INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY

BY AHSAN NAZIR

IN THIS CHAPTER WE SHALL STUDY

• Nature of the work situation.

• Work , vocation, personality & society.

• Working environment, work methods, modern approaches & work efficiency.

• Group Dynamics, work incentives.

• Job satisfaction.

INCREASE IN PRODUCTION

• A loss in work efficiency and production can be managed by following steps;

• 1)Motivational factors.

• 2)Incentives.

• 3)Working environment.

• 4)Emotional factors.

• 5)Miscellaneous factors.

1)Motivational Factors

• The unrest and dissatisfaction in the workers result in a decrease in efficiency and production.

• Individual incompetence or environmental variables may be instrumental for the situation until the problem is not sorted out.

• For the motivation of workers following steps can be helpful;

Motivational Factors cont.

• a) Expert approach:• Individual expert review the situation.• Structural problems analyzed i.e. machinery.• Functional problems; environment, work morale.• worker- employer relation; union politics

confidence• Covert intervention etc.• Submit proposals.

Motivational Factors cont

• b) Industrial espionage:

• Administration hire the services of some spy to identify worker’s problems.

• c) Counselling method: Industrial psychologist gives the guidance to the employee as well as administration.

• d) Employee centered approach:

2)INCENTIVES

• Any motive expressed quantitatively is termed as an incentive.

• Bonus , promotion, rewards etc are incentives used to motivate the workers which in turn affect the production.

• Reason being that the incentives are directly proportional to workers socio-economic status.

• 1) Critical factors: The factors which deal with promoting the inherent capabilities of workers are known as critical factors which are follows;

• a) opportunity for identifiable achievement.• b) Constructive & diversified assignment.

2)INCENTIVES cont.

• c) Incentive of increased production;• ( target + reward ).• d) suggestion & imitation;• ( examples & role models)• 2) Marginal factors; factors which contribute but not

visible and if an insight of their status is clearly presented they may augment the production & efficiency.

• a) compensation (over time payment , loss etc )• b) organizational growth• c) developing a participatory attitude among workers

2)INCENTIVES cont.

• 3) Neutral Factors:

• a) Job security.

• b) Promotion opportunities.

• c) Bonuses.

• d) Increase in wages.

• e) Rewards and over time.

3)THE WORK ENVIRONMENT

• Improving the work environment substantiate the morale of workers, increase out put and reduce the accidents and strikes.

• a) Job security• b) Working conditions• c) Working hours & rest• d) Freedom from boredom• e) Reduction in noise• f) Illumination• g) Atmospheric effect• h) Music

4)EMOTIONAL FACTORS

• Morale ,industrial growth, accidents and strikes are also affected by the emotional factors;

• a) Favouritism.

• b) Discouragement.

• c) Misunderstanding.

5)MISCELLANEOUS FACTORS

• a) Audio visual aids.

• b) Special training of complex skills

• c) Technical knowledge of machines

• d) Risk acceptance

• e) Simultaneous attention

• f) Equipment designer

• g) Covering the communication lag

2)ACCSIDENTS & PREVENTIVE MEASURES

• An unexpected event which may cause a loss to life or property. In an industrial set up an event without a known cause which may result in a damage, permanent or temporary to the machinery or worker.

• Accidents may result from an individual negligence, structural problems in the machinery and lack of the preventive measures.

RESULTS OF AN ACCIDENTS

• 1)Loss in labour force

• 2)Loss to the organization

• 3)Time factor

• 4)Diseases

• 5)Environmental hazards

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

• 10 % physical causes• 90 % psychological causes• Physical causes:• 1) Building structure• 2) Lay out plan or installation• 3) External elements i.e. earth quacks etc.• 4) Light • 5) Temperature• 6) Nature of task

CAUSES Cont.

• Psychological causes:• 1) Accidents prone workers• 2) Age• 3) Experience• 4) Training• 5) Vision• 6) Emotional elements• 7) Employee-employer relationship• 8) Fatigue• 9) Dissatisfaction• 10) Organization & admin• 11) Physical health• 12)Apathy of state• 13)Nature

PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

• A) Maintenance of physical conditions:

• 1) Structure of building

• 2) Proper installation

• 3) Work condition & management

• 4) Illumination

• 5) Insulation of wires

• 6) Noise & temperature control

PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS cont.

• B) Psychological control:

• 1)Recruitment procedure & psychological testing.

• 2) Training facilities

• 3) Personal security

• 4) Health care & first aid

• 5) Employee welfare plane