1st 1965 Columbus, Ohio 1966, Ohio Journal of Science , 66 (2), p. 97-1912nd 1966 Bloomington, Indiana 1966, Indiana Geological Survey, 197p. (no publication number given)3rd 1967 Lawrence, Kansas 1967, State Geological Survey of Kansas Special Distribution Publication 34, 183p.4th 1968 Austin, Texas 1968, Texas Bureau of Economic Geology , 174 p. (no publication number given)5th 1969 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 1970, Pennsylvania Geological Survey, 4th Series, Bulletin M64, 271p.6th 1970 Ann Arbor, Michigan 1970, Michigan Geological Survey Miscellany 1, 155p.7th 1971 Tampa, Florida 1972, Florida Bureau of Geology Special Publication 17, 228p.8th 1972 Iowa City, Iowa 1973, Iowa Geological Survey Public Information Circular 5, 189p.9th 1973 Paducah, Kentucky 1974, Kentucky Geological Survey Series X, Special Publication 22, 107p.10th 1974 Columbus, Ohio 1974, Ohio Geological Survey Miscellaneous Report 1, 100p.11th 1975 Kalispell, Montana 1976, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Special Publication 74, 186p.12th 1976 Atlanta, Georgia 1978, Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 49, 78p.13th 1977 Norman, Oklahoma 1978, Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 79, 107p.14th 1978 Albany, New York 1980, New York State Museum Bulletin 436, 120p.15th 1979 Golden, Colorado 1980, Colorado Geological Survey Resource Series 8, 126p.16th 1980 St. Louis, Missouri 1980, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Special Publication 7, 78p.17th 1981 Albuquerque, New Mexico 1982, New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Circular 182, 108p.18th 1982 Bloomington, Indiana 1983, Indiana Geological Survey Occasional Paper 37, 251p.19th 1983 Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1983, Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 114, 216p.20th 1984 Baltimore, Maryland 1985, Maryland Geological Survey Special Publication 2, 152p.21st 1985 Tucson, Arizona 1987, Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper 4, 134p.22nd 1986 Little Rock, Arkansas 1988, Arkansas Geological Commission Miscellaneous Publication MP-21, 115p.23rd 1987 North Aurora, Illinois 1989, Ilinois State Geological Survey IMN 102, 105p.24th 1988 Greenville, South Carolina 1990, South Carolina Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication , 155p. (no publication

number given)25th 1989 Portland, Oregon 1990, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper 23, 100p.26th 1990 Charlottesville, Virginia 1992, Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 119, 188p.27th 1991 Banff, Alberta, Canada 1992, Alberta Geological Survey, Alberta Research Council, Information Series 115, 217p.28th 1992 Martinsburg, West Virginia 1995, West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey and U.S. Bureau of Mines Circular C-46,

227p.29th 1993 Long Beach, California 1995, California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology Special

Publication 110, 355p.30th 1994 Fredericton, New Brunswick and

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada1995, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources Energy, Minerals and Energy Division Miscellaneous Report 16, 261p.

31st 1995 El Paso, Texas 1996, New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin 154, 330p.32nd 1996 Laramie, Wyoming 1997, Wyoming State Geological Survey Public Information Circular 38, 326p.33rd 1997 Quebec City, Quebec, Canada 1998, Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Special Volume 50, 288p.34th 1998 Norman, Oklahoma 1999, Oklahoma Geological Survey Circular 102, 364p.35th 1999 Salt Lake City, Utah 2001, Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 01-2, 286p.36th 2000 Bath, England Joint with 11th Extractive

Industry Geology Conference2002, Industrial Minerals and Extractive Industry Geology, Geological Society Publishing House, 384p.

37th 2001 Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 2004, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, Geological Survey and Development Branch , Paper 2004-1, 319p.

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CONFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface……...............................................................................................................….. i Major Sponsors………………………………………………………………………… ii Field Trip Sponsors…………………………………………………………………….. iii Exhibitors………………………………………………………………………………. iii Conferences and Publications……………………………………………...…………... iv INDUSTRIAL MINERAL DEPOSITS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA The Geology of Western North America (Abridged Version)

JoAnne Nelson…………………………………………………………………. 1

An Overview of Alaska’s Industrial Minerals Thomas K. Bundtzen…………………………………………………..……….. 3

Industrial Minerals in British Columbia 2003 – Review and Opportunities

G.J. Simandl, N. Robinson, P. Wodjak, D. Terry, B. Lane, M. Cathro and T. Schroeter…………………………………………………….. 5

Industrial Mineral Endowment and Development Opportunities, Northeast-Central British Columbia

Bob Lane, Ken MacDonald, Brian McGrath, Nicole Robinson, and George J. Simandl………………...……………………………………….. 15

Emerald and Other Gem Beryl Mineralization in Northwestern Canada

Lee A. Groat, Heather L. Neufeld, Daniel D. Marshall, Hendrik Falck and James K. Mortensen……………………………………….. 27

Kaolin and Silica Resources in Advanced Argillic (Acid Sulphate) Alteration Zones, North Vancouver Island, Canada

J.T. (Jo) Shearer……………………………………………………...…….…... 31 Industrial Mineral Opportunities in Manitoba, 2001

James Bamburak and Rick Halas…………………………………………..…... 33

Industrial Minerals in Washington State Charles W. Gulick and David A. Knoblach………………………………..…... 39

A Review of Reclamation Law and Permitting Process for Surface Mining in Colorado

Belinda Arbogast…………………………………………………...…………... 41

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Industrial Mineral Activity in Oregon Ronald P. Geitgey………………………………………………………….……49

MAGNESITE, MAGNESIA AND MAGNESIUM METAL Magnesium Metal – Sources, Processes and Markets

Brian Coope.………………………………………………………...…….…… 51 Magnesite and Related Opportunities in British Columbia, Canada

George J. Simandl…………………….…………………………….………..… 57 Hydromagnesite in British Columbia, Canada

George J. Simandl, Jana Simandl, Melissa Rotella, Mike Fournier, and Alicia Debrecini ...…………………………………….………... 61

Fluid Inclusion Evidence for the Genesis of the Mt. Brussilof Magnesite Deposit

Dan Marshall, George Simandl and Danae Voormeij………………………… 65 Short-wave Infrared Spectroscopy (SWIR) in Magnesite Exploration

Anne Thompson and George J. Simandl..……………………………………... 77

Driftwood Creek Magnesite Andris A. Kikauka, Peter Klewchuk and Glen M. Rodgers……………...……. 81

Classification of Magnesite Deposits with Emphasis on the Mount Brussilof and Kunwarara Types

George J. Simandl and Hagen Schultes..…………...……………...................... 83

AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED STONE Environmental Risk Analysis and Aggregate Mining

William H. Langer……………………………………………………...……… 87

Can Probabilistic Neural Networks be used to successfully classify carbonate aggregate?

James D. Bliss and Donald A. Singer……………………………….……..…... 97

Engineering Geology of Aggregates, British Columbia Fred Shrimer……………………………………………………………...……. 99

Geology and Aggregate Production of the Colwood Delta

David Mate and Victor Levson..……………………………………….………. 107

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Aggregate Potential Mapping on the Sea-to-Sky Highway, British Columbia

Adrian S. Hickin, E.D. Brooks and P.T. Bobrowsky..……...……………….…. 113

A Century of Sand and Gravel Geology and Use in Alberta: 1950 to 2050 W. A. D. Edwards…………………………………………………………...…. 119

Web-enabled GIS: Aggregate Applications Roger Melick…………………………………………………………...………. 123

National Indian Aggregates Program Stephen Manydeeds……………………………………………………………. 125

Bald Ridge, Annette Islands Reserve, AK Stephen Manydeeds……………………………………………………………. 127

The United States Aggregates Industry – an Overview

Valentin V. Tepordei…..………………………………………….……………. 133

DIMENSION STONE Evaluation of Potential Dimension Stone Deposits

James Purdy, Lance Mead and Richard Riordan…………………..………….. 135

Carving out a Niche in the Sculpture Stone Market Randy Zieber……………………………………………………...……………. 137

Some Case Histories of the Use of Sandstone as Building Cladding in Western Canada

Greg Ovastaas.…………………………………………………...…….………. 139

Government-Industry Partnership Exploration for Decorative and Dimensional Stone Sites in Southern Wyoming

Ray E. Harris.……………………………………………………….…….……. 145

Dimension Stone Industry Production and Trade Statistics of the United States: the Issues and Trends

Thomas P. Dolley...……………………………………………...……….….…. 149 Dimension Stone Evaluation with Special Reference to Geo-radar Investigations

Hannu Luodes and Olavi Selonen…….…………………………..….….……... 157

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Re-opening the Hardy Island Granite Quarry, British Columbia, Canada Helgi Sigurgeirson..……………………………………………………………. 161

DIAMONDS Diamond Exploration in Canada

L. Harvey Thorleifson………………………………………….………………. 163

Geology and Exploration Highlights: Diamondiferous Kimberlites of Saskatchewan

Brent Jellicoe, Phil Robertshaw and Lynn Kelley.………………………...…... 167

The Buffalo Head Hills Diamondiferous Kimberlite Province, Alberta Brooke Clements and Dave Skelton...………………………………..………... 171

EKATI Diamond Mine, 2001 Update W. Scott Williams and Jon A. Carlson...………………………………..……... 175

The Diavik Diamonds Project – A 2001 Update Jennifer Burgess..………………………………………………………………. 177

Geochemical Exploration for Kimberlites in Northern Alberta D. Seneshen, E. Grunsky, A. Rencz, G. Hall and C. Dunn…………………..... 181

Events, Trends, and Issues in the United States and World Diamond Industry

Donald W. Olson……………………………………………………...………... 183 VALUE-ADDED INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

Talc – Its Relation to Asbestiform Amphiboles and the Asbestos in Crayons Controversy

Bradley S. VanGosen, Gregory P. Meeker and Isabelle K. Brownfield……….................................................................…. 185

Industrial Mineral Products from Mining Waste Peter W. Scott, John M. Eyre, David J. Harrison, and Andrew J. Bloodworth…………………………………...…………...…… 197

Waste Slag Recycling in the New Millennium Vinay Chaskar and Bern Klein……………………………………………….... 209

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Open Pit Surgical Mining of Bertrandite Ores at the World’s Largest Beryllium Deposit!

Greg Hawkins..……………………………………………………………...…. 215 EXPLORATION AND EVALUATION TECHNIQUES Wollastonite Skarn Genesis in the Grenvillian Central Metasedimentary Belt

Tassos A. Grammatikopoulos and Alan H. Clark……………………………… 217

Categorization and Evaluation of Industrial Clay Resources (with examples of resources in the Pacific Northwest)

Colin C. Harvey..………………………………………………………………. 229

Measuring Grade of High-Tech Industrial Minerals for Deposit Evaluation and Product Beneficiation: Quantitative Phase Analysis Using X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data and Whole-rock Chemical Methods

Mati Raudsepp, Elisabetta Pani, Gregory Dipple, and Terence Gordon……………………………………………………………. 235

The Glenover carbonatite complex – 3D modeling of a new potential vermiculite deposit

Thomas Doege, Jan Hollenstein and Hansgeorg Förster…………………..…... 237

SELECTED TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC PAPERS Leonardite at Red Lake Deposit, British Columbia, Canada

Peter B. Aylen, George J. Simandl and Jana Simandl……………….………… 239 Israeli White Limestones – Implications for Uses Based upon their Reactivity and Other Properties

Yoetz Deutsch, Tsevi Minster and Shimon Ilani..……………………………... 243

Origin of Sodium Sulphate Deposits of Southern Saskatchewan: Trace Potential for Strontium Isotopes

Lynn I. Kelley and Chris Holmden.……………………………………..……... 253

The Distinction between Lacustrinal and Volcanogenic Clays in the Vicinity of Lake District (Isparta, Southwest Turkey)

Hakan Coban, Mustafa Kumral and Ali Bilgin………………………….……... 257 Marilla Perlite – Volcanic Glass Occurrence, British Columbia, Canada

Melissa Rotella and George Simandl..……………………………………..…... 263

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Kyanite and Andalusite Occurrences in British Columbia, Canada

George J. Simandl, Kirk D. Hancock and Melissa D. Rotella…………………. 273

Ordovician Upton Carbonate-hosted Ba-Zn-Pb Deposit, Southern Quebec Appalachians: Geology and Geochemistry

Suzanne Paradis and Denis Lavois…..………………………………………… 283

Jade (Nephrite) in British Columbia, Canada Kirk Makepeace and George J. Simandl..…………………………………..….. 287

The Cleveland South 30 x 60 Minute Quadrangle Surficial Geology Map: Its Use for Preliminary Evaluation for Industrial Mineral Availability

Mark Wolfe..…………………………………………………………...………. 289

A Long Term Success Story Based on Simple Clays and Shales Don Harris………………………………………………………………...……. 291

Weathering and Provenance of Muscovite – A new approach to understanding the sedimentary kaolin problem

Alfred M. Elser, W. Crawford Elliott, J. Marion Wampler and W.B. Hames………….……………………………………………....……. 295

Cabin Creek Phosphate Project

Stephen T. Butrenchuk and R.T. Henneberry……………………………....….. 299

Report on the 1999 Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigation: Mt. Meager Pumice Deposit

Garth Carefoot……………………………………………………………….… 301

Investigating the Potential of Industrial Minerals in Saudi Arabia Peter Harben, Chris Spencer and Maher Idris..……………………………...… 303

MISCELLANEOUS ABSTRACTS

Mining in an Urban Environment – An Exercise in Community Relations Barry Irvine…………………………………………………………………….. 311

Industrial Rocks in Europe

Manuel Regueiro y Gonzáles-Barros and Manuel Lombardero Barceló……….………………………………………….. 311

United States Industrial Minerals in a Global Context David E. Morse…………………………………………………………...……. 313

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Opportunities for Value-added By-products or Co-product materials from Industrial Waste Streams

Todd Harris…………………………………………………….………………. 313 Barging of Bulk Commodities on the Pacific North West Coast

W. Wayne Poole..……………………………………………………………… 313 Klinker, Precious Opal Deposit, Okanagan Area, British Columbia, Canada

G.J. Simandl, R. Yorke-Hardy, S. Paradis, and Brian Callahan………………………………………………..………....…. 315

Metals Contamination in a Limestone Quarry

Richard Munroe..………………………………………………………………. 315 The Effect of the Internet on Industrial Minerals

Joseph Z. Keating………………………………………………………………. 317 Wood Cove Marble

Raul Vicencio and Andris Kikauka..……………………………………..……. 317 Forum 2002, St. Louis, Missouri

Ardel Rueff...……………………………………………………………..……. 319

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