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Autocratic or authoritarian leadershipCharacteristics

Makes decisions

Rewards and punishes

Conceals information Imposes rigid work standards

Emotional reactions of employees

Resentment of him/her and his her methods

Resistance to orders

Fear and dependence

Frustration- due to constant supervision

Security in knowing that following the autocrat willgain his/her acceptance

This type of leadership is useful when

Employees are new on the job

In emergencies

When the group becomes complacent

When discipline is needed

This leadership is not desirable when-

Employees are knowledgeable about their jobs and

are experienced.

When a successful work group has beenestablished.

When the job demands team work and cooperation.

When morale needs to be improved and the

attitude towards the management needs to beimproved.

Consultative/participative or democratic orgroup centered

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Emotional reactions of employees

Feeling of co operation with the boss.

Respect for the boss.Warm friendly relationships between superiors andsubordinates.

Greater motivation and higher morale.Better decisions and formulation of plans.

This type of leadership is useful when

The company has communicatedits goals to itssubordinates and they have accepted it.

When the company uses rewards and punishmentsas a means of motivation and control.

The leader wants to hear the ideas of others before

making decisions.

The leader wishes to develop analytical and selfcontrol abilities in the subordinates.

The workers are reasonably knowledgeable and

experienced.

Subordinates desire involvement in matters thataffect them.

The group has proven a record of co operation and

performance.

Workers are able to work without with little or nocontact with the supervisor.

This leadership is not desirable when-

Employees lack experience.

When employees do not wish to work as a team orare unable to work together.

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Free rein or laisez faire or group centered

leadershipCharacteristics

Maximum concern for individuals in the team.

Open discussions and creativity and respect for

everyones views.

The majority will is operative in the decision makingprocess.

Emotional reactions of employees

Free informal work environment individuals can find

answers to the problems posed by the job.

Insecurity and frustration because of a lack ofspecific decision making authority and

responsibility.

Lack of cohesive behaviour. Cliques are formed to

the detriment of the groups goal directed action.

This type of leadership is useful when-

The companys goals and the subordinates goals

are compatible. The leader desires to delegate decision making

fully.

The leader has a high degree of confidence in the

abilities of his subordinates.

When the subordinates are well trained and highlyknowledgeable and are willing to assume

responsibility for decision making and self control.

The subordinate have a high need forindependence.

This leadership is not desirable when-

The work group members do not co operate.

The group is unwilling or unable to make a decision.

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The group is too large or lacks cohesion.

It could degenerate into chaos.

Bureaucratic or rules centered leadershipCharacteristics

Reliance on rules.

Do things in prescribed ways.

Emotional reactions of employees

Emotional apathy of the employees.

Bureaucratic sabotage-a deliberate apathy fusedwith resentment so that every act of conforming tothe letter of the rule is accompanies by a conscious

intention to violate it.

This type of leadership is useful when

Goals of the company are fixed.

A task must be achieved in a short time.

This leadership is not desirable when-

Creativity is needed in the job.

When the work profile demands flexibility.

Manipulative leadershipCharacteristics

Personal Goals are achieved at any cost through

manipulation.

Employees needs are tools to extract performance.

Emotional reactions of employees

Distrust

Belief that the manager knows their needs.

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This type of leadership is useful when

Cooperation and co ordination have to be achieved

ion a short time.

When there is a lack of motivation.

This leadership is not desirable when-

A long term working relationship has to be

sustained.

The structure of the organization is controlled andthe manipulation is restricted.

Expert leadershipCharacteristics

Group perception and leaders talent r right for thesituation.

Not a transferable skill.

Emotional reactions of employees

Relief and confidence

Confusion when the skills r no longer required.

This type of leadership is useful when

The gp is convinced that they can reach their goalsby following the leader

The expertise is needed

Charismatic leaders

Are they born or made?

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Characteristics

vision and articulation

Personal risk.

Sensitivity to followers needs.

Unconventional behaviour.

This type of leadership is useful when

The group needs a creative head.

Creativity is the goal

To inspire a group.

Characteristics

Emotional reactions of employees This type of leadership is useful when

This leadership is not desirable when-

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Consultative or participative or democraticor group centered leadership

Characteristics

Delegates responsibility.Emphasis on results rather than on action.

Concern for employees.Encourages co operation.

Defines objectives yet gives freedom for performance.Takes decisions and accepts full responsibility.