industrialization and its discontents chapter 23
TRANSCRIPT
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Industrialization and its Discontents
CHAPTER 23
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The Industrialization of Europe and the West: 1760–1914
• Industrialization began in Britain, which had several advantages.– Abundant coal and iron reserves.– Colonies gave Britain a larger global trading
network.– Colonial trade provided capital for new
businesses.– Thriving merchant class supported by Parliament’s
legislation.
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The British Empire, 1904
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• Population doubled from 1600 to 1700 to – c. 4.5 million to 9 million– Population centered in cities– Larger cities meant new markets for luxury goods.– Calico Acts, 1700 and 1720• prohibited cheap popular cotton from India • led to its production in England.
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• Britain’s wages were high:– This requires labor saving machines.
• Scientific revolution centered in England,– especially in practical application.– scientific societies mixed scientists with inventors
and experimenters.
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• 1700–1800 over 1,000 inventions• Many for textiles– Flying shuttle,– Spinning jenny, and– Water frame – All sped up the spinning and weaving process.
• Power loom, 1787, still could not produce enough textiles for market.
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• Large machines and • transportation of fuel and materials, – led to large factories.
• Steam engines allowed factories to move – to not be tied to running water for water wheels.
• Locating in cities gave access to roads, canals, and railroads.
• Factories drew workers, dramatically increasing population of cities.
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The Steam Engine• Heron’s steam “engine”
• Thomas Savery,– 1698, patents a a steam-driven water pump.
• James Watt produces an engine efficient enough to drive machinery by 1776.
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• Steam power augmenting water power in textile manufacture by 1790.
• 1803: steam-driven boats pulling barges on English canals.
• 1807 – 1807: Robert Fulton develops his • steamboat, the Clarmont.
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“The Rocket”1829
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• Railroads combined a Watt steam engine with a moving carriage.
• First British freight line 1829• First British passenger line 1830.• From 1840 to 1870 miles of rail in Britain had
increased 900% due to popularity.• Railroads moved bulk commodities.• Railroad became its own industry, employing
thousands.
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• Robert Fulton steam boats• Used on rivers in America, – then in England, – then in transatlantic crossings.
• 1816 steamship crossed the Atlantic in half the time of sailing.
• In 1830s British East India Company began to use steamships for maritime trade with India.
• First military use in the Anglo-Chinese Opium War, 1839–1842.
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“China Clippers” could achieve average speeds of 16 knots (18 mph).
Max. speed of a World War II“Victory Ship” was 15 – 17 kts.
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• Industrialism spread to Belgium, northern France, and northern Germany by 1830s.
• Changes since Napoleonic wars prepared them for industrialization– population increases, – large supplies of coal.
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• First water-powered textile factory in the United States in 1793, in Rhode Island.– American Civil War interrupted industrialization
but increases after war.
• By 1914 the United States was the largest industrial economy in the world.– Aided by growth of railroads, • 2,800 miles in 1840• 53,000 miles in 1870.
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Steel was known in the ancient world,As early as 4,000 BCE?
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Steel
• Henry Bessemer, 1856, develops a method of mass-producing high grade cheap steel.
• Germany will take the lead in world steel production by 1914.– Able to use Britain’s industrialization as a model, build upon it.
• Steel was better than iron because it was harder and lighter.– used in railroads, – construction of skyscrapers, and – ships.
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The Chemical Industry
• First commercial dye was created in 1856.
“Perkin's mauve.”
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• 1839 – 1844, Thomas Hancock and Charles Goodyear develop the “vulcanizing” process for rubber.
• 1867, Alfred Nobel invents dynamite.
• Artificial silk (rayon) production begins in the 1890’s
• 1909, Fritz Haber syntheses ammonia which leads to more the efficient explosives used in World War I.
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Electricity
• Electrical power was known by 1850
• Not widely used until Nikola Tesla invented the Tesla Coil and alternating current (AC).
• This led to the invention of – generators, – motors, – transformers, and – power plants.
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Electricity and Communication
• Electricity important in the telegraph, first used in 1840s by Samuel Morse.
• First transatlantic cables were laid in 1858, common by 1866.
• Telephone invented in 1876, by Alexander Graham Bell.
• Heinrich Hertz discovered that electromagnetic radiation made radio waves.
• Guglielmo Marconi created the first device to use radio waves in the 1890’s.
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The Gasoline Engline
• Gasoline was produced as a byproduct of liquid petroleum refined into kerosene.
• In 1864 Siegfried Marcus linked internal combustion engine to a cart.– Lighter than steam engines.
• Internal combustion engines used in a rigid airship by von Zeppelin in 1900.– Led to the invention of the airplane by 1903.
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The “Motorwagon” patented by Karl Benz, 1885
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First successful airship flight in 1900Designed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin
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The Hindenburg over New York City2 hours before its explodes on landing.
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The Wright Brothers
Orville Wilbur
The First Flight 17 December 1903
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