industrial revolution - mr. zuba's...
TRANSCRIPT
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Industrial Revolution1750s to ...
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Historical Backdrop• The political revolutions of the late 1700s that created
governmental and social upheavals were not the only “revolutions” bringing significant changes to Western culture (Europe and the Americas).
• In the mid-1700s agricultural and technological changes would begin to alter every aspect of life for people around the globe.
• These changes would first effect European nations that continued to build upon the wealth and power gained through the control of trade routes, and through the colonization of the Americas.
• Soon this new “Industrial Revolution” would spread across the Atlantic, and elsewhere around the globe.
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Agriculture and Population
• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain as a partial consequence to population increases.
• Agricultural (farming) output had increased substantially in the 1700s as numerous small fields were combined, and technological improvements eased labor demands.
• The results of having more food were significant population increases.
• Higher populations increased the demand for basic goods, which in turn prompted technological innovations tomeet demand.
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Technological Changes
• To meet increased demand industrial innovators (inventors, machinist, engineers, etc.) devised increasingly complex machines to speed up production.
• The “revolution” is characterized by a shift away from muscle power (human or animal) to energy driven machines (first water and then steam).
• The first major industry to be impacted was cotton and textiles (clothing) as it is a basic need for all people.
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Improved
Farming
Population
Growth
More Food
Increase in
Demand for
Goods
Machines to
Speed Up
Production
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Cities and Factories
• The industrial revolution would lead to rapid growth in old cities, and the building of entirely new ones.
• The rapid growth of these cities is called Urbanization
• Driving urban growth was the necessity to build Factories. Machines were large so buildings were needed to house them.
• The first factories were located on rivers to utilize the power of flowing water to push paddle wheels that in turn powered the machines.
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Social Reordering• The Industrial Revolution led to a shift in the social classes in
Western society. Wealth was previously based around land ownership (Nobles) or built through merchant trading.
• The I.R. created a new wealthy class of Industrial owners, investors, and innovators who rivaled or surpassed the “old money” rich.
• A new middle class was created from the educated who managed these factories.
• It also led the new working- class poor who packed the factory floors working for very low wages in terrible conditions.
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New Urban Areas
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Factory Life• Workers experienced a new kind of work that was both
repetitive and dangerous.
• Hours were long (12-16) and 6 days a week were normal (Sunday was for Church).
• Factories were notoriously dangerous and injuries (loss of limbs, fingers, etc.) and death were common.
• Wages were so low that children joined their parents in the factory (or in the mines) for a fraction of the wage just to survive.
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Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution
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Child Labor During the Industrial Revolution
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Transportation Revolution
• To move the mass quantities of goods new ways of transportationwere created.
• Canals (manmade rivers) that connected to rivers were dug all over industrial societies.
• Rails were laid to allow the new steam locomotives (Trains) to move more easily over land and transport goods, and eventually people.
• People and goods were now moving faster and more easily than ever before.
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Competing Ideologies• The Industrial Revolution created
two new social and economic ideologies – Capitalism vs. Socialism
• Capitalism centered around investing money (capital) into new industrial businesses to earn profit, and it advocated individual freedoms and no interference by the government in the economy (Adam Smith – Laissez Faire).
• Socialism (Karl Marx –Communism) advocated a more equal distribution of the wealth created by the workers and pushed for safer work places.
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Effects of the Industrial Revolution
• New technologies, as well as sciences (Chemistry, Medicine, Electricity, etc.) completely changed the world and ushers in the modern era.
• Europe increased its wealth and power but would soon be rivaled by the new industrial United States.
• Industrial nations would eventually seek out and compete for new sources of raw materials to fuel industrial production (cotton = clothing; coal = steam).
• A new age of colonization and empire building (New Imperialism) would soon follow, as well as global warfare (WWI and WWII)