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3D printing for gas turbine components VGB PowerTech 12 l 2015

Authors

Kurzfassung

Industrialisierung von 3D Drucken (generative Fertigung) für Gasturbinen- komponenten-Reparatur und -Herstellung

In den letzten Jahren hat eine neuartige revo-lutionäre Art der Fertigung namens Additive Manufacturing (AM) in der Industrie Einzug gehalten. Diese wird tiefgreifende Veränderun-gen mit sich bringen. Im Gegensatz zur traditio-nellen Fertigung, bei der Material durch Fräsen, Bohren, Erodieren usw. abgetragen wird, wird bei diesem Verfahren Material durch den Ein-satz von Laser- oder Elektronenstrahlenergie aufgetragen. Es gibt verschiedene AM-Techno-logien, von denen gegenwärtig das Selektive La-serschmelzen (Selective Laser Melting – SLM) das interessanteste Verfahren zu sein scheint. Das AM eröffnet eine neue Dimension der in-tegrierten Konstruktion und Fertigung. AM ermöglicht eine schnellere Fertigung und Repa-ratur von Gasturbinenbauteilen bei gleichzeitig größerer Funktionalität und Leistungsfähigkeit der Bauteile. Siemens Power Generation setzt diese Technologie zur Herstellung von Prototy-pen (Prototyping) sowie in begrenztem Umfang für Reparaturarbeiten und die Fertigung von Gasturbinenbauteilen ein [1 bis 3].Kürzlich setzte Siemens die SLM-Technologie zur Reparatur von Gasturbinenbrennern der Industriegasturbinenbaureihe SGT-800 ein. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das Ersetzen kon-ventioneller Reparaturverfahren durch die SLM-Technologie zu einer signifikanten Verkür-zung der Reparaturzeit führt und die Bauteile bei der Reparatur darüber hinaus auf den ak-tuellen Brennertyp umgerüstet werden können. Ein weiteres aktuelles Beispiel für die Anwen-dung der SLM-Technologie bei Siemens stellt die Fertigung von verbesserten Brenner-Swirlern für Industriegasturbinen der Baureihe SGT-750 dar. In diesem Fall war SLM die einzige Techno-logie, die in der Lage war, diese Art von Swirler zu fertigen. Die Ergebnisse haben den Erfolg der Anwendung der SLM-Technologie in der Kons-truktion, im Prototyping und in der Fertigung neuer, verbesserter Brenner-Swirler bestätigt. l

Industrialisation of 3D printing (additive manufacturing) for gas turbine components repair and manufacturingVladimir Navrotsky, Andreas Graichen and Håkan Brodin

Dr. Vladimir NavrotskyAndreas Graichen Dr. Håkan BrodinSiemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB Finspong, Sweden

Introduction

The recent advances in computing power and cheaper laser sources together with IT-based networking, open the door for a new design and manufacturing chain. 3D-CAD/CAM models themselves contain informa-tion related to their manufacturing pro-cess, meaning that – ideally – only one file is needed to produce the component to the intended geometry, quality and material specification. Tooling and fixtures become obsolete in a blue sky scenario (F i g u r e 1). Formerly a complicated network of differ-ent competencies was needed in an ad-vanced workshop, now it can be performed by one single “3D-printer”. In the coming years, we will see AM (additive manufac-turing) as we are seing colour printing on paper, something that simply works, with-out much need for human intervention. There are many advantages for the design-er and the supply chain:

– AM in the form of SLM (selective laser melting) gives an unprecedented free-dom of design because geometries are possible that could not be accessed with traditional machining methods,

– many times, complexity of geometry comes for free, or costs the same as tra-ditional simple geometries,

– this means that, for example, for gas tur-bine components cooling systems, vibra-tion dampening and lightweight designs can be improved without extra cost,

– assemblies can be simplified and inte-grated,

– many manufacturing operations that earlier needed many logistical steps can be carried out on one single machine,

– the transmission of CAD/CAM-files is not restricted by geography. 3D-printing can take place virtually anywhere as long as an internet connection exists (F i g u r e 2).

As a result, the development and manu-facturing time of some components and products will be significantly reduced. New products will enter the market, functionali-ty and product upgrades could be improved and made more frequently. Further tech-nology and AM equipment development will allow for reduced manufacturing cost for some components in the next 5 years.National programmes and public funds can speed up industrialisation of this technol-ogy and implementation of innovation into our daily lives. However, alongside the obvious benefits and opportunities there are threats and challenges:

– powder (e.g. specification, chemistry, cost, suppliers),

– AM equipment (e.g. process speed, equipment cost, components size),

– AM process parameters, – very limited material data, – qualification and validation of the

process, – design tools and design criteria, – industrial standards and regulation

for AM.

Additive manufacturing technologies

Powder-bed additive layer manufacturingAdditive layer manufacturing (ALM) com-prises a group of rapid manufacturing pro-

3D CAD Data

Fig. 1. To manufacture a component by AM technology, the following is needed: 1 = 3D model of the component 2 = appropriate powder and 3 = laser sintering equipment.


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VGB PowerTech 12 l 2015 3D printing for gas turbine components

cesses that today can be used as alterna-tives to normal manufacturing routes for metallic, ceramic and polymer components in many applications, for instance tooling mould inserts, automotive components and also details for the aerospace industry [4 to 6]. Major drivers for the increased interest in ALM are: availability of differ-ent alloy powders [7] (aluminium, steel, cobalt base and also nickel base powders), increased production rate [8] (available laser power and better understanding of the manufacturing process) and high qual-ity of the manufactured components [9] (low amount of porosity, pure material, homogeneous material). Also the number of industrially available equipments has increased over the past years [10].

Most AM technologies for metals share the following procedures [11]:

– produce the raw powder in fine particle fractions,

– spread powder in thin layers of 20 to 100 µm thickness,

– join the powder particles – to form one solid layer – using thermal energy such as laser or an electron beam that sinter, partially or fully melt and weld the par-ticles or adhesive chemicals that are in-jected to glue the particles,

– repeat the process to build stacked and coherent layers,

– post-process to increase strength, sur-face or other specific properties.

Selective laser sintering/meltingWithin the group of additive layer manu-facturing processes one of the processes is based on melting powder with a laser source. Two methods of laser sintering need to be mentioned here: selective laser sinter-ing (SLS) [12] and selective laser melting (SLM) [13]. SLS is a method where a pow-der is partially melted and SLM is a method where the powder is completely remelted during the manufacturing process. Both the SLS and SLM processes are so-called powder-in-bed methods where a compo-nent is built up layer-by-layer. A directed laser beam is used to melt a thin layer of pre-placed powder into a slice that will rep-resent a cross-section of the component to be built. Through addition of successive lay-ers, the component is manufactured slice by slice. For each slice the laser will travel

in a pre-defined pattern, in order to create a mini-mum of internal stresses [14] and the best surface possible [15]. Each pass of the laser beam creates a solidified band of mate-rial, producing a micro-structure similar to how the material would look if being built up by a num-ber of weld passes. How-ever, due to differences in input energy and actual

melt pool size, the microstructure is not a typical weld structure.

Building of a component is performed on a substrate plate, normally manufactured from steel. The plate is attached onto a processing table that can translate in the z-direction in a chamber with a controlled at-mosphere, typically nitrogen (often used for steels) or argon (inert gas, for instance used for super alloys). A thin layer of powder (in the range of 20 to 60 µm) is distributed by a so-called recoater onto the substrate plate. After this, the laser beam travels over the first powder layer that will form the com-ponent. The process table is lowered, new powder distributed and a new laser scan is performed. Layer by layer, the process is re-peated and the component is built up.

Different approaches are used for laser sources and laser beam positioning. For the SLM process, the laser source is normally an Nd-YAG fiber laser. During building , the laser is moved by positioning of a reflect-ing mirror or by moving the laser head. The laser beam is focused via a series of lenses.

The current publication focusses on manu-facturing of material with the SLM process.

Electron-beam meltingWith the electron-beam process, fully dense metal components can be manufac-tured in the same way as described above regarding the SLM process. The main dif-ferences are:

– the material is being melted by an elec-tron beam,

– chamber temperature is elevated up to around 1,000 °C (material dependent),

– powder sieving fractions are coarser than the powder used for SLM.

An EBM machine utilises a high power elec-tron beam that generates the energy need-ed for high melting capacity and high pro-ductivity. The electron beam is managed and controlled by electromagnetic coils in-stead of mirrors in the laser-based system. If the SLM processes are using inert gas, the EBM process takes place in vacuum.

Current status and expected trends of AM technologyIt has been stated that AM today is as ad-vanced as computers were in the mid-80s. This is to say that a huge wave of progress

is expected in terms of improved speed, re-liability, ease of use and operator friendli-ness, 3D-printing quality, standardisation of processes and components inside the 3D-printers, etc.

A tremendous improvement of AM pro-cess capability can be noted. In 2009, laser sources of 200 W were considered to be the market standard. In 2011, the mar-ket standard became 400 W. In the same year, single providers of SLM equipment launched prototype 1 kW sources in their products.

But maybe the most important effect on building speed must be expected by the introduction of multiple laser sources that work in parallel, independently from each other. Market introduction of a double beam SLM machine was announced in 2011. In this case, a 1 kW source for the melting of large cross sections was coupled together with a smaller 400 W source for achieving precise skin features. In 2015, 4-beams SLM machine are expected on the market.

EquipmentWhen comparing available brands of equipment for additive manufacturing, a number of European producers are avail-able. European equipment manufacturers of selective laser melting systems are:

– Electro Optical Systems, EOS (Germany) – ConceptLaser (Germany) – SLM Solutions (Germany) – Renishaw (UK) – Phenix (France) – Realizer (Germany) – Sisma (Italy)

For electron beam melting, the major equipment supplier today is Arcam (Swe-den).

Equipment manufacturers have so far fo-cussed on development of equipment with successively larger laser capacities-up to 1 kW. With larger lasers and multiple lasers, the productivity will increase through fast-er scanning with constant heat input or ap-plication of thicker layers in each laser scan.

Besides this, the equipment manufacturers face a number of challenges:

– increase of AM equipment productivity and size of the components that can be manufactured,

– AM system users require much more in-formation available to be read into and out of an AM system in order to allow for better quality assurance and productivity optimisation,

– process data evaluation tools are needed in order to better understand process limits and allow for identification of pro-cess control limits,

– equipment of the same make and type must be able to produce material to iden-tical quality levels,

– customers will need better transferabil-ity of process parameters and material

Lead time reduction & life cycle improvement for

complex parts

Faster technologyvalidation & product

development

Fig. 2. Additive manufacturing (AM) enables quick realisation of exciting new product features and highly customised solutions.


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properties from one generation of SLM systems to the next,

– on-line monitoring systems must be de-veloped and implemented in commercial products (F i g u r e 3).

In order to address all these challenges in time and in proper order, cooperation be-tween AM equipment suppliers and cus-tomers can be very beneficial for quick industrialisation of AM technology. As an example of such cooperation customisa-tion of EOS equipment for Siemens’ needs can be mentioned. Based on Siemens’ re-quest and specification, the company EOS individually adapted and modified one of its machines EOSINT M 280 for Siemens gas turbine burner repair. The scale of the machine’s interior was enlarged to accom-modate the 800 millimeter burner. The manufacturer also amended further hard-ware components such as a camera system and an optical measuring system and made corresponding adjustments to the software.

AM value chain

Powder materialsUnderstanding powder composition and morphology are key factors to control when setting up and managing an AM pro-cess. Powder cleanliness, chemistry control and powder homogeneity are some of the parameters that must be well understood. Since powder manufacturing, especially for AM processes requires tight alloying element control and atomising equipment specialised to maximise yield and pro-ductivity for the very specific powder size ranges used, large efforts are put into set-ting up a process for additive manufactur-ing. A good example could be an AM plant where not only component but also powder manufacturing is established. Through this set up, it is possible to maximise the value added to any given component manufac-tured. Also the powder can be better uti-lised, since different AM processes will use different fractions of the atomised powder. Powder suitable for AM is typically sieved into fractions where the yield is gained

between 10 to 160 µm. When the powder is sieved to fit, for instance in SLM, a large portion of the powder has to be recycled with increased powder cost. If two comple-mentary processes are utilising the same powder, the yield in atomising will dra-matically increase. This would be the case comparing SLM and EBM manufacturing.

Several suppliers can provide powders suitable for additive manufacturing. Gas atomised powder is required with sieving fractions in a relatively tight size range. Depending on equipment and setup (layer thickness), the sieved fractions will be in the range of 10 µm to 30 µm up to 10 µm 45 µm for thin layer thicknesses.

Process parametersEquipment for AM processes is readily available. However, the knowledge regard-ing how to set up and maintain an AM pro-cess cannot easily be acquired. Knowledge on laser or electron beam performance, process parameter optimisation and pro-cess performance and stability it is hard to be gained from original equipment manu-facturers (OEM). In many cases, the selec-tion of available materials and correspond-ing process parameters does not match the needs from large companies. Especially advanced materials for aggressive environ-ments and high temperatures are not read-ily available. This means that large efforts need to be put into the equipment process parameter development. In order to fully utilise the AM process, it is highly likely that several alternative process param-eter packages could be available for one material. Depending on the component requirements, the process will need to be set up for best economy (speed), accuracy (tolerances and surfaces) or performance (strength).

At Siemens Power Generation, authors are keeping high focus on establishment of the process parameters for nickel based mate-rials.

Process monitoringProcess monitoring is, for all traditional manufacturing processes, a natural way

of avoiding costly scrap and rejections. Traditional processes like casting and hot-rolling are well-understood and process control limits are frequently used, in order to secure a flow of material with acceptable quality. In additive manufacturing, today no philosophy and, accordingly, no com-mercially available equipment exist, for on-line process monitoring control. This causes unnecessarily large efforts in terms of destructive testing and high cost added in production, causing AM to lose in terms of competitiveness. Currently, Siemens is looking for coopera-tion with AM OEMs to initiate development and implementation of process monitoring into AM equipment.

Post-treatment

Materials manufactured with AM tech-niques are, in many cases, superior to tra-ditionally manufactured components even without any post-processing. The materi-als created are very homogeneous without internal flaws and defects. However, there are a number of properties that might cause problems (surfaces, internal stresses, behaviour at extreme temperatures) that require improvements. Material response to external loading will also typically be anisotropic. These, and other factors, will put requirements on post-treatments to further optimise component performance. Depending on the type of post-processing, the cost associated with the treatment can be low (heat-treatment) or high (surface improvement). However, the cost associ-ated with establishment of a cheap post-processing operation might be substantial (e.g., as in development of heat treatments for optimal mechanical material properties for different applications).

Material data and design criteriaAs previously mentioned, material data generation can be required for a number of variations of one given material. The cost associated with material data genera-tion is very dependent on the application. Depending on the application, the cost associated with material data generation and implementation for one material into designer-friendly tools can range from modest numbers up to 1 to 1.5 m €. If gen-erated, this type of data is today typically not readily available in open sources.It is very likely that the full understand-ing of AM materials can be gained only, if larger consortia are formed, where syner-gies will allow for good understanding of residual stresses, mechanical properties and physical properties coupled to process behaviour and part performance described as dimensional accuracy or bulk and sur-face quality.

Design toolsDesign criteria are not only material data and design data developed from material

Fig. 3. Customised EOS SLM machine for burner repairs.


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VGB PowerTech 12 l 2015 3D printing for gas turbine components

performance. Design data also include de-sign features and guidelines on how to and how not to design an element with additive manufacturing. This type of information can, to some extent, be found in open litera-ture and can be used as an input. However, adoption to the local situation will always be required. Guidelines when to and when not to select an AM process also need to be avail-able in order to minimise the needs for par-allel development of a component adopted for different manufacturing processes.

In order to fully utilise AM technologies, the mind-set of designers and engineers must be changed.

StandardsToday, standards for additive manufactur-ing in general and specifically for SLM are not readily available. The standards for SLM are limited to a handful documents within (sections here adopted as per ASTM grouping):

Design – ISO/ASTM52915 – 13: Standard Speci-

fication for Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) Version 1.1

– ISO/DIS 17296 – 4: Additive manu-facturing – General principles – Part 4: Overview of data processing

Materials and Processes – ASTM F2924 – 12a: Standard Specifi-

cation for Additive Manufacturing Ti-tanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium with Powder Bed Fusion

– ASTM F3001 – 13: Standard Specifica-tion for Additive Manufacturing Titani-um-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium ELI (Extra Low Interstitial) with Powder Bed Fusion

– ISO/DIS 17296 – 2: Additive manu-facturing – General principles – Part 2: Overview of process categories and feed-stock

Terminology – ASTM F2792 – 12a: Standard Terminol-

ogy for Additive Manufacturing Tech-nologies

– ISO/CD 17296 – 1: Additive manufactur-ing – General principles – Part 1: Termi-nology

Test Methods – ISO/ASTM52921 – 13: Standard Termi-

nology for Additive Manufacturing-coor-dinate Systems and Test Methodologies

– ISO/DIS 17296 – 3: Additive manu-facturing – General principles – Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods

It is obvious that the process is yet not fully standardised but also important to notice that the basic concepts are settling in the standards mentioned above.

Applications

As already mentioned, AM is a revolution-ary technology enabling simultaneously enhancement of component performance and reduction of delivery time. SLM is a new dimension in integrated design and manufacturing, converting our dreams into reality, with practically no limitation and at extremely short delivery times.With this technology, complex multi-ele-ments components could be produced as a-one integral part with higher performance and, in majority of cases practically at the same cost (e.g. GT burners with lower emissions and higher lifetime, GT vanes with better cooling efficiency and longer life time).

Siemens is using AM (SLM) technology for three main applications (F i g u r e 4):

– rapid prototyping, – rapid repair and – rapid manufacturing.

Rapid prototypingIntegration of AM into the product devel-opment process enables significant speed-up of design and validation of new com-ponents and system, as well as ensuring high reliability and performance of newly designed components prior to final engine testing and product release.In the past, due to long delivery time of new components manufactured by conven-tional methods (e.g. casting), component validation testing was done almost at the end of the development process, during the final engine test. This is why a conven-tional development procedure has some disadvantages and consequences:

– sequential development process, – conservative development approach, – moderate development targets/results, – long development cycles.

With new approach, when AM is an inte-gral part of the development process (F i g -u r e 5) and can be used for rapid compo-nents design and manufacturing, the fol-lowing advantages can be realised:

– parallel and integrated development processes,

– radical development approaches, – ambitious development targets/results, – fast development cycles.

Utilisation of AM technology for compres-sor turbine blade design enables the evalu-ation a few blade cooling concepts and their tests in a real engine environment in a few months instead of a few years.

Rapid repairRepair of components has also been iden-tified as an application with big potential. Damaged areas of material can be removed and new material built up. Just as for new manufacturing, the lead time reduction is expected to be significant, especially for complex compound structures or raw ma-terials with long lead time from order to supply.Recently developed the repair procedures for SGT-700 & -800 burners tips using SLM

1 Rapid prototyping 2 Rapid repair 3 Rapid manufacturingBlade 1 Burner Burner

Product: SGT

Component: Burner tip

Benefit: 10 times faster, easy upgradesStatus: In commercial application

Product: SGT

Component: Burner swirler

Benefit: Swirler can only be made via SLMStatus: In commercial application

Product: SGT

Component: E.g. turbine blade 1

Benefit: Significant reduction of time to marketStatus: Part ot standard process

Fig. 4. Three pillars of SLM application.

Integrated development -> Iteration in a few months instead of years

3D-design SLM 3D-print Processing Instrument. Test

3D-integratedCAE/CAD/CAM

Fig. 5. SLM as a part of product development process.


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technology is 10 times quicker than previ-ously used “conventional” repair proce-dures, as it avoids quite a few manufactur-ing and inspection processes.

Conventional repair procedure required prefabrication of a large portion of the burner tip. This prefabricated burner tip is used for replacement of the burner tip af-ter the specified operation time (the old tip was cut off and the prefabricated one weld-ed on). Conventional repair procedure was time-consuming, with a significant number of sub-processes and examinations.

AM repair process of SGT-700 & SGT-800 burners is shown in F i g u r e 6.

Replacement of conventional repair pro-cesses with SLM provided not only a sig-nificant reduction in repair time, but also an opportunity to modify repaired compo-nents to the latest burner design.

Rapid manufacturingAM technology industrialisation is also enabling new opportunities for spare part and supply chain enhancement:

– manufacturing of spare parts on de-mand,

– regionalisation of rapid repair and man-ufacturing of GT components,

– simplification of logistics and investment reduction on stocks.

Currently, Siemens Power Generation is focusing on industrialisation of SLM for rapid repair and manufacturing of Siemens gas turbine components.

Today, we already have burner swirls in commercial operation in one of our indus-trial gas turbines. We used AM technol-

ogy for this complex burner swirl, because AM was the only technology that can pro-duce it.

In the next few years we are planning to extend the scope of AM manufactured gas turbine components to burners, fuel strain-ers, heat shields and guide vanes.

Conclusion

Additive manufacturing enables a revolu-tion in spare parts manufacturing and gen-erates the following values and opportuni-ties:

Lead time reduction and life cycle improvement for complex parts:

– lead time reduction: faster technology validation and product development, shorter time to market,

– reduced number of process steps: sim-plified manufacturing and repair, faster manufacturing and repair,

– saving of material, – reduced number of parts in a compo-

nent: integrated functionality, – eliminated tools: no time consuming

casting process, – on-demand, instant, de-centralized pro-

duction (e.g. for service).

Efficiency increase through practically unlimited options for internal and external cooling duct design:

– better heat transfer and lattice struc-tures: thinner walls and larger surface areas,

– improved mixing of fuel and air: ad-vanced nozzle designs,

– increased coating adhesion: micro-scale engineered surfaces,

– new powder alloys possible: improved lifetime of the components.

Despite all these benefits and advantages, there are several aspects that make the AM process difficult to use today:

– the process is slow, development of equipment is needed,

– quality assurance measures need to be refined,

– design tools are not readily available, – material data is not generated to the ex-

tent required by users, – available materials do not match needs

from industry.The research community and industry to-gether need to resolve all these challenges to speed up industrialisation of AM to its full extent.

References[ 1] Navrotsky, V., Graichen A., and Brodin,

H.: Industrialization of 3D printing for gas turbine components repair and manufac-turing. VGB Conference “Gas Turbines and Operation of Gas Turbines 2015”, 06/07 May 2015, Lübeck/Germany.

[ 2] Brodin, H, Navrotsky, V, Graichen A.: 3D printing at Siemens Power Generation Ser-vice. Total Conference, Paris, France, 17-12-2015.

[ 3] Navrotsky, V, Graichen A, and Brodin, H.: 3D printing at Siemens Power Generation Service. 3D printing technology, Las Vegas, USA, 18-02-2015.

[ 4] Kumar, S.: Iron-based powders and SLS/SLM for rapid tooling. PhD thesis, Katho-lieke Universitet Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, (2008).

[ 5] Emmelmann, C., Petersen, M., and Goeke, A.: Laser freeform fabrication for aircraft applications, In: Proceedings of the fifth international WLT-conference on lasers in manufacturing, (2009), pp. 171-174.

[ 6] Srivastava, D., Chang, I.T.H, and Loretto, M.H.: Intermetallics 9, (2001), pp. 1003-1013.

[ 7] Santos, E.C., Shiomi, M., Osakada, K. and Laoui, T.: Int. J. Machine Tools Manuf., 46, (2006), pp. 1459-1468.

[ 8] Costa, L., and Vilar, R.: Rapid Prototyping J.. 15, No. 4, (2009), pp. 264-279.

[ 9] Kruth, J.P., Froyen, L., Van Vaerenbergh, J., Mercelis, P., Rombouts, M., and Lau-wers, B.: J Mater. Process. Technol., 149, (2004), pp. 616-622,

[10] Kruth, J.P., Levy, G., Klocke, F. and Childs, T.H.C.: Annals CIRP, 56, No. 2, (2007), pp. 730-759.

[11] Ghany, K.A., and Moustafa, S.F.: Rapid Prototyping J. Vol. 12, No. 2, (2006), pp. 86-94.

[12] Kruth, J.P., Wang, X., Laoui, T., and Froy-en, L.: Assembly Automation, 23, No. 4, (2003), pp. 357-371,

[13] Van Elsen, M., Al-Bender, F., and Kruth, J.P.: Rapid Prototyping J., 14, No. 1, (2008), pp. 15-22.

[14] Mazumder, J., Choi, J., Nagarathnam, K., Koch, J., and Hetzner, D.: The direct metal deposition of H13 tool steel for 3D compo-nents. JOM, Vol. 49 No. 5, pp. 55-60,

[15] Mumtaz, K.A., and Hopkinson, N.: J Mater. Processing Technol., 210, (2010), pp. 279-287. l

Metal powder Laser

Platform

Burner

It starts on the computer - thegas turbine burner needs a new tip

A layer of powder is applied

A laser beam fusesthe powder

The platform lowersby a few micrometers

A new layer of metalpowder is applied

The process isrepeated, layerby layer

This process gradually produces anew burner tip that is melted ontothe rest on the component

Fig. 6. SGT-800 & SGT-700 burner SLM repair procedure.

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Offshore Wind Park

The EU-Water

Framework Directive

International Journal

for Electricity and Heat Generation

Publication of

VGB PowerTech e.V.

www.vgb.org

Vo lu me 89/2009 · ISSN 1435-3199

K 43600


Focus: Maintenance

of Power Plants

Concepts of

IGCC Power Plants

Assessment of

Generators for

Wind Power Plants

Technical Data for

Power Plants

Oxidation Properties

of Turbine Oils



Pub li ca ti on of


www.vgb.org

PowerTech-CD/DVD!Kontakt: Gregaro Scharpey Tel: +49 201 [email protected] | www.vgb.org

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Fachzeitschrift: 1990 bis 2014

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Essen | Deutschland | 2015

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